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@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ cover: ai-chatbots.webp
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- [:material-account-cash: Surveillance Capitalism](basics/common-threats.md#surveillance-as-a-business-model){ .pg-brown }
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- [:material-close-outline: Censorship](basics/common-threats.md#avoiding-censorship){ .pg-blue-gray }
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Since the release of ChatGPT in 2022, interactions with Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly common. LLMs can help us write better, understand unfamiliar subjects, or answer a wide range of questions. They can statistically predict the next word based on a vast amount of data scraped from the web.
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The use of **AI chat**, also known as Large Language Models (LLMs), has become increasingly common since the release of ChatGPT in 2022. LLMs can help us write better, understand unfamiliar subjects, or answer a wide range of questions. They work by statistically predicting the next word in their responses based on a vast amount of data scraped from the web.
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## Privacy Concerns About LLMs
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@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ To run AI locally, you need both an AI model and an AI client.
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### Choosing a Model
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There are many permissively licensed models available to download. [Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models) is a platform that lets you browse, research, and download models in common formats like [GGUF](https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/en/gguf). Companies that provide good open-weights models include big names like Mistral, Meta, Microsoft, and Google. However, there are also many community models and 'fine-tunes' available. As mentioned above, quantized models offer the best balance between model quality and performance for those using consumer-grade hardware.
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There are many permissively licensed models available to download. [Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models) is a platform that lets you browse, research, and download models in common formats like [GGUF](https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/en/gguf). Companies that provide good open-weights models include big names like Mistral, Meta, Microsoft, and Google. However, there are also many community models and [fine-tuned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-tuning_\(deep_learning\)) models available. As mentioned above, quantized models offer the best balance between model quality and performance for those using consumer-grade hardware.
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To help you choose a model that fits your needs, you can look at leaderboards and benchmarks. The most widely-used leaderboard is the community-driven [LM Arena](https://lmarena.ai). Additionally, the [OpenLLM Leaderboard](https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard) focuses on the performance of open-weights models on common benchmarks like [MMLU-Pro](https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.01574). There are also specialized benchmarks which measure factors like [emotional intelligence](https://eqbench.com), ["uncensored general intelligence"](https://huggingface.co/spaces/DontPlanToEnd/UGI-Leaderboard), and [many others](https://www.nebuly.com/blog/llm-leaderboards).
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@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ To help you choose a model that fits your needs, you can look at leaderboards an
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{align=right}
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Kobold.cpp is an AI client that runs locally on your Windows, Mac, or Linux computer. It's an excellent choice if you are looking for heavy customization and tweaking, such as for role-playing purposes.
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**Kobold.cpp** is an AI client that runs locally on your Windows, Mac, or Linux computer. It's an excellent choice if you are looking for heavy customization and tweaking, such as for role-playing purposes.
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In addition to supporting a large range of text models, Kobold.cpp also supports image generators such as [Stable Diffusion](https://stability.ai/stable-image) and automatic speech recognition tools such as [Whisper](https://github.com/ggerganov/whisper.cpp).
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@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ In addition to supporting a large range of text models, Kobold.cpp also supports
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</div>
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<div class="admonition note" markdown>
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<div class="admonition info" markdown>
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<p class="admonition-title">Compatibility Issues</p>
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Kobold.cpp might not run on computers without AVX/AVX2 support.
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@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ Kobold.cpp allows you to modify parameters such as the AI model temperature and
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{align=right}
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Ollama is a command-line AI assistant that is available on macOS, Linux, and Windows. Ollama is a great choice if you're looking for an AI client that's easy-to-use, widely compatible, and fast due to its use of inference and other techniques. It also doesn't involve any manual setup.
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**Ollama** is a command-line AI assistant that is available on macOS, Linux, and Windows. Ollama is a great choice if you're looking for an AI client that's easy-to-use, widely compatible, and fast due to its use of inference and other techniques. It also doesn't involve any manual setup.
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In addition to supporting a wide range of text models, Ollama also supports [LLaVA](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA) models and has experimental support for Meta's [Llama vision capabilities](https://huggingface.co/blog/llama32#what-is-llama-32-vision).
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@@ -124,9 +124,9 @@ Ollama simplifies the process of setting up a local AI chat by downloading the A
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<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
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{align=right}
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{align=right}
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Llamafile is a lightweight single-file executable that allows users to run LLMs locally on their own computers without any setup involved. It is [backed by Mozilla](https://hacks.mozilla.org/2023/11/introducing-llamafile) and available on Linux, macOS, and Windows.
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**Llamafile** is a lightweight, single-file executable that allows users to run LLMs locally on their own computers without any setup involved. It is [backed by Mozilla](https://hacks.mozilla.org/2023/11/introducing-llamafile) and available on Linux, macOS, and Windows.
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Llamafile also supports LLaVA. However, it doesn't support speech recognition or image generation.
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@@ -138,7 +138,9 @@ Llamafile also supports LLaVA. However, it doesn't support speech recognition or
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<details class="downloads" markdown>
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<summary>Downloads</summary>
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- [:fontawesome-solid-desktop: Desktop](https://github.com/Mozilla-Ocho/llamafile#quickstart)
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- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://github.com/Mozilla-Ocho/llamafile#quickstart)
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- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://github.com/Mozilla-Ocho/llamafile#quickstart)
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- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://github.com/Mozilla-Ocho/llamafile#quickstart)
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</details>
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@@ -161,7 +163,7 @@ To check the authenticity and safety of the model, look for:
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- Community reviews and usage statistics
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- A "Safe" badge next to the model file (Hugging Face only)
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- Matching checksums[^1]
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- On Hugging Face, you can find the hash by clicking on a model file and looking for the **Copy SHA256** button below it. You should compare this checksum with the one from the model file you downloaded.
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- On Hugging Face, you can find the hash by clicking on a model file and looking for the **Copy SHA256** button below it. You should compare this checksum with the one from the model file you downloaded.
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A downloaded model is generally safe if it satisfies all the above checks.
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@@ -171,11 +173,11 @@ Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend. In addi
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### 최소 요구 사항
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- Must be open-source.
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- 오픈 소스여야 합니다.
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- Must not transmit personal data, including chat data.
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- Must be multi-platform.
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- Must not require a GPU.
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- Must support GPU-powered fast inference.
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- Must support GPU-powered, fast inference.
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- Must not require an internet connection.
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### 우대 사항
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- Should have a built-in model downloader option.
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- The user should be able to modify the LLM parameters, such as its system prompt or temperature.
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\*[LLaVA]: Large Language and Vision Assistant (multimodal AI model)
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\*[LLM]: Large Language Model (AI model such as ChatGPT)
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\*[LLMs]: Large Language Models (AI models such as ChatGPT)
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\*[open-weights models]: AI models that anyone can download and use, but the underlying training data and/or algorithms for them are proprietary.
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\*[system prompt]: The general instructions given by a human to guide how an AI chat should operate.
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\*[temperature]: A parameter used in AI models to control the level of randomness and creativity in the generated text.
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[^1]: A file checksum is a type of anti-tampering fingerprint. A developer usually provides a checksum in a text file that can be downloaded separately, or on the download page itself. Verifying that the checksum of the file you downloaded matches the one provided by the developer helps ensure that the file is genuine and wasn't tampered with in transit. You can use commands like `sha256sum` on Linux and macOS, or `certutil -hashfile file SHA256` on Windows to generate the downloaded file's checksum.
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@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ OpenPGP를 사용하더라도 [순방향 비밀성(Forward secrecy)](https://en.
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## What is the Web Key Directory standard?
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The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted.
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The [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted.
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In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you.
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@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ In addition to (or instead of) an email provider recommended here, you may wish
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## OpenPGP 호환 서비스
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These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. 예를 들어, Proton Mail 사용자는 Mailbox.org 사용자에게 E2EE 메시지를 보내거나, OpenPGP 지원 인터넷 서비스에서 OpenPGP로 암호화된 알림을 받을 수 있습니다.
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These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory (WKD) standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. 예를 들어, Proton Mail 사용자는 Mailbox.org 사용자에게 E2EE 메시지를 보내거나, OpenPGP 지원 인터넷 서비스에서 OpenPGP로 암호화된 알림을 받을 수 있습니다.
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<div class="grid cards" markdown>
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@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ Proton Mail은 이메일 및 [캘린더](https://proton.me/news/protoncalendar-s
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#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } 이메일 암호화
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Proton Mail은 웹메일에 [OpenPGP 암호화 기능을 내장](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp)하고 있습니다. 다른 Proton Mail 계정으로 보내는 이메일은 자동으로 암호화되며, Proton Mail 외 주소로 보내는 이메일에 대한 OpenPGP 암호화는 계정 설정에서 간편하게 활성화할 수 있습니다. Proton also supports automatic external key discovery with [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This means that emails sent to other providers which use WKD will be automatically encrypted with OpenPGP as well, without the need to manually exchange public PGP keys with your contacts. They also allow you to [encrypt messages to non-Proton Mail addresses without OpenPGP](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails), without the need for them to sign up for a Proton Mail account.
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Proton Mail은 웹메일에 [OpenPGP 암호화 기능을 내장](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp)하고 있습니다. 다른 Proton Mail 계정으로 보내는 이메일은 자동으로 암호화되며, Proton Mail 외 주소로 보내는 이메일에 대한 OpenPGP 암호화는 계정 설정에서 간편하게 활성화할 수 있습니다. Proton also supports automatic external key discovery with WKD. This means that emails sent to other providers which use WKD will be automatically encrypted with OpenPGP as well, without the need to manually exchange public PGP keys with your contacts. They also allow you to [encrypt messages to non-Proton Mail addresses without OpenPGP](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails), without the need for them to sign up for a Proton Mail account.
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Proton Mail also publishes the public keys of Proton accounts via HTTP from their WKD. 이로써 Proton Mail을 사용하지 않는 사람도 Proton Mail OpenPGP 키를 쉽게 찾아 서로 다른 제공 업체 간 E2EE 적용이 가능합니다. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately.
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@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ However, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), the softwa
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Mailbox.org has [integrated encryption](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/e-mail-article/send-encrypted-e-mails-with-guard) in their webmail, which simplifies sending messages to people with public OpenPGP keys. They also allow [remote recipients to decrypt an email](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/e-mail-article/my-recipient-does-not-use-pgp) on Mailbox.org's servers. OpenPGP가 없어 수신자가 자신의 메일함에서 직접 복호화할 수 없을 경우에 이 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다.
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또한, Mailbox.org는 [웹 키 디렉터리(WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD)에서 HTTP를 통한 공개 키 검색을 지원합니다. Mailbox.org를 사용하지 않는 사람들은 Mailbox.org 계정의 OpenPGP 공개키를 쉽게 찾을 수 있고, 플랫폼과 무관하게 종단간 암호화를 할 수 있습니다. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately.
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Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their WKD. Mailbox.org를 사용하지 않는 사람들은 Mailbox.org 계정의 OpenPGP 공개키를 쉽게 찾을 수 있고, 플랫폼과 무관하게 종단간 암호화를 할 수 있습니다. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately.
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#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } 계정 해지
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- Zero Access Encryption을 통해 모든 계정 데이터(연락처, 캘린더 등)를 암호화해야 합니다.
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- 웹메일에 E2EE/PGP 암호화가 통합되어 있어서 편리하게 사용할 수 있어야 합니다.
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- [WKD](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD)를 지원하여 HTTP를 통한 공개 OpenPGP 키 검색 편의를 제공해야 합니다. GnuPG 사용자는 `gpg --locate-key example_user@example.com`를 입력하여 키를 얻을 수 있습니다.
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- Support for WKD to allow improved discovery of public OpenPGP keys via HTTP. GnuPG 사용자는 `gpg --locate-key example_user@example.com`를 입력하여 키를 얻을 수 있습니다.
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- 외부 사용자를 위해 임시 메일함을 지원해야 합니다. 수신자에게 실제 사본을 보내지 않고 암호화된 이메일을 보내고자 할 때 유용합니다. 이러한 이메일은 보통 수명이 제한돼 있으며 이후 자동으로 삭제됩니다. 수신자가 OpenPGP 등의 암호화를 설정할 필요가 없습니다.
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- [Onion 서비스](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion)를 통해 이메일 서비스를 이용할 수 있어야 합니다.
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- [하위 주소](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_address#Sub-addressing) 지원.
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@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ We [recommend](dns.md#recommended-providers) a number of encrypted DNS servers b
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<div class="grid cards" markdown>
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- { .twemoji loading=lazy } [Kobold.cpp](ai-chat.md#koboldcpp)
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- { .twemoji loading=lazy } [Llamafile](ai-chat.md#llamafile)
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- { .twemoji loading=lazy } [Llamafile](ai-chat.md#llamafile)
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- { .twemoji loading=lazy } [Ollama (CLI)](ai-chat.md#ollama-cli)
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</div>
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