</em> 开源软件 *，可以由第三方进行审计，而且通常比专有的同类软件对潜在的漏洞更加透明。 它还允许你审查代码并禁用你自己发现的任何可疑功能。 然而， *，除非你这样做*，否则不能保证代码曾经被评估过，特别是对于较小的软件项目。 The open development process has also sometimes been exploited to introduce new vulnerabilities known as <spanclass="pg-viridian">:material-package-variant-closed-remove: Supply Chain Attacks</span>, which are discussed further in our [Common Threats](common-threats.md) page.[^1]</p>
</em> 开源软件 *，可以由第三方进行审计，而且通常比专有的同类软件对潜在的漏洞更加透明。 它还允许你审查代码并禁用你自己发现的任何可疑功能。 然而， *，除非你这样做*，否则不能保证代码曾经被评估过，特别是对于较小的软件项目。 The open development process has also sometimes been exploited to introduce new vulnerabilities known as [:material-package-variant-closed-remove: Supply Chain Attacks](common-threats.md#attacks-against-certain-organizations ""){.pg-viridian}, which are discussed further in our [Common Threats](common-threats.md) page.[^1]</p>
Typically a form of <spanclass="pg-red">:material-target-account: Targeted Attack</span> that centers around a vulnerability or exploit introduced into otherwise good software either directly or through a dependency from a third party.
Avoiding censored access to information or being censored yourself when speaking online.
其中一些威胁可能比其他威胁更重要，具体取决于您的关注点。 For example, a software developer with access to valuable or critical data may be primarily concerned with <spanclass="pg-viridian">:material-package-variant-closed-remove: Supply Chain Attacks</span> and <spanclass="pg-red">:material-target-account: Targeted Attacks</span>. They will likely still want to protect their personal data from being swept up in <spanclass="pg-blue">:material-eye-outline: Mass Surveillance</span> programs. 同样，"普通人 "可能主要关心他们的个人数据的 <spanclass="pg-green">:material-account-search: ，公开曝光</span> ，但他们仍应警惕那些侧重于安全的问题，比如<spanclass="pg-orange">:material-bug-outline: ，被动攻击</span>，就像那些会影响到设备的恶意软件 。
If you are concerned about **physical attacks** you should use an operating system with a secure verified boot implementation, such as Android, iOS, macOS, or [Windows (with TPM)](https://learn.microsoft.com/windows/security/information-protection/secure-the-windows-10-boot-process). 你还应该确保你的驱动器是加密的，并且操作系统使用TPM或安全 [Enclave](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/secure-enclave-sec59b0b31ff/1/web/1) 或 [Element](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) ，以限制输入加密口令的重试速率。 你应该避免与你不信任的人分享你的电脑，因为大多数桌面操作系统没有按用户单独加密数据。
Supply chain attacks are frequently a form of <spanclass="pg-red">:material-target-account: Targeted Attack</span> towards businesses, governments, and activists, although they can end up compromising the public at large as well.
@@ -71,19 +110,19 @@ A notable example of this occurred in 2017 when M.E.Doc, a popular accounting so
There are few ways in which this type of attack might be carried out:
1. A contributor or employee might work their way into a position of power within a project or organization, then abuse that position by adding malicious code.
1. A contributor or employee might first work their way into a position of power within a project or organization, and then abuse that position by adding malicious code.
2. A developer may be coerced by an outside party to add malicious code.
3. An individual or group might identify a third party software dependency (also known as a library) and work to infiltrate it with the above two methods, knowing that it will be used by "downstream" software developers.
These sorts of attacks can require a lot of time and preparation to perform and are risky because they can be detected, particularly in open source projects if they are popular and have outside interest. Unfortunately they're also one of the most dangerous as they are very hard to mitigate entirely. We would encourage readers only use software which has a good reputation and makes an effort to reduce risk by:
These sorts of attacks can require a lot of time and preparation to perform and are risky because they can be detected, particularly in open source projects if they are popular and have outside interest. Unfortunately they're also one of the most dangerous as they are very hard to mitigate entirely. We would encourage readers to only use software which has a good reputation and makes an effort to reduce risk by:
1. Only adopting popular software that has been around for a while. The more interest in a project the greater likelihood that external parties will notice malicious changes. A malicious actor will also need to spend more time gaining community trust with meaningful contributions.
1. Only adopting popular software that has been around for a while. The more interest in a project, the greater likelihood that external parties will notice malicious changes. A malicious actor will also need to spend more time gaining community trust with meaningful contributions.
2. Finding software which releases binaries with widely-used, trusted build infrastructure platforms, as opposed to developer workstations or self-hosted servers. Some systems like GitHub Actions let you inspect the build script that runs publicly for extra confidence. This lessens the likelihood that malware on a developer's machine could infect their packages, and gives confidence that the binaries produced are in fact produced correctly.
3. Looking for code signing on individual source code commits and releases, which creates an auditable trail of who did what. For example: Was the malicious code in the software repository? Which developer added it? Was it added during the build process?
4. Checking whether the source code has meaningful commit messages (such as [conventional commits](https://conventionalcommits.org)) which explain what the change is supposed to accomplish. Clear messages can make it easier for outsiders to the project to verify, audit, and find bugs.
5. Noting the number of contributors or maintainers a program has. A lone developer may be more susceptible to being coerced into adding malicious code by an external party, or to negligently enable undesirable behavior. This may very well mean software developed by "Big Tech" has more scrutiny than a lone developer who doesn't answer to anyone.
4. Checking whether the source code has meaningful commit messages (such as [conventional commits](https://conventionalcommits.org)) which explain what each change is supposed to accomplish. Clear messages can make it easier for outsiders to the project to verify, audit, and find bugs.
5. Noting the number of contributors or maintainers a program has. A lone developer may be more susceptible to being coerced into adding malicious code by an external party, or to negligently enabling undesirable behavior. This may very well mean software developed by "Big Tech" has more scrutiny than a lone developer who doesn't answer to anyone.
On the other hand, web-based E2EE implementations, such as Proton Mail's web app or Bitwarden's *Web Vault*, rely on the server dynamically serving JavaScript code to the browser to handle cryptography. 一个恶意的服务器可以针对一个特定的用户，向他们发送恶意的JavaScript代码来窃取他们的加密密钥，而用户是很难注意到这样的事情的。 即使用户注意到有人试图窃取他们的密钥，也很难证明是提供商试图这样做，因为服务器可以选择向不同的用户提供不同的网络客户端。
因此，当依赖端到端加密时，你应该尽可能选择使用本地应用程序而不是网络客户端。
@@ -121,7 +160,7 @@ In France you can take a look at the [Technopolice website](https://technopolice
政府经常为大规模监控项目辩护，认为这是打击恐怖主义和防止犯罪的必要手段。 However, as breaches of human rights, they're most often used to disproportionately target minority groups and political dissidents, among others.
<divclass="admonition quote"markdown>
<pclass="admonition-title">ACLU: <em><ahref="https://aclu.org/news/national-security/the-privacy-lesson-of-9-11-mass-surveillance-is-not-the-way-forward">The Privacy Lesson of 9/11: Mass Surveillance is Not the Way Forward</a></em></p>
@@ -132,7 +171,7 @@ In the face of Edward Snowden's disclosures of government programs such as [PRIS
Online, you can be tracked via a variety of methods, including but not limited to:
- 你的IP地址
- 浏览器 Cookie
@@ -140,10 +179,10 @@ In the face of Edward Snowden's disclosures of government programs such as [PRIS
- 你的浏览器或设备指纹
- 支付方式的关联
\ [此列表并非详尽无遗]。
If you're concerned about mass surveillance programs, you can use strategies like compartmentalizing your online identities, blending in with other users, or, whenever possible, simply avoiding giving out identifying information.
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ Choosing a Linux distro that is right for you will come down to a huge variety o
- Free and open source.
- Receives regular software and kernel updates.
- Avoids X11, as its last major release was [more than a decade](https://www.x.org/wiki/Releases) ago.
- Avoids X11, as its last major release was [more than a decade](https://x.org/wiki/Releases) ago.
- The notable exception here is Qubes, but the [isolation issues](https://blog.invisiblethings.org/2011/04/23/linux-security-circus-on-gui-isolation) which X11 typically has are avoided by virtualization. This isolation only applies to apps *running in different qubes* (virtual machines); apps running in the *same* qube are not protected from each other.
- Supports full-disk encryption during installation.
- Doesn't freeze regular releases for more than 1 year.
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ Arch and Arch-based distributions are not recommended for those new to Linux (re
For a secure system, you are also expected to have sufficient Linux knowledge to properly set up security for their system such as adopting a [mandatory access control](#mandatory-access-control) system, setting up [kernel module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module#Security) blacklists, hardening boot parameters, manipulating [sysctl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysctl) parameters, and knowing what components they need such as [Polkit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polkit).
Anyone using the [Arch User Repository (AUR)](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Arch_User_Repository) **must** be comfortable auditing PKGBUILDs that they download from that service. AUR packages are community-produced content and are not vetted in any way, and therefore are vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, which has in fact happened [in the past](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/malware-found-in-arch-linux-aur-package-repository).
Anyone using the [Arch User Repository (AUR)](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Arch_User_Repository) **must** be comfortable auditing PKGBUILDs that they download from that service. AUR packages are community-produced content and are not vetted in any way, and therefore are vulnerable to software [:material-package-variant-closed-remove: Supply Chain Attacks](../basics/common-threats.md#attacks-against-certain-organizations ""){.pg-viridian}, which has in fact happened [in the past](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/malware-found-in-arch-linux-aur-package-repository).
The AUR should always be used sparingly, and often there is a lot of bad advice on various pages which direct people to blindly use [AUR helpers](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/AUR_helpers) without sufficient warning. Similar warnings apply to the use of third-party Personal Package Archives (PPAs) on Debian-based distributions or Community Projects (COPR) on Fedora.
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This section is a work in progress, because it takes considerably more time and
## Privacy Notes
Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising. At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising. At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as:
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