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refactor: Follow Hugo leaf vs branch conventions
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@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ Virtual Private Networks are a way of extending the end of your network to exit
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[:material-movie-open-play-outline: Video: Do you need a VPN?](https://www.privacyguides.org/videos/2024/12/12/do-you-need-a-vpn){ .md-button }
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Normally, an ISP can see the flow of internet traffic entering and exiting your network termination device (i.e. modem). Encryption protocols such as HTTPS are commonly used on the internet, so they may not be able to see exactly what you're posting or reading, but they can get an idea of the [domains you request](../../advanced/dns-overview/_index.md#why-shouldnt-i-use-encrypted-dns).
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Normally, an ISP can see the flow of internet traffic entering and exiting your network termination device (i.e. modem). Encryption protocols such as HTTPS are commonly used on the internet, so they may not be able to see exactly what you're posting or reading, but they can get an idea of the [domains you request](../../advanced/dns-overview/index.md#why-shouldnt-i-use-encrypted-dns).
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Using a VPN hides even this information from your ISP, by shifting the trust you place in your network to a server somewhere else in the world. As a result, the ISP then only sees that you are connected to a VPN and nothing about the activity that you're passing through it.
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> [!NOTE]
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> When we refer to "Virtual Private Networks" on this website, we are usually referring to **commercial** [VPN providers](../../../tools/services/vpn/_index.md), who you pay a monthly fee to in exchange for routing your internet traffic securely through their public servers. There are many other forms of VPN, such as ones you host yourself or ones operated by workplaces which allow you to securely connect to internal/employee network resources, however, these VPNs are usually designed for accessing remote networks securely, rather than protecting the privacy of your internet connection.
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> When we refer to "Virtual Private Networks" on this website, we are usually referring to **commercial** [VPN providers](../../../tools/services/vpn/index.md), who you pay a monthly fee to in exchange for routing your internet traffic securely through their public servers. There are many other forms of VPN, such as ones you host yourself or ones operated by workplaces which allow you to securely connect to internal/employee network resources, however, these VPNs are usually designed for accessing remote networks securely, rather than protecting the privacy of your internet connection.
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## How does a VPN work?
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@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ VPNs cannot encrypt data outside the connection between your device and the VPN
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## When isn't a VPN suitable?
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Using a VPN in cases where you're using your [real-life or well-known identity](../common-misconceptions/_index.md#complicated-is-better) online is unlikely to be useful. Doing so may trigger spam and fraud detection systems, such as if you were to log into your bank's website.
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Using a VPN in cases where you're using your [real-life or well-known identity](../common-misconceptions/index.md#complicated-is-better) online is unlikely to be useful. Doing so may trigger spam and fraud detection systems, such as if you were to log into your bank's website.
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It's important to remember that a VPN will not provide you with absolute anonymity because the VPN provider itself will still have access to your real IP address, destination website information, and often a money trail that can be linked directly back to you. "No logging" policies are merely a promise; if you need complete safety from the network itself, consider using [Tor](../../advanced/tor-overview/_index.md) in addition to or instead of a VPN.
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It's important to remember that a VPN will not provide you with absolute anonymity because the VPN provider itself will still have access to your real IP address, destination website information, and often a money trail that can be linked directly back to you. "No logging" policies are merely a promise; if you need complete safety from the network itself, consider using [Tor](../../advanced/tor-overview/index.md) in addition to or instead of a VPN.
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You also should not trust a VPN to secure your connection to an unencrypted, HTTP destination. In order to keep what you actually do on the websites you visit private and secure, you must use HTTPS. This will keep your passwords, session tokens, and queries safe from the VPN provider and other potential adversaries in between the VPN server and your destination. You should enable HTTPS-only mode in your browser (if it's supported) to mitigate attacks which try to downgrade your connection from HTTPS to HTTP.
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@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ Another common reason encrypted DNS is recommended is that it prevents DNS spoof
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## Should I use Tor *and* a VPN?
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Maybe, Tor is not necessarily suitable for everybody in the first place. Consider your [threat model](../threat-modeling/_index.md), because if your adversary is not capable of extracting information from your VPN provider, using a VPN alone may provide enough protection.
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Maybe, Tor is not necessarily suitable for everybody in the first place. Consider your [threat model](../threat-modeling/index.md), because if your adversary is not capable of extracting information from your VPN provider, using a VPN alone may provide enough protection.
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If you do use Tor then you are *probably* best off connecting to the Tor network via a commercial VPN provider. However, this is a complex subject which we've written more about on our [Tor overview](../../advanced/tor-overview/_index.md) page.
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If you do use Tor then you are *probably* best off connecting to the Tor network via a commercial VPN provider. However, this is a complex subject which we've written more about on our [Tor overview](../../advanced/tor-overview/index.md) page.
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## Should I access Tor through VPN providers that provide "Tor nodes"?
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@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ You should not use that feature: The primary advantage of using Tor is that you
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Currently, Tor only supports the TCP protocol. UDP (used by [WebRTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebRTC), [HTTP3/QUIC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/3), and other protocols), [ICMP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol), and other packets will be dropped. To compensate for this, VPN providers typically will route all non-TCP packets through their VPN server (your first hop). This is the case with [ProtonVPN](https://protonvpn.com/support/tor-vpn). Additionally, when using this Tor over VPN setup, you do not have control over other important Tor features such as [Isolated Destination Address](https://whonix.org/wiki/Stream_Isolation) (using a different Tor circuit for every domain you visit).
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The feature should be viewed as a *convenient* way to access hidden services on Tor, not to stay anonymous. For proper anonymity, use the actual [Tor Browser](../../../tools/software/tor/_index.md).
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The feature should be viewed as a *convenient* way to access hidden services on Tor, not to stay anonymous. For proper anonymity, use the actual [Tor Browser](../../../tools/software/tor/index.md).
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## Commercial VPN Ownership
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@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ Most VPN services are owned by the same [few companies](https://vpnpro.com/blog/
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You should also be wary that many VPN review sites are merely advertising vehicles open to the highest bidder. <mark>Privacy Guides does not make money from recommending external products, and never uses affiliate programs.</mark>
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[Our VPN Recommendations](../../../tools/services/vpn/_index.md){ .md-button }
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[Our VPN Recommendations](../../../tools/services/vpn/index.md){ .md-button }
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## Modern VPN Alternatives
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