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i18n/ko/advanced/tor-overview.md
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---
title: "Tor 개요"
icon: 'simple/torproject'
description: Tor is a free to use, decentralized network designed for using the internet with as much privacy as possible.
description: Tor는 무료로 이용 가능한 탈중앙화 네트워크입니다. 최대한 프라이버시를 보호하면서 인터넷을 이용할 수 있도록 설계되었습니다.
---
Tor is a free to use, decentralized network designed for using the internet with as much privacy as possible. Tor 네트워크를 올바르게 사용하면 비공개 및 익명 웹 탐색과 커뮤니케이션이 가능합니다.
Tor는 무료로 이용 가능한 탈중앙화 네트워크입니다. 최대한 프라이버시를 보호하면서 인터넷을 이용할 수 있도록 설계되었습니다. Tor 네트워크를 올바르게 사용하면 비공개 및 익명 웹 탐색과 커뮤니케이션이 가능합니다.
## Path Building to Clearnet Services
## Clearnet 서비스 경로 구축 방식
"Clearnet services" are websites which you can access with any browser, like [privacyguides.org](https://www.privacyguides.org). Tor lets you connect to these websites anonymously by routing your traffic through a network comprised of thousands of volunteer-run servers called nodes (or relays).
클리어넷(Clearnet) 서비스란, 모든 브라우저로 접근 가능한 웹사이트(예시: [privacyguides.org](https://www.privacyguides.org))를 말합니다. 클리어넷 서비스의 동의어로 '표면 웹(Surface Web)'이 쓰이기도 합니다. Tor는 '노드'(혹은 '릴레이')라고 하는 자원 봉사 운영 서버 수천 개로 구성된 네트워크를 통해 트래픽을 라우팅하여, 웹사이트를 익명으로 연결할 수 있도록 합니다.
Every time you [connect to Tor](../tor.md), it will choose three nodes to build a path to the internet—this path is called a "circuit."
여러분이 [Tor에 연결할](../tor.md) 때마다, 3개의 노드가 선택되어 인터넷 연결 경로를 구축합니다. 이 경로를 '우회로(Circuit)'라고 합니다.
<figure markdown>
![Tor path showing your device connecting to an entry node, middle node, and exit node before reaching the destination website](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path.svg#only-light)
![Tor path showing your device connecting to an entry node, middle node, and exit node before reaching the destination website](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-dark.svg#only-dark)
<figcaption>Tor circuit pathway</figcaption>
![여러분의 기기가 목적지 웹사이트에 도달하기까지 거쳐가는 입구 노드, 중간 노드, 출구 노드를 나타내는 Tor 경로](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path.svg#only-light)
![여러분의 기기가 목적지 웹사이트에 도달하기까지 거쳐가는 입구 노드, 중간 노드, 출구 노드를 나타내는 Tor 경로](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-dark.svg#only-dark)
<figcaption>Tor 우회 경로</figcaption>
</figure>
Each of these nodes has its own function:
### The Entry Node
### 입구 노드
The entry node, often called the guard node, is the first node to which your Tor client connects. The entry node is able to see your IP address, however it is unable to see what you are connecting to.
입구 노드(Entry Node)는 Tor 클라이언트가 연결되는 첫 번째 노드입니다. 진입 노드/가드 노드(Guard Node)라고 불리기도 합니다. 입구 노드는 사용자의 IP 주소를 볼 수 있으나, 사용자가 어디에 연결하는지는 알 수 없습니다.
Unlike the other nodes, the Tor client will randomly select an entry node and stick with it for two to three months to protect you from certain attacks.[^1]
다른 노드와 달리, Tor 클라이언트는 여러분을 특정 공격으로부터 보호하기 위해 무작위로 입구 노드를 선택하여 2~3개월간 해당 노드를 유지합니다.
### The Middle Node
### 중간 노드
The middle node is the second node to which your Tor client connects. It can see which node the traffic came from—the entry node—and to which node it goes to next. The middle node cannot, see your IP address or the domain you are connecting to.
중간 노드(Middle Node)는 Tor 클라이언트가 연결되는 두 번째 노드입니다. 중간 노드는 트래픽이 어디서 왔는지, 즉 어떤 입구 노드에서 왔는지, 그리고 다음으로는 어떤 노드로 가는지 알 수 있습니다. 중간 노드는 사용자의 IP 주소 혹은 사용자가 연결하고자 하는 도메인은 알 수 없습니다.
For each new circuit, the middle node is randomly selected out of all available Tor nodes.
중간 노드는 우회로를 새로 생성할 때마다 사용 가능한 모든 Tor 노드 중에서 무작위로 선택됩니다.
### The Exit Node
### 출구 노드
The exit node is the point in which your web traffic leaves the Tor network and is forwarded to your desired destination. The exit node is unable to see your IP address, but it does know what site it's connecting to.
출구 노드(Exit Node)는 웹 트래픽이 Tor 네트워크를 벗어나, 사용자가 원하는 목적지로 전달되는 지점입니다. 출구 노드는 사용자의 IP 주소를 볼 수 없으나, 어떤 사이트에 연결하고 있는지는 알 수 있습니다.
The exit node will be chosen at random from all available Tor nodes ran with an exit relay flag.[^2]
출구 노드는 출구 릴레이 플래그로 실행된 모든 사용 가능한 Tor 노드 중에서 무작위로 선택됩니다.
## Path Building to Onion Services
## Onion 서비스 경로 구축 방식
"Onion Services" (also commonly referred to as "hidden services") are websites which can only be accessed by the Tor browser. These websites have a long randomly generated domain name ending with `.onion`.
'Onion 서비스'('Hidden 서비스'라고도 불립니다)는 Tor 브라우저로만 접근 가능한 웹사이트입니다. Onion 서비스 도메인은 랜덤으로 생성된 긴 문자열로 되어있으며, `.onion`으로 끝납니다.
Connecting to an Onion Service in Tor works very similarly to connecting to a clearnet service, but your traffic is routed through a total of **six** nodes before reaching the destination server. Just like before however, only three of these nodes are contributing to *your* anonymity, the other three nodes protect *the Onion Service's* anonymity, hiding the website's true IP and location in the same manner that Tor Browser is hiding yours.
Tor에서 Onion 서비스로의 연결은 클리어넷 서비스 연결과 매우 유사하게 작동하지만, 트래픽은 목적지 서버에 도달하기 전에 총 **6개**의 노드를 거쳐 라우팅됩니다. 단, 앞선 내용과 마찬가지로 *사용자의 익명성*에 기여하는 노드는 이 중 3개 뿐이며, 나머지 노드 3개는 *Onion 서비스의 익명성*을 보호합니다. 즉, Tor 브라우저가 사용자의 IP와 주소를 숨기는 것과 동일한 방식으로 웹사이트의 실제 IP와 주소를 숨깁니다.
<figure style="width:100%" markdown>
![Tor path showing your traffic being routed through your three Tor nodes plus three additional Tor nodes which hide the website's identity](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-hidden-service.svg#only-light)
![Tor path showing your traffic being routed through your three Tor nodes plus three additional Tor nodes which hide the website's identity](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-hidden-service-dark.svg#only-dark)
<figcaption>Tor circuit pathway with Onion Services. Nodes in the <span class="pg-blue">blue</span> fence belong to your browser, while nodes in the <span class="pg-red">red</span> fence belong to the server, so their identity is hidden from you.</figcaption>
![3개의 Tor 노드에 더해 웹사이트 신원을 숨기는 3개의 Tor 노드를 추가로 거쳐가는 트래픽을 나타내는 Tor 경로](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-hidden-service.svg#only-light)
![3개의 Tor 노드에 더해 웹사이트 신원을 숨기는 3개의 Tor 노드를 추가로 거쳐가는 트래픽을 나타내는 Tor 경로](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-hidden-service-dark.svg#only-dark)
<figcaption>Onion 서비스 Tor 우회 경로 <span class="pg-blue">파란색</span> 테두리 내 노드는 사용자 브라우저에 해당하며, <span class="pg-red">빨간색</span> 테두리 내 노드는 서버에 해당합니다. 이리하여 서버의 신원은 노출되지 않습니다.</figcaption>
</figure>
## Encryption
## 암호화
Tor encrypts each packet (a block of transmitted data) three times with the keys from the exit, middle, and entry node—in that order.
Tor는 각 패킷(전송되는 데이터 덩어리)을 출구, 중간, 입구 노드 순서대로 키를 3 번 암호화합니다.
Once Tor has built a circuit, data transmission is done as follows:
Tor 우회로가 구축되고 나면 데이터 전송은 다음과 같이 이루어집니다:
1. Firstly: when the packet arrives at the entry node, the first layer of encryption is removed. In this encrypted packet, the entry node will find another encrypted packet with the middle node’s address. The entry node will then forward the packet to the middle node.
1. 먼저, 패킷이 입구 노드에 도착하면 첫 번째 암호화 레이어가 제거됩니다. 입구 노드는 해당 암호화 패킷에서 중간 노드 주소가 포함된 또 다른 암호화 패킷을 찾습니다. 이후, 입구 노드는 중간 노드로 패킷을 전송합니다.
2. Secondly: when the middle node receives the packet from the entry node, it too will remove a layer of encryption with its key, and this time finds an encrypted packet with the exit node's address. The middle node will then forward the packet to the exit node.
2. 다음으로, 중간 노드가 입구 노드로부터 패킷을 수신하면 마찬가지로 키를 이용해 암호화 레이어를 제거합니다. 이번에는 출구 노드 주소가 포함된 암호화 패킷을 찾습니다. 이후, 중간 노드는 출구 노드로 패킷을 전송합니다.
3. Lastly: when the exit node receives its packet, it will remove the last layer of encryption with its key. The exit node will see the destination address and forward the packet to that address.
3. 마지막으로, 출구 노드가 패킷을 수신하면 해당 키로 마지막 암호화 레이어를 제거합니다. 출구 노드는 목적지 주소를 확인하고 해당 주소로 패킷을 전송합니다.
Below is an alternative diagram showing the process. Each node removes its own layer of encryption, and when the destination server returns data, the same process happens entirely in reverse. For example, the exit node does not know who you are, but it does know which node it came from, and so it adds its own layer of encryption and sends it back.
다음은 이 과정을 다이어그램으로 나타낸 것입니다. 각 노드는 해당 노드의 암호화 레이어를 제거하며, 목적지 서버가 데이터를 반환할 경우 이와 동일한 과정이 정반대로 진행됩니다. 예를 들어, 출구 노드는 사용자가 누구인지는 알 수 없으나 어떤 노드에서 전송해왔는지는 알고 있으므로 자체 암호화 레이어를 추가하여 전송합니다.
<figure markdown>
![Tor encryption](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-encryption.svg#only-light)
![Tor encryption](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-encryption-dark.svg#only-dark)
<figcaption>Sending and receiving data through the Tor Network</figcaption>
![Tor 암호화](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-encryption.svg#only-light)
![Tor 암호화](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-encryption-dark.svg#only-dark)
<figcaption>Tor 네트워크를 통한 데이터 송수신</figcaption>
</figure>
Tor allows us to connect to a server without any single party knowing the entire path. The entry node knows who you are, but not where you are going; the middle node doesn’t know who you are or where you are going; and the exit node knows where you are going, but not who you are. Because the exit node is what makes the final connection, the destination server will never know your IP address.
Tor를 이용하면 단일 주체에게 전체 경로를 노출하지 않고도 서버에 연결 가능합니다. 입구 노드는 사용자가 누구인지는 알지만 목적지는 알 수 없고, 중간 노드는 사용자와 목적지 모두 알 수 없으며, 출구 노드는 목적지는 알지만 사용자가 누구인지는 알 수 없습니다. 최종 연결이 생성되는 지점은 출구 노드이므로, 목적지 서버는 사용자의 IP 주소를 절대 알 수 없습니다.
## Caveats
## 주의 사항
Though Tor does provide strong privacy guarantees, one must be aware that Tor is not perfect:
Tor는 강력한 프라이버시를 보장하지만, 완벽하지는 않습니다:
- Well-funded adversaries with the capability to passively watch most network traffic over the globe have a chance of deanonymizing Tor users by means of advanced traffic analysis. Nor does Tor protect you from exposing yourself by mistake, such as if you share too much information about your real identity.
- Tor exit nodes can also monitor traffic that passes through them. This means traffic which is not encrypted, such as plain HTTP traffic, can be recorded and monitored. If such traffic contains personally identifiable information, then it can deanonymize you to that exit node. Thus, we recommend using HTTPS over Tor where possible.
- 전 세계 대부분의 네트워크 트래픽을 수동적으로 감시하는 능력과 자금을 갖춘 공격자는 고급 트래픽 분석을 통해 Tor 사용자의 익명성을 무효화할 수 있습니다. 또한, Tor는 사용자가 자신의 실수로 신원 정보를 노출하는 것으로부터 보호하지는 못합니다.
- Tor 출구 노드가 직접 트래픽을 모니터링하고 있을 수도 있습니다. 즉, 일반 HTTP 트래픽 등 암호화되지 않은 트래픽은 기록, 모니터링될 수 있습니다. 암호화되지 않은 트래픽에 개인 식별 정보가 포함된 경우 해당 출구 노드로 사용자의 익명성을 무효화할 수 있습니다. 따라서, Tor에서 HTTPS를 사용할 것을 권장합니다.
If you wish to use Tor for browsing the web, we only recommend the **official** Tor Browser—it is designed to prevent fingerprinting.
웹 탐색 용도로 Tor를 이용하고자 하실 경우, 핑거프린팅을 방지하도록 설계된 **공식** Tor 브라우저만 사용하실 것을 권장드립니다.
- [Tor Browser :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../tor.md#tor-browser)
- [Tor 브라우저 :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../tor.md#tor-browser)
## Additional Resources
## 추가 자료
- [Tor Browser User Manual](https://tb-manual.torproject.org)
- [Tor 브라우저 사용자 설명서](https://tb-manual.torproject.org)
- [How Tor Works - Computerphile](https://invidious.privacyguides.net/embed/QRYzre4bf7I?local=true) <small>(YouTube)</small>
- [Tor Onion Services - Computerphile](https://invidious.privacyguides.net/embed/lVcbq_a5N9I?local=true) <small>(YouTube)</small>

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i18n/ko/real-time-communication.md
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@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ We have some additional tips on configuring and hardening your Signal installati
**SimpleX** Chat is an instant messenger that is decentralized and doesn't depend on any unique identifiers such as phone numbers or usernames. Users of SimpleX Chat can scan a QR code or click an invite link to participate in group conversations.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://simplex.chat){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://github.com/simplex-chat/simplex-chat/blob/stable/PRIVACY.md){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/simplex-chat/simplex-chat/tree/stable/docs){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/simplex-chat){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-home-16: 홈페이지](https://simplex.chat){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://github.com/simplex-chat/simplex-chat/blob/stable/PRIVACY.md){ .card-link title="프라이버시 정책" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/simplex-chat/simplex-chat/tree/stable/docs){ .card-link title=문서}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/simplex-chat){ .card-link title="소스 코드" }
??? downloads
??? downloads "다운로드"
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=chat.simplex.app)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/simplex-chat/id1605771084)
@ -80,13 +80,13 @@ Your data can be exported, and imported onto another device, as there are no cen
**Briar** is an encrypted instant messenger that [connects](https://briarproject.org/how-it-works/) to other clients using the Tor Network. Briar can also connect via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth when in local proximity. Briar’s local mesh mode can be useful when internet availability is a problem.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://briarproject.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://briarproject.org/privacy-policy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://code.briarproject.org/briar/briar/-/wikis/home){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://code.briarproject.org/briar/briar){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://briarproject.org/){ .card-link title="Donation options are listed on the bottom of the homepage" }
[:octicons-home-16: 홈페이지](https://briarproject.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://briarproject.org/privacy-policy/){ .card-link title="프라이버시 정책" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://code.briarproject.org/briar/briar/-/wikis/home){ .card-link title=문서}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://code.briarproject.org/briar/briar){ .card-link title="소스 코드" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://briarproject.org/){ .card-link title="기부 옵션은 홈페이지 하단에 위치하고 있습니다" }
??? downloads
??? downloads "다운로드"
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.briarproject.briar.android)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://briarproject.org/download-briar-desktop/)
@ -150,12 +150,12 @@ The protocol was independently [audited](https://matrix.org/blog/2016/11/21/matr
Session uses the decentralized [Oxen Service Node Network](https://oxen.io/) to store and route messages. Every encrypted message is routed through three nodes in the Oxen Service Node Network, making it virtually impossible for the nodes to compile meaningful information on those using the network.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://getsession.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://getsession.org/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://getsession.org/faq){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/oxen-io){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-home-16: 홈페이지](https://getsession.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://getsession.org/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="프라이버시 정책" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://getsession.org/faq){ .card-link title=문서}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/oxen-io){ .card-link title="소스 코드" }
??? downloads
??? downloads "다운로드"
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=network.loki.messenger)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1470168868)

106
i18n/ru/email.md
View File

@ -145,11 +145,11 @@ Mailbox.org также поддерживает обнаружение откр
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Дополнительная функциональность
You can access your Mailbox.org account via IMAP/SMTP using their [.onion service](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/The+Tor+exit+node+of+mailbox.org). However, their webmail interface cannot be accessed via their .onion service and you may experience TLS certificate errors.
Вы можете получить доступ к вашему аккаунту Mailbox.org через IMAP/SMTP, используя их сервис [.onion](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/The+Tor+exit+node+of+mailbox.org). Однако доступ к интерфейсу веб-почты через службу .onion невозможен, и вы можете столкнуться с ошибками сертификата TLS.
All accounts come with limited cloud storage that [can be encrypted](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Encrypt+files+on+your+Drive). Mailbox.org also offers the alias [@secure.mailbox.org](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Ensuring+E-Mails+are+Sent+Securely), which enforces the TLS encryption on the connection between mail servers, otherwise the message will not be sent at all. Mailbox.org also supports [Exchange ActiveSync](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_ActiveSync) in addition to standard access protocols like IMAP and POP3.
Все учетные записи имеют ограниченное облачное хранилище, которое [может быть зашифровано](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Encrypt+files+on+your+Drive). Mailbox.org также предлагает псевдоним [@secure.mailbox.org](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Ensuring+E-Mails+are+Sent+Securely), который требует шифрование TLS от соединения между почтовыми серверами, в противном случае сообщение вообще не будет отправлено. Mailbox.org также поддерживает [Exchange ActiveSync](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_ActiveSync) в дополнение к стандартным протоколам доступа, таким как IMAP и POP3.
Mailbox.org has a digital legacy feature for all plans. You can choose whether you want any of your data to be passed to heirs providing that they apply and provide your testament. Alternatively, you can nominate a person by name and address.
Mailbox.org имеет функцию цифрового наследия для всех тарифных планов. Вы можете выбрать, хотите ли вы, чтобы какие-либо из ваших данных были переданы наследникам, при условии, что они подадут заявление и предоставят ваше завещание. Кроме того, вы можете назначить человека по имени и адресу.
## Дополнительные провайдеры
@ -235,43 +235,43 @@ StartMail не предлагает функцию цифрового насле
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://tutanota.com/ru/#download)
- [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://mail.tutanota.com/)
Tutanota doesn't support the [IMAP protocol](https://tutanota.com/faq/#imap) or the use of third-party [email clients](email-clients.md), and you also won't be able to add [external email accounts](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/issues/544#issuecomment-670473647) to the Tutanota app. Neither [Email import](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/issues/630) or [subfolders](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/issues/927) are currently supported, though this is [due to be changed](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/kickoff-import). Emails can be exported [individually or by bulk selection](https://tutanota.com/howto#generalMail) per folder, which may be inconvenient if you have many folders.
Tutanota не поддерживает [протокол IMAP](https://tutanota.com/faq/#imap) или использование сторонних [почтовых клиентов](email-clients.md). Вы также не сможете добавить [внешние почтовые аккаунты](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/issues/544#issuecomment-670473647) в приложение Tutanota. В настоящее время ни [импорт электронной почты](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/issues/630), ни [вложенные папки](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/issues/927) не поддерживаются, однако эти функции [находится в разработке](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/kickoff-import). Письма можно экспортировать [по отдельности или массовым выбором](https://tutanota.com/howto#generalMail) в каждую папку, что может быть неудобно, если у вас много папок.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Пользовательские домены и псевдонимы
Paid Tutanota accounts can use up to 5 [aliases](https://tutanota.com/faq#alias) and [custom domains](https://tutanota.com/faq#custom-domain). Tutanota doesn't allow for [subaddressing (plus addresses)](https://tutanota.com/faq#plus), but you can use a [catch-all](https://tutanota.com/howto#settings-global) with a custom domain.
Платные аккаунты Tutanota могут использовать до 5 [псевдонимов](https://tutanota.com/faq#alias) и [пользовательских доменов](https://tutanota.com/faq#custom-domain). Tutanota не позволяет использовать [субадресацию (адреса с плюсом)](https://tutanota.com/faq#plus), но с пользовательским доменом вы можете использовать [универсальный адрес](https://tutanota.com/howto#settings-global).
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Конфиденциальные способы оплаты
Tutanota only directly accepts credit cards and PayPal, however [cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md) can be used to purchase gift cards via their [partnership](https://tutanota.com/faq/#cryptocurrency) with Proxystore.
Tutanota напрямую принимает только кредитные карты и PayPal, однако [криптовалюта](cryptocurrency.md) может быть использована для покупки подарочных карт через их [партнерство](https://tutanota.com/faq/#cryptocurrency) с Proxystore.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Безопасность аккаунта
Tutanota supports [two factor authentication](https://tutanota.com/faq#2fa) with either TOTP or U2F.
Tutanota поддерживает [двухфакторную аутентификацию](https://tutanota.com/faq#2fa) с помощью TOTP или U2F.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Безопасность данных
Tutanota has [zero access encryption at rest](https://tutanota.com/faq#what-encrypted) for your emails, [address book contacts](https://tutanota.com/faq#encrypted-address-book), and [calendars](https://tutanota.com/faq#calendar). This means the messages and other data stored in your account are only readable by you.
Tutanota использует [шифрование с нулевым доступом в состоянии покоя](https://tutanota.com/faq#what-encrypted) для вашей электронной почты, [записей контактов](https://tutanota.com/faq#encrypted-address-book), и [календарей](https://tutanota.com/faq#calendar). Это означает, что сообщения и другие данные, хранящиеся на вашем аккаунте, доступны для чтения только вам.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Шифрование электронной почты
Tutanota [does not use OpenPGP](https://www.tutanota.com/faq/#pgp). Tutanota accounts can only receive encrypted emails from non-Tutanota email accounts when sent via a [temporary Tutanota mailbox](https://www.tutanota.com/howto/#encrypted-email-external).
Tutanota [не использует OpenPGP](https://www.tutanota.com/faq/#pgp). Учетные записи Tutanota могут получать зашифрованные электронные письма от учетных записей электронной почты, не принадлежащих Tutanota, только при отправке через [временный почтовый ящик Tutanota](https://www.tutanota.com/howto/#encrypted-email-external).
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Блокировка аккаунта
Tutanota will [delete inactive free accounts](https://tutanota.com/faq#inactive-accounts) after six months. You can reuse a deactivated free account if you pay.
Tutanota будет [удалять неактивные бесплатные аккаунты](https://tutanota.com/faq#inactive-accounts) по истечении шести месяцев. Вы можете повторно использовать деактивированный бесплатный аккаунт, если заплатите.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Дополнительная функциональность
Tutanota offers the business version of [Tutanota to non-profit organizations](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/secure-email-for-non-profit) for free or with a heavy discount.
Tutanota предлагает бизнес-версию [Tutanota для некоммерческих организаций](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/secure-email-for-non-profit) бесплатно или с большой скидкой.
Tutanota also has a business feature called [Secure Connect](https://tutanota.com/secure-connect/). This ensures customer contact to the business uses E2EE. The feature costs €240/y.
Tutanota также имеет функцию для бизнеса под названием [Secure Connect](https://tutanota.com/secure-connect/). Это гарантирует, что контакт клиента с бизнесом использует E2EE. Стоимость функции составляет €240/год.
Tutanota doesn't offer a digital legacy feature.
Tutanota не предлагает функцию цифрового наследия.
## Сервисы псевдонимов электронной почты
An email aliasing service allows you to easily generate a new email address for every website you register for. The email aliases you generate are then forwarded to an email address of your choosing, hiding both your "main" email address and the identity of your email provider. True email aliasing is better than plus addressing commonly used and supported by many providers, which allows you to create aliases like yourname+[anythinghere]@example.com, because websites, advertisers, and tracking networks can trivially remove anything after the + sign to know your true email address.
Служба псевдонимов электронной почты позволяет легко генерировать новый адрес электронной почты для каждого сайта, на котором вы зарегистрированы. Созданные вами псевдонимы электронной почты затем пересылаются на выбранный вами адрес электронной почты, скрывая как ваш "основной" адрес электронной почты, так и личность вашего поставщика услуг электронной почты. Истинная адресация электронной почты лучше, чем плюсовая адресация, обычно используемая и поддерживаемая многими провайдерами, которая позволяет создавать псевдонимы типа ваше_имя+[что-то_ещё]@example.com, поскольку веб-сайты, рекламодатели и сети отслеживания могут тривиально удалить все, что идет после знака +, чтобы узнать ваш истинный адрес электронной почты.
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
@ -281,69 +281,69 @@ An email aliasing service allows you to easily generate a new email address for
</div>
Email aliasing can act as a safeguard in case your email provider ever ceases operation. In that scenario, you can easily re-route your aliases to a new email address. In turn, however, you are placing trust in the aliasing service to continue functioning.
Псевдоним электронной почты может служить защитой на случай, если ваш поставщик услуг электронной почты прекратит свою работу. В этом случае вы можете легко перенаправить свои псевдонимы на новый адрес электронной почты. Однако, в этом случае, вы доверяете службе псевдонимов продолжать функционировать.
Using a dedicated email aliasing service also has a number of benefits over a catch-all alias on a custom domain:
Использование специализированной службы псевдонимов электронной почты также имеет ряд преимуществ по сравнению с универсальным псевдонимом на пользовательском домене:
- Aliases can be turned on and off individually when you need them, preventing websites from emailing you randomly.
- Replies are sent from the alias address, shielding your real email address.
- Псевдонимы можно включать и выключать по отдельности, когда это необходимо, что предотвращает случайную рассылку электронной почты веб-сайтами.
- Ответы отправляются с псевдонимного адреса, скрывая ваш настоящий адрес электронной почты.
They also have a number of benefits over "temporary email" services:
Они также имеют ряд преимуществ по сравнению с услугами "временной электронной почты":
- Aliases are permanent and can be turned on again if you need to receive something like a password reset.
- Emails are sent to your trusted mailbox rather than stored by the alias provider.
- Temporary email services typically have public mailboxes which can be accessed by anyone who knows the address, aliases are private to you.
- Псевдонимы являются постоянными и могут быть включены снова, если вам нужно получить что-то вроде сброса пароля.
- Письма отправляются на ваш доверенный почтовый ящик, а не хранятся у поставщика псевдонимов.
- Временные почтовые службы обычно имеют публичные почтовые ящики, доступ к которым может получить любой, кто знает адрес, псевдонимы же доступны только вам.
Our email aliasing recommendations are providers that allow you to create aliases on domains they control, as well as your own custom domain(s) for a modest yearly fee. They can also be self-hosted if you want maximum control. However, using a custom domain can have privacy-related drawbacks: If you are the only person using your custom domain, your actions can be easily tracked across websites simply by looking at the domain name in the email address and ignoring everything before the at (@) sign.
Наши рекомендованные поставщики псевдонимов электронной почты позволяют вам создавать псевдонимы на доменах, которые они контролируют, а также на ваших собственных доменах за умеренную годовую плату. Вы так же можете разместить их на своем сервере, если вы хотите получить максимальный контроль. Однако использование пользовательского домена может иметь недостатки, связанные с конфиденциальностью: если вы единственный человек, использующий пользовательский домен, ваши действия можно легко отследить на всех сайтах, просто посмотрев на доменное имя в адресе электронной почты и проигнорировав все, что находится перед знаком "эт" (@).
Using an aliasing service requires trusting both your email provider and your aliasing provider with your unencrypted messages. Some providers mitigate this slightly with automatic PGP encryption, which reduces the number of parties you need to trust from two to one by encrypting incoming emails before they are delivered to your final mailbox provider.
Отправка/получение незашифрованных писем через службу псевдонимов требует доверия как к вашему почтовому провайдеру, так и к провайдеру псевдонимов. Некоторые провайдеры смягчают эту проблему с помощью автоматического шифрования PGP, которое уменьшает требующих доверия сторон, с двух до одной, шифруя входящие электронные письма до их доставки к вашему конечному почтовому провайдеру.
### AnonAddy
!!! recommendation
![AnonAddy logo](assets/img/email/anonaddy.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![AnonAddy logo](assets/img/email/anonaddy-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
![Логотип AnonAddy](assets/img/email/anonaddy.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Логотип AnonAddy](assets/img/email/anonaddy-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**AnonAddy** lets you create 20 domain aliases on a shared domain for free, or unlimited "standard" aliases which are less anonymous.
**AnonAddy** позволяет вам бесплатно создать 20 доменных псевдонимов на общем домене или неограниченное количество "стандартных" псевдонимов, которые менее анонимны.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://anonaddy.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://anonaddy.com/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://app.anonaddy.com/docs/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/anonaddy){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://anonaddy.com/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
[:octicons-home-16: Домашняя страница](https://anonaddy.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://anonaddy.com/privacy/){ .card-link title="Политика конфиденциальности" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://app.anonaddy.com/docs/){ .card-link title=Документация}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/anonaddy){ .card-link title="Исходный код" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://anonaddy.com/donate/){ .card-link title=Поддержать }
??? downloads
??? скачать
- [:simple-android: Android](https://anonaddy.com/faq/#is-there-an-android-app)
- [:material-apple-ios: iOS](https://anonaddy.com/faq/#is-there-an-ios-app)
- [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-GB/firefox/addon/anonaddy/)
- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/anonaddy-anonymous-email/iadbdpnoknmbdeolbapdackdcogdmjpe)
The number of shared aliases (which end in a shared domain like @anonaddy.me) that you can create is limited to 20 on AnonAddy's free plan and 50 on their $12/year plan. You can create unlimited standard aliases (which end in a domain like @[username].anonaddy.com or a custom domain on paid plans), however, as previously mentioned, this can be detrimental to privacy because people can trivially tie your standard aliases together based on the domain name alone. Unlimited shared aliases are available for $36/year.
Доступное вам количество общих псевдонимов (которые заканчиваются на общий домен, например @anonaddy.me), ограничено 20 на бесплатном плане AnonAddy и 50 на их плане за $12/год. Вы можете создавать неограниченное количество стандартных псевдонимов (которые заканчиваются на домен типа @[username].anonaddy.com или пользовательский домен в платных тарифных планах), однако, как уже говорилось ранее, это может нанести ущерб конфиденциальности, поскольку люди могут банально связать ваши стандартные псевдонимы вместе на основе одного только доменного имени. Неограниченное количество общих псевдонимов доступно за $36/год.
Notable free features:
Примечательные бесплатные функции:
- [x] 20 Shared Aliases
- [x] Unlimited Standard Aliases
- [ ] No Outgoing Replies
- [x] 2 Recipient Mailboxes
- [x] Automatic PGP Encryption
- [x] 20 общих псевдонимов
- [x] Неограниченное количество стандартных псевдонимов
- [ ] Нет исходящих ответов
- [x] 2 почтовых ящика получателя
- [x] Автоматическое шифрование PGP
### SimpleLogin
!!! recommendation
![Simplelogin logo](assets/img/email/simplelogin.svg){ align=right }
![Логотип Simplelogin](assets/img/email/simplelogin.svg){ align=right }
**SimpleLogin** is a free service which provides email aliases on a variety of shared domain names, and optionally provides paid features like unlimited aliases and custom domains.
**SimpleLogin** - это бесплатный сервис, который предоставляет псевдонимы электронной почты на различных общих доменных именах, и опционально платные возможности, такие как неограниченное количество псевдонимов и пользовательские домены.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://simplelogin.io){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://simplelogin.io/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://simplelogin.io/docs/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/simple-login){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-home-16: Домашняя страница](https://simplelogin.io){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://simplelogin.io/privacy/){ .card-link title="Политика конфиденциальности" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://simplelogin.io/docs/){ .card-link title=Документация}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/simple-login){ .card-link title="Исходный код" }
??? downloads
??? скачать
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.simplelogin.android)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1494359858)
@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ For a more manual approach we've picked out these two articles:
- [Setting up a mail server with OpenSMTPD, Dovecot and Rspamd](https://poolp.org/posts/2019-09-14/setting-up-a-mail-server-with-opensmtpd-dovecot-and-rspamd/) (2019)
- [How To Run Your Own Mail Server](https://www.c0ffee.net/blog/mail-server-guide/) (August 2017)
## Criteria
## Критерии
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the providers we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements for any Email provider wishing to be recommended, including implementing industry best practices, modern technology and more. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing an Email provider, and conduct your own research to ensure the Email provider you choose is the right choice for you.
@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ We regard these features as important in order to provide a safe and optimal ser
- Catch-all or alias functionality for those who own their own domains.
- Use of standard email access protocols such as IMAP, SMTP or [JMAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON_Meta_Application_Protocol). Standard access protocols ensure customers can easily download all of their email, should they want to switch to another provider.
### Privacy
### Конфиденциальность
We prefer our recommended providers to collect as little data as possible.
@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ We prefer our recommended providers to collect as little data as possible.
- Accepts [anonymous payment options](advanced/payments.md) ([cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md), cash, gift cards, etc.)
### Security
### Безопасность
Email servers deal with a lot of very sensitive data. We expect that providers will adopt best industry practices in order to protect their members.
@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ Email servers deal with a lot of very sensitive data. We expect that providers w
- [Content Security Policy (CSP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Security_Policy)
- [RFC9163 Expect-CT](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc9163/)
### Trust
### Доверие
You wouldn't trust your finances to someone with a fake identity, so why trust them with your email? We require our recommended providers to be public about their ownership or leadership. We also would like to see frequent transparency reports, especially in regard to how government requests are handled.
@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ You wouldn't trust your finances to someone with a fake identity, so why trust t
- Public-facing leadership.
- Frequent transparency reports.
### Marketing
### Маркетинг
With the email providers we recommend we like to see responsible marketing.
@ -501,6 +501,6 @@ Must not have any marketing which is irresponsible:
- Clear and easy to read documentation. This includes things like, setting up 2FA, email clients, OpenPGP, etc.
### Additional Functionality
### Дополнительная функциональность
While not strictly requirements, there are some other convenience or privacy factors we looked into when determining which providers to recommend.