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@@ -45,11 +45,14 @@ These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while
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Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.
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!!! fara
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<div class="admonition danger" markdown>
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<p class="admonition-title">Danger</p>
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The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity.
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Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust.
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The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity.
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Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust.
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</div>
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### Privacy Coins
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@@ -45,13 +45,16 @@ Setting up bad configurations like these is difficult to do accidentally, becaus
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---
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!!! info "VPN/SSH Fingerprinting"
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<div class="admonition info" markdown>
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<p class="admonition-title">VPN/SSH Fingerprinting</p>
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The Tor Project [notes](https://gitlab.torproject.org/legacy/trac/-/wikis/doc/TorPlusVPN#vpnssh-fingerprinting) that *theoretically* using a VPN to hide Tor activities from your ISP may not be foolproof. VPNs have been found to be vulnerable to website traffic fingerprinting, where an adversary can still guess what website is being visited, because all websites have specific traffic patterns.
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Therefore, it's not unreasonable to believe that encrypted Tor traffic hidden by a VPN could also be detected via similar methods. There are no research papers on this subject, and we still consider the benefits of using a VPN to far outweigh these risks, but it is something to keep in mind.
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If you still believe that pluggable transports (bridges) provide additional protection against website traffic fingerprinting that a VPN does not, you always have the option to use a bridge **and** a VPN in conjunction.
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The Tor Project [notes](https://gitlab.torproject.org/legacy/trac/-/wikis/doc/TorPlusVPN#vpnssh-fingerprinting) that *theoretically* using a VPN to hide Tor activities from your ISP may not be foolproof. VPNs have been found to be vulnerable to website traffic fingerprinting, where an adversary can still guess what website is being visited, because all websites have specific traffic patterns.
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Therefore, it's not unreasonable to believe that encrypted Tor traffic hidden by a VPN could also be detected via similar methods. There are no research papers on this subject, and we still consider the benefits of using a VPN to far outweigh these risks, but it is something to keep in mind.
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If you still believe that pluggable transports (bridges) provide additional protection against website traffic fingerprinting that a VPN does not, you always have the option to use a bridge **and** a VPN in conjunction.
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</div>
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Determining whether you should first use a VPN to connect to the Tor network will require some common sense and knowledge of your own government's and ISP's policies relating to what you're connecting to. However, again in most cases you will be better off being seen as connecting to a commercial VPN network than directly to the Tor network. If VPN providers are censored in your area, then you can also consider using Tor pluggable transports (e.g. Snowflake or meek bridges) as an alternative, but using these bridges may arouse more suspicion than standard WireGuard/OpenVPN tunnels.
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@@ -29,9 +29,12 @@ There are usually multiple ways to sign up for an account, each with their own b
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The most common way to create a new account is by an email address and password. When using this method, you should use a password manager and follow [best practices](passwords-overview.md) regarding passwords.
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!!! tips
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<div class="admonition tip" markdown>
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<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
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You can use your password manager to organize other authentication methods too! Just add the new entry and fill the appropriate fields, you can add notes for things like security questions or a backup key.
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You can use your password manager to organize other authentication methods too! Just add the new entry and fill the appropriate fields, you can add notes for things like security questions or a backup key.
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</div>
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You will be responsible for managing your login credentials. For added security, you can set up [MFA](multi-factor-authentication.md) on your accounts.
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@@ -77,18 +77,21 @@ One of the clearest threat models is one where people *know who you are* and one
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1. **Known identity** - A known identity is used for things where you must declare your name. There are many legal documents and contracts where a legal identity is required. This could range from opening a bank account, signing a property lease, obtaining a passport, customs declarations when importing items, or otherwise dealing with your government. These things will usually lead to credentials such as credit cards, credit rating checks, account numbers, and possibly physical addresses.
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We don't suggest using a VPN or Tor for any of these things, as your identity is already known through other means.
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We don't suggest using a VPN or Tor for any of these things, as your identity is already known through other means.
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!!! tips
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When shopping online, the use of a [parcel locker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcel_locker) can help keep your physical address private.
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<div class="admonition tip" markdown>
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<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
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When shopping online, the use of a [parcel locker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcel_locker) can help keep your physical address private.
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</div>
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2. **Unknown identity** - An unknown identity could be a stable pseudonym that you regularly use. It is not anonymous because it doesn't change. If you're part of an online community, you may wish to retain a persona that others know. This pseudonym isn't anonymous because—if monitored for long enough—details about the owner can reveal further information, such as the way they write, their general knowledge about topics of interest, etc.
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You may wish to use a VPN for this, to mask your IP address. Financial transactions are more difficult to mask: You could consider using anonymous cryptocurrencies, such as [Monero](https://www.getmonero.org/). Employing altcoin shifting may also help to disguise where your currency originated. Typically, exchanges require KYC (know your customer) to be completed before they'll allow you to exchange fiat currency into any kind of cryptocurrency. Local meet-up options may also be a solution; however, those are often more expensive and sometimes also require KYC.
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You may wish to use a VPN for this, to mask your IP address. Financial transactions are more difficult to mask: You could consider using anonymous cryptocurrencies, such as [Monero](https://www.getmonero.org/). Employing altcoin shifting may also help to disguise where your currency originated. Typically, exchanges require KYC (know your customer) to be completed before they'll allow you to exchange fiat currency into any kind of cryptocurrency. Local meet-up options may also be a solution; however, those are often more expensive and sometimes also require KYC.
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3. **Anonymous identity** - Even with experience, anonymous identities are difficult to maintain over long periods of time. They should be short-term and short-lived identities which are rotated regularly.
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Using Tor can help with this. It is also worth noting that greater anonymity is possible through asynchronous communication: Real-time communication is vulnerable to analysis of typing patterns (i.e. more than a paragraph of text, distributed on a forum, via email, etc.)
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Using Tor can help with this. It is also worth noting that greater anonymity is possible through asynchronous communication: Real-time communication is vulnerable to analysis of typing patterns (i.e. more than a paragraph of text, distributed on a forum, via email, etc.)
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[^1]: One notable example of this is the [2021 incident in which University of Minnesota researchers introduced three vulnerabilities into the Linux kernel development project](https://cse.umn.edu/cs/linux-incident).
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@@ -35,19 +35,25 @@ När det gäller applikationssäkerhet vet vi i allmänhet inte (och kan ibland
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För att minimera den skada som en skadlig programvara ** kan orsaka bör du använda säkerhet genom uppdelning. Det kan till exempel handla om att använda olika datorer för olika jobb, att använda virtuella maskiner för att separera olika grupper av relaterade program eller att använda ett säkert operativsystem med starkt fokus på sandlåda för program och obligatorisk åtkomstkontroll.
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!!! tips
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<div class="admonition tip" markdown>
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<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
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Mobila operativsystem har i allmänhet bättre applikationssandlåda än stationära operativsystem: Appar kan inte få root-åtkomst och kräver tillstånd för åtkomst till systemresurser.
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Skrivbordsoperativsystem släpar i allmänhet efter vid korrekt sandlåda. ChromeOS har liknande sandlådor som Android och macOS har fullständig kontroll över systembehörigheter (och utvecklare kan välja att sandlådor ska användas för program). Dessa operativsystem överför dock identifieringsinformation till sina respektive OEM-tillverkare. Linux tenderar att inte lämna information till systemleverantörer, men har dåligt skydd mot exploateringar och skadliga program. This can be mitigated somewhat with specialized distributions which make significant use of virtual machines or containers, such as [Qubes OS](../desktop.md#qubes-os).
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Mobila operativsystem har i allmänhet bättre applikationssandlåda än stationära operativsystem: Appar kan inte få root-åtkomst och kräver tillstånd för åtkomst till systemresurser.
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Skrivbordsoperativsystem släpar i allmänhet efter vid korrekt sandlåda. ChromeOS har liknande sandlådor som Android och macOS har fullständig kontroll över systembehörigheter (och utvecklare kan välja att sandlådor ska användas för program). Dessa operativsystem överför dock identifieringsinformation till sina respektive OEM-tillverkare. Linux tenderar att inte lämna information till systemleverantörer, men har dåligt skydd mot exploateringar och skadliga program. This can be mitigated somewhat with specialized distributions which make significant use of virtual machines or containers, such as [Qubes OS](../desktop.md#qubes-os).
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</div>
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<span class="pg-red">:material-target-account: Riktade attacker</span>
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Riktade attacker mot en specifik person är mer problematiska att hantera. Vanliga attacker är att skicka skadliga dokument via e-post, utnyttja sårbarheter (t.ex. i webbläsare och operativsystem) och fysiska attacker. Om detta är ett problem för dig bör du använda mer avancerade strategier för att minska hoten.
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!!! tips
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<div class="admonition tip" markdown>
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<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
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I **webbläsare**, **emailklienter** och **kontorsprogram** körs vanligtvis kod som inte är tillförlitlig och som skickas till dig från tredje part. Att köra flera virtuella maskiner för att separera sådana här program från värdsystemet och från varandra är en teknik som du kan använda för att minska risken för att en exploatering i dessa program ska kunna äventyra resten av systemet. Tekniker som Qubes OS eller Microsoft Defender Application Guard på Windows ger till exempel praktiska metoder för att göra detta.
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I **webbläsare**, **emailklienter** och **kontorsprogram** körs vanligtvis kod som inte är tillförlitlig och som skickas till dig från tredje part. Att köra flera virtuella maskiner för att separera sådana här program från värdsystemet och från varandra är en teknik som du kan använda för att minska risken för att en exploatering i dessa program ska kunna äventyra resten av systemet. Tekniker som Qubes OS eller Microsoft Defender Application Guard på Windows ger till exempel praktiska metoder för att göra detta.
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</div>
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Om du är orolig för **fysiska attacker** bör du använda ett operativsystem med en säker verifierad uppstart, t.ex. Android, iOS, macOS eller [Windows (med TPM)](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/secure-the-windows-10-boot-process). Du bör också se till att enheten är krypterad och att operativsystemet använder en TPM eller Secure [Enclave](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/secure-enclave-sec59b0b31ff/1/web/1) eller [Element](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) för att begränsa försöken att ange krypteringsfrasen. Du bör undvika att dela din dator med personer du inte litar på, eftersom de flesta stationära operativsystem inte krypterar data separat per användare.
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@@ -61,13 +67,16 @@ Det uppenbara problemet med detta är att tjänsteleverantören (eller en hackar
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Tack och lov kan E2EE lindra detta problem genom att kryptera kommunikationen mellan dig och dina önskade mottagare innan den ens skickas till servern. Sekretessen för dina meddelanden garanteras, förutsatt att tjänsteleverantören inte har tillgång till någon av parternas privata nycklar.
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!!! anmärkning "Anmärkning om webbaserad kryptering"
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<div class="admonition note" markdown>
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<p class="admonition-title">Note on Web-based Encryption</p>
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I praktiken varierar effektiviteten i olika E2EE-genomföranden. Applikationer, till exempel [Signal](../real-time-communication.md#signal), körs naturligt på din enhet, och varje kopia av applikationen är densamma över olika installationer. Om tjänsteleverantören skulle införa en [backdoor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)) i sitt program - i ett försök att stjäla dina privata nycklar - skulle det senare kunna upptäckas med [reverse engineering] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering).
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Å andra sidan är webbaserade E2EE-implementationer, som Proton Mail-webmail eller Bitwardens *Web Vault*, beroende av att servern dynamiskt serverar JavaScript-kod till webbläsaren för att hantera kryptografi. En skadlig server kan rikta dig och skicka skadlig JavaScript-kod för att stjäla din krypteringsnyckel (och det skulle vara extremt svårt att märka). Eftersom servern kan välja att betjäna olika webbklienter till olika människor - även om du märkte attacken - skulle det vara otroligt svårt att bevisa leverantörens skuld.
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Därför bör du använda inbyggda applikationer över webbklienter när det är möjligt.
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I praktiken varierar effektiviteten i olika E2EE-genomföranden. Applikationer, till exempel [Signal](../real-time-communication.md#signal), körs naturligt på din enhet, och varje kopia av applikationen är densamma över olika installationer. Om tjänsteleverantören skulle införa en [backdoor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)) i sitt program - i ett försök att stjäla dina privata nycklar - skulle det senare kunna upptäckas med [reverse engineering] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering).
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Å andra sidan är webbaserade E2EE-implementationer, som Proton Mail-webmail eller Bitwardens *Web Vault*, beroende av att servern dynamiskt serverar JavaScript-kod till webbläsaren för att hantera kryptografi. En skadlig server kan rikta dig och skicka skadlig JavaScript-kod för att stjäla din krypteringsnyckel (och det skulle vara extremt svårt att märka). Eftersom servern kan välja att betjäna olika webbklienter till olika människor - även om du märkte attacken - skulle det vara otroligt svårt att bevisa leverantörens skuld.
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Därför bör du använda inbyggda applikationer över webbklienter när det är möjligt.
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</div>
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Även med E2EE kan tjänsteleverantörer fortfarande profilera dig utifrån **metadata**, som vanligtvis inte är skyddade. Medan tjänsteleverantören inte kan läsa dina meddelanden kan de fortfarande observera viktiga saker, till exempel vem du pratar med, hur ofta du skickar meddelanden till dem och när du vanligtvis är aktiv. Skydd av metadata är ganska ovanligt, och om det ingår i din hotmodell [](threat-modeling.md)- bör du vara uppmärksam på den tekniska dokumentationen för den programvara du använder för att se om det finns någon minimering eller något skydd av metadata överhuvudtaget.
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@@ -77,17 +86,23 @@ Tack och lov kan E2EE lindra detta problem genom att kryptera kommunikationen me
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Massövervakning är ett komplicerat försök att övervaka "beteende, många aktiviteter eller information" hos en hel (eller en stor del av en) befolkning.[^1] Det hänvisar ofta till statliga program, t.ex. de [som Edward Snowden avslöjade 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)). Det kan dock också utföras av företag, antingen på uppdrag av myndigheter eller på eget initiativ.
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!!! sammanfattning av "Atlas of Surveillance"
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<div class="admonition abstract" markdown>
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<p class="admonition-title">Atlas of Surveillance</p>
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Om du vill veta mer om övervakningsmetoder och hur de tillämpas i din stad kan du också ta en titt på [Atlas of Surveillance] (https://atlasofsurveillance.org/) från [Electronic Frontier Foundation] (https://www.eff.org/).
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I Frankrike kan du ta en titt på [Technolopolices webbplats](https://technopolice.fr/villes/) som upprätthålls av den ideella föreningen La Quadrature du Net.
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Om du vill veta mer om övervakningsmetoder och hur de tillämpas i din stad kan du också ta en titt på [Atlas of Surveillance] (https://atlasofsurveillance.org/) från [Electronic Frontier Foundation] (https://www.eff.org/).
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In France you can take a look at the [Technopolice website](https://technopolice.fr/villes/) maintained by the non-profit association La Quadrature du Net.
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</div>
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Regeringar rättfärdigar ofta massövervakningsprogram som nödvändiga medel för att bekämpa terrorism och förebygga brottslighet. Men kränker de mänskliga rättigheterna, är det oftast används för att oproportionerligt rikta minoritetsgrupper och politiska dissidenter, bland annat.
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!!! citat "ACLU: [*Det är en viktig fråga för den personliga integriteten: Massövervakning är inte vägen framåt*](https://www.aclu.org/news/national-security/the-privacy-lesson-of-9-11-mass-surveillance-is-not-the-way-forward)"
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<div class="admonition quote" markdown>
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<p class="admonition-title">ACLU: <em><a href="https://www.aclu.org/news/national-security/the-privacy-lesson-of-9-11-mass-surveillance-is-not-the-way-forward">The Privacy Lesson of 9/11: Mass Surveillance is Not the Way Forward</a></em></p>
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Med anledning av [Edward Snowdens avslöjanden om regeringsprogram som [PRISM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRISM) och [Upstream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_collection)] erkände underrättelsetjänstemännen också att NSA i åratal i hemlighet hade samlat in uppgifter om praktiskt taget alla amerikaners telefonsamtal - vem som ringer till vem, när samtalen görs och hur länge de varar. Den här typen av information kan, när den samlas in av NSA dag efter dag, avslöja otroligt känsliga detaljer om människors liv och umgänge, t. ex. om de har ringt till en pastor, en abortvårdare, en missbruksrådgivare eller en självmordshotline.
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||||
Med anledning av [Edward Snowdens avslöjanden om regeringsprogram som [PRISM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRISM) och [Upstream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_collection)] erkände underrättelsetjänstemännen också att NSA i åratal i hemlighet hade samlat in uppgifter om praktiskt taget alla amerikaners telefonsamtal - vem som ringer till vem, när samtalen görs och hur länge de varar. Den här typen av information kan, när den samlas in av NSA dag efter dag, avslöja otroligt känsliga detaljer om människors liv och umgänge, t. ex. om de har ringt till en pastor, en abortvårdare, en missbruksrådgivare eller en självmordshotline.
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||||
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||||
</div>
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Trots den ökande massövervakningen i USA har regeringen konstaterat att massövervakningsprogram som avsnitt 215 har haft "litet unikt värde" när det gäller att stoppa faktiska brott eller terroristplaner, och att insatserna i stort sett har varit en kopia av FBI:s egna riktade övervakningsprogram.[^2]
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@@ -133,11 +148,14 @@ Censur på företagsplattformar blir allt vanligare, eftersom plattformar som Tw
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Människor som oroar sig för hotet om censur kan använda teknik som [Tor](../advanced/tor-overview.md) för att kringgå den och stödja censurresistenta kommunikationsplattformar som [Matrix](../real-time-communication.md#element), som inte har någon centraliserad kontoinspektion som kan stänga konton godtyckligt.
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||||
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!!! tips
|
||||
<div class="admonition tip" markdown>
|
||||
<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
|
||||
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||||
Även om det kan vara lätt att undvika censur, kan det vara mycket problematiskt att dölja det faktum att du gör det.
|
||||
|
||||
Du bör överväga vilka aspekter av nätverket din motståndare kan observera, och om du har trovärdigt förnekande för dina handlingar. Om du till exempel använder [encrypted DNS](../advanced/dns-overview.md#what-is-encrypted-dns) kan det hjälpa dig att kringgå rudimentära DNS-baserade censursystem, men det kan inte dölja vad du besöker för din internetleverantör. En VPN eller Tor kan hjälpa till att dölja vad du besöker för nätverksadministratörer, men kan inte dölja att du använder nätverken överhuvudtaget. Pluggable transports (t.ex. Obfs4proxy, Meek eller Shadowsocks) kan hjälpa dig att undvika brandväggar som blockerar vanliga VPN-protokoll eller Tor, men dina försök att kringgå dem kan fortfarande upptäckas med metoder som probing eller [deep packet inspection] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_packet_inspection).
|
||||
Även om det kan vara lätt att undvika censur, kan det vara mycket problematiskt att dölja det faktum att du gör det.
|
||||
|
||||
Du bör överväga vilka aspekter av nätverket din motståndare kan observera, och om du har trovärdigt förnekande för dina handlingar. Om du till exempel använder [encrypted DNS](../advanced/dns-overview.md#what-is-encrypted-dns) kan det hjälpa dig att kringgå rudimentära DNS-baserade censursystem, men det kan inte dölja vad du besöker för din internetleverantör. En VPN eller Tor kan hjälpa till att dölja vad du besöker för nätverksadministratörer, men kan inte dölja att du använder nätverken överhuvudtaget. Pluggable transports (t.ex. Obfs4proxy, Meek eller Shadowsocks) kan hjälpa dig att undvika brandväggar som blockerar vanliga VPN-protokoll eller Tor, men dina försök att kringgå dem kan fortfarande upptäckas med metoder som probing eller [deep packet inspection] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_packet_inspection).
|
||||
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||||
</div>
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||||
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Du måste alltid överväga riskerna med att försöka kringgå censur, de potentiella konsekvenserna och hur sofistikerad din motståndare kan vara. Du bör vara försiktig när du väljer programvara och ha en backup-plan om du skulle bli upptäckt.
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@@ -140,9 +140,12 @@ Kommandot förhindrar att en motståndare kringgår MFA när datorn startar.
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux
|
||||
|
||||
!!! varning
|
||||
<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
|
||||
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
|
||||
|
||||
Om värdnamnet på ditt system ändras (till exempel på grund av DHCP), skulle du inte kunna logga in. Det är viktigt att du skapar ett korrekt värdnamn för din dator innan du följer den här guiden.
|
||||
Om värdnamnet på ditt system ändras (till exempel på grund av DHCP), skulle du inte kunna logga in. Det är viktigt att du skapar ett korrekt värdnamn för din dator innan du följer den här guiden.
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Modulen `pam_u2f` på Linux kan ge tvåfaktorsautentisering för inloggning på de flesta populära Linuxdistributioner. Om du har en maskinvarusäkerhetsnyckel som stöder U2F kan du konfigurera MFA-autentisering för inloggning. Yubico har en guide [Ubuntu Linux Login Guide - U2F](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360016649099-Ubuntu-Linux-Login-Guide-U2F) som borde fungera för alla distributioner. Pakethanteraren kommandon-såsom `apt-get`-och paketnamn kan dock skilja sig. Den här guiden gäller **inte** för Qubes OS.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -26,9 +26,12 @@ You should avoid changing passwords that you have to remember (such as your pass
|
||||
|
||||
When it comes to passwords that you don't have to remember (such as passwords stored inside your password manager), if your [threat model](threat-modeling.md) calls for it, we recommend going through important accounts (especially accounts that don't use multi-factor authentication) and changing their password every couple of months, in case they have been compromised in a data breach that hasn't become public yet. Most password managers allow you to set an expiry date for your password to make this easier to manage.
|
||||
|
||||
!!! tip "Checking for data breaches"
|
||||
<div class="admonition tip" markdown>
|
||||
<p class="admonition-title">Checking for data breaches</p>
|
||||
|
||||
If your password manager lets you check for compromised passwords, make sure to do so and promptly change any password that may have been exposed in a data breach. Alternatively, you could follow [Have I Been Pwned's Latest Breaches feed](https://feeds.feedburner.com/HaveIBeenPwnedLatestBreaches) with the help of a [news aggregator](../news-aggregators.md).
|
||||
If your password manager lets you check for compromised passwords, make sure to do so and promptly change any password that may have been exposed in a data breach. Alternatively, you could follow [Have I Been Pwned's Latest Breaches feed](https://feeds.feedburner.com/HaveIBeenPwnedLatestBreaches) with the help of a [news aggregator](../news-aggregators.md).
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
## Creating strong passwords
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -48,9 +51,12 @@ An example of a diceware passphrase is `viewable fastness reluctant squishy seve
|
||||
|
||||
To generate a diceware passphrase using real dice, follow these steps:
|
||||
|
||||
!!! anmärkning
|
||||
<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
|
||||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||||
|
||||
These instructions assume that you are using [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) to generate the passphrase, which requires five dice rolls per word. Other wordlists may require more or less rolls per word, and may require a different amount of words to achieve the same entropy.
|
||||
These instructions assume that you are using [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) to generate the passphrase, which requires five dice rolls per word. Other wordlists may require more or less rolls per word, and may require a different amount of words to achieve the same entropy.
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
1. Roll a six-sided die five times, noting down the number after each roll.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -60,31 +66,37 @@ To generate a diceware passphrase using real dice, follow these steps:
|
||||
|
||||
4. Repeat this process until your passphrase has as many words as you need, which you should separate with a space.
|
||||
|
||||
!!! warning "Important"
|
||||
<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
|
||||
<p class="admonition-title">Important</p>
|
||||
|
||||
You should **not** re-roll words until you get a combination of words that appeal to you. The process should be completely random.
|
||||
You should **not** re-roll words until you get a combination of words that appeal to you. The process should be completely random.
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
If you don't have access to or would prefer to not use real dice, you can use your password manager's built-in password generator, as most of them have the option to generate diceware passphrases in addition to regular passwords.
|
||||
|
||||
We recommend using [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) to generate your diceware passphrases, as it offers the exact same security as the original list, while containing words that are easier to memorize. There are also [other wordlists in different languages](https://theworld.com/~reinhold/diceware.html#Diceware%20in%20Other%20Languages|outline), if you do not want your passphrase to be in English.
|
||||
|
||||
??? note "Explanation of entropy and strength of diceware passphrases"
|
||||
<details class="note" markdown>
|
||||
<summary>Explanation of entropy and strength of diceware passphrases</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
To demonstrate how strong diceware passphrases are, we'll use the aforementioned seven word passphrase (`viewable fastness reluctant squishy seventeen shown pencil`) and [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) as an example.
|
||||
|
||||
One metric to determine the strength of a diceware passphrase is how much entropy it has. The entropy per word in a diceware passphrase is calculated as $\text{log}_2(\text{WordsInList})$ and the overall entropy of the passphrase is calculated as $\text{log}_2(\text{WordsInList}^\text{WordsInPhrase})$.
|
||||
|
||||
Therefore, each word in the aforementioned list results in ~12.9 bits of entropy ($\text{log}_2(7776)$), and a seven word passphrase derived from it has ~90.47 bits of entropy ($\text{log}_2(7776^7)$).
|
||||
|
||||
The [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) contains 7776 unique words. To calculate the amount of possible passphrases, all we have to do is $\text{WordsInList}^\text{WordsInPhrase}$, or in our case, $7776^7$.
|
||||
|
||||
Let's put all of this in perspective: A seven word passphrase using [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) is one of ~1,719,070,799,748,422,500,000,000,000 possible passphrases.
|
||||
|
||||
On average, it takes trying 50% of all the possible combinations to guess your phrase. With that in mind, even if your adversary is capable of ~1,000,000,000,000 guesses per second, it would still take them ~27,255,689 years to guess your passphrase. That is the case even if the following things are true:
|
||||
To demonstrate how strong diceware passphrases are, we'll use the aforementioned seven word passphrase (`viewable fastness reluctant squishy seventeen shown pencil`) and [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) as an example.
|
||||
|
||||
- Your adversary knows that you used the diceware method.
|
||||
- Your adversary knows the specific wordlist that you used.
|
||||
- Your adversary knows how many words your passphrase contains.
|
||||
One metric to determine the strength of a diceware passphrase is how much entropy it has. The entropy per word in a diceware passphrase is calculated as $\text{log}_2(\text{WordsInList})$ and the overall entropy of the passphrase is calculated as $\text{log}_2(\text{WordsInList}^\text{WordsInPhrase})$.
|
||||
|
||||
Therefore, each word in the aforementioned list results in ~12.9 bits of entropy ($\text{log}_2(7776)$), and a seven word passphrase derived from it has ~90.47 bits of entropy ($\text{log}_2(7776^7)$).
|
||||
|
||||
The [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) contains 7776 unique words. To calculate the amount of possible passphrases, all we have to do is $\text{WordsInList}^\text{WordsInPhrase}$, or in our case, $7776^7$.
|
||||
|
||||
Let's put all of this in perspective: A seven word passphrase using [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) is one of ~1,719,070,799,748,422,500,000,000,000 possible passphrases.
|
||||
|
||||
On average, it takes trying 50% of all the possible combinations to guess your phrase. With that in mind, even if your adversary is capable of ~1,000,000,000,000 guesses per second, it would still take them ~27,255,689 years to guess your passphrase. That is the case even if the following things are true:
|
||||
|
||||
- Your adversary knows that you used the diceware method.
|
||||
- Your adversary knows the specific wordlist that you used.
|
||||
- Your adversary knows how many words your passphrase contains.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
|
||||
To sum it up, diceware passphrases are your best option when you need something that is both easy to remember *and* exceptionally strong.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -98,13 +110,16 @@ There are many good options to choose from, both cloud-based and local. Choose o
|
||||
|
||||
[List of recommended password managers](../passwords.md ""){.md-button}
|
||||
|
||||
!!! warning "Don't place your passwords and TOTP tokens inside the same password manager"
|
||||
<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
|
||||
<p class="admonition-title">Don't place your passwords and TOTP tokens inside the same password manager</p>
|
||||
|
||||
When using TOTP codes as [multi-factor authentication](../multi-factor-authentication.md), the best security practice is to keep your TOTP codes in a [separate app](../multi-factor-authentication.md#authenticator-apps).
|
||||
|
||||
Storing your TOTP tokens in the same place as your passwords, while convenient, reduces the accounts to a single factor in the event that an adversary gains access to your password manager.
|
||||
|
||||
Furthermore, we do not recommend storing single-use recovery codes in your password manager. Those should be stored separately such as in an encrypted container on an offline storage device.
|
||||
When using TOTP codes as [multi-factor authentication](../multi-factor-authentication.md), the best security practice is to keep your TOTP codes in a [separate app](../multi-factor-authentication.md#authenticator-apps).
|
||||
|
||||
Storing your TOTP tokens in the same place as your passwords, while convenient, reduces the accounts to a single factor in the event that an adversary gains access to your password manager.
|
||||
|
||||
Furthermore, we do not recommend storing single-use recovery codes in your password manager. Those should be stored separately such as in an encrypted container on an offline storage device.
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
### Säkerhetskopior
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
meta_title: "How Do VPNs Protect Your Privacy? Our VPN Overview - Privacy Guides"
|
||||
title: VPN-översikt
|
||||
title: VPN Overview
|
||||
icon: material/vpn
|
||||
description: Virtual Private Networks shift risk away from your ISP to a third-party you trust. You should keep these things in mind.
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -11,9 +11,12 @@ Normally, an ISP can see the flow of internet traffic entering and exiting your
|
||||
|
||||
Using a VPN hides even this information from your ISP, by shifting the trust you place in your network to a server somewhere else in the world. As a result, the ISP then only sees that you are connected to a VPN and nothing about the activity that you're passing through it.
|
||||
|
||||
!!! anmärkning
|
||||
<div class="admonition note" markdown>
|
||||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||||
|
||||
When we refer to "Virtual Private Networks" on this website, we are usually referring to **commercial** [VPN providers](../vpn.md), who you pay a monthly fee to in exchange for routing your internet traffic securely through their public servers. There are many other forms of VPN, such as ones you host yourself or ones operated by workplaces which allow you to securely connect to internal/employee network resources, however, these VPNs are usually designed for accessing remote networks securely, rather than protecting the privacy of your internet connection.
|
||||
When we refer to "Virtual Private Networks" on this website, we are usually referring to **commercial** [VPN providers](../vpn.md), who you pay a monthly fee to in exchange for routing your internet traffic securely through their public servers. There are many other forms of VPN, such as ones you host yourself or ones operated by workplaces which allow you to securely connect to internal/employee network resources, however, these VPNs are usually designed for accessing remote networks securely, rather than protecting the privacy of your internet connection.
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
## How does a VPN work?
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -99,13 +99,19 @@ An app may request a permission for a specific feature it has. For example, any
|
||||
|
||||
[Exodus](https://exodus-privacy.eu.org/) can be useful when comparing apps that have similar purposes. If an app requires a lot of permissions and has a lot of advertising and analytics this is probably a bad sign. We recommend looking at the individual trackers and reading their descriptions rather than simply **counting the total** and assuming all items listed are equal.
|
||||
|
||||
!!! varning
|
||||
<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
|
||||
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
|
||||
|
||||
If an app is mostly a web-based service, the tracking may occur on the server side. [Facebook](https://reports.exodus-privacy.eu.org/en/reports/com.facebook.katana/latest/) shows "no trackers" but certainly does track users' interests and behavior across the site. Apps may evade detection by not using standard code libraries produced by the advertising industry, though this is unlikely.
|
||||
If an app is mostly a web-based service, the tracking may occur on the server side. [Facebook](https://reports.exodus-privacy.eu.org/en/reports/com.facebook.katana/latest/) shows "no trackers" but certainly does track users' interests and behavior across the site. Apps may evade detection by not using standard code libraries produced by the advertising industry, though this is unlikely.
|
||||
|
||||
!!! anmärkning
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Privacy-friendly apps such as [Bitwarden](https://reports.exodus-privacy.eu.org/en/reports/com.x8bit.bitwarden/latest/) may show some trackers such as [Google Firebase Analytics](https://reports.exodus-privacy.eu.org/en/trackers/49/). This library includes [Firebase Cloud Messaging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase_Cloud_Messaging) which can provide [push notifications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_technology) in apps. This [is the case](https://fosstodon.org/@bitwarden/109636825700482007) with Bitwarden. That doesn't mean that Bitwarden is using all of the analytics features that are provided by Google Firebase Analytics.
|
||||
<div class="admonition note" markdown>
|
||||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||||
|
||||
Privacy-friendly apps such as [Bitwarden](https://reports.exodus-privacy.eu.org/en/reports/com.x8bit.bitwarden/latest/) may show some trackers such as [Google Firebase Analytics](https://reports.exodus-privacy.eu.org/en/trackers/49/). This library includes [Firebase Cloud Messaging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase_Cloud_Messaging) which can provide [push notifications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_technology) in apps. This [is the case](https://fosstodon.org/@bitwarden/109636825700482007) with Bitwarden. That doesn't mean that Bitwarden is using all of the analytics features that are provided by Google Firebase Analytics.
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
## Privacy Features
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -146,9 +146,12 @@ After enabling stolen data protection, [certain actions](https://support.apple.c
|
||||
|
||||
iPhones are already resistant to brute-force attacks by making you wait long periods of time after multiple failed attempts; however, there have historically been exploits to get around this. To be extra safe, you can set your phone to wipe itself after 10 failed passcode attempts.
|
||||
|
||||
!!! varning
|
||||
<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
|
||||
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
|
||||
|
||||
With this setting enabled, someone could intentionally wipe your phone by entering the wrong password many times. Make sure you have proper backups and only enable this setting if you feel comfortable with it.
|
||||
With this setting enabled, someone could intentionally wipe your phone by entering the wrong password many times. Make sure you have proper backups and only enable this setting if you feel comfortable with it.
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
- [x] Turn on **Erase Data**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -156,9 +156,12 @@ macOS employs defense in depth by relying on multiple layers of software and har
|
||||
|
||||
### Software Security
|
||||
|
||||
!!! varning
|
||||
<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
|
||||
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
|
||||
|
||||
macOS allows you to install beta updates. These are unstable and may come with extra telemetry since they're for testing purposes. Because of this, we recommend you avoid beta software in general.
|
||||
macOS allows you to install beta updates. These are unstable and may come with extra telemetry since they're for testing purposes. Because of this, we recommend you avoid beta software in general.
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Signed System Volume
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -178,9 +181,12 @@ System Integrity Protection makes critical file locations read-only to protect a
|
||||
|
||||
macOS apps downloaded from the App Store are required to be sandboxed usng the [App Sandbox](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/app_sandbox).
|
||||
|
||||
!!! varning
|
||||
<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
|
||||
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
|
||||
|
||||
Software downloaded from outside the official App Store is not required to be sandboxed. You should avoid non-App Store software as much as possible.
|
||||
Software downloaded from outside the official App Store is not required to be sandboxed. You should avoid non-App Store software as much as possible.
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
##### Antivirus
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -10,9 +10,12 @@ description: Qubes is an operating system built around isolating apps within *qu
|
||||
|
||||
Qubes använder [compartmentalization](https://www.qubes-os.org/intro/) för att hålla systemet säkert. Qubes skapas från mallar, med Fedora, Debian och [Whonix](../desktop.md#whonix)som standard. Qubes OS also allows you to create once-use [disposable](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/how-to-use-disposables/) *qubes*.
|
||||
|
||||
??? "The term *qubes* is gradually being updated to avoid referring to them as "virtual machines"."
|
||||
<details class="note" markdown>
|
||||
<summary>The term <em>qubes</em> is gradually being updated to avoid referring to them as "virtual machines".</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
Some of the information here and on the Qubes OS documentation may contain conflicting language as the "appVM" term is gradually being changed to "qube". Qubes are not entire virtual machines, but maintain similar functionalities to VMs.
|
||||
Some of the information here and on the Qubes OS documentation may contain conflicting language as the "appVM" term is gradually being changed to "qube". Qubes are not entire virtual machines, but maintain similar functionalities to VMs.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<figcaption>Qubes arkitektur, kredit: Vad är Qubes OS Intro</figcaption>
|
||||
@@ -41,9 +44,12 @@ Du kan [kopiera och klistra in text](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/how-to-copy-an
|
||||
|
||||
To copy and paste files and directories (folders) from one *qube* to another, you can use the option **Copy to Other AppVM...** or **Move to Other AppVM...**. Skillnaden är att alternativet **Move** raderar den ursprungliga filen. Either option will protect your clipboard from being leaked to any other *qubes*. This is more secure than air-gapped file transfer. An air-gapped computer will still be forced to parse partitions or file systems. Detta är inte nödvändigt med inter-qube-kopieringssystemet.
|
||||
|
||||
??? "Qubes do not have their own filesystems."
|
||||
<details class="note" markdown>
|
||||
<summary>Qubes do not have their own filesystems.</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
You can [copy and move files](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/how-to-copy-and-move-files/) between *qubes*. När du gör det görs inte ändringarna omedelbart och kan lätt ångras i händelse av en olycka. When you run a *qube*, it does not have a persistent filesystem. You can create and delete files, but these changes are ephemeral.
|
||||
You can [copy and move files](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/how-to-copy-and-move-files/) between *qubes*. När du gör det görs inte ändringarna omedelbart och kan lätt ångras i händelse av en olycka. When you run a *qube*, it does not have a persistent filesystem. You can create and delete files, but these changes are ephemeral.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
|
||||
### Inter-VM-interaktioner
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user