i18n/i18n/zh/email.md

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加密私人电子邮箱推荐- Privacy Guides	电子邮件服务	material/email	这些电子邮件提供商提供了一个很好的场所来安全地存储您的电子邮件，许多提供了与其他提供商兼容的 OpenPGP 加密服务。	email.webp	randomize-element table tbody

Protects against the following threat(s):

• :material-server-network: 服务提供商{.pg-teal}

电子邮件实际上是使用任何在线服务的必需品，但我们不建议使用它进行人与人之间的对话。 与其使用电子邮件与他人联系，不如考虑使用支持前向保密的即时通讯媒介。

推荐的即时通讯工具{.md-button}

推荐的供应商

对于其他一切，我们根据可持续的商业模式和内置的安全和隐私功能，推荐各种电子邮件供应商。 Read our full list of criteria for more information.

Provider	OpenPGP / WKD	IMAP / SMTP	Zero Access Encryption	Anonymous Payments
Proton Mail	:material-check:{ .pg-green }	:material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Paid plans only	:material-check:{ .pg-green }	Cash
Mailbox.org	:material-check:{ .pg-green }	:material-check:{ .pg-green }	:material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Mail only	Cash
Tuta	:material-alert-outline:{ .pg-orange }	:material-alert-outline:{ .pg-orange }	:material-check:{ .pg-green }	Monero & Cash via third-party

In addition to (or instead of) an email provider recommended here, you may wish to consider a dedicated email aliasing service to protect your privacy. Among other things, these services can help protect your real inbox from spam, prevent marketers from correlating your accounts, and encrypt all incoming messages with PGP.

• More Information :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:

OpenPGP 兼容服务

These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the Web Key Directory standard, allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. 例如，Proton Mail用户可以向Mailbox.org用户发送E2EE信息，或者你可以从支持OpenPGP的互联网服务中收到OpenPGP加密的通知。

• { .twemoji } Proton Mail
• { .twemoji } Mailbox.org

警告

当使用像OpenPGP这样的E2EE技术时，电子邮件仍然会有一些元数据没有在电子邮件的标题中进行加密。 Read more about email metadata.

即使你使用OpenPGP，它也不支持 前向加密，这意味着如果你或收件人的私钥被盗，所有在之前使用它加密的信息都将被暴露。 如何保护我的私钥？

Proton Mail

! [Proton Mail徽标] (assets/img/email/protonmail.svg) {align = right}

• • Proton Mail * *是一项专注于隐私、加密、安全性和易用性的电子邮件服务。 They have been in operation since 2013. Proton公司总部位于瑞士日内瓦。 The Proton Mail Free plan comes with 500MB of Mail storage, which you can increase up to 1GB for free.

:octicons-home-16: Homepage{ .md-button .md-button--primary } :simple-torbrowser:{ .card-link title="Onion Service" } :octicons-eye-16:{ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } :octicons-info-16:{ .card-link title="Documentation" } :octicons-code-16:{ .card-link title="Source Code" }

Downloads

• :simple-googleplay: Google Play
• :simple-appstore: App Store
• :simple-github: GitHub
• :fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows
• :simple-apple: macOS
• :simple-linux: Linux
• :octicons-browser-16: Web

免费账户有一些限制，如不能搜索正文，不能访问 Proton Mail Bridge，这是使用 推荐的桌面电子邮件客户端 （如Thunderbird）所需要的。 付费帐户包括Proton Mail Bridge等功能，额外的存储空间和自定义域支持。 2021年11月9日， Securitum，为Proton Mail的应用程序提供了一份 的证明信。

If you have the Proton Unlimited plan or any multi-user Proton plan, you also get SimpleLogin Premium for free.

Proton Mail has internal crash reports that are not shared with third parties. This can be disabled in the web app: ⚙️ → All Settings → Account → Security and privacy → Privacy and data collection.

:material-check:{ .pg-green } Custom Domains and Aliases

Paid Proton Mail subscribers can use their own domain with the service or a catch-all address. Proton Mail also supports sub-addressing, which is useful for people who don't want to purchase a domain.

:material-check:{ .pg-green } Private Payment Methods

Proton Mail accepts cash by mail in addition to standard credit/debit card, Bitcoin, and PayPal payments.

:material-check:{ .pg-green } Account Security

Proton Mail supports TOTP two factor authentication and hardware security keys using FIDO2 or U2F standards. The use of a hardware security key requires setting up TOTP two factor authentication first.

:material-check:{ .pg-green } Data Security

Proton Mail has zero-access encryption at rest for your emails and calendars. 使用零访问加密的数据只有你才能访问。

Certain information stored in Proton Contacts, such as display names and email addresses, are not secured with zero-access encryption. 支持零访问加密的联系人字段，如电话号码，会用挂锁图标表示。

:material-check:{ .pg-green } Email Encryption

Proton Mail has integrated OpenPGP encryption in their webmail. 给其他Proton Mail账户的邮件是自动加密的，用OpenPGP密钥给非Proton Mail地址加密可以在账户设置中轻松启用。 Proton also supports automatic external key discovery with Web Key Directory (WKD). This means that emails sent to other providers which use WKD will be automatically encrypted with OpenPGP as well, without the need to manually exchange public PGP keys with your contacts. They also allow you to encrypt messages to non-Proton Mail addresses without OpenPGP, without the need for them to sign up for a Proton Mail account.

Proton Mail also publishes the public keys of Proton accounts via HTTP from their WKD. 这使得不使用Proton Mail的人可以轻松找到Proton Mail账户的OpenPGP密钥，实现跨供应商的E2EE。 This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must configure WKD separately.

:material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination

If you have a paid account and your bill is unpaid after 14 days, you won't be able to access your data. 30天后，你的账户将成为欠费账户，不会收到来信。 在此期间，您将继续收到账单。 Proton will delete inactive free accounts after one year. You cannot reuse the email address of a deactivated account.

:material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality

Proton Mail's Unlimited plan also enables access to other Proton services in addition to providing multiple custom domains, unlimited hide-my-email aliases, and 500GB of storage.

Proton Mail不提供数字遗留功能。

Mailbox.org

{ align=right }

Mailbox.org是一个专注于安全、无广告、并由100%环保能源私人提供的电子邮件服务。 他们自2014年以来一直在运作。 Mailbox.org总部位于德国柏林。 Accounts start with up to 2GB storage, which can be upgraded as needed.

:octicons-home-16: Homepage{ .md-button .md-button--primary } :octicons-eye-16:{ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } :octicons-info-16:{ .card-link title="Documentation" }

Downloads

• :octicons-browser-16: Web

:material-check:{ .pg-green } Custom Domains and Aliases

Mailbox.org lets you use your own domain, and they support catch-all addresses. Mailbox.org also supports sub-addressing, which is useful if you don't want to purchase a domain.

:material-check:{ .pg-green } Private Payment Methods

Mailbox.org doesn't accept any cryptocurrencies as a result of their payment processor BitPay suspending operations in Germany. However, they do accept cash by mail, cash payment to bank account, bank transfer, credit card, PayPal and couple of German-specific processors: paydirekt and Sofortüberweisung.

:material-check:{ .pg-green } Account Security

Mailbox.org supports two factor authentication for their webmail only. You can use either TOTP or a YubiKey via the YubiCloud. Web standards such as WebAuthn are not yet supported.

:material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Data Security

Mailbox.org allows for encryption of incoming mail using their encrypted mailbox. New messages that you receive will then be immediately encrypted with your public key.

However, Open-Exchange, the software platform used by Mailbox.org, does not support the encryption of your address book and calendar. A standalone option may be more appropriate for that information.

:material-check:{ .pg-green } Email Encryption

Mailbox.org has integrated encryption in their webmail, which simplifies sending messages to people with public OpenPGP keys. They also allow remote recipients to decrypt an email on Mailbox.org's servers. This feature is useful when the remote recipient does not have OpenPGP and cannot decrypt a copy of the email in their own mailbox.

Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their Web Key Directory (WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must configure WKD separately.

:material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination

Your account will be set to a restricted user account when your contract ends. It will be irrevocably deleted after 30 days.

:material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality

You can access your Mailbox.org account via IMAP/SMTP using their .onion service. However, their webmail interface cannot be accessed via their .onion service and you may experience TLS certificate errors.

All accounts come with limited cloud storage that can be encrypted. Mailbox.org also offers the alias @secure.mailbox.org, which enforces the TLS encryption on the connection between mail servers, otherwise the message will not be sent at all. Mailbox.org also supports Exchange ActiveSync in addition to standard access protocols like IMAP and POP3.

Mailbox.org has a digital legacy feature for all plans. You can choose whether you want any of your data to be passed to heirs providing that they apply and provide your testament. Alternatively, you can nominate a person by name and address.

More Providers

These providers store your emails with zero-knowledge encryption, making them great options for keeping your stored emails secure. However, they don't support interoperable encryption standards for E2EE communications between different providers.

• { .twemoji loading=lazy }{ .twemoji loading=lazy } Tuta

Tuta

{ align=right } { align=right }

Tuta (formerly Tutanota) is an email service with a focus on security and privacy through the use of encryption. Tuta has been in operation since 2011 and is based in Hanover, Germany. Free accounts start with 1GB of storage.

:octicons-home-16: Homepage{ .md-button .md-button--primary } :octicons-eye-16:{ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } :octicons-info-16:{ .card-link title="Documentation" } :octicons-code-16:{ .card-link title="Source Code" } :octicons-heart-16:{ .card-link title="Contribute" }

Downloads

• :simple-googleplay: Google Play
• :simple-appstore: App Store
• :simple-github: GitHub
• :fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows
• :simple-apple: macOS
• :simple-linux: Linux
• :octicons-browser-16: Web

Tuta doesn't support the IMAP protocol or the use of third-party email clients, and you also won't be able to add external email accounts to the Tuta app. Email import is not currently supported either, though this is due to be changed. Emails can be exported individually or by bulk selection per folder, which may be inconvenient if you have many folders.

:material-check:{ .pg-green } Custom Domains and Aliases

Paid Tuta accounts can use either 15 or 30 aliases depending on their plan and unlimited aliases on custom domains. Tuta doesn't allow for sub-addressing (plus addresses), but you can use a catch-all with a custom domain.

:material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Private Payment Methods

Tuta only directly accepts credit cards and PayPal, however cryptocurrency can be used to purchase gift cards via their partnership with Proxystore.

:material-check:{ .pg-green } Account Security

Tuta supports two factor authentication with either TOTP or U2F.

:material-check:{ .pg-green } Data Security

Tuta has zero access encryption at rest for your emails, address book contacts, and calendars. This means the messages and other data stored in your account are only readable by you.

:material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Email Encryption

Tuta does not use OpenPGP. Tuta accounts can only receive encrypted emails from non-Tuta email accounts when sent via a temporary Tuta mailbox.

:material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination

Tuta will delete inactive free accounts after six months. You can reuse a deactivated free account if you pay.

:material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality

Tuta offers the business version of Tuta to non-profit organizations for free or with a heavy discount.

Tuta doesn't offer a digital legacy feature.

Self-Hosting Email

Advanced system administrators may consider setting up their own email server. Mail servers require attention and continuous maintenance in order to keep things secure and mail delivery reliable.

Combined software solutions

{ align=right }

Mailcow is a more advanced mail server perfect for those with a bit more Linux experience. It has everything you need in a Docker container: a mail server with DKIM support, antivirus and spam monitoring, webmail and ActiveSync with SOGo, and web-based administration with 2FA support.

:octicons-home-16: Homepage{ .md-button .md-button--primary } :octicons-info-16:{ .card-link title="Documentation" } :octicons-code-16:{ .card-link title="Source Code" } :octicons-heart-16:{ .card-link title="Contribute" }

{ align=right }

Mail-in-a-Box is an automated setup script for deploying a mail server on Ubuntu. Its goal is to make it easier for people to set up their own mail server.

:octicons-home-16: Homepage{ .md-button .md-button--primary } :octicons-info-16:{ .card-link title="Documentation" } :octicons-code-16:{ .card-link title="Source Code" }

For a more manual approach we've picked out these two articles:

• Setting up a mail server with OpenSMTPD, Dovecot and Rspamd (2019)
• How To Run Your Own Mail Server (August 2017)

Criteria

Please note we are not affiliated with any of the providers we recommend. In addition to our standard criteria, we have developed a clear set of requirements for any email provider wishing to be recommended, including implementing industry best practices, modern technology and more. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing an email provider, and conduct your own research to ensure the email provider you choose is the right choice for you.

技术

We regard these features as important in order to provide a safe and optimal service. You should consider whether the provider which has the features you require.

符合条件的最低要求。

• Encrypts email account data at rest with zero-access encryption.
• Export capability as Mbox or individual .eml with RFC5322 standard.
• Allow users to use their own domain name. Custom domain names are important to users because it allows them to maintain their agency from the service, should it turn bad or be acquired by another company which doesn't prioritize privacy.
• Operates on owned infrastructure, i.e. not built upon third-party email service providers.

Best Case:

• Encrypts all account data (Contacts, Calendars, etc.) at rest with zero-access encryption.
• Integrated webmail E2EE/PGP encryption provided as a convenience.
• Support for WKD to allow improved discovery of public OpenPGP keys via HTTP. GnuPG users can get a key by typing: gpg --locate-key example_user@example.com
• Support for a temporary mailbox for external users. This is useful when you want to send an encrypted email, without sending an actual copy to your recipient. These emails usually have a limited lifespan and then are automatically deleted. They also don't require the recipient to configure any cryptography like OpenPGP.
• Availability of the email provider's services via an onion service.
• Sub-addressing support.
• Catch-all or alias functionality for those who use their own domains.
• Use of standard email access protocols such as IMAP, SMTP, or JMAP. Standard access protocols ensure customers can easily download all of their email, should they want to switch to another provider.

隐私

We prefer our recommended providers to collect as little data as possible.

符合条件的最低要求。

• Protect sender's IP address, which can involve filtering it from showing in the Received header field.
• Don't require personally identifiable information (PII) besides a username and a password.
• Privacy policy that meets the requirements defined by the GDPR.

Best Case:

• Accepts anonymous payment options (cryptocurrency, cash, gift cards, etc.)
• Hosted in a jurisdiction with strong email privacy protection laws.

安全性

Email servers deal with a lot of very sensitive data. We expect that providers will adopt best industry practices in order to protect their customers.

符合条件的最低要求。

• Protection of webmail with 2FA, such as TOTP.
• Zero access encryption, which builds on encryption at rest. The provider does not have the decryption keys to the data they hold. This prevents a rogue employee leaking data they have access to or remote adversary from releasing data they have stolen by gaining unauthorized access to the server.
• DNSSEC support.
• No TLS errors or vulnerabilities when being profiled by tools such as Hardenize, testssl.sh, or Qualys SSL Labs; this includes certificate related errors and weak DH parameters, such as those that led to Logjam.
• A server suite preference (optional on TLSv1.3) for strong cipher suites which support forward secrecy and authenticated encryption.
• A valid MTA-STS and TLS-RPT policy.
• Valid DANE records.
• Valid SPF and DKIM records.
• Have a proper DMARC record and policy or use ARC for authentication. If DMARC authentication is being used, the policy must be set to reject or quarantine.
• A server suite preference of TLS 1.2 or later and a plan for RFC8996.
• SMTPS submission, assuming SMTP is used.
• Website security standards such as:
  • HTTP Strict Transport Security
  • Subresource Integrity if loading things from external domains.
• Must support viewing of message headers, as it is a crucial forensic feature to determine if an email is a phishing attempt.

Best Case:

• Support for hardware authentication, i.e. U2F and WebAuthn.
• DNS Certification Authority Authorization (CAA) Resource Record in addition to DANE support.
• Implementation of Authenticated Received Chain (ARC), which is useful for people who post to mailing lists RFC8617.
• Published security audits from a reputable third-party firm.
• Bug-bounty programs and/or a coordinated vulnerability-disclosure process.
• Website security standards such as:
  • Content Security Policy (CSP)
  • RFC9163 Expect-CT

Trust

You wouldn't trust your finances to someone with a fake identity, so why trust them with your email? We require our recommended providers to be public about their ownership or leadership. We also would like to see frequent transparency reports, especially in regard to how government requests are handled.

符合条件的最低要求。

• Public-facing leadership or ownership.

Best Case:

• Frequent transparency reports.

Marketing

With the email providers we recommend, we like to see responsible marketing.

符合条件的最低要求。

• Must self-host analytics (no Google Analytics, Adobe Analytics, etc.). The provider's site must also comply with DNT (Do Not Track) for those who wish to opt out.

Must not have any irresponsible marketing, which can include the following:

• Claims of "unbreakable encryption." Encryption should be used with the intention that it may not be secret in the future when the technology exists to crack it.

• Making guarantees of protecting anonymity 100%. When someone makes a claim that something is 100% it means there is no certainty for failure. We know people can quite easily de-anonymize themselves in a number of ways, e.g.:

  • Reusing personal information e.g. (email accounts, unique pseudonyms, etc.) that they accessed without anonymity software (Tor, VPN, etc.)
  • Browser fingerprinting

Best Case:

• Clear and easy to read documentation for tasks like setting up 2FA, email clients, OpenPGP, etc.

Additional Functionality

While not strictly requirements, there are some other convenience or privacy factors we looked into when determining which providers to recommend.