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i18n/ru/advanced/communication-network-types.md
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@@ -1,29 +1,29 @@
---
title: "Types of Communication Networks"
title: "Типы коммуникационных сетей"
icon: 'material/transit-connection-variant'
description: An overview of several network architectures commonly used by instant messaging applications.
description: Обзор нескольких сетевых архитектур, обычно используемых приложениями для обмена мгновенными сообщениями.
---
There are several network architectures commonly used to relay messages between people. These networks can provide different privacy guarantees, which is why it's worth considering your [threat model](../basics/threat-modeling.md) when deciding which app to use.
Существует несколько сетевых архитектур, обычно используемых для передачи сообщений между людьми. Эти сети могут предоставлять разные гарантии конфиденциальности, поэтому при принятии решения о том, какое приложение использовать, стоит учитывать вашу [модель угроз](../basics/threat-modeling.md).
[Рекомендуемые мессенджеры](../real-time-communication.md ""){.md-button}
## Centralized Networks
## Централизованные сети
![Centralized networks diagram](../assets/img/layout/network-centralized.svg){ align=left }
![Схема централизованных сетей](../assets/img/layout/network-centralized.svg){ align=left }
Centralized messengers are those where all participants are on the same server or network of servers controlled by the same organization.
Централизованные мессенджеры - это те, где все участники находятся на одном сервере или сети серверов, контролируемых одной организацией.
Some self-hosted messengers allow you to set up your own server. Self-hosting can provide additional privacy guarantees, such as no usage logs or limited access to metadata (data about who is talking to whom). Self-hosted centralized messengers are isolated and everyone must be on the same server to communicate.
**Advantages:**
**Преимущества:**
- New features and changes can be implemented more quickly.
- Easier to get started with and to find contacts.
- Most mature and stable features ecosystems, as they are easier to program in a centralized software.
- Privacy issues may be reduced when you trust a server that you're self-hosting.
**Disadvantages:**
**Недостатки:**
- Can include [restricted control or access](https://drewdevault.com/2018/08/08/Signal.html). This can include things like:
- Being [forbidden from connecting third-party clients](https://github.com/LibreSignal/LibreSignal/issues/37#issuecomment-217211165) to the centralized network that might provide for greater customization or a better experience. Often defined in Terms and Conditions of usage.
@@ -31,22 +31,22 @@ Some self-hosted messengers allow you to set up your own server. Self-hosting ca
- The [ownership](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729191953/https://blog.privacytools.io/delisting-wire/), privacy policy, and operations of the service can change easily when a single entity controls it, potentially compromising the service later on.
- Self-hosting requires effort and knowledge of how to set up a service.
## Federated Networks
## Федеративные сети
![Federated networks diagram](../assets/img/layout/network-decentralized.svg){ align=left }
![Схема федеративных сетей](../assets/img/layout/network-decentralized.svg){ align=left }
Federated messengers use multiple, independent, decentralized servers that are able to talk to each other (email is one example of a federated service). Federation allows system administrators to control their own server and still be a part of the larger communications network.
When self-hosted, members of a federated server can discover and communicate with members of other servers, although some servers may choose to remain private by being non-federated (e.g., work team server).
**Advantages:**
**Преимущества:**
- Allows for greater control over your own data when running your own server.
- Allows you to choose whom to trust your data with by choosing between multiple "public" servers.
- Often allows for third-party clients which can provide a more native, customized, or accessible experience.
- Server software can be verified that it matches public source code, assuming you have access to the server or you trust the person who does (e.g., a family member).
**Disadvantages:**
**Недостатки:**
- Adding new features is more complex because these features need to be standardized and tested to ensure they work with all servers on the network.
- Due to the previous point, features can be lacking, or incomplete or working in unexpected ways compared to centralized platforms, such as message relay when offline or message deletion.
@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ When self-hosted, members of a federated server can discover and communicate wit
- Federated servers generally require trusting your server's administrator. They may be a hobbyist or otherwise not a "security professional," and may not serve standard documents like a privacy policy or terms of service detailing how your data is used.
- Server administrators sometimes choose to block other servers, which are a source of unmoderated abuse or break general rules of accepted behavior. This will hinder your ability to communicate with members of those servers.
## Peer-to-Peer Networks
## Пиринговые сети
![P2P diagram](../assets/img/layout/network-distributed.svg){ align=left }
![Схема P2P](../assets/img/layout/network-distributed.svg){ align=left }
P2P messengers connect to a [distributed network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_networking) of nodes to relay a message to the recipient without a third-party server.
@@ -66,12 +66,12 @@ Once a peer has found a route to its contact via any of these methods, a direct
P2P networks do not use servers, as peers communicate directly between each other and hence cannot be self-hosted. However, some additional services may rely on centralized servers, such as user discovery or relaying offline messages, which can benefit from self-hosting.
**Advantages:**
**Преимущества:**
- Minimal information is exposed to third-parties.
- Modern P2P platforms implement E2EE by default. There are no servers that could potentially intercept and decrypt your transmissions, unlike centralized and federated models.
**Disadvantages:**
**Недостатки:**
- Reduced feature set:
- Messages can only be sent when both peers are online, however, your client may store messages locally to wait for the contact to return online.
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ P2P networks do not use servers, as peers communicate directly between each othe
- Some common messenger features may not be implemented or incompletely, such as message deletion.
- Your IP address and that of the contacts you're communicating with may be exposed if you do not use the software in conjunction with a [VPN](../vpn.md) or [Tor](../tor.md). Many countries have some form of mass surveillance and/or metadata retention.
## Anonymous Routing
## Анонимная маршрутизация
![Anonymous routing diagram](../assets/img/layout/network-anonymous-routing.svg){ align=left }
![Схема анонимной маршрутизации](../assets/img/layout/network-anonymous-routing.svg){ align=left }
A messenger using [anonymous routing](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5906-5_628) hides either the identity of the sender, the receiver, or evidence that they have been communicating. Ideally, a messenger should hide all three.
@@ -89,12 +89,12 @@ There are [many](https://doi.org/10.1145/3182658) different ways to implement an
Self-hosting a node in an anonymous routing network does not provide the hoster with additional privacy benefits, but rather contributes to the whole network's resilience against identification attacks for everyone's benefit.
**Advantages:**
**Преимущества:**
- Minimal to no information is exposed to other parties.
- Messages can be relayed in a decentralized manner even if one of the parties is offline.
**Disadvantages:**
**Недостатки:**
- Slow message propagation.
- Often limited to fewer media types, mostly text, since the network is slow.

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i18n/ru/advanced/dns-overview.md
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@@ -152,64 +152,64 @@ DNS существует с [первых дней](https://en.wikipedia.org/wik
▸ Server Name Indication extension
```
6. We can see the SNI value which discloses the website we are visiting. The `tshark` command can give you the value directly for all packets containing a SNI value:
6. Мы можем увидеть значение SNI, которые показывают посещаемые нами сайты. Команда `tshark` может дать вам значения непосредственно для всех пакетов, содержащих значение SNI:
```bash
tshark -r /tmp/pg.pcap -Tfields -Y tls.handshake.extensions_server_name -e tls.handshake.extensions_server_name
```
This means even if we are using "Encrypted DNS" servers, the domain will likely be disclosed through SNI. The [TLS v1.3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security#TLS_1.3) protocol brings with it [Encrypted Client Hello](https://blog.cloudflare.com/encrypted-client-hello/), which prevents this kind of leak.
Это означает, что даже если мы используем серверы "зашифрованных DNS", домен, скорее всего, будет раскрыт через SNI. Протокол [TLS v1.3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security#TLS_1.3) предлагает функцию [Encrypted Client Hello](https://blog.cloudflare.com/encrypted-client-hello/), которая предотвращает подобную утечку.
Governments, in particular [China](https://www.zdnet.com/article/china-is-now-blocking-all-encrypted-https-traffic-using-tls-1-3-and-esni/) and [Russia](https://www.zdnet.com/article/russia-wants-to-ban-the-use-of-secure-protocols-such-as-tls-1-3-doh-dot-esni/), have either already [started blocking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication#Encrypted_Client_Hello) it or expressed a desire to do so. Recently, Russia has [started blocking foreign websites](https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/108) that use the [HTTP/3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/3) standard. This is because the [QUIC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIC) protocol that is a part of HTTP/3 requires that `ClientHello` also be encrypted.
Правительства, в частности [Китая](https://www.zdnet.com/article/china-is-now-blocking-all-encrypted-https-traffic-using-tls-1-3-and-esni/) и [России](https://www.zdnet.com/article/russia-wants-to-ban-the-use-of-secure-protocols-such-as-tls-1-3-doh-dot-esni/), либо уже [начали блокировать](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication#Encrypted_Client_Hello) его, либо выразили желание сделать это. Недавно Россия [начала блокировать иностранные сайты](https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/108), использующие стандарт [HTTP/3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/3). Это связано с тем, что протокол [QUIC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIC), который является частью HTTP/3, требует, чтобы `ClientHello` также был зашифрован.
### Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP)
### Протокол состояния сетевого сертификата (OCSP)
Another way your browser can disclose your browsing activities is with the [Online Certificate Status Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Certificate_Status_Protocol). When visiting an HTTPS website, the browser might check to see if the website's [certificate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_certificate) has been revoked. This is generally done through the HTTP protocol, meaning it is **not** encrypted.
Ваш браузер может раскрыть информацию о ваших действиях в нём ещё одним путём - [протоколом состояния сетевого сертификата](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCSP). При посещении веб-сайта HTTPS, браузер может проверить, не был ли отозван [сертификат](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_certificate) веб-сайта. Обычно это делается через протокол HTTP, что означает, что это действие **не** зашифровано.
The OCSP request contains the certificate "[serial number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_certificate#Common_fields)", which is unique. It is sent to the "OCSP responder" in order to check its status.
Запрос OCSP содержит "[серийный номер](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_certificate#Common_fields)" сертификата, который является уникальным. Он отправляется "ответчику OCSP" для проверки его статуса.
We can simulate what a browser would do using the [`openssl`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSSL) command.
Мы можем имитировать действия браузера с помощью команды [`openssl`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSSL).
1. Get the server certificate and use [`sed`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed) to keep just the important part and write it out to a file:
1. Получите сертификат сервера и с помощью [`sed`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed) сохраните только важную часть и запишите ее в файл:
```bash
openssl s_client -connect privacyguides.org:443 < /dev/null 2>&1 |
sed -n '/^-*BEGIN/,/^-*END/p' > /tmp/pg_server.cert
```
2. Get the intermediate certificate. [Certificate Authorities (CA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_authority) normally don't sign a certificate directly; they use what is known as an "intermediate" certificate.
2. Получите промежуточный сертификат. [Центры сертификации (ЦС)](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8), обычно, не подписывают сертификат напрямую, они используют так называемый "промежуточный" сертификат.
```bash
openssl s_client -showcerts -connect privacyguides.org:443 < /dev/null 2>&1 |
sed -n '/^-*BEGIN/,/^-*END/p' > /tmp/pg_and_intermediate.cert
```
3. The first certificate in `pg_and_intermediate.cert` is actually the server certificate from step 1. We can use `sed` again to delete until the first instance of END:
3. Первый сертификат в `pg_and_intermediate.cert` на самом деле является сертификатом сервера из шага 1. Мы можем снова использовать `sed` для удаления всего, до первого экземпляра END:
```bash
sed -n '/^-*END CERTIFICATE-*$/!d;:a n;p;ba' \
/tmp/pg_and_intermediate.cert > /tmp/intermediate_chain.cert
```
4. Get the OCSP responder for the server certificate:
4. Получение ответчика OCSP для сертификата сервера:
```bash
openssl x509 -noout -ocsp_uri -in /tmp/pg_server.cert
```
Our certificate shows the Lets Encrypt certificate responder. If we want to see all the details of the certificate we can use:
Наш сертификат показывает ответчика сертификата Lets Encrypt. Если мы хотим увидеть все детали сертификата, мы можем использовать:
```bash
openssl x509 -text -noout -in /tmp/pg_server.cert
```
5. Start the packet capture:
5. Запустите захват пакетов:
```bash
tshark -w /tmp/pg_ocsp.pcap -f "tcp port http"
```
6. Make the OCSP request:
6. Выполните запрос OCSP:
```bash
openssl ocsp -issuer /tmp/intermediate_chain.cert \
@@ -218,13 +218,13 @@ We can simulate what a browser would do using the [`openssl`](https://en.wikiped
-url http://r3.o.lencr.org
```
7. Open the capture:
7. Откройте захват:
```bash
wireshark -r /tmp/pg_ocsp.pcap
```
There will be two packets with the "OCSP" protocol: a "Request" and a "Response". For the "Request" we can see the "serial number" by expanding the triangle &#9656; next to each field:
В протоколе "OCSP" будет два пакета: "Request"(Запрос) и "Response"(Ответ). Для "Запроса" мы можем увидеть "серийный номер", развернув треугольник &#9656; рядом с каждым полем:
```bash
▸ Online Certificate Status Protocol
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ We can simulate what a browser would do using the [`openssl`](https://en.wikiped
serialNumber
```
For the "Response" we can also see the "serial number":
Для "Ответа" мы также можем увидеть "серийный номер":
```bash
▸ Online Certificate Status Protocol
@@ -248,17 +248,17 @@ We can simulate what a browser would do using the [`openssl`](https://en.wikiped
serialNumber
```
8. Or use `tshark` to filter the packets for the Serial Number:
8. Или используйте `tshark` для фильтрации пакетов по серийному номеру:
```bash
tshark -r /tmp/pg_ocsp.pcap -Tfields -Y ocsp.serialNumber -e ocsp.serialNumber
```
If the network observer has the public certificate, which is publicly available, they can match the serial number with that certificate and therefore determine the site you're visiting from that. The process can be automated and can associate IP addresses with serial numbers. It is also possible to check [Certificate Transparency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_Transparency) logs for the serial number.
Если у сетевого наблюдателя есть публичный сертификат, который находится в открытом доступе, он может сопоставить серийный номер с этим сертификатом и по нему определить сайт, который вы посещаете. Этот процесс можно автоматизировать и связать IP-адреса с серийными номерами. Также можно проверить серийный номер в логах [Certificate Transparency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_Transparency).
## Следует ли мне использовать зашифрованный DNS?
We made this flow chart to describe when you *should* use encrypted DNS:
Мы составили эту блок-схему, чтобы описать, когда вам *следует* использовать зашифрованный DNS:
``` mermaid
graph TB
@@ -275,32 +275,32 @@ graph TB
ispDNS --> | No | nothing(Do nothing)
```
Encrypted DNS with a third-party should only be used to get around redirects and basic [DNS blocking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_blocking) when you can be sure there won't be any consequences or you're interested in a provider that does some rudimentary filtering.
Зашифрованный DNS, предоставляемые не вашим интернет-провайдером, следует использовать только для обхода перенаправлений и обхода базовой [блокировки DNS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_blocking) тогда, когда вы можете быть уверены, что это не повлечет за собой никаких последствий или вы заинтересованы в провайдере, который осуществляет элементарную фильтрацию.
[List of recommended DNS servers](../dns.md ""){.md-button}
[Список рекомендуемых DNS-серверов](../dns.md ""){.md-button}
## Что такое DNSSEC?
[Domain Name System Security Extensions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions) (DNSSEC) is a feature of DNS that authenticates responses to domain name lookups. It does not provide privacy protections for those lookups, but rather prevents attackers from manipulating or poisoning the responses to DNS requests.
[Domain Name System Security Extensions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions) (DNSSEC) - это функция DNS, обеспечивающая проверку подлинности ответов на запросы о поиске доменных имен. Она не обеспечивает защиту конфиденциальности этих поисков, а скорее не позволяет злоумышленникам манипулировать ответами на запросы DNS.
In other words, DNSSEC digitally signs data to help ensure its validity. In order to ensure a secure lookup, the signing occurs at every level in the DNS lookup process. As a result, all answers from DNS can be trusted.
Другими словами, DNSSEC подписывает данные цифровой подписью, чтобы гарантировать их достоверность. Чтобы обеспечить безопасность поиска, подпись происходит на каждом уровне процесса поиска DNS. В результате всем ответам DNS можно доверять.
The DNSSEC signing process is similar to someone signing a legal document with a pen; that person signs with a unique signature that no one else can create, and a court expert can look at that signature and verify that the document was signed by that person. These digital signatures ensure that data has not been tampered with.
Процесс подписи DNSSEC похож на процесс подписи юридического документа ручкой; этот человек подписывается уникальной подписью, которую никто другой не может создать, и судебный эксперт может посмотреть на эту подпись и убедиться, что документ был подписан именно этим человеком. Эти цифровые подписи гарантируют, что данные не были подделаны.
DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS. For example, in the case of a `privacyguides.org` lookup, a root DNS server would sign a key for the `.org` nameserver, and the `.org` nameserver would then sign a key for `privacyguides.org`’s authoritative nameserver.
DNSSEC реализует иерархическую политику цифровой подписи на всех уровнях DNS. For example, in the case of a `privacyguides.org` lookup, a root DNS server would sign a key for the `.org` nameserver, and the `.org` nameserver would then sign a key for `privacyguides.org`’s authoritative nameserver.
<small>Adapted from [DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) overview](https://cloud.google.com/dns/docs/dnssec) by Google and [DNSSEC: An Introduction](https://blog.cloudflare.com/dnssec-an-introduction/) by Cloudflare, both licensed under [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).</small>
## What is QNAME minimization?
## Что такое минимизация QNAME?
A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `privacyguides.org`. QNAME minimisation reduces the amount of information sent from the DNS server to the [authoritative name server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server).
QNAME - это "квалифицированное имя", например `privacyguides.org`. QNAME minimisation reduces the amount of information sent from the DNS server to the [authoritative name server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server).
Instead of sending the whole domain `privacyguides.org`, QNAME minimization means the DNS server will ask for all the records that end in `.org`. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816).
Вместо того чтобы отправлять весь домен `privacyguides.org`, минимизация QNAME означает, что DNS-сервер будет запрашивать все записи, которые заканчиваются на `.org`. Дальнейшее техническое описание определено в [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816).
## What is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)?
## Что такое клиентская подсеть EDNS (ECS)?
The [EDNS Client Subnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDNS_Client_Subnet) is a method for a recursive DNS resolver to specify a [subnetwork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnetwork) for the [host or client](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(computing)) which is making the DNS query.
[Клиентская подсеть EDNS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDNS_Client_Subnet) - это метод рекурсивного DNS-резольвера для определения [подсети](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnetwork) для [хоста или клиента](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(computing)), который делает DNS-запрос.
It's intended to "speed up" delivery of data by giving the client an answer that belongs to a server that is close to them such as a [content delivery network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network), which are often used in video streaming and serving JavaScript web apps.
Он предназначен для "ускорения" доставки данных путем предоставления клиенту ответа, принадлежащего серверу, который находится рядом, например, [content delivery network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network), которые часто используются при потоковой передаче видео и обслуживании веб-приложений JavaScript.
This feature does come at a privacy cost, as it tells the DNS server some information about the client's location.
Эта функция работает в ущерб конфиденциальности, поскольку она сообщает DNS-серверу некоторую информацию о местонахождении клиента.

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i18n/ru/advanced/payments.md
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@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
---
title: Private Payments
title: Приватные платежи
icon: material/hand-coin
---
There's a reason data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately.
## Cash
## Наличные
For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangable.
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is r
Despite this, it’s typically the best option.
## Prepaid Cards & Gift Cards
## Предоплаченные карты & Подарочные карты
It’s relatively simple to purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout to reduce fraud.
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Prepaid cards don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” pay
Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards can be useful for the savings they bring. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash.
### Online Marketplaces
### Онлайн магазины
If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered).
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards
- [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces)
## Virtual Cards
## Виртуальные карты
Another way to protect your information from merchants online is to use virtual, single-use cards which mask your actual banking or billing information. This is primarily useful for protecting you from merchant data breaches, less sophisticated tracking or purchase correlation by marketing agencies, and online data theft. They do **not** assist you in making a purchase completely anonymously, nor do they hide any information from the banking institution themselves. Regular financial institutions which offer virtual cards are subject to "Know Your Customer" (KYC) laws, meaning they may require your ID or other identifying information.
@@ -41,17 +41,17 @@ Another way to protect your information from merchants online is to use virtual,
These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while prepaid gift cards are preferred for one-time transactions.
## Cryptocurrency
## Криптовалюта
Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.
!!! recommendation
!!! danger "Опасность"
The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity.
Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust.
### Privacy Coins
### Конфиденциальные монеты
There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy by making transactions anonymous. We recommend using one which provides transaction anonymity **by default** to avoid operational errors.
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy b
Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://www.forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance.
### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.)
### Другие монеты (Bitcoin, Ethereum и т.д.)
The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons.

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@@ -1,94 +1,94 @@
---
title: "Tor Overview"
title: "Обзор Tor"
icon: 'simple/torproject'
description: Tor is a free to use, decentralized network designed for using the internet with as much privacy as possible.
description: Tor - это бесплатная в использовании децентрализованная сеть, разработанная для использования интернета с максимально возможной степенью конфиденциальности.
---
Tor is a free to use, decentralized network designed for using the internet with as much privacy as possible. If used properly, the network enables private and anonymous browsing and communications.
Tor - это бесплатная в использовании децентрализованная сеть, разработанная для использования интернета с максимально возможной степенью конфиденциальности. При правильном использовании сеть позволяет осуществлять частный и анонимный браузинг и общение.
## Path Building to Clearnet Services
## Построение пути к сервисам Clearnet
"Clearnet services" are websites which you can access with any browser, like [privacyguides.org](https://www.privacyguides.org). Tor lets you connect to these websites anonymously by routing your traffic through a network comprised of thousands of volunteer-run servers called nodes (or relays).
"Сервисы Clearnet" - это веб-сайты, доступ к которым можно получить с помощью любого браузера, например [privacyguides.org](https://www.privacyguides.org). Tor позволяет вам анонимно подключаться к этим сайтам, направляя ваш трафик через сеть, состоящую из тысяч, управляемых волонтёрами, серверов, которые называются узлами (или ретрансляторами).
Every time you [connect to Tor](../tor.md), it will choose three nodes to build a path to the internet—this path is called a "circuit."
Каждый раз, когда вы [подключаетесь к Tor](../tor.md), он выбирает три узла для построения пути в интернет - этот путь называется "цепь."
<figure markdown>
![Tor path showing your device connecting to an entry node, middle node, and exit node before reaching the destination website](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path.svg#only-light)
![Tor path showing your device connecting to an entry node, middle node, and exit node before reaching the destination website](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-dark.svg#only-dark)
<figcaption>Tor circuit pathway</figcaption>
![Путь Tor, показывающий подключение вашего устройства к узлу входа, среднему узлу и узлу выхода до достижения целевого сайта](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path.svg#only-light)
![Путь Tor, показывающий подключение вашего устройства к узлу входа, среднему узлу и узлу выхода до достижения целевого сайта](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-dark.svg#only-dark)
<figcaption>Путь Tor</figcaption>
</figure>
Each of these nodes has its own function:
Каждый из этих узлов имеет свою функцию:
### The Entry Node
### Входной узел
The entry node, often called the guard node, is the first node to which your Tor client connects. The entry node is able to see your IP address, however it is unable to see what you are connecting to.
Входной узел, часто называемый сторожевым узлом, является первым узлом, к которому подключается ваш клиент Tor. Входной узел может видеть ваш IP-адрес, однако он не может видеть, к чему вы подключаетесь.
Unlike the other nodes, the Tor client will randomly select an entry node and stick with it for two to three months to protect you from certain attacks.[^1]
В отличие от других узлов, клиент Tor будет случайным образом выбирать входной узел и придерживаться его в течение двух-трех месяцев, чтобы защитить вас от определенных атак.[^1]
### The Middle Node
### Средний узел
The middle node is the second node to which your Tor client connects. It can see which node the traffic came from—the entry node—and to which node it goes to next. The middle node cannot, see your IP address or the domain you are connecting to.
Средний узел - это второй узел, к которому подключается ваш клиент Tor. Он может видеть, с какого узла пришел трафик (входного узла) и к какому узлу он идет дальше. Средний узел не может видеть ваш IP-адрес или домен, к которому вы подключаетесь.
For each new circuit, the middle node is randomly selected out of all available Tor nodes.
Для каждой новой цепи средний узел выбирается случайным образом из всех доступных узлов Tor.
### The Exit Node
### Выходной узел
The exit node is the point in which your web traffic leaves the Tor network and is forwarded to your desired destination. The exit node is unable to see your IP address, but it does know what site it's connecting to.
Выходной узел - это точка, в которой ваш веб-трафик покидает сеть Tor и перенаправляется в нужное вам место назначения. Выходной узел не может видеть ваш IP-адрес, но он знает, к какому сайту подключается.
The exit node will be chosen at random from all available Tor nodes ran with an exit relay flag.[^2]
Выходной узел будет выбран случайным образом из всех доступных узлов Tor, запущенных с флагом ретрансляции выхода.[^2]
## Path Building to Onion Services
## Построение пути к сервисам Onion
"Onion Services" (also commonly referred to as "hidden services") are websites which can only be accessed by the Tor browser. These websites have a long randomly generated domain name ending with `.onion`.
"Сервисы Onion" (также часто называемые "скрытыми сервисами") - это веб-сайты, доступ к которым возможен только через браузер Tor. Эти сайты имеют длинное случайно сгенерированное доменное имя, заканчивающееся на `.onion`.
Connecting to an Onion Service in Tor works very similarly to connecting to a clearnet service, but your traffic is routed through a total of **six** nodes before reaching the destination server. Just like before however, only three of these nodes are contributing to *your* anonymity, the other three nodes protect *the Onion Service's* anonymity, hiding the website's true IP and location in the same manner that Tor Browser is hiding yours.
Подключение к сервису Onion в Tor работает аналогично подключению к сервису clearnet, но ваш трафик проходит в общей сложности через **шесть узлов**, прежде чем достигнет сервера назначения. Однако, как и раньше, только три из этих узлов способствуют *вашей* анонимности, остальные три узла защищают анонимность *сервисов Onion*, скрывая истинный IP и местоположение сайта так же, как Tor Browser скрывает ваш.
<figure style="width:100%" markdown>
![Tor path showing your traffic being routed through your three Tor nodes plus three additional Tor nodes which hide the website's identity](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-hidden-service.svg#only-light)
![Tor path showing your traffic being routed through your three Tor nodes plus three additional Tor nodes which hide the website's identity](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-hidden-service-dark.svg#only-dark)
<figcaption>Tor circuit pathway with Onion Services. Nodes in the <span class="pg-blue">blue</span> fence belong to your browser, while nodes in the <span class="pg-red">red</span> fence belong to the server, so their identity is hidden from you.</figcaption>
![Путь Tor, показывающий, что ваш трафик направляется через три ваших Tor-узла плюс три дополнительных Tor-узла, скрывающих идентичность сайта](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-hidden-service.svg#only-light)
![Путь Tor, показывающий, что ваш трафик направляется через три ваших Tor-узла плюс три дополнительных Tor-узла, скрывающих идентичность веб-сайта](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-hidden-service-dark.svg#only-dark)
<figcaption>Путь цепи Tor с сервисами Onion. Узлы в <span class="pg-blue">синем</span> квадрате принадлежат вашему браузеру, а узлы в <span class="pg-red">красном</span> квадрате принадлежат серверу, поэтому их идентичность скрыта от вас.</figcaption>
</figure>
## Encryption
## Шифрование
Tor encrypts each packet (a block of transmitted data) three times with the keys from the exit, middle, and entry node—in that order.
Tor шифрует каждый пакет (блок передаваемых данных) три раза с помощью ключей от выходного, среднего и входного узла - именно в таком порядке.
Once Tor has built a circuit, data transmission is done as follows:
После того как Tor построил цепь, передача данных осуществляется следующим образом:
1. Firstly: when the packet arrives at the entry node, the first layer of encryption is removed. In this encrypted packet, the entry node will find another encrypted packet with the middle node’s address. The entry node will then forward the packet to the middle node.
1. Во-первых: когда пакет поступает на входной узел, первый уровень шифрования снимается. В этом зашифрованном пакете входной узел найдет другой зашифрованный пакет с адресом среднего узла. Затем входной узел пересылает пакет среднему узлу.
2. Secondly: when the middle node receives the packet from the entry node, it too will remove a layer of encryption with its key, and this time finds an encrypted packet with the exit node's address. The middle node will then forward the packet to the exit node.
2. Во-вторых: когда средний узел получает пакет от входного узла, он тоже снимает слой шифрования своим ключом, и на этот раз находит зашифрованный пакет с адресом выходного узла. Затем средний узел пересылает пакет на выходной узел.
3. Lastly: when the exit node receives its packet, it will remove the last layer of encryption with its key. The exit node will see the destination address and forward the packet to that address.
3. И последнее: когда выходной узел получает свой пакет, он удаляет последний уровень шифрования своим ключом. Выходной узел увидит адрес назначения и перешлет пакет на этот адрес.
Below is an alternative diagram showing the process. Each node removes its own layer of encryption, and when the destination server returns data, the same process happens entirely in reverse. For example, the exit node does not know who you are, but it does know which node it came from, and so it adds its own layer of encryption and sends it back.
Ниже приведена альтернативная диаграмма, показывающая этот процесс. Каждый узел снимает свой собственный уровень шифрования, а когда сервер назначения возвращает данные, тот же процесс происходит полностью в обратном порядке. Например, выходной узел не знает, кто вы, но он знает, с какого узла пришло сообщение, поэтому он добавляет свой собственный уровень шифрования и отправляет его обратно.
<figure markdown>
![Tor encryption](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-encryption.svg#only-light)
![Tor encryption](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-encryption-dark.svg#only-dark)
<figcaption>Sending and receiving data through the Tor Network</figcaption>
![Шифрование Tor](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-encryption.svg#only-light)
![Шифрование Tor](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-encryption-dark.svg#only-dark)
<figcaption>Отправка и получение данных через сеть Tor</figcaption>
</figure>
Tor allows us to connect to a server without any single party knowing the entire path. The entry node knows who you are, but not where you are going; the middle node doesn’t know who you are or where you are going; and the exit node knows where you are going, but not who you are. Because the exit node is what makes the final connection, the destination server will never know your IP address.
Tor позволяет нам подключаться к серверу так, чтобы никто не знал всего пути. Входной узел знает, кто вы, но не знает, куда вы идете; средний узел не знает, кто вы и куда вы идете; а выходной узел знает, куда вы идете, но не знает, кто вы. Поскольку конечный узел устанавливает окончательное соединение, сервер назначения никогда не узнает ваш IP-адрес.
## Caveats
## Предостережения
Though Tor does provide strong privacy guarantees, one must be aware that Tor is not perfect:
Хотя Tor обеспечивает надежные гарантии конфиденциальности, следует помнить, что Tor не совершенен:
- Well-funded adversaries with the capability to passively watch most network traffic over the globe have a chance of deanonymizing Tor users by means of advanced traffic analysis. Nor does Tor protect you from exposing yourself by mistake, such as if you share too much information about your real identity.
- Tor exit nodes can also monitor traffic that passes through them. This means traffic which is not encrypted, such as plain HTTP traffic, can be recorded and monitored. If such traffic contains personally identifiable information, then it can deanonymize you to that exit node. Thus, we recommend using HTTPS over Tor where possible.
- Хорошо финансируемые противники, способные пассивно следить за большинством сетевого трафика по всему миру, имеют шанс деанонимизировать пользователей Tor с помощью продвинутого анализа трафика. Tor также не защищает вас от саморазоблачения по ошибке, например, если вы поделитесь слишком большой информацией о своей настоящей личности.
- Выходные узлы Tor также могут отслеживать проходящий через них трафик. Это означает, что трафик, который не зашифрован, например, обычный трафик HTTP, можно записывать и отслеживать. Если такой трафик содержит персонально идентифицируемую информацию, то он может деанонимизировать вас для этого выходного узла. Таким образом, мы рекомендуем использовать HTTPS через Tor, где это возможно.
If you wish to use Tor for browsing the web, we only recommend the **official** Tor Browser—it is designed to prevent fingerprinting.
Если вы хотите использовать Tor для просмотра веб-страниц, мы рекомендуем только **официальный ** Tor Browser - он разработан для предотвращения цифровых отпечатков.
- [Tor Browser :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../tor.md#tor-browser)
## Дополнительные советы
- [Tor Browser User Manual](https://tb-manual.torproject.org)
- [Руководство пользователя Tor Browser](https://tb-manual.torproject.org)
- [How Tor Works - Computerphile](https://invidious.privacyguides.net/embed/QRYzre4bf7I?local=true) <small>(YouTube)</small>
- [Tor Onion Services - Computerphile](https://invidious.privacyguides.net/embed/lVcbq_a5N9I?local=true) <small>(YouTube)</small>
[^1]: The first relay in your circuit is called an "entry guard" or "guard". It is a fast and stable relay that remains the first one in your circuit for 2-3 months in order to protect against a known anonymity-breaking attack. The rest of your circuit changes with every new website you visit, and all together these relays provide the full privacy protections of Tor. For more information on how guard relays work, see this [blog post](https://blog.torproject.org/improving-tors-anonymity-changing-guard-parameters) and [paper](https://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~hoppernj/single_guard.pdf) on entry guards. ([https://support.torproject.org/tbb/tbb-2/](https://support.torproject.org/tbb/tbb-2/))
[^1]: Первый ретранслятор в вашей цепи называется "входным" или "охранным". Это быстрый и стабильный ретранслятор, который остается первым в вашей цепи в течение 2-3 месяцев для защиты от известной атаки, нарушающей анонимность. Остальная часть цепи меняется с каждым новым посещаемым сайтом, и все вместе эти реле обеспечивают полную защиту конфиденциальности Tor. Более подробную информацию о том, как работают охранные ретрансляторы, можно найти в этом [посте в блоге](https://blog.torproject.org/improving-tors-anonymity-changing-guard-parameters) и [документе](https://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~hoppernj/single_guard.pdf) о входных узлах. ([https://support.torproject.org/tbb/tbb-2/](https://support.torproject.org/tbb/tbb-2/))
[^2]: Relay flag: a special (dis-)qualification of relays for circuit positions (for example, "Guard", "Exit", "BadExit"), circuit properties (for example, "Fast", "Stable"), or roles (for example, "Authority", "HSDir"), as assigned by the directory authorities and further defined in the directory protocol specification. ([https://metrics.torproject.org/glossary.html](https://metrics.torproject.org/glossary.html))
[^2]: Флаг ретраслятора: специальная (дис)квалификация реле для позиций цепи (например, "Guard", "Exit", "BadExit"), свойств цепи (например, "Fast", "Stable") или ролей (например, "Authority", "HSDir"), назначаемых владельцами директории и далее определенных в спецификации протокола директории. ([https://metrics.torproject.org/glossary.html](https://metrics.torproject.org/glossary.html))

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@@ -91,11 +91,11 @@ These are the Android operating systems, devices, and apps we recommend to maxim
[General Android Overview :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](os/android-overview.md ""){.md-button}
## Деривативы AOSP
## Основанные на AOSP
We recommend installing one of these custom Android operating systems on your device, listed in order of preference, depending on your device's compatibility with these operating systems.
Мы рекомендуем установить на ваше устройство одну из этих кастомных операционных систем Android, перечисленных в порядке предпочтения, в зависимости от совместимости вашего устройства с этими операционными системами.
!!! note
!!! note "Примечание"
End-of-life devices (such as GrapheneOS or CalyxOS's "extended support" devices) do not have full security patches (firmware updates) due to the OEM discontinuing support. These devices cannot be considered completely secure regardless of installed software.
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ We recommend installing one of these custom Android operating systems on your de
!!! recommendation
![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/grapheneos.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/grapheneos-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
![Логотип GrapheneOS](assets/img/android/grapheneos.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Логотип GrapheneOS](assets/img/android/grapheneos-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**GrapheneOS** is the best choice when it comes to privacy and security.
**GrapheneOS** - это лучший выбор для вашей безопасности и конфиденциальности.
GrapheneOS provides additional [security hardening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardening_(computing)) and privacy improvements. It has a [hardened memory allocator](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/hardened_malloc), network and sensor permissions, and various other [security features](https://grapheneos.org/features). GrapheneOS also comes with full firmware updates and signed builds, so verified boot is fully supported.
GrapheneOS обеспечивает дополнительное [улучшение безопасности](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardening_(computing)) и улучшение конфиденциальности. It has a [hardened memory allocator](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/hardened_malloc), network and sensor permissions, and various other [security features](https://grapheneos.org/features). GrapheneOS also comes with full firmware updates and signed builds, so verified boot is fully supported.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://grapheneos.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://grapheneos.org/faq#privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Политика Конфиденциальности" }
@@ -120,16 +120,16 @@ GrapheneOS supports [Sandboxed Google Play](https://grapheneos.org/usage#sandbox
Google Pixel phones are the only devices that currently meet GrapheneOS's [hardware security requirements](https://grapheneos.org/faq#device-support).
[Why we recommend GrapheneOS over CalyxOS :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/04/21/grapheneos-or-calyxos/ ""){.md-button}
[Почему мы рекомендуем GrapheneOS, а не CalyxOS :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/04/21/grapheneos-or-calyxos/ ""){.md-button}
### DivestOS
!!! recommendation
![DivestOS logo](assets/img/android/divestos.svg){ align=right }
![Логотип DivestOS](assets/img/android/divestos.svg){ align=right }
**DivestOS** is a soft-fork of [LineageOS](https://lineageos.org/).
DivestOS inherits many [supported devices](https://divestos.org/index.php?page=devices&base=LineageOS) from LineageOS. It has signed builds, making it possible to have [verified boot](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot) on some non-Pixel devices.
**DivestOS** - это лёгкий форк [LineageOS](https://lineageos.org/).
DivestOS наследует многие [поддерживаемые устройства](https://divestos.org/index.php?page=devices&base=LineageOS) от LineageOS. Он имеет подписанные сборки, что делает возможным [verified boot](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot) на некоторых не-Pixel устройствах.
[:octicons-home-16: Домашняя страница](https://divestos.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](http://divestoseb5nncsydt7zzf5hrfg44md4bxqjs5ifcv4t7gt7u6ohjyyd.onion){ .card-link title="Сервис Onion" }
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ DivestOS implements some system hardening patches originally developed for Graph
DivestOS uses F-Droid as its default app store. Normally, we would recommend avoiding F-Droid due to its numerous [security issues](#f-droid). However, doing so on DivestOS isn't viable; the developers update their apps via their own F-Droid repositories ([DivestOS Official](https://divestos.org/fdroid/official/?fingerprint=E4BE8D6ABFA4D9D4FEEF03CDDA7FF62A73FD64B75566F6DD4E5E577550BE8467) and [DivestOS WebView](https://divestos.org/fdroid/webview/?fingerprint=FB426DA1750A53D7724C8A582B4D34174E64A84B38940E5D5A802E1DFF9A40D2)). We recommend disabling the official F-Droid app and using [Neo Store](https://github.com/NeoApplications/Neo-Store/) with the DivestOS repositories enabled to keep those components up to date. For other apps, our recommended methods of obtaining them still apply.
!!! note
!!! warning "Осторожно"
DivestOS firmware update [status](https://gitlab.com/divested-mobile/firmware-empty/-/blob/master/STATUS) and quality control varies across the devices it supports. We still recommend GrapheneOS depending on your device's compatibility. For other devices, DivestOS is a good alternative.
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ A few more tips for purchasing a Google Pixel:
- Look at online community bargain sites in your country. These can alert you to good sales.
- Google provides a list showing the [support cycle](https://support.google.com/nexus/answer/4457705) for each one of their devices. The price per day for a device can be calculated as: $\text{Cost} \over \text {EOL Date}-\text{Current Date}$, meaning that the longer use of the device the lower cost per day.
## General Apps
## Основные приложения
We recommend a wide variety of Android apps throughout this site. The apps listed here are Android-exclusive and specifically enhance or replace key system functionality.
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ We recommend a wide variety of Android apps throughout this site. The apps liste
[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitea.angry.im/PeterCxy/Shelter){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.patreon.com/PeterCxy){ .card-link title=Contribute }
!!! note
!!! warning "Осторожно"
Shelter is recommended over [Insular](https://secure-system.gitlab.io/Insular/) and [Island](https://github.com/oasisfeng/island) as it supports [contact search blocking](https://secure-system.gitlab.io/Insular/faq.html).
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ We recommend a wide variety of Android apps throughout this site. The apps liste
[:octicons-code-16:](https://attestation.app/source){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://attestation.app/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
??? downloads "Скачать"
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=app.attestation.auditor.play)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Auditor/releases)
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ If your [threat model](basics/threat-modeling.md) requires privacy, you could co
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://grapheneos.org/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
??? downloads "Скачать"
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=app.grapheneos.camera.play)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera/releases)
@@ -274,9 +274,9 @@ Main privacy features include:
- Use of the new [Media](https://developer.android.com/training/data-storage/shared/media) API, therefore [storage permissions](https://developer.android.com/training/data-storage) are not required
- Microphone permission not required unless you want to record sound
!!! note
!!! note "Примечание"
Metadata is not currently deleted from video files but that is planned.
В настоящее время метаданные не удаляются из видео, но эта функция запланирована.
The image orientation metadata is not deleted. If you enable location (in Secure Camera) that **won't** be deleted either. If you want to delete that later you will need to use an external app such as [ExifEraser](data-redaction.md#exiferaser).
@@ -291,17 +291,17 @@ Main privacy features include:
[Content-Security-Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Security_Policy) is used to enforce that the JavaScript and styling properties within the WebView are entirely static content.
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/PdfViewer){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/PdfViewer){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://grapheneos.org/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
[:octicons-repo-16: Репозиторий](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/PdfViewer){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/PdfViewer){ .card-link title="Исходный код" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://grapheneos.org/donate){ .card-link title=Поддержать }
??? downloads
??? downloads "Скачать"
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=app.grapheneos.pdfviewer.play)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/PdfViewer/releases)
- [:material-cube-outline: GrapheneOS App Store](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Apps/releases)
## Obtaining Applications
## Скачивание приложений
### GrapheneOS App Store
@@ -317,16 +317,16 @@ The Google Play Store requires a Google account to login which is not great for
**Aurora Store** is a Google Play Store client which does not require a Google Account, Google Play Services, or microG to download apps.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://auroraoss.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitlab.com/AuroraOSS/AuroraStore){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-home-16: Домашняя страница](https://auroraoss.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitlab.com/AuroraOSS/AuroraStore){ .card-link title="Исходный код" }
??? downloads
??? downloads "Скачать"
- [:simple-gitlab: GitLab](https://gitlab.com/AuroraOSS/AuroraStore/-/releases)
Aurora Store does not allow you to download paid apps with their anonymous account feature. You can optionally log in with your Google account with Aurora Store to download apps you have purchased, which does give access to the list of apps you've installed to Google, however you still benefit from not requiring the full Google Play client and Google Play Services or microG on your device.
### Manually with RSS Notifications
### Вручную с помощью уведомлений RSS
For apps that are released on platforms like GitHub and GitLab, you may be able to add an RSS feed to your [news aggregator](/news-aggregators) that will help you keep track of new releases.
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ On GitLab, using [Aurora Store](#aurora-store) as an example, you would navigate
`https://gitlab.com/AuroraOSS/AuroraStore/-/tags?format=atom`
#### Verifying APK Fingerprints
#### Проверка цифровых отпечатков APK
If you download APK files to install manually, you can verify their signature with the [`apksigner`](https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/apksigner) tool, which is a part of Android [build-tools](https://developer.android.com/studio/releases/build-tools).
@@ -387,11 +387,11 @@ Other popular third-party repositories such as [IzzyOnDroid](https://apt.izzysof
That said, the [F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/) and [IzzyOnDroid](https://apt.izzysoft.de/fdroid/) repositories are home to countless apps, so they can be a useful tool to search for and discover open-source apps that you can then download through Play Store, Aurora Store, or by getting the APK directly from the developer. It is important to keep in mind that some apps in these repositories have not been updated in years and may rely on unsupported libraries, among other things, posing a potential security risk. You should use your best judgement when looking for new apps via this method.
!!! note
!!! note "Примечание"
In some rare cases, the developer of an app will only distribute it through F-Droid ([Gadgetbridge](https://gadgetbridge.org/) is one example of this). If you really need an app like that, we recommend using [Neo Store](https://github.com/NeoApplications/Neo-Store/) instead of the official F-Droid app to obtain it.
## Criteria
## Критерии
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
@@ -410,14 +410,14 @@ That said, the [F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/) and [IzzyOnDroid](htt
- Must **not** enable Google Play Services by default.
- Must **not** require system modification to support Google Play Services.
### Devices
### Устройства
- Must support at least one of our recommended custom operating systems.
- Must be currently sold new in stores.
- Must receive a minimum of 5 years of security updates.
- Must have dedicated secure element hardware.
### Applications
### Приложения
- Applications on this page must not be applicable to any other software category on the site.
- General applications should extend or replace core system functionality.

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i18n/ru/assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path.svg
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<path d="m354.66 86.912 24.741 46.225h-49.46l24.719-46.225" fill="none" stroke="#3465a4" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width=".022199px"/>
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<tspan x="23.469173" y="145.54295">Your</tspan>
<tspan x="23.469173" y="163.17372">Device</tspan>
<tspan x="23.469173" y="145.54295">Ваше</tspan>
<tspan x="23.469173" y="163.17372">устройство</tspan>
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<tspan dx="0" dy="0" fill="#000000" font-family="'Liberation Sans'" font-size="14.105px" font-weight="400" stroke-width=".58923">Entry</tspan>
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i18n/ru/notebooks.md
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@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ cover: notebooks.png
![Логотип Standard Notes](assets/img/notebooks/standard-notes.svg){ align=right }
**Standard Notes** - это простое и приватное приложение для заметок, которое делает ваши заметки легкими и доступными везде, где бы вы ни находились. Приложение имеет E2EE на каждой платформе, а также продвинутую систему работы с темами и пользовательскими редакторами. Он также прошел [независимый аудит] (https://standardnotes.com/help/2/has-standard-notes-completed-a-third-party-security-audit).
**Standard Notes** - это простое и приватное приложение для заметок, которое делает ваши заметки легкими и доступными везде, где бы вы ни находились. Приложение имеет E2EE на каждой платформе и продвинутый функционал с темами и кастомными редакторами для ПК. Он также прошел [независимый аудит] (https://standardnotes.com/help/2/has-standard-notes-completed-a-third-party-security-audit).
[:octicons-home-16: Домашняя страница](https://standardnotes.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://standardnotes.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Политика конфиденциальности" }
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ cover: notebooks.png
![Логотип Notesnook](assets/img/notebooks/notesnook.svg){ align=right }
**Notesnook** - это бесплатное (на словах) & приложение для ведения заметок с открытым исходным кодом, ориентированное на конфиденциальность пользователей & простоту использования. В нем реализовано сквозное шифрование на всех платформах и мощная синхронизация, позволяющая делать заметки на ходу. Вы можете легко импортировать свои заметки из Evernote, OneNote & и многих других приложений, используя их [официальный импортер] (https://importer.notesnook.com/).
**Notesnook** - это бесплатное приложение для ведения заметок с открытым исходным кодом, ориентированное на конфиденциальность пользователей & простоту использования. В нем реализовано сквозное шифрование на всех платформах и мощная синхронизация, позволяющая делать заметки на ходу. Вы можете легко импортировать свои заметки из Evernote, OneNote & многих других приложений, используя их [официальный инструмент импорта] (https://importer.notesnook.com/).
[:octicons-home-16: Домашняя страница](https://notesnook.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://notesnook.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Политика конфиленциальности" }
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ Notesnook не поддерживает защиту паролем/PIN-кодо
- [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/joplin-web-clipper/)
- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/joplin-web-clipper/alofnhikmmkdbbbgpnglcpdollgjjfek)
Joplin [не поддерживает](https://github.com/laurent22/joplin/issues/289) защиту приложения и отдельных заметок паролем или PIN-кодом. Но ваши данные по-прежнему шифруются вашим секретным ключом при передаче и в месте синхронизации. С января 2023 года Joplin поддерживает вход при помощи биометрии на [Android](https://joplinapp.org/changelog_android/#android-v2-10-3-https-github-com-laurent22-joplin-releases-tag-android-v2-10-3-pre-release-2023-01-05t11-29-06z) и [iOS](https://joplinapp.org/changelog_ios/#ios-v12-10-2-https-github-com-laurent22-joplin-releases-tag-ios-v12-10-2-2023-01-20t17-41-13z).
Joplin не поддерживает защиту [приложения и отдельных заметок](https://github.com/laurent22/joplin/issues/289) паролем или PIN-кодом. Но ваши данные по-прежнему шифруются вашим секретным ключом при передаче и в месте синхронизации. С января 2023 года Joplin поддерживает вход при помощи биометрии на [Android](https://joplinapp.org/changelog_android/#android-v2-10-3-https-github-com-laurent22-joplin-releases-tag-android-v2-10-3-pre-release-2023-01-05t11-29-06z) и [iOS](https://joplinapp.org/changelog_ios/#ios-v12-10-2-https-github-com-laurent22-joplin-releases-tag-ios-v12-10-2-2023-01-20t17-41-13z).
### Cryptee
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ Cryptee предлагает 100 МБ хранилища бесплатно, а
![Логотип Org-mode](assets/img/notebooks/org-mode.svg){ align=right }
**Org-mode** - это [основной режим](https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Major-Modes.html) для GNU Emacs. Org-mode is for keeping notes, maintaining to-do lists, planning projects, and authoring documents with a fast and effective plain-text system. Синхронизация возможна с помощью инструментов [синхронизации файлов](file-sharing.md#синхронизация-файлов).
**Org-mode** - это [основной режим](https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Major-Modes.html) для GNU Emacs. Org-mode предназначен для ведения заметок, to-do листов, планирования проектов и создания документов с помощью быстрой и эффективной системы работы с обычным текстом. Синхронизация возможна с помощью программ для [синхронизации файлов](file-sharing.md#синхронизация-файлов).
[:octicons-home-16: Домашняя страница](https://orgmode.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://orgmode.org/manuals.html){ .card-link title=Документация}
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ Cryptee предлагает 100 МБ хранилища бесплатно, а
Мы пока работаем над установлением определенных критериев для каждого раздела нашего сайта, и они могут поменяться в будущем. Если у вас есть вопросы по поводу наших критериев, пожалуйста, [задавайте их на нашем форуме](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) и не думайте, что мы не учли что-то при составлении наших рекомендаций, если это не указано здесь. Мы учитываем и обсуждаем много факторов, перед тем как рекомендовать какой-то проект, и документирование каждого из них ещё не завершено.
- Клиенты должны иметь открытый код.
- Приложения должны иметь открытый исходный код.
- Облачная синхронизация должна использовать E2EE.
- Должна быть поддержка экспорта документов в стандартных форматах.