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New Crowdin Translations (#2110)
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---
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title: "Tipi di reti di comunicazione"
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icon: 'material/transit-connection-variant'
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description: An overview of several network architectures commonly used by instant messaging applications.
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description: Una panoramica dei diversi tipi di architetture di rete comunemente usate da applicazioni di messaggistica istantanea.
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---
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Esistono diverse architetture di rete comunemente usate per trasmettere messaggi tra le persone. Queste reti possono fornire garanzie di privacy diverse, motivo per cui vale la pena considerare il [modello di minaccia](../basics/threat-modeling.md) quando si decide quale app utilizzare.
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@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ Alcuni servizi di messaggistica self-hosted consentono di configurare il proprio
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{ align=left }
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Federated messengers use multiple, independent, decentralized servers that are able to talk to each other (email is one example of a federated service). Federation allows system administrators to control their own server and still be a part of the larger communications network.
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I servizi di messaggistica federati usano più server indipendenti e decentralizzati, i quali sono in grado di comunicare l'uno con l'altro (la posta elettronica è un esempio di servizio federato). La federazione permette agli amministratori di sistema di controllare i loro server e far comunque parte di una rete di comunicazione più ampia.
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When self-hosted, members of a federated server can discover and communicate with members of other servers, although some servers may choose to remain private by being non-federated (e.g., work team server).
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Quando "self-hostati", i membri di un server federato possono scoprire e comunicare con i membri di altri server, anche se alcuni server possono scegliere di rimanere privati disabilitando la federazione (es. Il server di un gruppo di lavoro).
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**Vantaggi:**
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These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while prepaid gift cards are preferred for one-time transactions.
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## Cryptocurrency
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## Criptovaluta
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Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.
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@@ -6,11 +6,19 @@ description: Tor è una rete decentralizzata e gratuita progettata per utilizzar
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Tor è una rete decentralizzata e gratuita progettata per utilizzare Internet con la massima privacy possibile. Se utilizzata correttamente, la rete consente di navigare e comunicare in modo privato e anonimo.
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## Costruzione del percorso
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## Path Building to Clearnet Services
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Tor funziona instradando il traffico attraverso una rete composta da migliaia di server gestiti da volontari e chiamati nodi (o relay).
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"Clearnet services" are websites which you can access with any browser, like [privacyguides.org](https://www.privacyguides.org). Tor lets you connect to these websites anonymously by routing your traffic through a network comprised of thousands of volunteer-run servers called nodes (or relays).
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Ogni volta che ci si connette a Tor, questo sceglie tre nodi per costruire un percorso verso Internet: questo percorso è chiamato "circuito". Ciascuno di questi nodi ha una propria funzione:
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Every time you [connect to Tor](../tor.md), it will choose three nodes to build a path to the internet—this path is called a "circuit."
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<figure markdown>
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<figcaption>Tor circuit pathway</figcaption>
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</figure>
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Ciascuno di questi nodi ha una propria funzione:
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### Il nodo di ingresso
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Il nodo di uscita sarà scelto a caso tra tutti i nodi Tor disponibili con un flag di uscita.[^2]
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<figure markdown>
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<figcaption>Percorso del circuito Tor</figcaption>
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## Path Building to Onion Services
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"Onion Services" (also commonly referred to as "hidden services") are websites which can only be accessed by the Tor browser. These websites have a long randomly generated domain name ending with `.onion`.
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Connecting to an Onion Service in Tor works very similarly to connecting to a clearnet service, but your traffic is routed through a total of **six** nodes before reaching the destination server. Just like before however, only three of these nodes are contributing to *your* anonymity, the other three nodes protect *the Onion Service's* anonymity, hiding the website's true IP and location in the same manner that Tor Browser is hiding yours.
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<figure style="width:100%" markdown>
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<figcaption>Tor circuit pathway with Onion Services. Nodes in the <span class="pg-blue">blue</span> fence belong to your browser, while nodes in the <span class="pg-red">red</span> fence belong to the server, so their identity is hidden from you.</figcaption>
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</figure>
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## Encryption
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## Crittografia
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Tor encrypts each packet (a block of transmitted data) three times with the keys from the exit, middle, and entry node—in that order.
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@@ -72,7 +86,7 @@ If you wish to use Tor for browsing the web, we only recommend the **official**
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## Risorse aggiuntive
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- [Manuale d'uso del Tor browser](https://tb-manual.torproject.org)
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- [How Tor Works - Computerphile](https://invidious.privacyguides.net/embed/QRYzre4bf7I?local=true) <small>(YouTube)</small>
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- [Come funziona Tor - Computerphile](https://invidious.privacyguides.net/embed/QRYzre4bf7I?local=true) <small>(YouTube)</small>
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- [Tor Onion Services - Computerphile](https://invidious.privacyguides.net/embed/lVcbq_a5N9I?local=true) <small>(YouTube)</small>
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[^1]: The first relay in your circuit is called an "entry guard" or "guard". It is a fast and stable relay that remains the first one in your circuit for 2-3 months in order to protect against a known anonymity-breaking attack. The rest of your circuit changes with every new website you visit, and all together these relays provide the full privacy protections of Tor. For more information on how guard relays work, see this [blog post](https://blog.torproject.org/improving-tors-anonymity-changing-guard-parameters) and [paper](https://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~hoppernj/single_guard.pdf) on entry guards. ([https://support.torproject.org/tbb/tbb-2/](https://support.torproject.org/tbb/tbb-2/))
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