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New Crowdin Translations (#2074)
Signed-off-by: Daniel Gray <dngray@privacyguides.org>
This commit is contained in:
Crowdin Bot
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---
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title: Android概述
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icon: simple/android
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description: Android is an open-source operating system with strong security protections, which makes it our top choice for phones.
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---
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安卓是一个安全的操作系统，它有强大的[应用程序沙箱](https://source.android.com/security/app-sandbox)，[启动时验证](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot)（AVB），以及一个强大的[权限](https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/overview)控制系统。
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## Android 权限
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[Android上的权限](https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/overview) ，让你控制哪些应用程序被允许访问。 谷歌定期在每个连续的版本中对权限系统进行 [改善](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/11/privacy/permissions)。 你安装的所有应用程序都是严格的 [沙箱](https://source.android.com/security/app-sandbox)，因此，没有必要安装任何杀毒软件。 使用最新版本的安卓系统的智能手机永远比使用付费杀毒软件的旧智能手机更安全。 最好不要为杀毒软件付费，省下钱来买一部新的智能手机，如谷歌Pixel。
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[Android上的权限](https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/overview) ，让你控制哪些应用程序被允许访问。 谷歌定期在每个连续的版本中对权限系统进行 [改善](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/11/privacy/permissions)。 你安装的所有应用程序都是严格的 [沙箱](https://source.android.com/security/app-sandbox)，因此，没有必要安装任何杀毒软件。
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如果你想运行一个你不确定的应用程序，考虑使用用户或工作档案。
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A smartphone with the latest version of Android will always be more secure than an old smartphone with an antivirus that you have paid for. It's better not to pay for antivirus software and to save money to buy a new smartphone such as a Google Pixel.
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Android 10:
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- [Scoped Storage](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes#scoped-storage) gives you more control over your files and can limit what can [access external storage](https://developer.android.com/training/data-storage#permissions). Apps can have a specific directory in external storage as well as the ability to store specific types of media there.
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- Tighter access on [device location](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes#app-access-device-location) by introducing the `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permission. This prevents apps from accessing the location when running in the background without express permission from the user.
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Android 11:
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- [One-time permissions](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/11/privacy/permissions#one-time) which allows you to grant a permission to an app just once.
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- [Auto-reset permissions](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/11/privacy/permissions#auto-reset), which resets [runtime permissions](https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/overview#runtime) that were granted when the app was opened.
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- Granular permissions for accessing [phone number](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/11/privacy/permissions#phone-numbers) related features.
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Android 12:
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- A permission to grant only the [approximate location](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/12/behavior-changes-12#approximate-location).
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- Auto-reset of [hibernated apps](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/12/behavior-changes-12#app-hibernation).
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- [Data access auditing](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/12/behavior-changes-12#data-access-auditing) which makes it easier to determine what part of an app is performing a specific type of data access.
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Android 13:
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- A permission for [nearby wifi access](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/13/behavior-changes-13#nearby-wifi-devices-permission). The MAC addresses of nearby WiFi access points was a popular way for apps to track a user's location.
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- More [granular media permissions](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/13/behavior-changes-13#granular-media-permissions), meaning you can grant access to images, videos or audio files only.
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- Background use of sensors now requires the [`BODY_SENSORS`](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/13/behavior-changes-13#body-sensors-background-permission) permission.
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An app may request a permission for a specific feature it has. For example, any app that can scan QR codes will require the camera permission. Some apps can request more permissions than they need.
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[Exodus](https://exodus-privacy.eu.org/) can be useful when comparing apps that have similar purposes. If an app requires a lot of permissions and has a lot of advertising and analytics this is probably a bad sign. We recommend looking at the individual trackers and reading their descriptions rather than simply **counting the total** and assuming all items listed are equal.
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!!! 推荐
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If an app is mostly a web-based service, the tracking may occur on the server side. [Facebook](https://reports.exodus-privacy.eu.org/en/reports/com.facebook.katana/latest/) shows "no trackers" but certainly does track users' interests and behavior across the site. Apps may evade detection by not using standard code libraries produced by the advertising industry, though this is unlikely.
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!!! note
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Privacy-friendly apps such as [Bitwarden](https://reports.exodus-privacy.eu.org/en/reports/com.x8bit.bitwarden/latest/) may show some trackers such as [Google Firebase Analytics](https://reports.exodus-privacy.eu.org/en/trackers/49/). This library includes [Firebase Cloud Messaging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase_Cloud_Messaging) which can provide [push notifications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_technology) in apps. This [is the case](https://fosstodon.org/@bitwarden/109636825700482007) with Bitwarden. That doesn't mean that Bitwarden is using all of the analytics features that are provided by Google Firebase Analytics.
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## 媒体访问
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@@ -131,5 +167,3 @@ Android 7及更高版本支持VPN killswitch ，无需安装第三方应用程
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[安全网](https://developer.android.com/training/safetynet/attestation) 和 [Play Integrity APIs](https://developer.android.com/google/play/integrity) ，一般用于 [银行应用程序](https://grapheneos.org/usage#banking-apps)。 许多银行应用程序在GrapheneOS中使用沙盒游戏服务可以正常工作，但是一些非金融应用程序有自己的粗略防篡改机制，可能会失败。 GrapheneOS通过了 `basicIntegrity` 检查，但没有通过认证检查 `ctsProfileMatch`。 安卓8或更高版本的设备有硬件认证支持，如果没有泄露的密钥或严重的漏洞，就无法绕过。
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至于谷歌钱包，我们不推荐这样做，因为他们的 [隐私政策](https://payments.google.com/payments/apis-secure/get_legal_document?ldo=0&ldt=privacynotice&ldl=en)，其中规定如果你不希望你的信用等级和个人信息与联盟营销服务共享，你必须选择退出。
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--8<-- "includes/abbreviations.zh.txt"
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---
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title: Linux概述
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icon: simple/linux
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description: Linux is an open-source, privacy-focused desktop operating system alternative, but not all distribitions are created equal.
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---
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人们通常认为， [开源](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software) 软件本身是安全的，因为源代码是可用的。 预期社区验证会定期进行；但这并不总是 [案例](https://seirdy.one/posts/2022/02/02/floss-security/)。 这确实取决于许多因素，如项目活动、开发人员经验、应用于 [代码审查的严格程度](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_review)，以及对 [代码库](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codebase) 的特定部分给予关注的频率，这些部分可能多年未被触及。
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人们通常认为， [开源](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software) 软件本身是安全的，因为源代码是可用的。 预期社区验证会定期进行；但这并不总是 [案例](https://seirdy.one/posts/2022/02/02/floss-security/)。 It does depend on a number of factors, such as project activity, developer experience, level of rigor applied to [code reviews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_review), and how often attention is given to specific parts of the [codebase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codebase) that may go untouched for years.
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目前，桌面Linux与它们的专利同行相比，确实有一些可以更好地改进的地方，例如：。
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@@ -167,5 +168,3 @@ Fedora 项目 [通过使用一个 [`countme`](https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Cha
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这个 [选项](https://dnf.readthedocs.io/en/latest/conf_ref.html#options-for-both-main-and-repo) ，目前默认是关闭的。 我们建议将 `countme=false` 添加到 `/etc/dnf/dnf.conf` ，以备将来启用它。 在使用 `rpm-ostree` 的系统上，如Silverblue，通过屏蔽 [rpm-ostree-countme](https://fedoramagazine.org/getting-better-at-counting-rpm-ostree-based-systems/) 计时器来禁用 countme 选项。
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openSUSE 还使用一个 [唯一的 ID](https://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Statistics) 来计算系统，可以通过删除 `/var/lib/zypp/AnonymousUniqueId` 文件来禁用它。
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--8<-- "includes/abbreviations.zh.txt"
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---
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title: "Qubes概述"
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icon: simple/qubesos
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description: Qubes is an operating system built around isolating apps within virtual machines for heightened security.
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---
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[**Qubes OS**](../desktop.md#qubes-os) 是一个操作系统，它使用 [Xen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen) 管理程序，通过隔离的虚拟机为桌面计算提供强大的安全性。 每个虚拟机被称为 *Qube* ，你可以根据它的目的给每个Qube分配一个信任等级。 由于Qubes操作系统通过使用隔离来提供安全，并且只允许在每个案例的基础上进行操作，它与 [坏性枚举](https://www.ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb/)。
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### 虚拟机之间的相互作用
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[qrexec框架](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/qrexec/) 是Qubes的一个核心部分，它允许虚拟机在域之间通信。 它建立在Xen库 *vchan*的基础上，通过策略</a>，促进了
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隔离。</p>
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- J. 鲁特科夫斯卡。 [*软件区隔与物理分离*](https://invisiblethingslab.com/resources/2014/Software_compartmentalization_vs_physical_separation.pdf)
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- J. 鲁特科夫斯卡。 [*将我的数字生活划分为安全领域*](https://blog.invisiblethings.org/2011/03/13/partitioning-my-digital-life-into.html)
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- Qubes OS: [*相关文章*](https://www.qubes-os.org/news/categories/#articles)
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--8<-- "includes/abbreviations.zh.txt"
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