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@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ cover: ai-chatbots.webp
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- [:material-account-cash: Surveillance Capitalism](basics/common-threats.md#surveillance-as-a-business-model){ .pg-brown }
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- [:material-close-outline: Censorship](basics/common-threats.md#avoiding-censorship){ .pg-blue-gray }
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Since the release of ChatGPT in 2022, interactions with Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly common. LLMs can help us write better, understand unfamiliar subjects, or answer a wide range of questions. They can statistically predict the next word based on a vast amount of data scraped from the web.
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The use of **AI chat**, also known as Large Language Models (LLMs), has become increasingly common since the release of ChatGPT in 2022. LLMs can help us write better, understand unfamiliar subjects, or answer a wide range of questions. They work by statistically predicting the next word in their responses based on a vast amount of data scraped from the web.
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## Privacy Concerns About LLMs
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@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ To run AI locally, you need both an AI model and an AI client.
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### Choosing a Model
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There are many permissively licensed models available to download. [Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models) is a platform that lets you browse, research, and download models in common formats like [GGUF](https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/en/gguf). Companies that provide good open-weights models include big names like Mistral, Meta, Microsoft, and Google. However, there are also many community models and 'fine-tunes' available. As mentioned above, quantized models offer the best balance between model quality and performance for those using consumer-grade hardware.
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There are many permissively licensed models available to download. [Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models) is a platform that lets you browse, research, and download models in common formats like [GGUF](https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/en/gguf). Companies that provide good open-weights models include big names like Mistral, Meta, Microsoft, and Google. However, there are also many community models and [fine-tuned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-tuning_\(deep_learning\)) models available. As mentioned above, quantized models offer the best balance between model quality and performance for those using consumer-grade hardware.
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To help you choose a model that fits your needs, you can look at leaderboards and benchmarks. The most widely-used leaderboard is the community-driven [LM Arena](https://lmarena.ai). Additionally, the [OpenLLM Leaderboard](https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard) focuses on the performance of open-weights models on common benchmarks like [MMLU-Pro](https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.01574). There are also specialized benchmarks which measure factors like [emotional intelligence](https://eqbench.com), ["uncensored general intelligence"](https://huggingface.co/spaces/DontPlanToEnd/UGI-Leaderboard), and [many others](https://www.nebuly.com/blog/llm-leaderboards).
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@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ To help you choose a model that fits your needs, you can look at leaderboards an
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{align=right}
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Kobold.cpp is an AI client that runs locally on your Windows, Mac, or Linux computer. It's an excellent choice if you are looking for heavy customization and tweaking, such as for role-playing purposes.
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**Kobold.cpp** is an AI client that runs locally on your Windows, Mac, or Linux computer. It's an excellent choice if you are looking for heavy customization and tweaking, such as for role-playing purposes.
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In addition to supporting a large range of text models, Kobold.cpp also supports image generators such as [Stable Diffusion](https://stability.ai/stable-image) and automatic speech recognition tools such as [Whisper](https://github.com/ggerganov/whisper.cpp).
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@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ In addition to supporting a large range of text models, Kobold.cpp also supports
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</div>
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<div class="admonition note" markdown>
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<div class="admonition info" markdown>
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<p class="admonition-title">Compatibility Issues</p>
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Kobold.cpp might not run on computers without AVX/AVX2 support.
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@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ Kobold.cpp allows you to modify parameters such as the AI model temperature and
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{align=right}
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Ollama is a command-line AI assistant that is available on macOS, Linux, and Windows. Ollama is a great choice if you're looking for an AI client that's easy-to-use, widely compatible, and fast due to its use of inference and other techniques. It also doesn't involve any manual setup.
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**Ollama** is a command-line AI assistant that is available on macOS, Linux, and Windows. Ollama is a great choice if you're looking for an AI client that's easy-to-use, widely compatible, and fast due to its use of inference and other techniques. It also doesn't involve any manual setup.
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In addition to supporting a wide range of text models, Ollama also supports [LLaVA](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA) models and has experimental support for Meta's [Llama vision capabilities](https://huggingface.co/blog/llama32#what-is-llama-32-vision).
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@@ -124,9 +124,9 @@ Ollama simplifies the process of setting up a local AI chat by downloading the A
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<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
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{align=right}
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{align=right}
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Llamafile is a lightweight single-file executable that allows users to run LLMs locally on their own computers without any setup involved. It is [backed by Mozilla](https://hacks.mozilla.org/2023/11/introducing-llamafile) and available on Linux, macOS, and Windows.
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**Llamafile** is a lightweight, single-file executable that allows users to run LLMs locally on their own computers without any setup involved. It is [backed by Mozilla](https://hacks.mozilla.org/2023/11/introducing-llamafile) and available on Linux, macOS, and Windows.
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Llamafile also supports LLaVA. However, it doesn't support speech recognition or image generation.
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@@ -138,7 +138,9 @@ Llamafile also supports LLaVA. However, it doesn't support speech recognition or
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<details class="downloads" markdown>
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<summary>Downloads</summary>
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- [:fontawesome-solid-desktop: Desktop](https://github.com/Mozilla-Ocho/llamafile#quickstart)
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- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://github.com/Mozilla-Ocho/llamafile#quickstart)
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- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://github.com/Mozilla-Ocho/llamafile#quickstart)
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- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://github.com/Mozilla-Ocho/llamafile#quickstart)
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</details>
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@@ -171,11 +173,11 @@ Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend. In addi
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### Минимальные требования к сервисам
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- Must be open-source.
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- Исходный код проекта должен быть открыт.
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- Must not transmit personal data, including chat data.
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- Must be multi-platform.
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- Must not require a GPU.
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- Must support GPU-powered fast inference.
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- Must support GPU-powered, fast inference.
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- Must not require an internet connection.
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### В лучшем случае
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@@ -186,4 +188,11 @@ Our best-case criteria represent what we _would_ like to see from the perfect pr
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- Should have a built-in model downloader option.
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- The user should be able to modify the LLM parameters, such as its system prompt or temperature.
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\*[LLaVA]: Large Language and Vision Assistant (multimodal AI model)
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\*[LLM]: Large Language Model (AI model such as ChatGPT)
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\*[LLMs]: Large Language Models (AI models such as ChatGPT)
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\*[open-weights models]: AI models that anyone can download and use, but the underlying training data and/or algorithms for them are proprietary.
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\*[system prompt]: The general instructions given by a human to guide how an AI chat should operate.
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\*[temperature]: A parameter used in AI models to control the level of randomness and creativity in the generated text.
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[^1]: A file checksum is a type of anti-tampering fingerprint. A developer usually provides a checksum in a text file that can be downloaded separately, or on the download page itself. Verifying that the checksum of the file you downloaded matches the one provided by the developer helps ensure that the file is genuine and wasn't tampered with in transit. You can use commands like `sha256sum` on Linux and macOS, or `certutil -hashfile file SHA256` on Windows to generate the downloaded file's checksum.
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@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ description: Электронная почта по своей природе н
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## Что такое стандарт Web Key Directory?
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Стандарт Web Key Directory (WKD) позволяет почтовым клиентам находить OpenPGP-ключи для почтовых ящиков, даже расположенных у других провайдеров. Почтовые клиенты, поддерживающие WKD, запрашивают ключ у сервера получателя, основываясь на доменном имени его адреса. Например, когда вы пишете на `jonah@privacyguides.org`, ваш почтовый клиент запрашивает у `privacyguides.org` OpenPGP-ключ Джона, и если `privacyguides.org` имеет соответствующий ключ, ваше сообщение будет автоматически зашифровано.
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The [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Почтовые клиенты, поддерживающие WKD, запрашивают ключ у сервера получателя, основываясь на доменном имени его адреса. Например, когда вы пишете на `jonah@privacyguides.org`, ваш почтовый клиент запрашивает у `privacyguides.org` OpenPGP-ключ Джона, и если `privacyguides.org` имеет соответствующий ключ, ваше сообщение будет автоматически зашифровано.
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В дополнение к [рекомендованным почтовым клиентам](../email-clients.md), поддерживающим WKD, некоторые браузерные почтовые интерфейсы также поддерживают WKD. Будет ли *ваш личный* ключ опубликован в WKD для других пользователей, зависит от конфигурации вашего домена. Если вы пользуетесь [почтовым провайдером](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services), поддерживающим WKD, таким как Proton Mail или Mailbox.org, они опубликуют ваш OpenPGP-ключ на своем домене.
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@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ In addition to (or instead of) an email provider recommended here, you may wish
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## Сервисы, поддерживающие OpenPGP
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Эти провайдеры нативно поддерживают шифрование/дешифрование с помощью OpenPGP и стандарт [Web Key Directory](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), что позволяет использовать E2EE, не зависимо от провайдера. Например, пользователь Proton Mail может отправлять E2EE-зашифрованное сообщение пользователю Mailbox.org, или ты можешь получить OpenPGP-зашифрованное уведомление от интернет-сервисов, поддерживающих такую функцию.
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These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory (WKD) standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. Например, пользователь Proton Mail может отправлять E2EE-зашифрованное сообщение пользователю Mailbox.org, или ты можешь получить OpenPGP-зашифрованное уведомление от интернет-сервисов, поддерживающих такую функцию.
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<div class="grid cards" markdown>
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#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Шифрование электронной почты
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Proton Mail [интегрировал шифрование OpenPGP](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) в свою веб-почту. Письма, отправленные на другие аккаунты Proton Mail шифруются автоматически. Шифрование писем с помощью ключа OpenPGP на адреса, не принадлежащие Proton Mail, можно легко включить в настройках аккаунта. Proton also supports automatic external key discovery with [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This means that emails sent to other providers which use WKD will be automatically encrypted with OpenPGP as well, without the need to manually exchange public PGP keys with your contacts. They also allow you to [encrypt messages to non-Proton Mail addresses without OpenPGP](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails), without the need for them to sign up for a Proton Mail account.
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Proton Mail [интегрировал шифрование OpenPGP](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) в свою веб-почту. Письма, отправленные на другие аккаунты Proton Mail шифруются автоматически. Шифрование писем с помощью ключа OpenPGP на адреса, не принадлежащие Proton Mail, можно легко включить в настройках аккаунта. Proton also supports automatic external key discovery with WKD. This means that emails sent to other providers which use WKD will be automatically encrypted with OpenPGP as well, without the need to manually exchange public PGP keys with your contacts. They also allow you to [encrypt messages to non-Proton Mail addresses without OpenPGP](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails), without the need for them to sign up for a Proton Mail account.
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Proton Mail also publishes the public keys of Proton accounts via HTTP from their WKD. Это позволяет людям, не использующим Proton Mail, легко находить OpenPGP-ключи учетных записей Proton Mail для кросс-провайдерского E2EE. Это относится только к адресам электронной почты, заканчивающимся на один из собственных доменов "Протона", например @proton.me. При использовании кастомного домена необходимо [настроить WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) отдельно.
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@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ However, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), the softwa
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Mailbox.org has [integrated encryption](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/e-mail-article/send-encrypted-e-mails-with-guard) in their webmail, which simplifies sending messages to people with public OpenPGP keys. They also allow [remote recipients to decrypt an email](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/e-mail-article/my-recipient-does-not-use-pgp) on Mailbox.org's servers. Эта функция полезна, когда получатель не имеет OpenPGP и не может расшифровать копию письма в собственном почтовом ящике.
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Mailbox.org также поддерживает обнаружение открытых ключей через HTTP с их [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Это позволяет людям, не использующим Mailbox.org, легко находить OpenPGP-ключи учетных записей Mailbox.org для кросс-провайдерского E2EE. Это относится только к адресам электронной почты, заканчивающимся на один из собственных доменов "Mailbox.org", например @mailbox.org. При использовании кастомного домена необходимо [настроить WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) отдельно.
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Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their WKD. Это позволяет людям, не использующим Mailbox.org, легко находить OpenPGP-ключи учетных записей Mailbox.org для кросс-провайдерского E2EE. Это относится только к адресам электронной почты, заканчивающимся на один из собственных доменов "Mailbox.org", например @mailbox.org. При использовании кастомного домена необходимо [настроить WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) отдельно.
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#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Блокировка аккаунта
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@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ Stalwart does **not** have an integrated webmail, so you will need to use it wit
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- Шифрует все данные аккаунта (Контакты, Календари и т.д.) в состоянии покоя с помощью шифрования с нулевым доступом.
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- Встроенное шифрование веб-почты E2EE/PGP обеспечивает удобство.
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- Поддерживает [WKD](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) для улучшения обнаружения открытых ключей OpenPGP через HTTP. Пользователи GnuPG могут получить ключ, набрав: `gpg --locate-key example_user@example.com`
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- Support for WKD to allow improved discovery of public OpenPGP keys via HTTP. Пользователи GnuPG могут получить ключ, набрав: `gpg --locate-key example_user@example.com`
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- Поддержка временного почтового ящика для внешних пользователей. Это полезно, когда вы хотите отправить зашифрованное сообщение электронной почты, не отправляя фактическую копию получателю. Такие письма обычно имеют ограниченный срок действия, а затем автоматически удаляются. Они также не требуют от получателя настройки какой-либо криптографии, как OpenPGP.
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- Доступность услуг провайдера электронной почты через [службу .onion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion).
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- [Sub-addressing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_address#Sub-addressing) support.
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@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ We [recommend](dns.md#recommended-providers) a number of encrypted DNS servers b
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<div class="grid cards" markdown>
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- { .twemoji loading=lazy } [Kobold.cpp](ai-chat.md#koboldcpp)
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- { .twemoji loading=lazy } [Llamafile](ai-chat.md#llamafile)
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- { .twemoji loading=lazy } [Llamafile](ai-chat.md#llamafile)
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- { .twemoji loading=lazy } [Ollama (CLI)](ai-chat.md#ollama-cli)
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</div>
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