i18n/i18n/ko/desktop.md

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데스크톱/PC	simple/linux	프라이버시 보호와 자유 소프트웨어를 이유로, 일반적으로 Linux 배포판이 권장됩니다.	desktop.webp

프라이버시 보호와 자유 소프트웨어를 이유로, 일반적으로 Linux 배포판이 권장됩니다. 아직 Linux를 사용하지 않는 분을 위해, 사용해볼 만한 몇 가지 배포판을 추천드립니다. 대부분의 Linux 배포판에 적용 가능한 기본 프라이버시 및 보안 개선 안내도 찾아보실 수 있습니다.

• Linux 기본 개요 :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:

일반적인 배포판

Fedora Workstation

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Fedora Workstation is our recommended distribution for people new to Linux. Fedora generally adopts newer technologies before other distributions e.g., Wayland, PipeWire. 최신 기술은 대개 보안, 프라이버시, 사용성을 개선하는 효과를 가져옵니다.

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Fedora는 반-롤링 릴리스 방식입니다. While some packages like GNOME are frozen until the next Fedora release, most packages (including the kernel) are updated frequently throughout the lifespan of the release. 각각의 Fedora 릴리스는 1년간 지원되며, 6개월마다 새 버전이 출시됩니다.

openSUSE Tumbleweed

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openSUSE Tumbleweed는 안정적인 롤링 릴리스 배포판입니다.

openSUSE Tumbleweed has a transactional update system that uses Btrfs and Snapper to ensure that snapshots can be rolled back should there be a problem.

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Tumbleweed는 각 업데이트가 배포판 스냅샷으로 릴리스되는 롤링 릴리스 방식입니다. 시스템을 업그레이드 할 경우, 새 스냅샷이 다운로드됩니다. 각각의 스냅샷은 openQA에서 일련의 자동화된 테스트를 거쳐 품질이 보장됩니다.

Arch Linux

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Arch Linux는 여러분이 원하는 것만 설치해서 사용할 수 있는, 간결함과 DIY(Do It Yourself) 특성을 지닌 배포판입니다. 자세한 내용은 Arch Linux FAQ를 참고해 주세요.

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Arch Linux는 롤링 릴리스 방식입니다. 정해진 릴리스가 존재하지 않으며, 패키지는 매우 자주 업데이트됩니다.

DIY 배포판이므로 여러분은 자신의 시스템을 여러분 자신이 직접 구성하고 관리해야 합니다. Arch Linux에는 설치 과정을 보다 쉽게 만들어주는 공식 설치 프로그램이 존재합니다.

Arch Linux의 패키지는 대부분 재현성을 제공합니다.

Atomic Distributions

Atomic distributions (sometimes also referred to as immutable distributions) are operating systems which handle package installation and updates by layering changes atop your core system image, rather than by directly modifying the system. This has advantages including increased stability and the ability to easily rollback updates. See Traditional vs. Atomic Updates for more info.

Fedora Atomic Desktops

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Fedora Atomic Desktops are variants of Fedora which use the rpm-ostree package manager and have a strong focus on containerized workflows and Flatpak for desktop applications. All of these variants follow the same release schedule as Fedora Workstation, benefiting from the same fast updates and staying very close to upstream.

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The Fedora Atomic Desktops come in a variety of flavors depending on the desktop environment you prefer, such as Fedora Silverblue (which comes with GNOME), Fedora Kinoite, (which comes with KDE), Fedora Sway Atomic, or Fedora Budgie Atomic. However, we don't recommend the last of these as the Budgie desktop environment still requires X11.

These operating systems differ from Fedora Workstation as they replace the DNF package manager with a much more advanced alternative called rpm-ostree. The rpm-ostree package manager works by downloading a base image for the system, then overlaying packages over it in a git-like commit tree. When the system is updated, a new base image is downloaded and the overlays will be applied to that new image.

After the update is complete you will reboot the system into the new deployment. rpm-ostree keeps two deployments of the system so that you can easily rollback if something breaks in the new deployment. There is also the option to pin more deployments as needed.

Flatpak is the primary package installation method on these distributions, as rpm-ostree is only meant to overlay packages that cannot stay inside of a container on top of the base image.

As an alternative to Flatpaks, there is the option of Toolbox to create Podman containers with a shared home directory with the host operating system and mimic a traditional Fedora environment, which is a useful feature for the discerning developer.

NixOS

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NixOS는 재현성과 안전성에 중점을 둔 Nix 패키지 관리자를 기반으로 하는 독립 배포판입니다.

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NixOS’s package manager keeps every version of every package in a different folder in the Nix store. Due to this you can have different versions of the same package installed on your system. After the package contents have been written to the folder, the folder is made read-only.

NixOS also provides atomic updates; first it downloads (or builds) the packages and files for the new system generation and then switches to it. There are different ways to switch to a new generation; you can tell NixOS to activate it after reboot or you can switch to it at runtime. You can also test the new generation by switching to it at runtime, but not setting it as the current system generation. If something in the update process breaks, you can just reboot and automatically and return to a working version of your system.

Nix the package manager uses a purely functional language - which is also called Nix - to define packages.

Nixpkgs (the main source of packages) are contained in a single GitHub repository. You can also define your own packages in the same language and then easily include them in your config.

Nix is a source-based package manager; if there’s no pre-built available in the binary cache, Nix will just build the package from source using its definition. It builds each package in a sandboxed pure environment, which is as independent of the host system as possible, thus making binaries reproducible.

익명성 중점 배포판

Whonix

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Whonix is based on Kicksecure, a security-focused fork of Debian. It aims to provide privacy, security, and anonymity on the internet. Whonix is best used in conjunction with Qubes OS.

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Whonix is meant to run as two virtual machines: a “Workstation” and a Tor “Gateway.” All communications from the Workstation must go through the Tor gateway. This means that even if the Workstation is compromised by malware of some kind, the true IP address remains hidden.

Some of its features include Tor Stream Isolation, keystroke anonymization, encrypted swap, and a hardened memory allocator. Future versions of Whonix will likely include full system AppArmor policies and a sandbox app launcher to fully confine all processes on the system.

Whonix is best used in conjunction with Qubes. We have a recommended guide on configuring Whonix in conjunction with a VPN ProxyVM in Qubes to hide your Tor activities from your ISP.

Tails

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Tails is a live operating system based on Debian that routes all communications through Tor, which can boot on on almost any computer from a DVD, USB stick, or SD card installation. It uses Tor to preserve privacy and anonymity while circumventing censorship, and it leaves no trace of itself on the computer it is used on after it is powered off.

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Warning

Tails doesn't erase the video memory when shutting down. When you restart your computer after using Tails, it might briefly display the last screen that was displayed in Tails. If you shut down your computer instead of restarting it, the video memory will erase itself automatically after being unpowered for some time.

Tails is great for counter forensics due to amnesia (meaning nothing is written to the disk); however, it is not a hardened distribution like Whonix. It lacks many anonymity and security features that Whonix has and gets updated much less often (only once every six weeks). A Tails system that is compromised by malware may potentially bypass the transparent proxy allowing for the user to be deanonymized.

Tails includes uBlock Origin in Tor Browser by default, which may potentially make it easier for adversaries to fingerprint Tails users. Whonix virtual machines may be more leak-proof, however they are not amnesic, meaning data may be recovered from your storage device.

By design, Tails is meant to completely reset itself after each reboot. Encrypted persistent storage can be configured to store some data between reboots.

보안성 중점 배포판

Qubes OS

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Qubes OS is an open-source operating system designed to provide strong security for desktop computing through secure virtual machines (or "qubes"). Qubes is based on Xen, the X Window System, and Linux. It can run most Linux applications and use most of the Linux drivers.

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Qubes OS secures the computer by isolating subsystems (e.g., networking, USB, etc.) and applications in separate qubes. Should one part of the system be compromised, the extra isolation is likely to protect the rest of the qubes and the core system.

For further information about how Qubes works, read our full Qubes OS overview page.

Kicksecure

While we recommend against "perpetually outdated" distributions like Debian for Desktop use in most cases, Kicksecure is a Debian-based operating system which has been hardened to be much more than a typical Linux install.

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Kicksecure—in oversimplified terms—is a set of scripts, configurations, and packages that substantially reduce the attack surface of Debian. It covers a lot of privacy and hardening recommendations by default. It also serves as the base OS for Whonix.

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평가 기준

Choosing a Linux distro that is right for you will come down to a huge variety of personal preferences, and this page is not meant to be an exhaustive list of every viable distribution. Our Linux overview page has some advice on choosing a distro in more detail. The distros on this page do all generally follow the guidelines we covered there, and all meet these standards:

• Free and open source.
• Receives regular software and kernel updates.
• Avoids X11.
  • The notable exception here is Qubes, but the isolation issues which X11 typically has are avoided by virtualization. This isolation only applies to apps running in different qubes (virtual machines), apps running in the same qube are not protected from each other.
• Supports full-disk encryption during installation.
• Doesn't freeze regular releases for more than 1 year.
  • We recommend against "Long Term Support" or "stable" distro releases for desktop usage.
• Supports a wide variety of hardware.
• Preference towards larger projects.
  • Maintaining an operating system is a major challenge, and smaller projects have a tendency to make more avoidable mistakes, or delay critical updates (or worse, disappear entirely). We lean towards projects which will likely be around 10 years from now (whether that's due to corporate backing or very significant community support), and away from projects which are hand-built or have a small number of maintainers.

In addition, our standard criteria for recommended projects still applies. Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.