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@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ To run AI locally, you need both an AI model and an AI client.
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### Choosing a Model
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There are many permissively licensed models available to download. [Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models) is a platform that lets you browse, research, and download models in common formats like [GGUF](https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/en/gguf). Companies that provide good open-weights models include big names like Mistral, Meta, Microsoft, and Google. However, there are also many community models and [fine-tuned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-tuning_\(deep_learning\)) models available. As mentioned above, quantized models offer the best balance between model quality and performance for those using consumer-grade hardware.
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There are many permissively licensed models available to download. [Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models) is a platform that lets you browse, research, and download models in common formats like [GGUF](https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/en/gguf). Companies that provide good open-weights models include big names like Mistral, Meta, Microsoft, and Google. However, there are also many community models and [fine-tuned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-tuning_(deep_learning)) models available. As mentioned above, quantized models offer the best balance between model quality and performance for those using consumer-grade hardware.
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To help you choose a model that fits your needs, you can look at leaderboards and benchmarks. The most widely-used leaderboard is the community-driven [LM Arena](https://lmarena.ai). Additionally, the [OpenLLM Leaderboard](https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard) focuses on the performance of open-weights models on common benchmarks like [MMLU-Pro](https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.01574). There are also specialized benchmarks which measure factors like [emotional intelligence](https://eqbench.com), ["uncensored general intelligence"](https://huggingface.co/spaces/DontPlanToEnd/UGI-Leaderboard), and [many others](https://nebuly.com/blog/llm-leaderboards).
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@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ We recommend installing GrapheneOS if you have a Google Pixel as it provides imp
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**GrapheneOS** is the best choice when it comes to privacy and security.
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GrapheneOS provides additional [security hardening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardening_\(computing\)) and privacy improvements. It has a [hardened memory allocator](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/hardened_malloc), network and sensor permissions, and various other [security features](https://grapheneos.org/features). GrapheneOS also comes with full firmware updates and signed builds, so verified boot is fully supported.
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GrapheneOS provides additional [security hardening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardening_(computing)) and privacy improvements. It has a [hardened memory allocator](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/hardened_malloc), network and sensor permissions, and various other [security features](https://grapheneos.org/features). GrapheneOS also comes with full firmware updates and signed builds, so verified boot is fully supported.
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[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://grapheneos.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
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[:octicons-eye-16:](https://grapheneos.org/faq#privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
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@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ The image orientation metadata is not deleted. If you enable location (in Secure
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{ align=right }
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{ align=right }
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**Secure PDF Viewer** is a PDF viewer based on [pdf.js](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF.js) that doesn't require any permissions. The PDF is fed into a [sandboxed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_\(software_development\)) [WebView](https://developer.android.com/guide/webapps/webview). This means that it doesn't require permission directly to access content or files.
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**Secure PDF Viewer** is a PDF viewer based on [pdf.js](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF.js) that doesn't require any permissions. The PDF is fed into a [sandboxed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_(software_development)) [WebView](https://developer.android.com/guide/webapps/webview). This means that it doesn't require permission directly to access content or files.
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[Content-Security-Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Security_Policy) is used to enforce that the JavaScript and styling properties within the WebView are entirely static content.
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### Avoid Root
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[Rooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooting_\(Android\)) Android phones can decrease security significantly as it weakens the complete [Android security model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_\(operating_system\)#Security_and_privacy). This can decrease privacy should there be an exploit that is assisted by the decreased security. Common rooting methods involve directly tampering with the boot partition, making it impossible to perform successful Verified Boot. Apps that require root will also modify the system partition, meaning that Verified Boot would have to remain disabled. Having root exposed directly in the user interface also increases the attack surface of your device and may assist in [privilege escalation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_escalation) vulnerabilities and SELinux policy bypasses.
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[Rooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooting_(Android)) Android phones can decrease security significantly as it weakens the complete [Android security model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Security_and_privacy). This can decrease privacy should there be an exploit that is assisted by the decreased security. Common rooting methods involve directly tampering with the boot partition, making it impossible to perform successful Verified Boot. Apps that require root will also modify the system partition, meaning that Verified Boot would have to remain disabled. Having root exposed directly in the user interface also increases the attack surface of your device and may assist in [privilege escalation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_escalation) vulnerabilities and SELinux policy bypasses.
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Content blockers which modify the [hosts file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosts_\(file\)) (like AdAway) and firewalls which require root access persistently (like AFWall+) are dangerous and should not be used. They are also not the correct way to solve their intended purposes. For content blocking, we suggest encrypted [DNS](../dns.md) or content blocking functionality provided by a VPN instead. TrackerControl and AdAway in non-root mode will take up the VPN slot (by using a local loopback VPN), preventing you from using privacy-enhancing services such as [Orbot](../alternative-networks.md#orbot) or a [real VPN provider](../vpn.md).
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Content blockers which modify the [hosts file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosts_(file)) (like AdAway) and firewalls which require root access persistently (like AFWall+) are dangerous and should not be used. They are also not the correct way to solve their intended purposes. For content blocking, we suggest encrypted [DNS](../dns.md) or content blocking functionality provided by a VPN instead. TrackerControl and AdAway in non-root mode will take up the VPN slot (by using a local loopback VPN), preventing you from using privacy-enhancing services such as [Orbot](../alternative-networks.md#orbot) or a [real VPN provider](../vpn.md).
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AFWall+ works based on the [packet filtering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_\(computing\)#Packet_filter) approach and may be bypassable in some situations.
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AFWall+ works based on the [packet filtering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)#Packet_filter) approach and may be bypassable in some situations.
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We do not believe that the security sacrifices made by rooting a phone are worth the questionable privacy benefits of those apps.
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---
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title: "Common Threats"
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title: "সাধারণ ঝুঁকিগুলো"
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icon: 'material/eye-outline'
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description: Your threat model is personal to you, but these are some of the things many visitors to this site care about.
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description: আপনার ঝুঁকির রূপরেখা একান্তই আপনার ব্যক্তিগত বিষয়, তবে এই সাইটের অনেক ব্যবহারকারী যে বিষয়গুলোর প্রতি গুরুত্ব দেন তার কয়েকটির তালিকা এখানে দেওয়া হলো।
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---
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Broadly speaking, we categorize our recommendations into the [threats](threat-modeling.md) or goals that apply to most people. ==You may be concerned with none, one, a few, or all of these possibilities==, and the tools and services you use depend on what your goals are. You may have specific threats outside these categories as well, which is perfectly fine! The important part is developing an understanding of the benefits and shortcomings of the tools you choose to use, because virtually none of them will protect you from every threat.
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সাধারণভাবে বলতে গেলে, আমরা আমাদের পরামর্শগুলোকে এমন সব ঝুঁকি বা লক্ষ্যের ভিত্তিতে শ্রেণীবদ্ধ করি যা বেশিরভাগ মানুষের ক্ষেত্রে প্রযোজ্য। ==You may be concerned with none, one, a few, or all of these possibilities==, and the tools and services you use depend on what your goals are. You may have specific threats outside these categories as well, which is perfectly fine! The important part is developing an understanding of the benefits and shortcomings of the tools you choose to use, because virtually none of them will protect you from every threat.
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<span class="pg-purple">:material-incognito: **Anonymity**</span>
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:
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---
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title: "Why Privacy Matters"
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title: "গোপনীয়তা কেন গুরুত্বপূর্ণ"
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icon: 'material/shield-account'
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description: In the modern age of digital data exploitation, your privacy has never been more critical, and yet many believe it is already a lost cause. It is not.
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description: ডিজিটাল তথ্যের অপব্যবহারের এই আধুনিক যুগে, আপনার গোপনীয়তা আগের চেয়ে অনেক বেশি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ, তারপরও অনেকেই মনে করেন এটি ইতোমধ্যে হাতছাড়া হয়ে গেছে। কিন্তু তা নয়।
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---
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In the modern age of digital data exploitation, your privacy has never been more critical, and yet many believe it is already a lost cause. It is not. ==Your privacy is up for grabs==, and you need to care about it. Privacy is about power, and it is so important that this power ends up in the right hands.
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ডিজিটাল তথ্যের অপব্যবহারের এই আধুনিক যুগে, আপনার গোপনীয়তা আগের চেয়ে অনেক বেশি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ, তারপরও অনেকেই মনে করেন এটি ইতোমধ্যে হাতছাড়া হয়ে গেছে। কিন্তু তা নয়। ==আপনার গোপনীয়তা এখন সবার নাগালে==, এবং এটা নিয়ে আপনার ভাবা দরকার। গোপনীয়তা আসলে ক্ষমতার ব্যাপার, আর এটা খুবই গুরুত্বপূর্ণ যে এই ক্ষমতা শেষ পর্যন্ত সঠিক মানুষের হাতেই যায়।
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Privacy is ultimately about human information, and this is important because we know that human information confers power over human beings. If we care about our ability to be authentic, fulfilled, and free humans, we have to care about the rules that apply to information about us. So much of our modern society is structured around **information**. When you shop online, read the news, look something up, vote, seek directions, or really anything else, you are relying on information. If we live in an information society, our information matters, and therefore privacy matters.
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গোপনীয়তার মূল বিষয়ই হলো মানুষের তথ্য, আর এটা গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কারণ আমরা জানি মানুষের তথ্যই মানুষকে নিয়ন্ত্রণ করার ক্ষমতা দেয়। আমরা যদি সত্যিকারের পরিপূর্ণ ও স্বাধীন মানুষ হিসেবে বাঁচতে চাই, তাহলে আমাদের ব্যক্তিগত তথ্যের ওপর কী নিয়ম প্রযোজ্য হয় সেটা নিয়ে ভাবতেই হবে। আমাদের আধুনিক সমাজের বেশিরভাগ কাঠামোই এখন **তথ্যকে** কেন্দ্র করে গড়ে উঠেছে। অনলাইনে শপিং হোক, খবর পড়া হোক, কোনো কিছু খোঁজা হোক, ভোট দেওয়া হোক, রাস্তা চেনা হোক, আসলে সবকিছুতেই আপনি তথ্যের ওপর ভরসা করছেন। আমরা যদি তথ্যের সমাজে বাস করি, তাহলে আমাদের তথ্য গুরুত্বপূর্ণ আর তাই গোপনীয়তাও গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।
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## What is Privacy?
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## গোপনীয়তা আসলে কী?
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Many people get the concepts of **privacy**, **security**, and **anonymity** confused. You'll see people criticize various products as "not private" when really they mean it doesn't provide anonymity, for example. On this website, we cover all three of these topics, but it is important you understand the difference between them, and when each one comes into play.
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বেশিরভাগ মানুষই **গোপনীয়তা**, **নিরাপত্তা** এবং **পরিচয় গোপন** রাখার মধ্যে পার্থক্য বুঝতে পারেন না। আপনি দেখবেন, মানুষ বিভিন্ন প্রোডাক্টের সমালোচনা করে বলে "এটা গোপনীয়তা দেয় না" অথচ তারা আসলে বুঝাচ্ছে যে সেটি পরিচয় গোপন রাখতে পারে না। On this website, we cover all three of these topics, but it is important you understand the difference between them, and when each one comes into play.
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[:material-movie-open-play-outline: Video: Stop Confusing Privacy, Anonymity, and Security](https://www.privacyguides.org/videos/2025/03/14/stop-confusing-privacy-anonymity-and-security ""){.md-button}
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@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ Additional filter lists do slow things down and may increase your attack surface
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- Must not replicate built-in browser or OS functionality.
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- Must directly impact user privacy, i.e. must not simply provide information.
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[^1]: uBlock Origin Lite _itself_ will consume no resources, because it uses newer APIs which make the browser process the filter lists natively, instead of running JavaScript code within the extension to handle the filtering. However, this resource advantage is only [theoretical](https://github.com/uBlockOrigin/uBOL-home/wiki/Frequently-asked-questions-\(FAQ\)#is-ubol-more-efficient-cpu--and-memory-wise-than-ubo), because it's possible that standard uBlock Origin's filtering code is more efficient than your browser's native filtering code. This has not yet been benchmarked.
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[^1]: uBlock Origin Lite _itself_ will consume no resources, because it uses newer APIs which make the browser process the filter lists natively, instead of running JavaScript code within the extension to handle the filtering. However, this resource advantage is only [theoretical](https://github.com/uBlockOrigin/uBOL-home/wiki/Frequently-asked-questions-(FAQ)#is-ubol-more-efficient-cpu--and-memory-wise-than-ubo), because it's possible that standard uBlock Origin's filtering code is more efficient than your browser's native filtering code. This has not yet been benchmarked.
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[^2]: A [workaround](https://github.com/uBlockOrigin/uBlock-issues/discussions/3690#discussioncomment-14548779) stil exists as of early December 2025.
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<div markdown>
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## Why does privacy matter?
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In the modern age of digital data exploitation, your privacy has never been more critical, yet many believe it is already a lost cause. It is not. ==Your privacy is up for grabs, and you need to care about it.== Privacy is about power, and it is so important that this power ends up in the right hands.
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In the modern age of digital data exploitation, your privacy has never been more critical, yet many believe it is already a lost cause. কিন্তু তা নয়। ==Your privacy is up for grabs, and you need to care about it.== Privacy is about power, and it is so important that this power ends up in the right hands.
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Many people get the concepts of privacy, security, and anonymity confused. You'll see people criticize various products as "not private" when really they mean it doesn't provide anonymity, for example. On this website, we cover all three of these topics, but it is important you understand the difference between them, and when each one comes into play.
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Many people get the concepts of privacy, security, and anonymity confused. আপনি দেখবেন, মানুষ বিভিন্ন প্রোডাক্টের সমালোচনা করে বলে "এটা গোপনীয়তা দেয় না" অথচ তারা আসলে বুঝাচ্ছে যে সেটি পরিচয় গোপন রাখতে পারে না। On this website, we cover all three of these topics, but it is important you understand the difference between them, and when each one comes into play.
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[:material-movie-open-play-outline: Video: 5 Steps to Improve Your Privacy](https://www.privacyguides.org/videos/2025/02/14/5-easy-steps-to-protect-yourself-online){ class="md-button" }
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</div>
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## Privacy Notes
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Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy-friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising. At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
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Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy-friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_(virtual_assistant)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising. At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
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With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as:
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