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# 404 - Not Found
We couldn't find the page you were looking for! Maybe you were looking for one of these?
- [Introduction to Threat Modeling](basics/threat-modeling.md)
- [Recommended DNS Providers](dns.md)
- [Best Desktop Web Browsers](desktop-browsers.md)
- [Best VPN Providers](vpn.md)
- [Privacy Guides Forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net)
- [Our Blog](https://blog.privacyguides.org)

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# Gemenskapens uppförandekod
**Vi lovar** att göra vår community till en upplevelse utan trakasserier för alla.
**Vi strävar** efter att skapa en positiv miljö genom att använda ett välkomnande och inkluderande språk och genom att respektera andras åsikter.
**Vi tillåter inte** olämpligt eller på annat sätt oacceptabelt beteende, t. ex. sexualiserat språk, trollande och förolämpande kommentarer eller annat som främjar intolerans eller trakasserier.
## Gemenskapsnormer
Vad vi förväntar oss av medlemmarna i våra samhällen:
1. **Sprid inte felaktig information**
Vi skapar en evidensbaserad utbildningsgemenskap kring sekretess och säkerhet, inte ett hem för konspirationsteorier. Om du till exempel hävdar att en viss programvara är skadlig eller att vissa telemetriuppgifter inkräktar på privatlivet, förklara i detalj vad som samlas in och hur det sker. Påståenden av detta slag måste stödjas av tekniska bevis.
1. **Missbruka inte vår vilja att hjälpa till**
Våra medlemmar är inte gratis teknisk support. Vi hjälper dig gärna med specifika steg på din integritetsresa om du är villig att anstränga dig från din sida. Vi är inte villiga att svara på oändligt upprepade frågor om generiska datorproblem som du skulle ha kunnat besvara själv med en 30-sekunders sökning på internet. Var inte en [hjälp vampyr](https://slash7.com/2006/12/22/vampires/).
1. **Uppför dig på ett positivt och konstruktivt sätt**
Exempel på beteende som bidrar till en positiv miljö för vårt samhälle är:
- Visa empati och vänlighet mot andra människor
- Respektera olika åsikter, synpunkter och erfarenheter
- Ge och acceptera konstruktiv feedback på ett elegant sätt
- Att ta ansvar och be om ursäkt till dem som drabbats av våra misstag och lära sig av erfarenheten
- Fokusera på vad som är bäst, inte bara för oss som individer utan för hela samhället
### Oacceptabelt beteende
Följande beteenden betraktas som trakasserier och är oacceptabla inom vår community:
- Användning av sexualiserat språk eller bildspråk, och sexuell uppmärksamhet eller framsteg av något slag
- Trolling, förolämpande eller nedsättande kommentarer och personliga eller politiska attacker
- Offentliga eller privata trakasserier
- Publicera andras privata information, till exempel en fysisk eller e-postadress, utan deras uttryckliga tillstånd
- Annan handling som rimligen kan anses vara olämplig i en professionell tillställning
## Omfattning
Vår uppförandekod gäller inom alla projektutrymmen, samt när en individ representerar Privacy Guides-projektet i andra samhällen.
Vi är ansvariga för att klargöra normerna för vår community och har rätt att ta bort eller ändra kommentarerna från dem som deltar i vår community, efter behov och efter eget gottfinnande.
### Kontakt
Om du observerar ett problem på en plattform som Matrix eller Reddit kan du kontakta våra moderatorer på den plattformen i chatt, via DM eller genom ett särskilt "Modmail"-system.
Om du har ett problem någon annanstans, eller ett problem som våra moderatorer inte kan lösa, kan du vända dig till `jonah@privacyguides.org` och/eller `dngray@privacyguides.org`.
Alla samhällsledare är skyldiga att respektera privatlivet och säkerheten för reportern för varje incident.

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title: Allmänna kriterier
---
!!! exempel "Pågående arbete"
Följande sida är ett pågående arbete och återspeglar för närvarande inte alla kriterier för våra rekommendationer. Tidigare diskussion om detta ämne: [#24](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/discussions/24)
Nedan följer några saker som måste gälla för alla inlagor till integritetsguider. Varje kategori kommer att ha ytterligare krav för inkludering.
## Finansiell information
Vi tjänar inga pengar på att rekommendera vissa produkter, vi använder inga affiliate-länkar och vi ger inga särskilda överväganden till projektdonatorer.
## Allmänna riktlinjer
Vi tillämpar dessa prioriteringar när vi överväger nya rekommendationer:
- **Säker**: Verktyg bör följa bästa säkerhetspraxis där det är tillämpligt.
- **Källa Tillgänglighet**: Projekt med öppen källkod föredras i allmänhet framför likvärdiga proprietära alternativ.
- **Plattformsoberoende**: Vi föredrar vanligtvis att rekommendationerna är plattformsoberoende för att undvika leverantörslåsning.
- **Aktiv utveckling**: De verktyg som vi rekommenderar bör vara aktivt utvecklade, ounderhållna projekt kommer i de flesta fall att tas bort.
- **Användbarhet**: Verktyg bör vara tillgängliga för de flesta datoranvändare, en alltför teknisk bakgrund bör inte krävas.
- **Dokumenterad**: Verktyg ska ha tydlig och omfattande dokumentation för användning.
## Utvecklarens självinlämningar
Vi har dessa krav på utvecklare som vill lämna in sitt projekt eller sin programvara för bedömning.
- Måste uppge tillhörighet, det vill säga din position inom projektet som lämnas in.
- Måste ha ett säkerhetsdokument om det är ett projekt som innebär hantering av känslig information som en budbärare, lösenordshanterare, krypterad molnlagring etc.
- Tredje parts revisionsstatus. Vi vill veta om du har en sådan, eller om du har en planerad sådan. Om möjligt, ange vem som kommer att genomföra revisionen.
- Måste förklara vad projektet tillför när det gäller integritetsskydd.
- Löser det något nytt problem?
- Varför skulle någon använda det framför alternativen?
- Måste ange vilken exakt hotmodell som gäller för deras projekt.
- Det bör vara tydligt för potentiella användare vad projektet kan erbjuda och vad det inte kan erbjuda.

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---
title: Supporting Us
---
<!-- markdownlint-disable MD036 -->
It takes a lot of [people](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/graphs/contributors) and [work](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/pulse/monthly) to keep Privacy Guides up to date and spreading the word about privacy and mass surveillance. If you like what we do, consider getting involved by [editing the site](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org) or [contributing translations](https://crowdin.com/project/privacyguides).
If you want to support us financially, the most convenient method for us is contributing via Open Collective, a website operated by our fiscal host. Open Collective accepts payments via credit/debit card, PayPal, and bank transfers.
[Donate on OpenCollective.com](https://opencollective.com/privacyguides/donate ""){.md-button.md-button--primary}
Donations made directly to us on Open Collective are generally tax-deductible in the US, because our fiscal host (the Open Collective Foundation) is a registered 501(c)3 organization. You will receive a receipt from the Open Collective Foundation after donating. Privacy Guides does not provide financial advice, and you should contact your tax advisor to find out whether this is applicable to you.
If you already make use of GitHub sponsorships, you can also sponsor our organization there.
[Sponsor us on GitHub](https://github.com/sponsors/privacyguides ""){.md-button}
## Backers
A special thanks to all those who support our mission! :heart:
*Please note: This section loads a widget directly from Open Collective. This section does not reflect donations made outside of Open Collective, and we have no control over the specific donors featured in this section.*
<script src="https://opencollective.com/privacyguides/banner.js"></script>
## How We Use Donations
Privacy Guides is a **non-profit** organization. We use donations for a variety of purposes, including:
**Domain Registrations**
:
We have a few domain names like `privacyguides.org` which cost us around $10 yearly to maintain their registration.
**Web Hosting**
:
Traffic to this website uses hundreds of gigabytes of data per month, we use a variety of service providers to keep up with this traffic.
**Online Services**
:
We host [internet services](https://privacyguides.net) for testing and showcasing different privacy-products we like and [recommend](../tools.md). Some of which are made publicly available for our community's use (SearXNG, Tor, etc.), and some are provided for our team members (email, etc.).
**Product Purchases**
:
We occasionally purchase products and services for the purposes of testing our [recommended tools](../tools.md).
We are still working with our fiscal host (the Open Collective Foundation) to receive cryptocurrency donations, at the moment the accounting is unfeasible for many smaller transactions, but this should change in the future. In the meantime, if you wish to make a sizable (> $100) cryptocurrency donation, please reach out to [jonah@privacyguides.org](mailto:jonah@privacyguides.org).

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---
title: "About Privacy Guides"
description: Privacy Guides är en socialt motiverad webbplats som ger information om hur du skyddar din datasäkerhet och integritet.
schema:
"@context": https://schema.org
"@type": Organization
"@id": https://www.privacyguides.org/
name: Privacy Guides
url: https://www.privacyguides.org/en/about/
logo: https://www.privacyguides.org/en/assets/brand/png/square/pg-yellow.png
sameAs:
- https://twitter.com/privacy_guides
- https://github.com/privacyguides
- https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111710163
- https://opencollective.com/privacyguides
- https://www.youtube.com/@privacyguides
- https://mastodon.neat.computer/@privacyguides
---
![Privacy Guides-logotyp](../assets/brand/png/square/pg-yellow.png){ align=right }
**Privacy Guides** är en socialt motiverad webbplats som tillhandahåller [information](/kb) för att skydda din datasäkerhet och integritet. Our mission is to inform the public about the value of digital privacy, and global government initiatives which aim to monitor your online activity. We are a non-profit collective operated entirely by volunteer [team members](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/g/team) and contributors. Our website is free of advertisements and not affiliated with any of the listed providers.
[:octicons-home-16:](https://www.privacyguides.org/){ .card-link title=Homepage }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](donate.md){ .card-link title=Contribute }
> För att hitta [integritetsfokuserade alternativ] appar, kolla in sajter som Goda Rapporter och **integritetsguider**, som lista sekretessfokuserade appar i en mängd olika kategorier, särskilt inklusive e-postleverantörer (vanligtvis på betalda planer) som inte drivs av de stora teknikföretag.
— [New York Times](https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/guides/online-security-social-media-privacy/)
> Om du letar efter en ny VPN kan du gå till rabattkoden för nästan alla poddar. Om du letar efter en **bra** VPN behöver du professionell hjälp. Samma sak gäller för e-postklienter, webbläsare, operativsystem och lösenordshanterare. Hur vet du vilket av dessa alternativ som är det bästa och mest integritetsvänliga? För det finns **Sekretessguider**, en plattform där ett antal volontärer söker dag i, dag ut för de bästa integritetsvänliga verktyg att använda på internet.
— [Tweakers.net](https://tweakers.net/reviews/10568/op-zoek-naar-privacyvriendelijke-tools-niek-de-wilde-van-privacy-guides.html) [Translated from Dutch]
Also featured on: [Ars Technica](https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/02/is-firefox-ok/), [Wirecutter](https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/guides/practical-guide-to-securing-windows-pc/) [[2](https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/guides/practical-guide-to-securing-your-mac/)], [NPO Radio 1](https://www.nporadio1.nl/nieuws/binnenland/8eaff3a2-8b29-4f63-9b74-36d2b28b1fe1/ooit-online-eens-wat-doms-geplaatst-ga-jezelf-eens-googlen-en-kijk-dan-wat-je-tegenkomt), and [Wired](https://www.wired.com/story/firefox-mozilla-2022/).
## Historik
Privacy Guides was launched in September 2021 as a continuation of the [defunct](privacytools.md) "PrivacyTools" open-source educational project. We recognized the importance of independent, criteria-focused product recommendations and general knowledge in the privacy space, which is why we needed to preserve the work that had been created by so many contributors since 2015 and make sure that information had a stable home on the web indefinitely.
In 2022, we completed the transition of our main website framework from Jekyll to MkDocs, using the `mkdocs-material` documentation software. This change made open-source contributions to our site significantly easier for outsiders, because instead of needing to know complicated syntax to write posts effectively, contributing is now as easy as writing a standard Markdown document.
We additionally launched our new discussion forum at [discuss.privacyguides.net](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/) as a community platform to share ideas and ask questions about our mission. This augments our existing community on Matrix, and replaced our previous GitHub Discussions platform, decreasing our reliance on proprietary discussion platforms.
So far in 2023 we've launched international translations of our website in [French](/fr/), [Hebrew](/he/), and [Dutch](/nl/), with more languages on the way, made possible by our excellent translation team on [Crowdin](https://crowdin.com/project/privacyguides). We plan to continue carrying forward our mission of outreach and education, and finding ways to more clearly highlight the dangers of a lack of privacy awareness in the modern digital age, and the prevalence and harms of security breaches across the technology industry.
## Our Team
??? person "@jonah"
- [:simple-discourse: Discourse](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/jonah)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/jonaharagon "@jonaharagon")
- [:simple-mastodon: Mastodon](https://mastodon.neat.computer/@jonah "@jonah@neat.computer"){rel=me}
- [:fontawesome-solid-house: Homepage](https://www.jonaharagon.com)
??? person "@niek-de-wilde"
- [:simple-discourse: Discourse](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/Niek-de-Wilde)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/blacklight447 "@blacklight447")
- [:simple-mastodon: Mastodon](https://mastodon.social/@blacklight447 "@blacklight447@mastodon.social"){rel=me}
??? person "@dngray"
- [:simple-discourse: Discourse](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/dngray)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/dngray "@dngray")
- [:simple-mastodon: Mastodon](https://mastodon.social/@dngray "@dngray@mastodon.social"){rel=me}
- [:fontawesome-solid-envelope: Email](mailto:dngray@privacyguides.org)
??? person "@freddy"
- [:simple-discourse: Discourse](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/freddy)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/freddy-m "@freddy-m")
- [:simple-mastodon: Mastodon](https://social.lol/@freddy "@freddy@social.lol"){rel=me}
- [:fontawesome-solid-envelope: Email](mailto:freddy@privacyguides.org)
- [:fontawesome-solid-house: Homepage](https://freddy.omg.lol)
??? person "@mfwmyfacewhen"
- [:simple-discourse: Discourse](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/mfwmyfacewhen)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/mfwmyfacewhen "@mfwmyfacewhen")
- [:fontawesome-solid-house: Homepage](https://mfw.omg.lol)
??? person "@olivia"
- [:simple-discourse: Discourse](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/olivia)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/hook9 "@hook9")
- [:simple-mastodon: Mastodon](https://mastodon.neat.computer/@oliviablob "@oliviablob@neat.computer"){rel=me}
Additionally, [many people](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/graphs/contributors) have made contributions to the project. You can too, we're open sourced on GitHub, and accepting translation suggestions on [Crowdin](https://crowdin.com/project/privacyguides).
Our team members review all changes made to the website and handle administrative duties such as web hosting and financials, however they do not personally profit from any contributions made to this site. Our financials are transparently hosted by the Open Collective Foundation 501(c)(3) at [opencollective.com/privacyguides](https://opencollective.com/privacyguides). Donations to Privacy Guides are generally tax-deductible in the United States.
## Site License
!!! danger ""
The following is a human-readable summary of (and not a substitute for) the [license](/license).
:fontawesome-brands-creative-commons: :fontawesome-brands-creative-commons-by: :fontawesome-brands-creative-commons-nd: Unless otherwise noted, the original content on this website is made available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/blob/main/LICENSE). This means that you are free to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially; as long as you give appropriate credit to `Privacy Guides (www.privacyguides.org)` and provide a link to the license. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests Privacy Guides endorses you or your use. If you remix, transform, or build upon the content of this website, you may not distribute the modified material.
This license is in place to prevent people from sharing our work without giving proper credit, and to prevent people from modifying our work in a way that could be used to mislead people. If you find the terms of this license too restrictive for the project you're working on, please reach out to us at `jonah@privacyguides.org`. We are happy to provide alternative licensing options for well-intentioned projects in the privacy space!

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---
title: "Notices and Disclaimers"
---
## Legal Disclaimer
Privacy Guides is not a law firm. As such, the Privacy Guides website and contributors are not providing legal advice. The material and recommendations in our website and guides do not constitute legal advice nor does contributing to the website or communicating with Privacy Guides or other contributors about our website create an attorney-client relationship.
Running this website, like any human endeavor, involves uncertainty and trade-offs. We hope this website helps, but it may include mistakes and can’t address every situation. If you have any questions about your situation, we encourage you to do your own research, seek out other experts, and engage in discussions with the Privacy Guides community. If you have any legal questions, you should consult with your own legal counsel before moving forward.
Privacy Guides is an open source project contributed to under licenses that include terms that, for the protection of the website and its contributors, make clear that the Privacy Guides project and website is offered "as-is", without warranty, and disclaiming liability for damages resulting from using the website or any recommendations contained within. Privacy Guides does not warrant or make any representations concerning the accuracy, likely results, or reliability of the use of the materials on the website or otherwise relating to such materials on the website or on any third-party sites linked on this site.
Privacy Guides additionally does not warrant that this website will be constantly available, or available at all.
## Licensing Overview
!!! danger ""
The following is a human-readable summary of (and not a substitute for) the [license](/license).
Unless otherwise noted, all **content** on this website is made available under the terms of the [Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/blob/main/LICENSE). The underlying **source code** used to generate this website and display that content is released under the [MIT License](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/tree/main/LICENSE-CODE).
This does not include third-party code embedded in this repository, or code where a superseding license is otherwise noted. The following are notable examples, but this list may not be all-inclusive:
* [MathJax](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/blob/main/theme/assets/javascripts/mathjax.js) is licensed under the [Apache License 2.0](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/blob/main/docs/assets/javascripts/LICENSE.mathjax.txt).
* The [Bagnard](https://github.com/privacyguides/brand/tree/main/WOFF/bagnard) heading font is licensed under the [SIL Open Font License 1.1](https://github.com/privacyguides/brand/blob/main/WOFF/bagnard/LICENSE.txt).
* The [Public Sans](https://github.com/privacyguides/brand/tree/main/WOFF/public_sans) font used for most text on the site is licensed under the terms detailed [here](https://github.com/privacyguides/brand/blob/main/WOFF/public_sans/LICENSE.txt).
* The [DM Mono](https://github.com/privacyguides/brand/tree/main/WOFF/dm_mono) font used for monospaced text on the site is licensed under the [SIL Open Font License 1.1](https://github.com/privacyguides/brand/blob/main/WOFF/dm_mono/LICENSE.txt).
This means that you can use the human-readable content in this repository for your own project, per the terms outlined in the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License text. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests Privacy Guides endorses you or your use. You **may not** use the Privacy Guides branding in your own project without express approval from this project. Privacy Guides's brand trademarks include the "Privacy Guides" wordmark and shield logo.
We believe that the logos and other images in `assets` obtained from third-party providers are either in the public domain or **fair use**. In a nutshell, legal [fair use doctrine](https://www.copyright.gov/fair-use/more-info.html) allows the use of copyrighted images in order to identify the subject matter for purposes of public comment. However, these logos and other images may still be subject to trademark laws in one or more jurisdictions. Before using this content, please ensure that it is used to identify the entity or organization that owns the trademark and that you have the right to use it under the laws which apply in the circumstances of your intended use. *When copying content from this website, you are solely responsible for ensuring that you do not infringe someone else's trademark or copyright.*
When you contribute to our website you are doing so under the above licenses, and you are granting Privacy Guides a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, transferable, royalty-free, irrevocable license with the right to sublicense such rights through multiple tiers of sublicensees, to reproduce, modify, display, perform and distribute your contribution as part of our project.
## Acceptable Use
You may not use this website in any way that causes or may cause damage to the website or impairment of the availability or accessibility of Privacy Guides, or in any way which is unlawful, illegal, fraudulent, harmful, or in connection with any unlawful, illegal, fraudulent, or harmful purpose or activity.
You must not conduct any systematic or automated data collection activities on or in relation to this website without express written consent, including:
* Excessive Automated Scans
* Denial of Service Attacks
* Scraping
* Data Mining
* 'Framing' (IFrames)
---
*Portions of this notice itself were adopted from [opensource.guide](https://github.com/github/opensource.guide/blob/master/notices.md) on GitHub. That resource and this page itself are released under [CC-BY-4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).*

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---
title: "Privacy Policy"
---
Privacy Guides is a community project operated by a number of active volunteer contributors. The public list of team members [can be found on GitHub](https://github.com/orgs/privacyguides/people).
## Data We Collect From Visitors
The privacy of our website visitors is important to us, so we do not track any individual people. As a visitor to our website:
- No personal information is collected
- No information such as cookies are stored in the browser
- No information is shared with, sent to or sold to third-parties
- No information is shared with advertising companies
- No information is mined and harvested for personal and behavioral trends
- No information is monetized
You can view the data we collect on our [statistics](statistics.md) page.
We run a self-hosted installation of [Plausible Analytics](https://plausible.io) to collect some anonymous usage data for statistical purposes. The goal is to track overall trends in our website traffic, it is not to track individual visitors. All the data is in aggregate only. No personal data is collected.
Data collected includes referral sources, top pages, visit duration, information from the devices (device type, operating system, country and browser) used during the visit and more. You can learn more about how Plausible works and collects information in a privacy-respecting manner [here](https://plausible.io/data-policy).
## Data We Collect From Account Holders
On some websites and services we provide, many features may require an account. For example, an account may be required to post and reply to topics on a forum platform.
To sign up for most accounts, we will collect a name, username, email, and password. In the event a website requires more information than just that data, that will be clearly marked and noted in a separate privacy statement per-site.
We use your account data to identify you on the website and to create pages specific to you, such as your profile page. We will also use your account data to publish a public profile for you on our services.
We use your email to:
- Notify you about posts and other activity on the websites or services.
- Reset your password and help keep your account secure.
- Contact you in special circumstances related to your account.
- Contact you about legal requests, such as DMCA takedown requests.
On some websites and services you may provide additional information for your account, such as a short biography, avatar, your location, or your birthday. We make that information available to everyone who can access the website or service in question. This information is not required to use any of our services and can be erased at any time.
We will store your account data as long as your account remains open. After closing an account, we may retain some or all of your account data in the form of backups or archives for up to 90 days.
## Contacting Us
The Privacy Guides team generally does not have access to personal data outside of limited access granted via some moderation panels. Inquiries regarding your personal information should be sent directly to:
```text
Jonah Aragon
Services Administrator
jonah@privacyguides.org
```
For all other inquiries, you can contact any member of our team.
For complaints under GDPR more generally, you may lodge complaints with your local data protection supervisory authorities. In France it's the Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés which take care and handle the complaints. They provide a [template of complaint letter](https://www.cnil.fr/en/plaintes) to use.
## About This Policy
We will post any new versions of this statement [here](privacy-policy.md). We may change how we announce changes in future versions of this document. In the meantime we may update our contact information at any time without announcing a change. Please refer to the [Privacy Policy](privacy-policy.md) for the latest contact information at any time.
A full revision [history](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/commits/main/docs/about/privacy-policy.md) of this page can be found on GitHub.

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---
title: "Vanliga frågor om PrivacyTools"
---
# Varför vi gick vidare från PrivacyTools
I september 2021 kom alla aktiva medarbetare enhälligt överens om att flytta från PrivacyTools till den här webbplatsen: Sekretessguider. This decision was made because PrivacyTools’ founder and controller of the domain name had disappeared for an extended period of time and could not be contacted.
Having built a reputable site and set of services on PrivacyTools.io, this caused grave concerns for the future of PrivacyTools, as any future disruption could wipe out the entire organization with no recovery method. This transition was communicated to the PrivacyTools community many months in advance via a variety of channels including its blog, Twitter, Reddit, and Mastodon to ensure the entire process went as smoothly as possible. We did this to ensure nobody was kept in the dark, which has been our modus operandi since our team was created, and to make sure Privacy Guides was recognized as the same reliable organization that PrivacyTools was before the transition.
After the organizational move was completed, the founder of PrivacyTools returned and began to spread misinformation about the Privacy Guides project. They continue to spread misinformation in addition to operating a paid link farm on the PrivacyTools domain. We are creating this page to clear up any misconceptions.
## What is PrivacyTools?
PrivacyTools was created in 2015 by "BurungHantu," who wanted to make a privacy information resource - helpful tools following the Snowden revelations. The site grew into a flourishing open-source project with [many contributors](https://github.com/privacytools/privacytools.io/graphs/contributors), some eventually given various organizational responsibilities, such as operating online services like Matrix and Mastodon, managing and reviewing changes to the site on GitHub, finding sponsors for the project, writing blog posts and operating social media outreach platforms like Twitter, etc.
Beginning in 2019, BurungHantu grew more and more distant from the active development of the website and communities, and began delaying payments he was responsible for related to the servers we operated. To avoid having our system administrator pay server costs out of their own pocket, we changed the donation methods listed on the site from BurungHantu's personal PayPal and crypto accounts to a new OpenCollective page on [October 31, 2019](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729184557/https://blog.privacytools.io/privacytools-io-joins-the-open-collective-foundation/). This had the added benefits of making our finances completely transparent, a value we strongly believe in, and tax-deductible in the United States, because they were being held by the Open Collective Foundation 501(c)3. This change was unanimously agreed upon by the team and went uncontested.
## Why We Moved On
In 2020, BurungHantu's absence grew much more noticeable. At one point, we required the domain's nameservers to be changed to nameservers controlled by our system administrator to avoid future disruption, and this change was not completed for over a month after the initial request. He would disappear from the public chat and private team chat rooms on Matrix for months at a time, occasionally popping in to give some small feedback or promise to be more active before disappearing once again.
In October 2020, the PrivacyTools system administrator (Jonah) [left](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729190742/https://blog.privacytools.io/blacklight447-taking-over/) the project because of these difficulties, handing control to another long-time contributor. Jonah had been operating nearly every PrivacyTools service and acting as the *de facto* project lead for website development in BurungHantu's absence, thus his departure was a significant change to the organization. At the time, because of these significant organizational changes, BurungHantu promised the remaining team he would return to take control of the project going forward. ==The PrivacyTools team reached out via several communication methods over the following months, but did not receive any response.==
## Domain Name Reliance
At the beginning of 2021, the PrivacyTools team grew worried about the future of the project, because the domain name was set to expire on 1st March 2021. The domain was ultimately renewed by BurungHantu with no comment.
The team’s concerns were not addressed, and we realized this would be a problem every year: If the domain expired it would have allowed it to be stolen by squatters or spammers, thus ruining the organization's reputation. We also would have had trouble reaching the community to inform them of what took place.
Without being in any contact with BurungHantu, we decided the best course of action would be to move to a new domain name while we still had guaranteed control over the old domain name, sometime before March 2022. This way, we would be able to cleanly redirect all PrivacyTools resources to the new site without any interruption in service. This decision was made many months in advance and communicated to the entire team in the hopes that BurungHantu would reach out and assure his continued support for the project, because with a recognizable brand name and large communities online, moving away from "PrivacyTools" was the least desirable possible outcome.
In mid-2021 the PrivacyTools team reached out to Jonah, who agreed to rejoin the team to help with the transition.
## Community Call to Action
At the end of July 2021, we [informed](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729184422/https://blog.privacytools.io/the-future-of-privacytools/) the PrivacyTools community of our intention to choose a new name and continue the project on a new domain, to be [chosen](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729190935/https://aragon.cloud/apps/forms/cMPxG9KyopapBbcw) on 2nd August 2022. In the end, "Privacy Guides" was selected, with the `privacyguides.org` domain already owned by Jonah for a side-project from 2020 that went undeveloped.
## Control of r/privacytoolsIO
Simultaneously with the ongoing website issues at privacytools.io, the r/privacytoolsIO moderation team was facing challenges with managing the subreddit. The subreddit had always been operated mostly independently of the website's development, but BurungHantu was the primary moderator of the subreddit as well, and he was the only moderator granted "Full Control" privileges. u/trai_dep was the only active moderator at the time, and [posted](https://www.reddit.com/r/redditrequest/comments/o9tllh/requesting_rprivacytoolsio_im_only_active_mod_top/) a request to Reddit's administrators on June 28, 2021, asking to be granted the primary moderator position and full control privileges, in order to make necessary changes to the Subreddit.
Reddit requires that subreddits have active moderators. If the primary moderator is inactive for a lengthy period of time (such as a year) the primary moderation position can be re-appointed to the next moderator in line. For this request to have been granted, BurungHantu had to have been completely absent from all Reddit activity for a long period of time, which was consistent with his behaviors on other platforms.
> If you were removed as moderator from a subreddit through Reddit request it is because your lack of response and lack of activity qualified the subreddit for an r/redditrequest transfer.
>
> r/redditrequest is Reddit's way of making sure communities have active moderators and is part of the [Moderator Code of Conduct](https://www.redditinc.com/policies/moderator-code-of-conduct).
## Beginning the Transition
On September 14th, 2021, we [announced](https://www.privacyguides.org/blog/2021/09/14/welcome-to-privacy-guides/) the beginning of our migration to this new domain:
> [...] we found it necessary to make this switch sooner rather than later to ensure people would find out about this transition as soon as possible. This gives us adequate time to transition the domain name, which is currently redirecting to www.privacyguides.org, and it hopefully gives everyone enough time to notice the change, update bookmarks and websites, etc.
This change [entailed:](https://www.reddit.com/r/PrivacyGuides/comments/pnhn4a/rprivacyguides_privacyguidesorg_what_you_need_to/)
- Redirecting www.privacytools.io to [www.privacyguides.org](https://www.privacyguides.org).
- Archiving the source code on GitHub to preserve our past work and issue tracker, which we continued to use for months of future development of this site.
- Publicera meddelanden på vår subreddit och i andra forum för att informera om den officiella ändringen.
- Formellt stänga tjänsterna på privacytools.io, som Matrix och Mastodon, och uppmana befintliga användare att flytta över så snart som möjligt.
Allt verkade gå smidigt och de flesta av våra aktiva medlemmar gick över till vårt nya projekt precis som vi hoppades.
## Följande händelser
Ungefär en vecka efter övergången återkom BurungHantu online för första gången på nästan ett år, men ingen i vårt team var villig att återvända till PrivacyTools på grund av hans historiska opålitlighet. Istället för att be om ursäkt för sin långa frånvaro gick han omedelbart till offensiv och såg övergången till Privacy Guides som ett angrepp mot honom och hans projekt. Därefter raderade han [](https://www.reddit.com/r/privacytoolsIO/comments/pp9yie/comment/hd49wbn) många av dessa inlägg när gemenskapen påpekade att han hade varit frånvarande och övergivit projektet.
BurungHantu hävdade att han ville fortsätta att arbeta med privacytools.io på egen hand och bad oss ta bort omdirigeringen från www.privacytools.io till [www.privacyguides.org](https://www.privacyguides.org). Vi gick med på det och bad honom att hålla subdomänerna för Matrix, Mastodon och PeerTube aktiva så att vi kan köra dem som en offentlig tjänst för vår gemenskap under åtminstone några månader, så att användare på dessa plattformar enkelt kan flytta över till andra konton. På grund av den federerade karaktären hos de tjänster vi tillhandahöll var de bundna till specifika domännamn, vilket gjorde det mycket svårt att migrera (och i vissa fall omöjligt).
Eftersom BurungHantu inte fick tillbaka kontrollen över underreddit r/privacytoolsIO när han begärde det (mer information nedan), stängdes dessa underdomäner tyvärr av från [](https://www.reddit.com/r/PrivacyGuides/comments/pymthv/comment/hexwrps/) i början av oktober, vilket innebar att alla användare som fortfarande använde dessa tjänster inte längre hade möjlighet att flytta.
BurungHantu gjorde därefter falska anklagelser om att Jonah skulle ha stulit donationer från projektet. BurungHantu hade över ett år på nacken sedan den påstådda händelsen inträffade, men han informerade aldrig någon om den förrän efter att Privacy Guides migration hade genomförts. BurungHantu har upprepade gånger ombetts av teamet [och gemenskapen](https://twitter.com/TommyTran732/status/1526153536962281474)att lämna bevis och att kommentera orsaken till sin tystnad, men han har inte gjort det.
BurungHantu gjorde också ett twitterinlägg på [](https://twitter.com/privacytoolsIO/status/1510560676967710728) där han påstod att en "advokat" hade kontaktat honom på Twitter och gav honom råd, i ett annat försök att tvinga oss att ge honom kontroll över vår subreddit, och som en del av hans smutskastningskampanj för att fördunkla vattnet kring lanseringen av Privacy Guides samtidigt som han låtsas vara ett offer.
## PrivacyTools.io nu
Sedan den 25 september 2022 ser vi hur BurungHantus övergripande planer förverkligas på privacytools.io, och det är just därför som vi beslutade att skapa den här förklarande sidan idag. Den webbplats som han driver verkar vara en starkt SEO-optimerad version av den webbplats som rekommenderar verktyg i utbyte mot ekonomisk ersättning. Nyligen togs IVPN och Mullvad, två VPN-leverantörer som nästan alla rekommenderar [](../vpn.md) av integritetsgruppen och som är kända för sin inställning till affiliateprogram, bort från PrivacyTools. I deras ställe? NordVPN, Surfshark, ExpressVPN och hide.me: Stora VPN-företag med opålitliga plattformar och affärsmetoder som är ökända för sin aggressiva marknadsföring och sina affiliateprogram.
==**PrivacyTools har blivit exakt den typ av webbplats som vi [varnade för](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729205249/https://blog.privacytools.io/the-trouble-with-vpn-and-privacy-reviews/) på bloggen PrivacyTools 2019.**== Vi har försökt att hålla oss på avstånd från PrivacyTools sedan övergången, men deras fortsatta trakasserier mot vårt projekt och nu deras absurda missbruk av den trovärdighet som deras varumärke har fått under 6 år av bidrag till öppen källkod är extremt oroande för oss. De av oss som faktiskt kämpar för integritet kämpar inte mot varandra och får inte råd från den högstbjudande.
## privacyTools. io nu
Efter lanseringen av [r/PrivacyGuides](https://www.reddit.com/r/privacyguides)blev det opraktiskt för u/trai_dep att fortsätta moderera båda underredaktionerna, och eftersom gemenskapen var med på övergången gjordes r/privacytoolsIO [till](https://www.reddit.com/r/privacytoolsIO/comments/qk7qrj/a_new_era_why_rptio_is_now_a_restricted_sub/) en begränsad underredaktion i ett inlägg den 1 november 2021:
> [...] The growth of this Sub was the result of great effort, across several years, by the PrivacyGuides.org team. And by every one of you.
>
> A Subreddit is a great deal of work to administer and moderate. Like a garden, it requires patient tending and daily care. It’s not a task for dilettantes or commitment-challenged people. It can’t thrive under a gardener who abandons it for several years, then shows up demanding this year’s harvest as their tribute. It’s unfair to the team formed years ago. It’s unfair to you. [...]
Subreddits do not belong to anybody, and they especially do not belong to brand-holders. They belong to their communities, and the community and its moderators made the decision to support the move to r/PrivacyGuides.
In the months since, BurungHantu has threatened and begged for returning subreddit control to his account in [violation](https://www.reddit.com/r/redditrequest/wiki/top_mod_removal/) of Reddit rules:
> Retaliation from any moderator with regards to removal requests is disallowed.
For a community with many thousands of remaining subscribers, we feel that it would be incredibly disrespectful to return control of that massive platform to the person who abandoned it for over a year, and who now operates a website that we feel provides very low-quality information. Preserving the years of past discussions in that community is more important to us, and thus u/trai_dep and the rest of the subreddit moderation team has made the decision to keep r/privacytoolsIO as-is.
## OpenCollective Now
Our fundraising platform, OpenCollective, is another source of contention. Our position is that OpenCollective was put in place by our team and managed by our team to fund services we currently operate and which PrivacyTools no longer does. We [reached out](https://opencollective.com/privacyguides/updates/transitioning-to-privacy-guides) to all of our donors regarding our move to Privacy Guides, and we were unanimously supported by our sponsors and community.
Thus, the funds in OpenCollective belong to Privacy Guides, they were given to our project, and not the owner of a well known domain name. In the announcement made to donors on September 17th, 2021, we offered refunds to any donor who disagrees with the stance we took, but nobody has taken us up on this offer:
> If any sponsors or backers disagree with or feel misled by these recent events and would like to request a refund given these highly unusual circumstances, please get in touch with our project admin by emailing jonah@triplebit.net.
## Further Reading
This topic has been discussed extensively within our communities in various locations, and it seems likely that most people reading this page will already be familiar with the events leading up to the move to Privacy Guides. Some of our previous posts on the matter may have extra detail we omitted here for brevity. They have been linked below for the sake of completion.
- [June 28, 2021 request for control of r/privacytoolsIO](https://www.reddit.com/r/redditrequest/comments/o9tllh/requesting_rprivacytoolsio_im_only_active_mod_top/)
- [July 27, 2021 announcement of our intentions to move on the PrivacyTools blog, written by the team](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729184422/https://blog.privacytools.io/the-future-of-privacytools/)
- [Sept 13, 2021 announcement of the beginning of our transition to Privacy Guides on r/privacytoolsIO](https://www.reddit.com/r/privacytoolsIO/comments/pnql46/rprivacyguides_privacyguidesorg_what_you_need_to/)
- [Sept 17, 2021 announcement on OpenCollective from Jonah](https://opencollective.com/privacyguides/updates/transitioning-to-privacy-guides)
- [Sept 30, 2021 Twitter thread detailing most of the events now described on this page](https://twitter.com/privacy_guides/status/1443633412800225280)
- [Oct 1, 2021 post by u/dng99 noting subdomain failure](https://www.reddit.com/r/PrivacyGuides/comments/pymthv/comment/hexwrps/)
- [Apr 2, 2022 response by u/dng99 to PrivacyTools' accusatory blog post](https://www.reddit.com/comments/tuo7mm/comment/i35kw5a/)
- [May 16, 2022 response by @TommyTran732 on Twitter](https://twitter.com/TommyTran732/status/1526153497984618496)
- [Sep 3, 2022 post on Techlore's forum by @dngray](https://discuss.techlore.tech/t/has-anyone-seen-this-video-wondering-your-thoughts/792/20)

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# Privacy Guides Services
We run a number of web services to test out features and promote cool decentralized, federated, and/or open-source projects. Many of these services are available to the public and are detailed below.
[:material-comment-alert: Report an issue](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/c/services/2 ""){.md-button.md-button--primary}
## Discourse
- Domain: [discuss.privacyguides.net](https://discuss.privacyguides.net)
- Availability: Public
- Source: [github.com/discourse/discourse](https://github.com/discourse/discourse)
## Gitea
- Domain: [code.privacyguides.dev](https://code.privacyguides.dev)
- Availability: Invite-Only
Access may be granted upon request to any team working on *Privacy Guides*-related development or content.
- Source: [snapcraft.io/gitea](https://snapcraft.io/gitea)
## Matrix
- Domain: [matrix.privacyguides.org](https://matrix.privacyguides.org)
- Availability: Invite-Only
Access may be granted upon request to Privacy Guides team members, Matrix moderators, third-party Matrix community administrators, Matrix bot operators, and other individuals in need of a reliable Matrix presence.
- Source: [github.com/spantaleev/matrix-docker-ansible-deploy](https://github.com/spantaleev/matrix-docker-ansible-deploy)
## SearXNG
- Domain: [search.privacyguides.net](https://search.privacyguides.net)
- Availability: Public
- Source: [github.com/searxng/searxng-docker](https://github.com/searxng/searxng-docker)
## Invidious
- Domain: [invidious.privacyguides.net](https://invidious.privacyguides.net)
- Availability: Semi-Public
We host Invidious primarily to serve embedded YouTube videos on our website, this instance is not intended for general-purpose use and may be limited at any time.
- Source: [github.com/iv-org/invidious](https://github.com/iv-org/invidious)

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---
title: Traffic Statistics
---
## Website Statistics
<iframe plausible-embed src="https://stats.privacyguides.net/share/privacyguides.org?auth=IxTl2wRhi3uxF09rd1NSn&embed=true&theme=system&background=transparent" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" style="width: 1px; min-width: 100%; height: 1600px;" id="plausibleFrame"></iframe>
<div style="font-size: 14px; padding-bottom: 14px;">Stats powered by <a target="_blank" style="color: #4F46E5; text-decoration: underline;" href="https://plausible.io">Plausible Analytics</a></div>
<script async src="https://stats.privacyguides.net/js/embed.host.js"></script>
<script>
/* Set palette on initial load */
var palette = __md_get("__palette")
if (palette && typeof palette.color === "object") {
var theme = palette.color.scheme === "slate" ? "dark" : "light"
document.getElementById('plausibleFrame').src = 'https://stats.privacyguides.net/share/privacyguides.org?auth=IxTl2wRhi3uxF09rd1NSn&embed=true&theme=' + theme + '&background=transparent';
}
/* Register event handlers after documented loaded */
document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() {
var ref = document.querySelector("[data-md-component=palette]")
ref.addEventListener("change", function() {
var palette = __md_get("__palette")
if (palette && typeof palette.color === "object") {
var theme = palette.color.scheme === "slate" ? "dark" : "light"
document.getElementById('plausibleFrame').src = 'https://stats.privacyguides.net/share/privacyguides.org?auth=IxTl2wRhi3uxF09rd1NSn&embed=true&theme=' + theme + '&background=transparent';
}
})
})
</script>
## Blog Statistics
<iframe plausible-embed src="https://stats.privacyguides.net/share/blog.privacyguides.org?auth=onWV76WWcsDifUqlaHEAg&embed=true&theme=system&background=transparent" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" style="width: 1px; min-width: 100%; height: 1600px;" id="blogFrame"></iframe>
<div style="font-size: 14px; padding-bottom: 14px;">Stats powered by <a target="_blank" style="color: #4F46E5; text-decoration: underline;" href="https://plausible.io">Plausible Analytics</a></div>
<script async src="https://stats.privacyguides.net/js/embed.host.js"></script>
<script>
/* Set palette on initial load */
var palette = __md_get("__palette")
if (palette && typeof palette.color === "object") {
var theme = palette.color.scheme === "slate" ? "dark" : "light"
document.getElementById('blogFrame').src = 'https://stats.privacyguides.net/share/blog.privacyguides.org?auth=onWV76WWcsDifUqlaHEAg&embed=true&theme=' + theme + '&background=transparent';
}
/* Register event handlers after documented loaded */
document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() {
var ref = document.querySelector("[data-md-component=palette]")
ref.addEventListener("change", function() {
var palette = __md_get("__palette")
if (palette && typeof palette.color === "object") {
var theme = palette.color.scheme === "slate" ? "dark" : "light"
document.getElementById('blogFrame').src = 'https://stats.privacyguides.net/share/blog.privacyguides.org?auth=onWV76WWcsDifUqlaHEAg&embed=true&theme=' + theme + '&background=transparent';
}
})
})
</script>

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---
title: "Types of Communication Networks"
icon: 'material/transit-connection-variant'
description: An overview of several network architectures commonly used by instant messaging applications.
---
There are several network architectures commonly used to relay messages between people. These networks can provide different privacy guarantees, which is why it's worth considering your [threat model](../basics/threat-modeling.md) when deciding which app to use.
[Recommended Instant Messengers](../real-time-communication.md ""){.md-button}
## Centralized Networks
![Centralized networks diagram](../assets/img/layout/network-centralized.svg){ align=left }
Centralized messengers are those where all participants are on the same server or network of servers controlled by the same organization.
Some self-hosted messengers allow you to set up your own server. Self-hosting can provide additional privacy guarantees, such as no usage logs or limited access to metadata (data about who is talking to whom). Self-hosted centralized messengers are isolated and everyone must be on the same server to communicate.
**Advantages:**
- New features and changes can be implemented more quickly.
- Easier to get started with and to find contacts.
- Most mature and stable features ecosystems, as they are easier to program in a centralized software.
- Privacy issues may be reduced when you trust a server that you're self-hosting.
**Disadvantages:**
- Can include [restricted control or access](https://drewdevault.com/2018/08/08/Signal.html). This can include things like:
- Being [forbidden from connecting third-party clients](https://github.com/LibreSignal/LibreSignal/issues/37#issuecomment-217211165) to the centralized network that might provide for greater customization or a better experience. Often defined in Terms and Conditions of usage.
- Poor or no documentation for third-party developers.
- The [ownership](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729191953/https://blog.privacytools.io/delisting-wire/), privacy policy, and operations of the service can change easily when a single entity controls it, potentially compromising the service later on.
- Self-hosting requires effort and knowledge of how to set up a service.
## Federated Networks
![Federated networks diagram](../assets/img/layout/network-decentralized.svg){ align=left }
Federated messengers use multiple, independent, decentralized servers that are able to talk to each other (email is one example of a federated service). Federation allows system administrators to control their own server and still be a part of the larger communications network.
When self-hosted, members of a federated server can discover and communicate with members of other servers, although some servers may choose to remain private by being non-federated (e.g., work team server).
**Advantages:**
- Allows for greater control over your own data when running your own server.
- Allows you to choose whom to trust your data with by choosing between multiple "public" servers.
- Often allows for third-party clients which can provide a more native, customized, or accessible experience.
- Server software can be verified that it matches public source code, assuming you have access to the server or you trust the person who does (e.g., a family member).
**Disadvantages:**
- Adding new features is more complex because these features need to be standardized and tested to ensure they work with all servers on the network.
- Due to the previous point, features can be lacking, or incomplete or working in unexpected ways compared to centralized platforms, such as message relay when offline or message deletion.
- Some metadata may be available (e.g., information like "who is talking to whom," but not actual message content if E2EE is used).
- Federated servers generally require trusting your server's administrator. They may be a hobbyist or otherwise not a "security professional," and may not serve standard documents like a privacy policy or terms of service detailing how your data is used.
- Server administrators sometimes choose to block other servers, which are a source of unmoderated abuse or break general rules of accepted behavior. This will hinder your ability to communicate with members of those servers.
## Peer-to-Peer Networks
![P2P diagram](../assets/img/layout/network-distributed.svg){ align=left }
P2P messengers connect to a [distributed network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_networking) of nodes to relay a message to the recipient without a third-party server.
Clients (peers) usually find each other through the use of a [distributed computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing) network. Examples of this include [Distributed Hash Tables](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_hash_table) (DHT), used by [torrents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocol)) and [IPFS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPlanetary_File_System) for example. Another approach is proximity based networks, where a connection is established over WiFi or Bluetooth (for example, Briar or the [Scuttlebutt](https://www.scuttlebutt.nz) social network protocol).
Once a peer has found a route to its contact via any of these methods, a direct connection between them is made. Although messages are usually encrypted, an observer can still deduce the location and identity of the sender and recipient.
P2P networks do not use servers, as peers communicate directly between each other and hence cannot be self-hosted. However, some additional services may rely on centralized servers, such as user discovery or relaying offline messages, which can benefit from self-hosting.
**Advantages:**
- Minimal information is exposed to third-parties.
- Modern P2P platforms implement E2EE by default. There are no servers that could potentially intercept and decrypt your transmissions, unlike centralized and federated models.
**Disadvantages:**
- Reduced feature set:
- Messages can only be sent when both peers are online, however, your client may store messages locally to wait for the contact to return online.
- Generally increases battery usage on mobile devices, because the client must stay connected to the distributed network to learn about who is online.
- Some common messenger features may not be implemented or incompletely, such as message deletion.
- Your IP address and that of the contacts you're communicating with may be exposed if you do not use the software in conjunction with a [VPN](../vpn.md) or [Tor](../tor.md). Many countries have some form of mass surveillance and/or metadata retention.
## Anonymous Routing
![Anonymous routing diagram](../assets/img/layout/network-anonymous-routing.svg){ align=left }
A messenger using [anonymous routing](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5906-5_628) hides either the identity of the sender, the receiver, or evidence that they have been communicating. Ideally, a messenger should hide all three.
There are [many](https://doi.org/10.1145/3182658) different ways to implement anonymous routing. One of the most famous is [onion routing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion_routing) (i.e. [Tor](tor-overview.md)), which communicates encrypted messages through a virtual [overlay network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlay_network) that hides the location of each node as well as the recipient and sender of each message. The sender and recipient never interact directly and only meet through a secret rendezvous node so that there is no leak of IP addresses nor physical location. Nodes cannot decrypt messages, nor the final destination; only the recipient can. Each intermediary node can only decrypt a part that indicates where to send the still encrypted message next, until it arrives at the recipient who can fully decrypt it, hence the "onion layers."
Self-hosting a node in an anonymous routing network does not provide the hoster with additional privacy benefits, but rather contributes to the whole network's resilience against identification attacks for everyone's benefit.
**Advantages:**
- Minimal to no information is exposed to other parties.
- Messages can be relayed in a decentralized manner even if one of the parties is offline.
**Disadvantages:**
- Slow message propagation.
- Often limited to fewer media types, mostly text, since the network is slow.
- Less reliable if nodes are selected by randomized routing, some nodes may be very far from the sender and receiver, adding latency or even failing to transmit messages if one of the nodes goes offline.
- More complex to get started, as the creation and secured backup of a cryptographic private key is required.
- Just like other decentralized platforms, adding features is more complex for developers than on a centralized platform. Hence, features may be lacking or incompletely implemented, such as offline message relaying or message deletion.

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---
title: "DNS Overview"
icon: material/dns
description: The Domain Name System is the "phonebook of the internet," helping your browser find the website it's looking for.
---
The [Domain Name System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System) is the 'phonebook of the Internet'. DNS translates domain names to IP addresses so browsers and other services can load Internet resources, through a decentralized network of servers.
## What is DNS?
When you visit a website, a numerical address is returned. For example, when you visit `privacyguides.org`, the address `192.98.54.105` is returned.
DNS has existed since the [early days](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System#History) of the Internet. DNS requests made to and from DNS servers are **not** generally encrypted. In a residential setting, a customer is given servers by the ISP via [DHCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol).
Unencrypted DNS requests are able to be easily **surveilled** and **modified** in transit. In some parts of the world, ISPs are ordered to do primitive [DNS filtering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_blocking). When you request the IP address of a domain that is blocked, the server may not respond or may respond with a different IP address. As the DNS protocol is not encrypted, the ISP (or any network operator) can use [DPI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_packet_inspection) to monitor requests. ISPs can also block requests based on common characteristics, regardless of which DNS server is used. Unencrypted DNS always uses [port](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_(computer_networking)) 53 and always uses UDP.
Below, we discuss and provide a tutorial to prove what an outside observer may see using regular unencrypted DNS and [encrypted DNS](#what-is-encrypted-dns).
### Unencrypted DNS
1. Using [`tshark`](https://www.wireshark.org/docs/man-pages/tshark.html) (part of the [Wireshark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireshark) project) we can monitor and record internet packet flow. This command records packets that meet the rules specified:
```bash
tshark -w /tmp/dns.pcap udp port 53 and host 1.1.1.1 or host 8.8.8.8
```
2. We can then use [`dig`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dig_(command)) (Linux, MacOS etc) or [`nslookup`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nslookup) (Windows) to send the DNS lookup to both servers. Software such as web browsers do these lookups automatically, unless they are configured to use encrypted DNS.
=== "Linux, macOS"
```
dig +noall +answer privacyguides.org @1.1.1.1
dig +noall +answer privacyguides.org @8.8.8.8
```
=== "Windows"
```
nslookup privacyguides.org 1.1.1.1
nslookup privacyguides.org 8.8.8.8
```
3. Next, we want to [analyse](https://www.wireshark.org/docs/wsug_html_chunked/ChapterIntroduction.html#ChIntroWhatIs) the results:
=== "Wireshark"
```
wireshark -r /tmp/dns.pcap
```
=== "tshark"
```
tshark -r /tmp/dns.pcap
```
If you run the Wireshark command above, the top pane shows the "[frames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_frame)", and the bottom pane shows all the data about the selected frame. Enterprise filtering and monitoring solutions (such as those purchased by governments) can do the process automatically, without human interaction, and can aggregate those frames to produce statistical data useful to the network observer.
| No. | Time | Source | Destination | Protocol | Length | Info |
| --- | -------- | --------- | ----------- | -------- | ------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT |
| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT |
| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT |
| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT |
An observer could modify any of these packets.
## What is "encrypted DNS"?
Encrypted DNS can refer to one of a number of protocols, the most common ones being:
### DNSCrypt
[**DNSCrypt**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNSCrypt) was one of the first methods of encrypting DNS queries. DNSCrypt operates on port 443 and works with both the TCP or UDP transport protocols. DNSCrypt has never been submitted to the [Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force) nor has it gone through the [Request for Comments (RFC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments) process, so it has not been used widely outside of a few [implementations](https://dnscrypt.info/implementations). As a result, it has been largely replaced by the more popular [DNS over HTTPS](#dns-over-https-doh).
### DNS over TLS (DoT)
[**DNS over TLS**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_over_TLS) is another method for encrypting DNS communication that is defined in [RFC 7858](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7858). Support was first implemented in Android 9, iOS 14, and on Linux in [systemd-resolved](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/resolved.conf.html#DNSOverTLS=) in version 237. Preference in the industry has been moving away from DoT to DoH in recent years, as DoT is a [complex protocol](https://dnscrypt.info/faq/) and has varying compliance to the RFC across the implementations that exist. DoT also operates on a dedicated port 853 which can be blocked easily by restrictive firewalls.
### DNS over HTTPS (DoH)
[**DNS over HTTPS**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_over_HTTPS) as defined in [RFC 8484](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8484) packages queries in the [HTTP/2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2) protocol and provides security with HTTPS. Support was first added in web browsers such as Firefox 60 and Chrome 83.
Native implementation of DoH showed up in iOS 14, macOS 11, Microsoft Windows, and Android 13 (however, it won't be enabled [by default](https://android-review.googlesource.com/c/platform/packages/modules/DnsResolver/+/1833144)). General Linux desktop support is waiting on the systemd [implementation](https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/8639) so [installing third-party software is still required](../dns.md#encrypted-dns-proxies).
## What can an outside party see?
In this example we will record what happens when we make a DoH request:
1. First, start `tshark`:
```bash
tshark -w /tmp/dns_doh.pcap -f "tcp port https and host 1.1.1.1"
```
2. Second, make a request with `curl`:
```bash
curl -vI --doh-url https://1.1.1.1/dns-query https://privacyguides.org
```
3. After making the request, we can stop the packet capture with <kbd>CTRL</kbd> + <kbd>C</kbd>.
4. Analyse the results in Wireshark:
```bash
wireshark -r /tmp/dns_doh.pcap
```
We can see the [connection establishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol#Connection_establishment) and [TLS handshake](https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ssl/what-happens-in-a-tls-handshake/) that occurs with any encrypted connection. When looking at the "application data" packets that follow, none of them contain the domain we requested or the IP address returned.
## Why **shouldn't** I use encrypted DNS?
In locations where there is internet filtering (or censorship), visiting forbidden resources may have its own consequences which you should consider in your [threat model](../basics/threat-modeling.md). We do **not** suggest the use of encrypted DNS for this purpose. Use [Tor](https://torproject.org) or a [VPN](../vpn.md) instead. If you're using a VPN, you should use your VPN's DNS servers. When using a VPN, you are already trusting them with all your network activity.
When we do a DNS lookup, it's generally because we want to access a resource. Below, we will discuss some of the methods that may disclose your browsing activities even when using encrypted DNS:
### IP Address
The simplest way to determine browsing activity might be to look at the IP addresses your devices are accessing. For example, if the observer knows that `privacyguides.org` is at `198.98.54.105`, and your device is requesting data from `198.98.54.105`, there is a good chance you're visiting Privacy Guides.
This method is only useful when the IP address belongs to a server that only hosts few websites. It's also not very useful if the site is hosted on a shared platform (e.g. Github Pages, Cloudflare Pages, Netlify, WordPress, Blogger, etc). It also isn't very useful if the server is hosted behind a [reverse proxy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_proxy), which is very common on the modern Internet.
### Server Name Indication (SNI)
Server Name Indication is typically used when a IP address hosts many websites. This could be a service like Cloudflare, or some other [Denial-of-service attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack) protection.
1. Start capturing again with `tshark`. We've added a filter with our IP address so you don't capture many packets:
```bash
tshark -w /tmp/pg.pcap port 443 and host 198.98.54.105
```
2. Then we visit [https://privacyguides.org](https://privacyguides.org).
3. After visiting the website, we want to stop the packet capture with <kbd>CTRL</kbd> + <kbd>C</kbd>.
4. Next we want to analyze the results:
```bash
wireshark -r /tmp/pg.pcap
```
We will see the connection establishment, followed by the TLS handshake for the Privacy Guides website. Around frame 5. you'll see a "Client Hello".
5. Expand the triangle &#9656; next to each field:
```text
▸ Transport Layer Security
▸ TLSv1.3 Record Layer: Handshake Protocol: Client Hello
▸ Handshake Protocol: Client Hello
▸ Extension: server_name (len=22)
▸ Server Name Indication extension
```
6. We can see the SNI value which discloses the website we are visiting. The `tshark` command can give you the value directly for all packets containing a SNI value:
```bash
tshark -r /tmp/pg.pcap -Tfields -Y tls.handshake.extensions_server_name -e tls.handshake.extensions_server_name
```
This means even if we are using "Encrypted DNS" servers, the domain will likely be disclosed through SNI. The [TLS v1.3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security#TLS_1.3) protocol brings with it [Encrypted Client Hello](https://blog.cloudflare.com/encrypted-client-hello/), which prevents this kind of leak.
Governments, in particular [China](https://www.zdnet.com/article/china-is-now-blocking-all-encrypted-https-traffic-using-tls-1-3-and-esni/) and [Russia](https://www.zdnet.com/article/russia-wants-to-ban-the-use-of-secure-protocols-such-as-tls-1-3-doh-dot-esni/), have either already [started blocking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication#Encrypted_Client_Hello) it or expressed a desire to do so. Recently, Russia has [started blocking foreign websites](https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/108) that use the [HTTP/3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/3) standard. This is because the [QUIC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIC) protocol that is a part of HTTP/3 requires that `ClientHello` also be encrypted.
### Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP)
Another way your browser can disclose your browsing activities is with the [Online Certificate Status Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Certificate_Status_Protocol). When visiting an HTTPS website, the browser might check to see if the website's [certificate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_certificate) has been revoked. This is generally done through the HTTP protocol, meaning it is **not** encrypted.
The OCSP request contains the certificate "[serial number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_certificate#Common_fields)", which is unique. It is sent to the "OCSP responder" in order to check its status.
We can simulate what a browser would do using the [`openssl`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSSL) command.
1. Get the server certificate and use [`sed`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed) to keep just the important part and write it out to a file:
```bash
openssl s_client -connect privacyguides.org:443 < /dev/null 2>&1 |
sed -n '/^-*BEGIN/,/^-*END/p' > /tmp/pg_server.cert
```
2. Get the intermediate certificate. [Certificate Authorities (CA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_authority) normally don't sign a certificate directly; they use what is known as an "intermediate" certificate.
```bash
openssl s_client -showcerts -connect privacyguides.org:443 < /dev/null 2>&1 |
sed -n '/^-*BEGIN/,/^-*END/p' > /tmp/pg_and_intermediate.cert
```
3. The first certificate in `pg_and_intermediate.cert` is actually the server certificate from step 1. We can use `sed` again to delete until the first instance of END:
```bash
sed -n '/^-*END CERTIFICATE-*$/!d;:a n;p;ba' \
/tmp/pg_and_intermediate.cert > /tmp/intermediate_chain.cert
```
4. Get the OCSP responder for the server certificate:
```bash
openssl x509 -noout -ocsp_uri -in /tmp/pg_server.cert
```
Our certificate shows the Lets Encrypt certificate responder. If we want to see all the details of the certificate we can use:
```bash
openssl x509 -text -noout -in /tmp/pg_server.cert
```
5. Start the packet capture:
```bash
tshark -w /tmp/pg_ocsp.pcap -f "tcp port http"
```
6. Make the OCSP request:
```bash
openssl ocsp -issuer /tmp/intermediate_chain.cert \
-cert /tmp/pg_server.cert \
-text \
-url http://r3.o.lencr.org
```
7. Open the capture:
```bash
wireshark -r /tmp/pg_ocsp.pcap
```
There will be two packets with the "OCSP" protocol: a "Request" and a "Response". For the "Request" we can see the "serial number" by expanding the triangle &#9656; next to each field:
```bash
▸ Online Certificate Status Protocol
▸ tbsRequest
▸ requestList: 1 item
▸ Request
▸ reqCert
serialNumber
```
For the "Response" we can also see the "serial number":
```bash
▸ Online Certificate Status Protocol
▸ responseBytes
▸ BasicOCSPResponse
▸ tbsResponseData
▸ responses: 1 item
▸ SingleResponse
▸ certID
serialNumber
```
8. Or use `tshark` to filter the packets for the Serial Number:
```bash
tshark -r /tmp/pg_ocsp.pcap -Tfields -Y ocsp.serialNumber -e ocsp.serialNumber
```
If the network observer has the public certificate, which is publicly available, they can match the serial number with that certificate and therefore determine the site you're visiting from that. The process can be automated and can associate IP addresses with serial numbers. It is also possible to check [Certificate Transparency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_Transparency) logs for the serial number.
## Should I use encrypted DNS?
We made this flow chart to describe when you *should* use encrypted DNS:
``` mermaid
graph TB
Start[Start] --> anonymous{Trying to be<br> anonymous?}
anonymous--> | Yes | tor(Use Tor)
anonymous --> | No | censorship{Avoiding<br> censorship?}
censorship --> | Yes | vpnOrTor(Use<br> VPN or Tor)
censorship --> | No | privacy{Want privacy<br> from ISP?}
privacy --> | Yes | vpnOrTor
privacy --> | No | obnoxious{ISP makes<br> obnoxious<br> redirects?}
obnoxious --> | Yes | encryptedDNS(Use<br> encrypted DNS<br> with 3rd party)
obnoxious --> | No | ispDNS{Does ISP support<br> encrypted DNS?}
ispDNS --> | Yes | useISP(Use<br> encrypted DNS<br> with ISP)
ispDNS --> | No | nothing(Do nothing)
```
Encrypted DNS with a third-party should only be used to get around redirects and basic [DNS blocking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_blocking) when you can be sure there won't be any consequences or you're interested in a provider that does some rudimentary filtering.
[List of recommended DNS servers](../dns.md ""){.md-button}
## What is DNSSEC?
[Domain Name System Security Extensions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions) (DNSSEC) is a feature of DNS that authenticates responses to domain name lookups. It does not provide privacy protections for those lookups, but rather prevents attackers from manipulating or poisoning the responses to DNS requests.
In other words, DNSSEC digitally signs data to help ensure its validity. In order to ensure a secure lookup, the signing occurs at every level in the DNS lookup process. As a result, all answers from DNS can be trusted.
The DNSSEC signing process is similar to someone signing a legal document with a pen; that person signs with a unique signature that no one else can create, and a court expert can look at that signature and verify that the document was signed by that person. These digital signatures ensure that data has not been tampered with.
DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS. For example, in the case of a `privacyguides.org` lookup, a root DNS server would sign a key for the `.org` nameserver, and the `.org` nameserver would then sign a key for `privacyguides.org`’s authoritative nameserver.
<small>Adapted from [DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) overview](https://cloud.google.com/dns/docs/dnssec) by Google and [DNSSEC: An Introduction](https://blog.cloudflare.com/dnssec-an-introduction/) by Cloudflare, both licensed under [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).</small>
## What is QNAME minimization?
A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `privacyguides.org`. QNAME minimisation reduces the amount of information sent from the DNS server to the [authoritative name server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server).
Instead of sending the whole domain `privacyguides.org`, QNAME minimization means the DNS server will ask for all the records that end in `.org`. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816).
## What is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)?
The [EDNS Client Subnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDNS_Client_Subnet) is a method for a recursive DNS resolver to specify a [subnetwork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnetwork) for the [host or client](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(computing)) which is making the DNS query.
It's intended to "speed up" delivery of data by giving the client an answer that belongs to a server that is close to them such as a [content delivery network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network), which are often used in video streaming and serving JavaScript web apps.
This feature does come at a privacy cost, as it tells the DNS server some information about the client's location.

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---
title: Private Payments
icon: material/hand-coin
---
There's a reason data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately.
## Cash
For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangable.
Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Lower limits without ID such as $3,000 or less exist for exchanges and money transmission. Cash also contains serial numbers. These are almost never tracked by merchants, but they can be used by law enforcement in targeted investigations.
Despite this, it’s typically the best option.
## Prepaid Cards & Gift Cards
It’s relatively simple to purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout to reduce fraud.
Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (eg: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card.
Gift cards have the downside of being subject to merchant policies, which can have terrible terms and restrictions. For example, some merchants don’t accept payment in gift cards exclusively, or they may cancel the value of the card if they consider you to be a high-risk user. Once you have merchant credit, the merchant has a strong degree of control over this credit.
Prepaid cards don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps.
Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards can be useful for the savings they bring. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash.
### Online Marketplaces
If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered).
When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy, more on this below. Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero.
- [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces)
## Virtual Cards
Another way to protect your information from merchants online is to use virtual, single-use cards which mask your actual banking or billing information. This is primarily useful for protecting you from merchant data breaches, less sophisticated tracking or purchase correlation by marketing agencies, and online data theft. They do **not** assist you in making a purchase completely anonymously, nor do they hide any information from the banking institution themselves. Regular financial institutions which offer virtual cards are subject to "Know Your Customer" (KYC) laws, meaning they may require your ID or other identifying information.
- [Recommended Payment Masking Services :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#payment-masking-services)
These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while prepaid gift cards are preferred for one-time transactions.
## Cryptocurrency
Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.
!!! fara
The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity.
Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust.
### Privacy Coins
There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy by making transactions anonymous. We recommend using one which provides transaction anonymity **by default** to avoid operational errors.
- [Recommended Cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#coins)
Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://www.forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance.
### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.)
The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons.
Anonymous transactions on a public blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, doing so requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical for nearly any enthusiast for many years.
==Your best option is to avoid these cryptocurrencies entirely and stick with one which provides privacy by default.== Attempting to use other cryptocurrency is outside the scope of this site and strongly discouraged.
### Wallet Custody
With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies.
### Acquisition
Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces like [LocalMonero](https://localmonero.co/), a platform which facilitates trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com/), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward.
If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall.
## Additional Considerations
When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself.
When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address.

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---
title: "Tor Översikt"
icon: 'simple/torproject'
description: Tor är ett decentraliserat nätverk som är gratis att använda och som är utformat för att använda internet med så mycket integritet som möjligt.
---
Tor är ett decentraliserat nätverk som är gratis att använda och som är utformat för att använda internet med så mycket integritet som möjligt. Om nätverket används på rätt sätt möjliggör det privat och anonym surfning och kommunikation.
## Path Building to Clearnet Services
"Clearnet services" are websites which you can access with any browser, like [privacyguides.org](https://www.privacyguides.org). Tor lets you connect to these websites anonymously by routing your traffic through a network comprised of thousands of volunteer-run servers called nodes (or relays).
Every time you [connect to Tor](../tor.md), it will choose three nodes to build a path to the internet—this path is called a "circuit."
<figure markdown>
![Tor path showing your device connecting to an entry node, middle node, and exit node before reaching the destination website](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path.svg#only-light)
![Tor path showing your device connecting to an entry node, middle node, and exit node before reaching the destination website](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-dark.svg#only-dark)
<figcaption>Tor circuit pathway</figcaption>
</figure>
Var och en av dessa noder har sin egen funktion:
### Entrénod
Ingångsnoden, ofta kallad guard-noden, är den första noden som din Tor-klient ansluter till. Ingångsnoden kan se din IP-adress, men den kan inte se vad du ansluter till.
Till skillnad från andra noder väljer Tor-klienten slumpmässigt en ingångsnod och håller sig till den i två till tre månader för att skydda dig mot vissa attacker.[^1]
### Den mellersta noden
Den mellersta noden är den andra noden som din Tor-klient ansluter till. Den kan se vilken nod trafiken kom från - ingångsnoden - och vilken nod den går vidare till härnäst. Mellannoden kan inte se din IP-adress eller den domän du ansluter till.
För varje ny krets väljs mittnoden slumpmässigt ut av alla tillgängliga Tor-noder.
### Entrénod
The exit node is the point in which your web traffic leaves the Tor network and is forwarded to your desired destination. The exit node is unable to see your IP address, but it does know what site it's connecting to.
The exit node will be chosen at random from all available Tor nodes ran with an exit relay flag.[^2]
## Path Building to Onion Services
"Onion Services" (also commonly referred to as "hidden services") are websites which can only be accessed by the Tor browser. These websites have a long randomly generated domain name ending with `.onion`.
Connecting to an Onion Service in Tor works very similarly to connecting to a clearnet service, but your traffic is routed through a total of **six** nodes before reaching the destination server. Just like before however, only three of these nodes are contributing to *your* anonymity, the other three nodes protect *the Onion Service's* anonymity, hiding the website's true IP and location in the same manner that Tor Browser is hiding yours.
<figure style="width:100%" markdown>
![Tor path showing your traffic being routed through your three Tor nodes plus three additional Tor nodes which hide the website's identity](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-hidden-service.svg#only-light)
![Tor path showing your traffic being routed through your three Tor nodes plus three additional Tor nodes which hide the website's identity](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-hidden-service-dark.svg#only-dark)
<figcaption>Tor circuit pathway with Onion Services. Nodes in the <span class="pg-blue">blue</span> fence belong to your browser, while nodes in the <span class="pg-red">red</span> fence belong to the server, so their identity is hidden from you.</figcaption>
</figure>
## Encryption
Tor encrypts each packet (a block of transmitted data) three times with the keys from the exit, middle, and entry node—in that order.
Once Tor has built a circuit, data transmission is done as follows:
1. Firstly: when the packet arrives at the entry node, the first layer of encryption is removed. In this encrypted packet, the entry node will find another encrypted packet with the middle node’s address. The entry node will then forward the packet to the middle node.
2. Secondly: when the middle node receives the packet from the entry node, it too will remove a layer of encryption with its key, and this time finds an encrypted packet with the exit node's address. The middle node will then forward the packet to the exit node.
3. Lastly: when the exit node receives its packet, it will remove the last layer of encryption with its key. The exit node will see the destination address and forward the packet to that address.
Below is an alternative diagram showing the process. Each node removes its own layer of encryption, and when the destination server returns data, the same process happens entirely in reverse. For example, the exit node does not know who you are, but it does know which node it came from, and so it adds its own layer of encryption and sends it back.
<figure markdown>
![Tor encryption](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-encryption.svg#only-light)
![Tor encryption](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-encryption-dark.svg#only-dark)
<figcaption>Sending and receiving data through the Tor Network</figcaption>
</figure>
Tor allows us to connect to a server without any single party knowing the entire path. The entry node knows who you are, but not where you are going; the middle node doesn’t know who you are or where you are going; and the exit node knows where you are going, but not who you are. Because the exit node is what makes the final connection, the destination server will never know your IP address.
## Caveats
Though Tor does provide strong privacy guarantees, one must be aware that Tor is not perfect:
- Välfinansierade motståndare som har möjlighet att passivt övervaka den mesta nätverkstrafiken över hela världen har en chans att avanonymisera Tor-användare med hjälp av avancerad trafikanalys. Tor skyddar dig inte heller från att avslöja dig själv av misstag, till exempel om du delar för mycket information om din verkliga identitet.
- Tor-utgångsnoderna kan också övervaka trafiken som passerar genom dem. Detta innebär att trafik som inte är krypterad, såsom vanlig HTTP-trafik, kan registreras och övervakas. Om sådan trafik innehåller personligt identifierbar information kan den avanonymisera dig till den utgångsnoden. Därför rekommenderar vi att du använder https över Tor där det är möjligt.
Om du vill använda Tor för att surfa på webben rekommenderar vi endast den officiella **** Tor Browser - den är utformad för att förhindra fingeravtryck.
- [Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../tor.md#tor-browser)
## Ytterligare resurser
- [Användarhandbok för Tor Browser](https://tb-manual.torproject.org)
- [Hur Tor fungerar - Computerphile](https://invidious.privacyguides.net/embed/QRYzre4bf7I?local=true) <small>(YouTube)</small>
- [Tor Lök Tjänster - Datorfil](https://invidious.privacyguides.net/embed/lVcbq_a5N9I?local=true) <small>(YouTube)</small>
[^1]: Det första reläet i din krets kallas "entry guard" eller "guard". Det är ett snabbt och stabilt relä som förblir det första i din krets i 2-3 månader för att skydda mot en känd attack som bryter anonymiteten. Resten av din krets ändras med varje ny webbplats du besöker, och alla dessa reläer ger Tor: s fullständiga integritetsskydd. För mer information om hur skyddsreläer fungerar, se detta [blogginlägg](https://blog.torproject.org/improving-tors-anonymity-changing-guard-parameters) och [papper](https://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~hoppernj/single_guard.pdf) på ingångsvakter. ([https://support.torproject.org/tbb/tbb-2/](https://support.torproject.org/tbb/tbb-2/))
[^2]: Reläflagga: en särskild (diskvalificering) av reläer för kretslägen (t.ex. "Guard", "Exit", "BadExit"), kretsegenskaper (t.ex. "Fast", "Stable") eller roller (t.ex. "Authority", "HSDir") som tilldelats av katalogmyndigheterna och som definieras ytterligare i specifikationen för katalogprotokollet. ([https://metrics.torproject.org/glossary.html](https://metrics.torproject.org/glossary.html))

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---
title: "Android"
icon: 'simple/android'
description: You can replace the operating system on your Android phone with these secure and privacy-respecting alternatives.
schema:
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
name: Private Android Operating Systems
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": CreativeWork
name: Android
image: /assets/img/android/android.svg
url: https://source.android.com/
sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": CreativeWork
name: GrapheneOS
image: /assets/img/android/grapheneos.svg
url: https://grapheneos.org/
sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GrapheneOS
subjectOf:
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": CreativeWork
name: Divest
image: /assets/img/android/divestos.svg
url: https://divestos.org/
sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DivestOS
subjectOf:
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": Product
name: Pixel
brand:
"@type": Brand
name: Google
image: /assets/img/android/google-pixel.png
sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pixel
review:
"@type": Review
author:
"@type": Organization
name: Privacy Guides
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": MobileApplication
name: Shelter
applicationCategory: Utilities
operatingSystem: Android
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": MobileApplication
name: Auditor
applicationCategory: Utilities
operatingSystem: Android
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": MobileApplication
name: Secure Camera
applicationCategory: Utilities
operatingSystem: Android
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": MobileApplication
name: Secure PDF Viewer
applicationCategory: Utilities
operatingSystem: Android
---
![Android logo](assets/img/android/android.svg){ align=right }
The **Android Open Source Project** is an open-source mobile operating system led by Google which powers the majority of the world's mobile devices. Most phones sold with Android are modified to include invasive integrations and apps such as Google Play Services, so you can significantly improve your privacy on your mobile device by replacing your phone's default installation with a version of Android without these invasive features.
[:octicons-home-16:](https://source.android.com/){ .card-link title=Homepage }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://source.android.com/docs){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
These are the Android operating systems, devices, and apps we recommend to maximize your mobile device's security and privacy. To learn more about Android:
[General Android Overview :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](os/android-overview.md ""){.md-button}
[Why we recommend GrapheneOS over CalyxOS :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/04/21/grapheneos-or-calyxos/ ""){.md-button}
## AOSP Derivatives
We recommend installing one of these custom Android operating systems on your device, listed in order of preference, depending on your device's compatibility with these operating systems.
!!! anmärkning
End-of-life devices (such as GrapheneOS or CalyxOS's "extended support" devices) do not have full security patches (firmware updates) due to the OEM discontinuing support. These devices cannot be considered completely secure regardless of installed software.
### GrapheneOS
!!! recommendation
![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/grapheneos.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/grapheneos-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**GrapheneOS** is the best choice when it comes to privacy and security.
GrapheneOS provides additional [security hardening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardening_(computing)) and privacy improvements. It has a [hardened memory allocator](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/hardened_malloc), network and sensor permissions, and various other [security features](https://grapheneos.org/features). GrapheneOS also comes with full firmware updates and signed builds, so verified boot is fully supported.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://grapheneos.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://grapheneos.org/faq#privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://grapheneos.org/faq){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://grapheneos.org/source){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://grapheneos.org/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
GrapheneOS supports [Sandboxed Google Play](https://grapheneos.org/usage#sandboxed-google-play), which runs [Google Play Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Services) fully sandboxed like any other regular app. This means you can take advantage of most Google Play Services, such as [push notifications](https://firebase.google.com/docs/cloud-messaging/), while giving you full control over their permissions and access, and while containing them to a specific [work profile](os/android-overview.md#work-profile) or [user profile](os/android-overview.md#user-profiles) of your choice.
Google Pixel phones are the only devices that currently meet GrapheneOS's [hardware security requirements](https://grapheneos.org/faq#device-support).
### DivestOS
!!! recommendation
![DivestOS logo](assets/img/android/divestos.svg){ align=right }
**DivestOS** is a soft-fork of [LineageOS](https://lineageos.org/).
DivestOS inherits many [supported devices](https://divestos.org/index.php?page=devices&base=LineageOS) from LineageOS. It has signed builds, making it possible to have [verified boot](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot) on some non-Pixel devices.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://divestos.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](http://divestoseb5nncsydt7zzf5hrfg44md4bxqjs5ifcv4t7gt7u6ohjyyd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://divestos.org/index.php?page=privacy_policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://divestos.org/index.php?page=faq){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/divested-mobile){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://divested.dev/index.php?page=donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
DivestOS has automated kernel vulnerability ([CVE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures)) [patching](https://gitlab.com/divested-mobile/cve_checker), fewer proprietary blobs, and a custom [hosts](https://divested.dev/index.php?page=dnsbl) file. Its hardened WebView, [Mulch](https://gitlab.com/divested-mobile/mulch), enables [CFI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control-flow_integrity) for all architectures and [network state partitioning](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Privacy/State_Partitioning), and receives out-of-band updates. DivestOS also includes kernel patches from GrapheneOS and enables all available kernel security features via [defconfig hardening](https://github.com/Divested-Mobile/DivestOS-Build/blob/master/Scripts/Common/Functions.sh#L758). All kernels newer than version 3.4 include full page [sanitization](https://lwn.net/Articles/334747/) and all ~22 Clang-compiled kernels have [`-ftrivial-auto-var-init=zero`](https://reviews.llvm.org/D54604?id=174471) enabled.
DivestOS implements some system hardening patches originally developed for GrapheneOS. DivestOS 16.0 and higher implements GrapheneOS's [`INTERNET`](https://developer.android.com/training/basics/network-ops/connecting) and SENSORS permission toggle, [hardened memory allocator](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/hardened_malloc), [exec-spawning](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/04/21/grapheneos-or-calyxos/#additional-hardening), [JNI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface) [constification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Const_(computer_programming)), and partial [bionic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic_(software)) hardening patchsets. 17.1 and higher features GrapheneOS's per-network full [MAC randomization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address#Randomization) option, [`ptrace_scope`](https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/LSM/Yama.html) control, and automatic reboot/Wi-Fi/Bluetooth [timeout options](https://grapheneos.org/features).
DivestOS uses F-Droid as its default app store. Normally, we would recommend avoiding F-Droid due to its numerous [security issues](#f-droid). However, doing so on DivestOS isn't viable; the developers update their apps via their own F-Droid repositories ([DivestOS Official](https://divestos.org/fdroid/official/?fingerprint=E4BE8D6ABFA4D9D4FEEF03CDDA7FF62A73FD64B75566F6DD4E5E577550BE8467) and [DivestOS WebView](https://divestos.org/fdroid/webview/?fingerprint=FB426DA1750A53D7724C8A582B4D34174E64A84B38940E5D5A802E1DFF9A40D2)). We recommend disabling the official F-Droid app and using [Neo Store](https://github.com/NeoApplications/Neo-Store/) with the DivestOS repositories enabled to keep those components up to date. For other apps, our recommended methods of obtaining them still apply.
!!! varning
DivestOS firmware update [status](https://gitlab.com/divested-mobile/firmware-empty/-/blob/master/STATUS) and quality control varies across the devices it supports. We still recommend GrapheneOS depending on your device's compatibility. For other devices, DivestOS is a good alternative.
Not all of the supported devices have verified boot, and some perform it better than others.
## Android Devices
When purchasing a device, we recommend getting one as new as possible. The software and firmware of mobile devices are only supported for a limited time, so buying new extends that lifespan as much as possible.
Avoid buying phones from mobile network operators. These often have a **locked bootloader** and do not support [OEM unlocking](https://source.android.com/devices/bootloader/locking_unlocking). These phone variants will prevent you from installing any kind of alternative Android distribution.
Be very **careful** about buying second hand phones from online marketplaces. Always check the reputation of the seller. If the device is stolen, there's a possibility of [IMEI blacklisting](https://www.gsma.com/security/resources/imei-blacklisting/). There is also a risk involved with you being associated with the activity of the previous owner.
A few more tips regarding Android devices and operating system compatibility:
- Do not buy devices that have reached or are near their end-of-life, additional firmware updates must be provided by the manufacturer.
- Do not buy preloaded LineageOS or /e/ OS phones or any Android phones without proper [Verified Boot](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot) support and firmware updates. These devices also have no way for you to check whether they've been tampered with.
- In short, if a device or Android distribution is not listed here, there is probably a good reason. Check out our [forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/) to find details!
### Google Pixel
Google Pixel phones are the **only** devices we recommend for purchase. Pixel phones have stronger hardware security than any other Android devices currently on the market, due to proper AVB support for third-party operating systems and Google's custom [Titan](https://security.googleblog.com/2021/10/pixel-6-setting-new-standard-for-mobile.html) security chips acting as the Secure Element.
!!! recommendation
![Google Pixel 6](assets/img/android/google-pixel.png){ align=right }
**Google Pixel** devices are known to have good security and properly support [Verified Boot](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot), even when installing custom operating systems.
Beginning with the **Pixel 6** and **6 Pro**, Pixel devices receive a minimum of 5 years of guaranteed security updates, ensuring a much longer lifespan compared to the 2-4 years competing OEMs typically offer.
[:material-shopping: Store](https://store.google.com/category/phones){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
Secure Elements like the Titan M2 are more limited than the processor's Trusted Execution Environment used by most other phones as they are only used for secrets storage, hardware attestation, and rate limiting, not for running "trusted" programs. Phones without a Secure Element have to use the TEE for *all* of those functions, resulting in a larger attack surface.
Google Pixel phones use a TEE OS called Trusty which is [open-source](https://source.android.com/security/trusty#whyTrusty), unlike many other phones.
The installation of GrapheneOS on a Pixel phone is easy with their [web installer](https://grapheneos.org/install/web). If you don't feel comfortable doing it yourself and are willing to spend a bit of extra money, check out the [NitroPhone](https://shop.nitrokey.com/shop) as they come preloaded with GrapheneOS from the reputable [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com/about) company.
A few more tips for purchasing a Google Pixel:
- If you're after a bargain on a Pixel device, we suggest buying an "**a**" model, just after the next flagship is released. Discounts are usually available because Google will be trying to clear their stock.
- Consider price beating options and specials offered at physical stores.
- Look at online community bargain sites in your country. These can alert you to good sales.
- Google provides a list showing the [support cycle](https://support.google.com/nexus/answer/4457705) for each one of their devices. The price per day for a device can be calculated as: $\text{Cost} \over \text {EOL Date}-\text{Current Date}$, meaning that the longer use of the device the lower cost per day.
## General Apps
We recommend a wide variety of Android apps throughout this site. The apps listed here are Android-exclusive and specifically enhance or replace key system functionality.
### Shelter
!!! recommendation
![Shelter logo](assets/img/android/shelter.svg){ align=right }
**Shelter** is an app that helps you leverage Android's Work Profile functionality to isolate or duplicate apps on your device.
Shelter supports blocking contact search cross profiles and sharing files across profiles via the default file manager ([DocumentsUI](https://source.android.com/devices/architecture/modular-system/documentsui)).
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://gitea.angry.im/PeterCxy/Shelter#shelter){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitea.angry.im/PeterCxy/Shelter){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.patreon.com/PeterCxy){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.typeblog.shelter)
!!! varning
Shelter is recommended over [Insular](https://secure-system.gitlab.io/Insular/) and [Island](https://github.com/oasisfeng/island) as it supports [contact search blocking](https://secure-system.gitlab.io/Insular/faq.html).
When using Shelter, you are placing complete trust in its developer, as Shelter acts as a [Device Admin](https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/admin/device-admin) to create the Work Profile, and it has extensive access to the data stored within the Work Profile.
### Auditor
!!! recommendation
![Auditor logo](assets/img/android/auditor.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Auditor logo](assets/img/android/auditor-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Auditor** is an app which leverages hardware security features to provide device integrity monitoring for [supported devices](https://attestation.app/about#device-support). Currently, it only works with GrapheneOS and the device's stock operating system.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://attestation.app){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://attestation.app/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://attestation.app/about){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://attestation.app/source){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://attestation.app/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=app.attestation.auditor.play)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Auditor/releases)
- [:material-cube-outline: GrapheneOS App Store](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Apps/releases)
Auditor performs attestation and intrusion detection by:
- Using a [Trust On First Use (TOFU)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_on_first_use) model between an *auditor* and *auditee*, the pair establish a private key in the [hardware-backed keystore](https://source.android.com/security/keystore/) of the *Auditor*.
- The *auditor* can either be another instance of the Auditor app or the [Remote Attestation Service](https://attestation.app).
- The *auditor* records the current state and configuration of the *auditee*.
- Should tampering with the operating system of the *auditee* happen after the pairing is complete, the auditor will be aware of the change in the device state and configurations.
- You will be alerted to the change.
No personally identifiable information is submitted to the attestation service. We recommend that you sign up with an anonymous account and enable remote attestation for continuous monitoring.
If your [threat model](basics/threat-modeling.md) requires privacy, you could consider using [Orbot](tor.md#orbot) or a VPN to hide your IP address from the attestation service. To make sure that your hardware and operating system is genuine, [perform local attestation](https://grapheneos.org/install/web#verifying-installation) immediately after the device has been installed and prior to any internet connection.
### Secure Camera
!!! recommendation
![Secure camera logo](assets/img/android/secure_camera.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Secure camera logo](assets/img/android/secure_camera-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Secure Camera** is a camera app focused on privacy and security which can capture images, videos and QR codes. CameraX vendor extensions (Portrait, HDR, Night Sight, Face Retouch, and Auto) are also supported on available devices.
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://grapheneos.org/usage#camera){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://grapheneos.org/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=app.grapheneos.camera.play)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera/releases)
- [:material-cube-outline: GrapheneOS App Store](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Apps/releases)
Main privacy features include:
- Auto removal of [Exif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif) metadata (enabled by default)
- Use of the new [Media](https://developer.android.com/training/data-storage/shared/media) API, therefore [storage permissions](https://developer.android.com/training/data-storage) are not required
- Microphone permission not required unless you want to record sound
!!! anmärkning
Metadata is not currently deleted from video files but that is planned.
The image orientation metadata is not deleted. If you enable location (in Secure Camera) that **won't** be deleted either. If you want to delete that later you will need to use an external app such as [ExifEraser](data-redaction.md#exiferaser).
### Secure PDF Viewer
!!! recommendation
![Secure PDF Viewer logo](assets/img/android/secure_pdf_viewer.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Secure PDF Viewer logo](assets/img/android/secure_pdf_viewer-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Secure PDF Viewer** is a PDF viewer based on [pdf.js](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF.js) that doesn't require any permissions. The PDF is fed into a [sandboxed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_(software_development)) [webview](https://developer.android.com/guide/webapps/webview). This means that it doesn't require permission directly to access content or files.
[Content-Security-Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Security_Policy) is used to enforce that the JavaScript and styling properties within the WebView are entirely static content.
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/PdfViewer){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/PdfViewer){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://grapheneos.org/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=app.grapheneos.pdfviewer.play)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/PdfViewer/releases)
- [:material-cube-outline: GrapheneOS App Store](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Apps/releases)
## Obtaining Applications
### GrapheneOS App Store
GrapheneOS's app store is available on [GitHub](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Apps/releases). It supports Android 12 and above and is capable of updating itself. The app store has standalone applications built by the GrapheneOS project such as the [Auditor](https://attestation.app/), [Camera](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera), and [PDF Viewer](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/PdfViewer). If you are looking for these applications, we highly recommend that you get them from GrapheneOS's app store instead of the Play Store, as the apps on their store are signed by the GrapheneOS's project own signature that Google does not have access to.
### Aurora Store
The Google Play Store requires a Google account to login which is not great for privacy. You can get around this by using an alternative client, such as Aurora Store.
!!! recommendation
![Aurora Store logo](assets/img/android/aurora-store.webp){ align=right }
**Aurora Store** is a Google Play Store client which does not require a Google Account, Google Play Services, or microG to download apps.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://auroraoss.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitlab.com/AuroraOSS/AuroraStore){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-gitlab: GitLab](https://gitlab.com/AuroraOSS/AuroraStore/-/releases)
Aurora Store does not allow you to download paid apps with their anonymous account feature. You can optionally log in with your Google account with Aurora Store to download apps you have purchased, which does give access to the list of apps you've installed to Google, however you still benefit from not requiring the full Google Play client and Google Play Services or microG on your device.
### Manually with RSS Notifications
For apps that are released on platforms like GitHub and GitLab, you may be able to add an RSS feed to your [news aggregator](/news-aggregators) that will help you keep track of new releases.
![RSS APK](./assets/img/android/rss-apk-light.png#only-light) ![RSS APK](./assets/img/android/rss-apk-dark.png#only-dark) ![APK Changes](./assets/img/android/rss-changes-light.png#only-light) ![APK Changes](./assets/img/android/rss-changes-dark.png#only-dark)
#### GitHub
On GitHub, using [Secure Camera](#secure-camera) as an example, you would navigate to its [releases page](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera/releases) and append `.atom` to the URL:
`https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera/releases.atom`
#### GitLab
On GitLab, using [Aurora Store](#aurora-store) as an example, you would navigate to its [project repository](https://gitlab.com/AuroraOSS/AuroraStore) and append `/-/tags?format=atom` to the URL:
`https://gitlab.com/AuroraOSS/AuroraStore/-/tags?format=atom`
#### Verifying APK Fingerprints
If you download APK files to install manually, you can verify their signature with the [`apksigner`](https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/apksigner) tool, which is a part of Android [build-tools](https://developer.android.com/studio/releases/build-tools).
1. Install [Java JDK](https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads/).
2. Download the [Android Studio command line tools](https://developer.android.com/studio#command-tools).
3. Extract the downloaded archive:
```bash
unzip commandlinetools-*.zip
cd cmdline-tools
./bin/sdkmanager --sdk_root=./ "build-tools;29.0.3"
```
4. Run the signature verification command:
```bash
./build-tools/29.0.3/apksigner verify --print-certs ../Camera-37.apk
```
5. The resulting hashes can then be compared with another source. Some developers such as Signal [show the fingerprints](https://signal.org/android/apk/) on their website.
```bash
Signer #1 certificate DN: CN=GrapheneOS
Signer #1 certificate SHA-256 digest: 6436b155b917c2f9a9ed1d15c4993a5968ffabc94947c13f2aeee14b7b27ed59
Signer #1 certificate SHA-1 digest: 23e108677a2e1b1d6e6b056f3bb951df7ad5570c
Signer #1 certificate MD5 digest: dbbcd0cac71bd6fa2102a0297c6e0dd3
```
### F-Droid
![F-Droid logo](assets/img/android/f-droid.svg){ align=right width=120px }
==We do **not** currently recommend F-Droid as a way to obtain apps.== F-Droid is often recommended as an alternative to Google Play, particularly in the privacy community. The option to add third-party repositories and not be confined to Google's walled garden has led to its popularity. F-Droid additionally has [reproducible builds](https://f-droid.org/en/docs/Reproducible_Builds/) for some applications and is dedicated to free and open-source software. However, there are [notable problems](https://privsec.dev/posts/android/f-droid-security-issues/) with the official F-Droid client, their quality control, and how they build, sign, and deliver packages.
Due to their process of building apps, apps in the official F-Droid repository often fall behind on updates. F-Droid maintainers also reuse package IDs while signing apps with their own keys, which is not ideal as it gives the F-Droid team ultimate trust.
Other popular third-party repositories such as [IzzyOnDroid](https://apt.izzysoft.de/fdroid/) alleviate some of these concerns. The IzzyOnDroid repository pulls builds directly from GitHub and is the next best thing to the developers' own repositories. However, it is not something that we can recommend, as apps are typically [removed](https://github.com/vfsfitvnm/ViMusic/issues/240#issuecomment-1225564446) from that respository when they make it to the main F-Droid repository. While that makes sense (since the goal of that particular repository is to host apps before they're accepted into the main F-Droid repository), it can leave you with installed apps which no longer receive updates.
That said, the [F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/) and [IzzyOnDroid](https://apt.izzysoft.de/fdroid/) repositories are home to countless apps, so they can be a useful tool to search for and discover open-source apps that you can then download through Play Store, Aurora Store, or by getting the APK directly from the developer. It is important to keep in mind that some apps in these repositories have not been updated in years and may rely on unsupported libraries, among other things, posing a potential security risk. You should use your best judgement when looking for new apps via this method.
!!! anmärkning
In some rare cases, the developer of an app will only distribute it through F-Droid ([Gadgetbridge](https://gadgetbridge.org/) is one example of this). If you really need an app like that, we recommend using [Neo Store](https://github.com/NeoApplications/Neo-Store/) instead of the official F-Droid app to obtain it.
## Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
### Operativsystem
- Måste vara programvara med öppen källkod.
- Must support bootloader locking with custom AVB key support.
- Must receive major Android updates within 0-1 months of release.
- Must receive Android feature updates (minor version) within 0-14 days of release.
- Must receive regular security patches within 0-5 days of release.
- Must **not** be "rooted" out of the box.
- Must **not** enable Google Play Services by default.
- Must **not** require system modification to support Google Play Services.
### Devices
- Must support at least one of our recommended custom operating systems.
- Must be currently sold new in stores.
- Must receive a minimum of 5 years of security updates.
- Must have dedicated secure element hardware.
### Applications
- Applications on this page must not be applicable to any other software category on the site.
- General applications should extend or replace core system functionality.
- Applications should receive regular updates and maintenance.

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---
title: "Account Creation"
icon: 'material/account-plus'
description: Creating accounts online is practically an internet necessity, take these steps to make sure you stay private.
---
Often people sign up for services without thinking. Maybe it's a streaming service so you can watch that new show everyone's talking about, or an account that gives you a discount for your favorite fast food place. Whatever the case may be, you should consider the implications for your data now and later on down the line.
There are risks associated with every new service that you use. Data breaches; disclosure of customer information to third parties; rogue employees accessing data; all are possibilities that must be considered when giving your information out. You need to be confident that you can trust the service, which is why we don't recommend storing valuable data on anything but the most mature and battle-tested products. That usually means services which provide E2EE and have undergone a cryptographic audit. An audit increases assurance that the product was designed without glaring security issues caused by an inexperienced developer.
It can also be difficult to delete the accounts on some services. Sometimes [overwriting data](account-deletion.md#overwriting-account-information) associated with an account can be possible, but in other cases the service will keep an entire history of changes to the account.
## Terms of Service & Privacy Policy
The ToS are the rules that you agree to follow when using the service. With larger services these rules are often enforced by automated systems. Sometimes these automated systems can make mistakes. For example, you may be banned or locked out of your account on some services for using a VPN or VOIP number. Appealing such bans is often difficult, and involves an automated process too, which isn't always successful. This would be one of the reasons why we wouldn't suggest using Gmail for email as an example. Email is crucial for access to other services you might have signed up for.
The Privacy Policy is how the service says they will use your data and it is worth reading so that you understand how your data will be used. A company or organization might not be legally obligated to follow everything contained in the policy (it depends on the jurisdiction). We would recommend having some idea what your local laws are and what they permit a provider to collect.
We recommend looking for particular terms such as "data collection", "data analysis", "cookies", "ads" or "3rd-party" services. Sometimes you will be able to opt-out from data collection or from sharing your data, but it is best to choose a service that respects your privacy from the start.
Keep in mind you're also placing your trust in the company or organization and that they will comply with their own privacy policy.
## Authentication methods
There are usually multiple ways to sign up for an account, each with their own benefits and drawbacks.
### Email and password
The most common way to create a new account is by an email address and password. When using this method, you should use a password manager and follow [best practices](passwords-overview.md) regarding passwords.
!!! tips
You can use your password manager to organize other authentication methods too! Just add the new entry and fill the appropriate fields, you can add notes for things like security questions or a backup key.
You will be responsible for managing your login credentials. For added security, you can set up [MFA](multi-factor-authentication.md) on your accounts.
[Recommended password managers](../passwords.md ""){.md-button}
#### Email aliases
If you don't want to give your real email address to a service, you have the option to use an alias. We described them in more detail on our email services recommendation page. Essentially, alias services allow you to generate new email addresses that forward all emails to your main address. This can help prevent tracking across services and help you manage the marketing emails that sometimes come with the sign up process. Those can be filtered automatically based on the alias they are sent to.
Should a service get hacked, you might start receiving phishing or spam emails to the address you used to sign up. Using unique aliases for each service can assist in identifying exactly what service was hacked.
[Recommended email aliasing services](../email.md#email-aliasing-services ""){.md-button}
### Single sign-on
!!! anmärkning
We are discussing Single sign-on for personal use, not enterprise users.
Single sign-on (SSO) is an authentication method that allows you to register for a service without sharing much information, if any. Whenever you see something along the lines of "Sign-in with *provider name*" on a registration form it's SSO.
When you choose single sign-on in a website, it will prompt your SSO provider login page and after that your account will be connected. Your password won't be shared but some basic information will (you can review it during the login request). This process is needed every time you want to log in to the same account.
The main advantages are:
- **Security**: no risk of being involved in a [data breach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_breach) because the website does not store your credentials.
- **Ease of use**: multiple accounts are managed by a single login.
But there are disadvantages:
- **Privacy**: a SSO provider will know the services you use.
- **Centralization**: if your SSO account gets compromised or you aren't able to login to it, all other accounts connected to it are affected.
SSO can be especially useful in those situations where you could benefit from deeper integration between services. For example, one of those services may offer SSO for the others. Our recommendation is to limit SSO to only where you need it and protect the main account with [MFA](multi-factor-authentication.md).
All services that use SSO will be as secure as your SSO account. For example, if you want to secure an account with a hardware key but that service doesn't support hardware keys, you can secure your SSO account with a hardware key and now you essentially have hardware MFA on all your accounts. It is worth noting though that weak authentication on your SSO account means that any account tied to that login will also be weak.
### Phone number
We recommend avoiding services that require a phone number for sign up. A phone number can identity you across multiple services and depending on data sharing agreements this will make your usage easier to track, particularly if one of those services is breached as the phone number is often **not** encrypted.
You should avoid giving out your real phone number if you can. Some services will allow the use of VOIP numbers, however these often trigger fraud detection systems, causing an account to be locked down, so we don't recommend that for important accounts.
In many cases you will need to provide a number that you can receive SMS or calls from, particularly when shopping internationally, in case there is a problem with your order at border screening. It's common for services to use your number as a verification method; don't let yourself get locked out of an important account because you wanted to be clever and give a fake number!
### Username and password
Some services allow you to register without using an email address and only require you to set a username and password. These services may provide increased anonymity when combined with a VPN or Tor. Keep in mind that for these accounts there will most likely be **no way to recover your account** in the event you forget your username or password.

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---
title: "Account Deletion"
icon: 'material/account-remove'
description: It's easy to accumulate a large number of internet accounts, here are some tips on how to prune your collection.
---
Over time, it can be easy to accumulate a number of online accounts, many of which you may no longer use. Deleting these unused accounts is an important step in reclaiming your privacy, as dormant accounts are vulnerable to data breaches. A data breach is when a service's security is compromised and protected information is viewed, transmitted, or stolen by unauthorized actors. Data breaches are unfortunately all [too common](https://haveibeenpwned.com/PwnedWebsites) these days, and so practicing good digital hygiene is the best way to minimize the impact they have on your life. The goal of this guide then is to help navigate you through the irksome process of account deletion, often made difficult by [deceptive design](https://www.deceptive.design/), for the betterment of your online presence.
## Finding Old Accounts
### Password Manager
If you have a password manager that you've used for your entire digital life, this part will be very easy. Oftentimes, they include built-in functionality for detecting if your credentials were exposed in a data breach—such as Bitwarden's [Data Breach Report](https://bitwarden.com/blog/have-you-been-pwned/).
<figure markdown>
![Bitwarden's Data Breach Report feature](../assets/img/account-deletion/exposed_passwords.png)
</figure>
Even if you haven't explicitly used a password manager before, there's a chance you've used the one in your browser or your phone without even realizing it. For example: [Firefox Password Manager](https://support.mozilla.org/kb/password-manager-remember-delete-edit-logins), [Google Password Manager](https://passwords.google.com/intro) and [Edge Password Manager](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/save-or-forget-passwords-in-microsoft-edge-b4beecb0-f2a8-1ca0-f26f-9ec247a3f336).
Desktop platforms also often have a password manager which may help you recover passwords you've forgotten about:
- Windows [Credential Manager](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/accessing-credential-manager-1b5c916a-6a16-889f-8581-fc16e8165ac0)
- macOS [Passwords](https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT211145)
- iOS [Passwords](https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT211146)
- Linux, Gnome Keyring, which can be accessed through [Seahorse](https://help.gnome.org/users/seahorse/stable/passwords-view.html.en) or [KDE Wallet Manager](https://userbase.kde.org/KDE_Wallet_Manager)
### E-postadress
If you didn't use a password manager in the past or you think you have accounts that were never added to your password manager, another option is to search the email account(s) that you believe you signed up on. On your email client, search for keywords such as "verify" or "welcome." Almost every time you make an online account, the service will send a verification link or an introductory message to your email. This can be a good way to find old, forgotten accounts.
## Deleting Old Accounts
### Log In
In order to delete your old accounts, you'll need to first make sure you can log in to them. Again, if the account was in your password manager, this step is easy. If not, you can try to guess your password. Failing that, there are typically options to regain access to your account, commonly available through a "forgot password" link on the login page. It may also be possible that accounts you've abandoned have already been deleted—sometimes services prune all old accounts.
When attempting to regain access, if the site returns an error message saying that email is not associated with an account, or you never receive a reset link after multiple attempts, then you do not have an account under that email address and should try a different one. If you can't figure out which email address you used, or you no longer have access to that email, you can try contacting the service's customer support. Unfortunately, there is no guarantee that you will be able to reclaim access your account.
### GDPR (EEA residents only)
Residents of the EEA have additional rights regarding data erasure specified in [Article 17](https://www.gdpr.org/regulation/article-17.html) of the GDPR. If it's applicable to you, read the privacy policy for any given service to find information on how to exercise your right to erasure. Reading the privacy policy can prove important, as some services have a "Delete Account" option that only disables your account and for real deletion you have to take additional action. Sometimes actual deletion may involve filling out surveys, emailing the data protection officer of the service or even proving your residence in the EEA. If you plan to go this way, do **not** overwrite account information—your identity as an EEA resident may be required. Note that the location of the service does not matter; GDPR applies to anyone serving European users. Om tjänsten inte respekterar din rätt till radering kan du kontakta din nationella dataskyddsmyndighet [](https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-topic/data-protection/reform/rights-citizens/redress/what-should-i-do-if-i-think-my-personal-data-protection-rights-havent-been-respected_en) och du kan ha rätt till ekonomisk kompensation.
### Överskrivning av kontoinformation
I vissa situationer där du planerar att överge ett konto kan det vara klokt att skriva över kontoinformationen med falska uppgifter. När du har sett till att du kan logga in kan du ändra all information i ditt konto till förfalskad information. Anledningen till detta är att många webbplatser kommer att behålla information som du tidigare hade även efter att kontot raderats. Förhoppningen är att de kommer att skriva över den tidigare informationen med de senaste uppgifterna du angav. Det finns dock ingen garanti för att det inte kommer att finnas säkerhetskopior med den tidigare informationen.
För e-postkontot skapar du antingen ett nytt alternativt e-postkonto via din valfria leverantör eller skapar ett alias med hjälp av en e-postaliaseringstjänst på [](../email.md#email-aliasing-services). Du kan sedan ta bort din alternativa e-postadress när du är klar. Vi rekommenderar att du inte använder tillfälliga e-postleverantörer, eftersom det ofta är möjligt att återaktivera tillfälliga e-postmeddelanden.
### Radera
Du kan kontrollera [JustDeleteMe](https://justdeleteme.xyz) för instruktioner om hur du tar bort kontot för en specifik tjänst. Vissa webbplatser har ett alternativ för att ta bort kontot, medan andra går så långt som att tvinga dig att prata med en supportmedarbetare. Raderingen kan variera från webbplats till webbplats, och på vissa webbplatser är det omöjligt att radera konton.
För tjänster som inte tillåter radering av konton är det bästa du kan göra att förfalska all din information som tidigare nämnts och stärka kontosäkerheten. För att göra det, aktivera [MFA](multi-factor-authentication.md) och eventuella extra säkerhetsfunktioner som erbjuds. Ändra också lösenordet till ett slumpmässigt genererat lösenord som har den högsta tillåtna storleken (en lösenordshanterare [](../passwords.md) kan vara användbar för detta).
Om du är nöjd med att all information du bryr dig om tas bort kan du säkert glömma det här kontot. Om inte kan det vara en bra idé att spara uppgifterna tillsammans med dina andra lösenord och ibland logga in igen för att återställa lösenordet.
Även om du kan radera ett konto finns det ingen garanti för att all din information tas bort. Vissa företag är faktiskt skyldiga enligt lag att spara viss information, särskilt när det gäller finansiella transaktioner. Det är mestadels utom din kontroll vad som händer med dina data när det gäller webbplatser och molntjänster.
## Undvik nya konton
Som det gamla talesättet säger: "Ett uns av förebyggande åtgärder är värt ett pund av botemedel" När du känner dig frestad att registrera dig för ett nytt konto, fråga dig själv, "Behöver jag verkligen det här? Kan jag uppnå det jag behöver utan ett konto?" Det kan ofta vara mycket svårare att radera ett konto än att skapa ett. Och även efter att du har raderat eller ändrat informationen på ditt konto kan det finnas en cachad version från en tredje part, till exempel [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/). Undvik frestelsen när du kan - ditt framtida jag kommer att tacka dig!

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---
title: "Common Misconceptions"
icon: 'material/robot-confused'
description: Privacy isn't a straightforward topic, and it's easy to get caught up in marketing claims and other disinformation.
schema:
-
"@context": https://schema.org
"@type": FAQPage
mainEntity:
-
"@type": Question
name: Is open source software inherently secure?
acceptedAnswer:
"@type": Answer
text: |
Whether the source code is available and how software is licensed does not inherently affect its security in any way. Open-source software has the potential to be more secure than proprietary software, but there is absolutely no guarantee this is the case. When you evaluate software, you should look at the reputation and security of each tool on an individual basis.
-
"@type": Question
name: Can shifting trust to another provider increase privacy?
acceptedAnswer:
"@type": Answer
text: |
We talk about "shifting trust" a lot when discussing solutions like VPNs (which shift the trust you place in your ISP to the VPN provider). While this protects your browsing data from your ISP specifically, the VPN provider you choose still has access to your browsing data: Your data isn't completely secured from all parties.
-
"@type": Question
name: Are privacy-focused solutions inherently trustworthy?
acceptedAnswer:
"@type": Answer
text: |
Focusing solely on the privacy policies and marketing of a tool or provider can blind you to its weaknesses. When you're looking for a more private solution, you should determine what the underlying problem is and find technical solutions to that problem. For example, you may want to avoid Google Drive, which gives Google access to all of your data. The underlying problem in this case is lack of E2EE, so you should make sure that the provider you switch to actually implements E2EE, or use a tool (like Cryptomator) which provides E2EE on any cloud provider. Switching to a "privacy-focused" provider (that doesn't implement E2EE) doesn't solve your problem: it just shifts trust from Google to that provider.
-
"@type": Question
name: How complicated should my threat model be?
acceptedAnswer:
"@type": Answer
text: |
We often see people describing privacy threat models that are overly complex. Often, these solutions include problems like many different email accounts or complicated setups with lots of moving parts and conditions. The replies are usually answers to "What is the best way to do X?"
Finding the "best" solution for yourself doesn't necessarily mean you are after an infallible solution with dozens of conditions—these solutions are often difficult to work with realistically. As we discussed previously, security often comes at the cost of convenience.
---
## "Open-source software is always secure" or "Proprietary software is more secure"
These myths stem from a number of prejudices, but whether the source code is available and how software is licensed does not inherently affect its security in any way. ==Open-source software has the *potential* to be more secure than proprietary software, but there is absolutely no guarantee this is the case.== When you evaluate software, you should look at the reputation and security of each tool on an individual basis.
Open-source software *can* be audited by third-parties, and is often more transparent about potential vulnerabilities than proprietary counterparts. It also allows you to review the code and disable any suspicious functionality you find yourself. However, *unless you do so*, there is no guarantee that code has ever been evaluated, especially with smaller software projects. The open development process has also sometimes been exploited to introduce new vulnerabilities into even large projects.[^1]
On the flip side, proprietary software is less transparent, but that doesn't imply that it's not secure. Major proprietary software projects can be audited internally and by third-party agencies, and independent security researchers can still find vulnerabilities with techniques like reverse engineering.
To avoid biased decisions, it's *vital* that you evaluate the privacy and security standards of the software you use.
## "Shifting trust can increase privacy"
We talk about "shifting trust" a lot when discussing solutions like VPNs (which shift the trust you place in your ISP to the VPN provider). While this protects your browsing data from your ISP *specifically*, the VPN provider you choose still has access to your browsing data: Your data isn't completely secured from all parties. This means that:
1. You must exercise caution when choosing a provider to shift trust to.
2. You should still use other techniques, like E2EE, to protect your data completely. Merely distrusting one provider to trust another is not securing your data.
## "Privacy-focused solutions are inherently trustworthy"
Focusing solely on the privacy policies and marketing of a tool or provider can blind you to its weaknesses. When you're looking for a more private solution, you should determine what the underlying problem is and find technical solutions to that problem. For example, you may want to avoid Google Drive, which gives Google access to all of your data. The underlying problem in this case is lack of E2EE, so you should make sure that the provider you switch to actually implements E2EE, or use a tool (like [Cryptomator](../encryption.md#cryptomator-cloud)) which provides E2EE on any cloud provider. Switching to a "privacy-focused" provider (that doesn't implement E2EE) doesn't solve your problem: it just shifts trust from Google to that provider.
The privacy policies and business practices of providers you choose are very important, but should be considered secondary to technical guarantees of your privacy: You shouldn't shift trust to another provider when trusting a provider isn't a requirement at all.
## "Complicated is better"
We often see people describing privacy threat models that are overly complex. Often, these solutions include problems like many different email accounts or complicated setups with lots of moving parts and conditions. The replies are usually answers to "What is the best way to do *X*?"
Finding the "best" solution for yourself doesn't necessarily mean you are after an infallible solution with dozens of conditions—these solutions are often difficult to work with realistically. As we discussed previously, security often comes at the cost of convenience. Below, we provide some tips:
1. ==Actions need to serve a particular purpose:== think about how to do what you want with the fewest actions.
2. ==Remove human failure points:== We fail, get tired, and forget things. To maintain security, avoid relying on manual conditions and processes that you have to remember.
3. ==Use the right level of protection for what you intend.== We often see recommendations of so-called law-enforcement or subpoena-proof solutions. These often require specialist knowledge and generally aren't what people want. There's no point in building an intricate threat model for anonymity if you can be easily de-anonymized by a simple oversight.
So, how might this look?
One of the clearest threat models is one where people *know who you are* and one where they do not. There will always be situations where you must declare your legal name and there are others where you don't need to.
1. **Known identity** - A known identity is used for things where you must declare your name. There are many legal documents and contracts where a legal identity is required. This could range from opening a bank account, signing a property lease, obtaining a passport, customs declarations when importing items, or otherwise dealing with your government. These things will usually lead to credentials such as credit cards, credit rating checks, account numbers, and possibly physical addresses.
We don't suggest using a VPN or Tor for any of these things, as your identity is already known through other means.
!!! tips
When shopping online, the use of a [parcel locker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcel_locker) can help keep your physical address private.
2. **Unknown identity** - An unknown identity could be a stable pseudonym that you regularly use. It is not anonymous because it doesn't change. If you're part of an online community, you may wish to retain a persona that others know. This pseudonym isn't anonymous because—if monitored for long enough—details about the owner can reveal further information, such as the way they write, their general knowledge about topics of interest, etc.
You may wish to use a VPN for this, to mask your IP address. Financial transactions are more difficult to mask: You could consider using anonymous cryptocurrencies, such as [Monero](https://www.getmonero.org/). Employing altcoin shifting may also help to disguise where your currency originated. Typically, exchanges require KYC (know your customer) to be completed before they'll allow you to exchange fiat currency into any kind of cryptocurrency. Local meet-up options may also be a solution; however, those are often more expensive and sometimes also require KYC.
3. **Anonymous identity** - Even with experience, anonymous identities are difficult to maintain over long periods of time. They should be short-term and short-lived identities which are rotated regularly.
Using Tor can help with this. It is also worth noting that greater anonymity is possible through asynchronous communication: Real-time communication is vulnerable to analysis of typing patterns (i.e. more than a paragraph of text, distributed on a forum, via email, etc.)
[^1]: One notable example of this is the [2021 incident in which University of Minnesota researchers introduced three vulnerabilities into the Linux kernel development project](https://cse.umn.edu/cs/linux-incident).

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---
title: "Common Threats"
icon: 'material/eye-outline'
description: Your threat model is personal to you, but these are some of the things many visitors to this site care about.
---
Broadly speaking, we categorize our recommendations into the [threats](threat-modeling.md) or goals that apply to most people. ==You may be concerned with none, one, a few, or all of these possibilities==, and the tools and services you use depend on what your goals are. You may have specific threats outside of these categories as well, which is perfectly fine! The important part is developing an understanding of the benefits and shortcomings of the tools you choose to use, because virtually none of them will protect you from every threat.
- <span class="pg-purple">:material-incognito: Anonymity</span> - Shielding your online activity from your real identity, protecting you from people who are trying to uncover *your* identity specifically.
- <span class="pg-red">:material-target-account: Targeted Attacks</span> - Being protected from hackers or other malicious actors who are trying to gain access to *your* data or devices specifically.
- <span class="pg-orange">:material-bug-outline: Passive Attacks</span> - Being protected from things like malware, data breaches, and other attacks that are made against many people at once.
- <span class="pg-teal">:material-server-network: Service Providers</span> - Protecting your data from service providers (e.g. with E2EE, which renders your data unreadable to the server).
- <span class="pg-blue">:material-eye-outline: Mass Surveillance</span> - Protection from government agencies, organizations, websites, and services which work together to track your activities.
- <span class="pg-brown">:material-account-cash: Surveillance Capitalism</span> - Protecting yourself from big advertising networks, like Google and Facebook, as well as a myriad of other third-party data collectors.
- <span class="pg-green">:material-account-search: Public Exposure</span> - Limiting the information about you that is accessible online—to search engines or the general public.
- <span class="pg-blue-gray">:material-close-outline: Censorship</span> - Avoiding censored access to information or being censored yourself when speaking online.
Some of these threats may be more important to you than others, depending on your specific concerns. For example, a software developer with access to valuable or critical data may be primarily concerned with <span class="pg-red">:material-target-account: Targeted Attacks</span>, but they probably still want to protect their personal data from being swept up in <span class="pg-blue">:material-eye-outline: Mass Surveillance</span> programs. Similarly, many people may be primarily concerned with <span class="pg-green">:material-account-search: Public Exposure</span> of their personal data, but they should still be wary of security-focused issues, such as <span class="pg-orange">:material-bug-outline: Passive Attacks</span>—like malware affecting their devices.
## Anonymity vs. Privacy
<span class="pg-purple">:material-incognito: Anonymity</span>
Anonymity is often confused with privacy, but they're distinct concepts. While privacy is a set of choices you make about how your data is used and shared, anonymity is the complete disassociation of your online activities from your real identity.
Whistleblowers and journalists, for example, can have a much more extreme threat model which requires total anonymity. That's not only hiding what they do, what data they have, and not getting hacked by malicious actors or governments, but also hiding who they are entirely. They will often sacrifice any kind of convenience if it means protecting their anonymity, privacy, or security, because their lives could depend on it. De flesta behöver inte gå så långt.
## Säkerhet och sekretess
<span class="pg-orange">:material-bug-outline: Passiva attacker</span>
Säkerhet och integritet förväxlas också ofta, eftersom man behöver säkerhet för att få ett sken av integritet: Det är meningslöst att använda verktyg - även om de är privata till sin utformning - om de lätt kan utnyttjas av angripare som senare släpper ut dina uppgifter. Men det omvända är inte nödvändigtvis sant: Den säkraste tjänsten i världen *är inte nödvändigtvis* privat. Det bästa exemplet på detta är att lita på data till Google som, med tanke på deras skala, har haft få säkerhetsincidenter genom att anställa branschledande säkerhetsexperter för att säkra sin infrastruktur. Även om Google tillhandahåller mycket säkra tjänster, skulle mycket få människor betrakta sina data privat i Googles gratis konsumentprodukter (Gmail, YouTube, etc.)
När det gäller applikationssäkerhet vet vi i allmänhet inte (och kan ibland inte) om programvaran vi använder är skadlig, eller kanske en dag blir skadlig. Även med de mest pålitliga utvecklarna finns det i allmänhet ingen garanti för att deras programvara inte har en allvarlig sårbarhet som senare kan utnyttjas.
För att minimera den skada som en skadlig programvara ** kan orsaka bör du använda säkerhet genom uppdelning. Det kan till exempel handla om att använda olika datorer för olika jobb, att använda virtuella maskiner för att separera olika grupper av relaterade program eller att använda ett säkert operativsystem med starkt fokus på sandlåda för program och obligatorisk åtkomstkontroll.
!!! tips
Mobila operativsystem har i allmänhet bättre applikationssandlåda än stationära operativsystem: Appar kan inte få root-åtkomst och kräver tillstånd för åtkomst till systemresurser.
Skrivbordsoperativsystem släpar i allmänhet efter vid korrekt sandlåda. ChromeOS har liknande sandlådor som Android och macOS har fullständig kontroll över systembehörigheter (och utvecklare kan välja att sandlådor ska användas för program). Dessa operativsystem överför dock identifieringsinformation till sina respektive OEM-tillverkare. Linux tenderar att inte lämna information till systemleverantörer, men har dåligt skydd mot exploateringar och skadliga program. Detta kan mildras något med specialiserade distributioner som i stor utsträckning använder sig av virtuella maskiner eller behållare, såsom [Qubes OS](../../desktop/#qubes-os).
<span class="pg-red">:material-target-account: Riktade attacker</span>
Riktade attacker mot en specifik person är mer problematiska att hantera. Vanliga attacker är att skicka skadliga dokument via e-post, utnyttja sårbarheter (t.ex. i webbläsare och operativsystem) och fysiska attacker. Om detta är ett problem för dig bör du använda mer avancerade strategier för att minska hoten.
!!! tips
I **webbläsare**, **emailklienter** och **kontorsprogram** körs vanligtvis kod som inte är tillförlitlig och som skickas till dig från tredje part. Att köra flera virtuella maskiner för att separera sådana här program från värdsystemet och från varandra är en teknik som du kan använda för att minska risken för att en exploatering i dessa program ska kunna äventyra resten av systemet. Tekniker som Qubes OS eller Microsoft Defender Application Guard på Windows ger till exempel praktiska metoder för att göra detta.
Om du är orolig för **fysiska attacker** bör du använda ett operativsystem med en säker verifierad uppstart, t.ex. Android, iOS, macOS eller [Windows (med TPM)](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/secure-the-windows-10-boot-process). Du bör också se till att enheten är krypterad och att operativsystemet använder en TPM eller Secure [Enclave](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/secure-enclave-sec59b0b31ff/1/web/1) eller [Element](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) för att begränsa försöken att ange krypteringsfrasen. Du bör undvika att dela din dator med personer du inte litar på, eftersom de flesta stationära operativsystem inte krypterar data separat per användare.
## Sekretess från tjänsteleverantörer
<span class="pg-teal">:material-server-network: Tjänsteleverantörer</span>
Vi lever i en värld där nästan allt är anslutet till internet. Våra "privata" meddelanden, e-postmeddelanden och sociala interaktioner lagras vanligtvis på en server, någonstans. I allmänhet, när du skickar ett meddelande till någon lagras det på en server, och när din vän vill läsa meddelandet kommer servern att visa det för dem.
Det uppenbara problemet med detta är att tjänsteleverantören (eller en hackare som har äventyrat servern) kan komma åt dina konversationer när och hur de vill, utan att du någonsin vet. Detta gäller många vanliga tjänster, som SMS-meddelanden, Telegram och Discord.
Tack och lov kan E2EE lindra detta problem genom att kryptera kommunikationen mellan dig och dina önskade mottagare innan den ens skickas till servern. Sekretessen för dina meddelanden garanteras, förutsatt att tjänsteleverantören inte har tillgång till någon av parternas privata nycklar.
!!! anmärkning "Anmärkning om webbaserad kryptering"
I praktiken varierar effektiviteten i olika E2EE-genomföranden. Applikationer, till exempel [Signal](../real-time-communication.md#signal), körs naturligt på din enhet, och varje kopia av applikationen är densamma över olika installationer. Om tjänsteleverantören skulle införa en [backdoor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)) i sitt program - i ett försök att stjäla dina privata nycklar - skulle det senare kunna upptäckas med [reverse engineering] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering).
Å andra sidan är webbaserade E2EE-implementationer, som Proton Mail-webmail eller Bitwardens *Web Vault*, beroende av att servern dynamiskt serverar JavaScript-kod till webbläsaren för att hantera kryptografi. En skadlig server kan rikta dig och skicka skadlig JavaScript-kod för att stjäla din krypteringsnyckel (och det skulle vara extremt svårt att märka). Eftersom servern kan välja att betjäna olika webbklienter till olika människor - även om du märkte attacken - skulle det vara otroligt svårt att bevisa leverantörens skuld.
Därför bör du använda inbyggda applikationer över webbklienter när det är möjligt.
Även med E2EE kan tjänsteleverantörer fortfarande profilera dig utifrån **metadata**, som vanligtvis inte är skyddade. Medan tjänsteleverantören inte kan läsa dina meddelanden kan de fortfarande observera viktiga saker, till exempel vem du pratar med, hur ofta du skickar meddelanden till dem och när du vanligtvis är aktiv. Skydd av metadata är ganska ovanligt, och om det ingår i din hotmodell [](threat-modeling.md)- bör du vara uppmärksam på den tekniska dokumentationen för den programvara du använder för att se om det finns någon minimering eller något skydd av metadata överhuvudtaget.
## Massövervakningsprogram
<span class="pg-blue">:material-eye-outline: Massövervakning</span>
Massövervakning är ett komplicerat försök att övervaka "beteende, många aktiviteter eller information" hos en hel (eller en stor del av en) befolkning.[^1] Det hänvisar ofta till statliga program, t.ex. de [som Edward Snowden avslöjade 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)). Det kan dock också utföras av företag, antingen på uppdrag av myndigheter eller på eget initiativ.
!!! sammanfattning av "Atlas of Surveillance"
Om du vill veta mer om övervakningsmetoder och hur de tillämpas i din stad kan du också ta en titt på [Atlas of Surveillance] (https://atlasofsurveillance.org/) från [Electronic Frontier Foundation] (https://www.eff.org/).
I Frankrike kan du ta en titt på [Technolopolices webbplats](https://technopolice.fr/villes/) som upprätthålls av den ideella föreningen La Quadrature du Net.
Regeringar rättfärdigar ofta massövervakningsprogram som nödvändiga medel för att bekämpa terrorism och förebygga brottslighet. Men kränker de mänskliga rättigheterna, är det oftast används för att oproportionerligt rikta minoritetsgrupper och politiska dissidenter, bland annat.
!!! citat "ACLU: [*Det är en viktig fråga för den personliga integriteten: Massövervakning är inte vägen framåt*](https://www.aclu.org/news/national-security/the-privacy-lesson-of-9-11-mass-surveillance-is-not-the-way-forward)"
Med anledning av [Edward Snowdens avslöjanden om regeringsprogram som [PRISM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRISM) och [Upstream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_collection)] erkände underrättelsetjänstemännen också att NSA i åratal i hemlighet hade samlat in uppgifter om praktiskt taget alla amerikaners telefonsamtal - vem som ringer till vem, när samtalen görs och hur länge de varar. Den här typen av information kan, när den samlas in av NSA dag efter dag, avslöja otroligt känsliga detaljer om människors liv och umgänge, t. ex. om de har ringt till en pastor, en abortvårdare, en missbruksrådgivare eller en självmordshotline.
Trots den ökande massövervakningen i USA har regeringen konstaterat att massövervakningsprogram som avsnitt 215 har haft "litet unikt värde" när det gäller att stoppa faktiska brott eller terroristplaner, och att insatserna i stort sett har varit en kopia av FBI:s egna riktade övervakningsprogram.[^2]
På nätet kan du spåras på olika sätt:
- Din IP adress
- Webbläsarcookies
- Uppgifter som du skickar till webbplatser
- Fingeravtryck från din webbläsare eller enhet
- Betalningsmetod korrelation
\[Denna lista är inte uttömmande].
Om du är orolig för massövervakningsprogram kan du använda strategier som att dela upp din identitet på nätet, smälta in bland andra användare eller, när det är möjligt, helt enkelt undvika att lämna ut identifieringsuppgifter.
<span class="pg-brown">:material-account-cash: Övervakningskapitalism</span>
> Övervakningskapitalism är ett ekonomiskt system som är centrerat kring insamling och kommersialisering av personuppgifter i syfte att skapa vinst.[^3]
För många människor är spårning och övervakning av privata företag ett växande problem. Genomgripande annonsnätverk, som de som drivs av Google och Facebook, spänner över internet långt bortom bara de webbplatser de kontrollerar och spårar dina handlingar längs vägen. Genom att använda verktyg som innehållsblockerare för att begränsa nätverksförfrågningar till deras servrar och läsa sekretesspolicyn för de tjänster du använder kan du undvika många grundläggande motståndare (även om det inte helt kan förhindra spårning).[^4]
Dessutom kan även företag utanför *AdTech* eller spårningsbranschen dela din information med [datamäklare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_broker) (t.ex. Cambridge Analytica, Experian eller Datalogix) eller andra parter. Du kan inte automatiskt anta att dina data är säkra bara för att den tjänst du använder inte faller inom den typiska AdTech- eller spårningsaffärsmodellen. Det starkaste skyddet mot företags datainsamling är att kryptera eller dölja dina data när det är möjligt, vilket gör det svårt för olika leverantörer att korrelera data med varandra och bygga en profil på dig.
## Begränsning av offentlig information
<span class="pg-green">:material-account-search: Offentlig exponering</span>
Det bästa sättet att hålla dina uppgifter hemliga är att helt enkelt inte offentliggöra dem från början. Att ta bort oönskad information du hittar om dig själv online är ett av de bästa första stegen du kan ta för att återfå din integritet.
- [Se vår guide om radering av konto :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](account-deletion.md)
På webbplatser där du delar med dig av information är det mycket viktigt att du kontrollerar sekretessinställningarna för ditt konto för att begränsa hur mycket informationen sprids. Aktivera till exempel "privat läge" på dina konton om du får alternativet: Detta säkerställer att ditt konto inte indexeras av sökmotorer och att det inte kan visas utan ditt tillstånd.
Om du redan har skickat in din riktiga information till webbplatser som inte borde ha den, kan du överväga att använda en taktik för desinformation, som att skicka in fiktiv information om din identitet på nätet. Detta gör att din riktiga information inte kan särskiljas från den falska informationen.
## Undvik censur
<span class="pg-blue-gray">:material-close-outline: Censur</span>
Censur på nätet kan utföras (i varierande grad) av aktörer som totalitära regeringar, nätverksadministratörer och tjänsteleverantörer. Dessa försök att kontrollera kommunikation och begränsa tillgången till information kommer alltid att vara oförenliga med den mänskliga rätten till yttrandefrihet.[^5]
Censur på företagsplattformar blir allt vanligare, eftersom plattformar som Twitter och Facebook ger efter för allmänhetens efterfrågan, marknadstryck och påtryckningar från myndigheter. Statliga påtryckningar kan vara dolda förfrågningar till företag, till exempel när Vita huset [begär att en provocerande YouTube-video ska tas bort](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/17/technology/on-the-web-a-fine-line-on-free-speech-across-globe.html), eller öppna förfrågningar, till exempel när den kinesiska regeringen kräver att företag ska följa en strikt censurregim.
Människor som oroar sig för hotet om censur kan använda teknik som [Tor](../advanced/tor-overview.md) för att kringgå den och stödja censurresistenta kommunikationsplattformar som [Matrix](../real-time-communication.md#element), som inte har någon centraliserad kontoinspektion som kan stänga konton godtyckligt.
!!! tips
Även om det kan vara lätt att undvika censur, kan det vara mycket problematiskt att dölja det faktum att du gör det.
Du bör överväga vilka aspekter av nätverket din motståndare kan observera, och om du har trovärdigt förnekande för dina handlingar. Om du till exempel använder [encrypted DNS](../advanced/dns-overview.md#what-is-encrypted-dns) kan det hjälpa dig att kringgå rudimentära DNS-baserade censursystem, men det kan inte dölja vad du besöker för din internetleverantör. En VPN eller Tor kan hjälpa till att dölja vad du besöker för nätverksadministratörer, men kan inte dölja att du använder nätverken överhuvudtaget. Pluggable transports (t.ex. Obfs4proxy, Meek eller Shadowsocks) kan hjälpa dig att undvika brandväggar som blockerar vanliga VPN-protokoll eller Tor, men dina försök att kringgå dem kan fortfarande upptäckas med metoder som probing eller [deep packet inspection] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_packet_inspection).
Du måste alltid överväga riskerna med att försöka kringgå censur, de potentiella konsekvenserna och hur sofistikerad din motståndare kan vara. Du bör vara försiktig när du väljer programvara och ha en backup-plan om du skulle bli upptäckt.
[^1]: Wikipedia: [*Massövervakning*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillance) och [*Övervakning*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance).
[^2]: Usa: s tillsynsnämnd för integritet och medborgerliga fri- och rättigheter: [*Rapport om telefonregistreringsprogrammet som genomförts enligt avsnitt 215*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf)
[^3]: Wikipedia: [*Övervakningskapitalism*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
[^4]: "[Räkna badness](https://www.ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb/)" (eller "lista alla de dåliga saker som vi vet om"), som många adblockers och antivirusprogram gör, misslyckas med att tillräckligt skydda dig från nya och okända hot eftersom de ännu inte har lagts till i filterlistan. Du bör också använda andra metoder för att minska risken.
[^5]: Förenta nationerna: [*Universella förklaringen om de mänskliga rättigheterna*](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

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---
title: E-postsäkerhet
icon: material/email
description: Email is inherently insecure in many ways, and these are some of the reasons it isn't our top choice for secure communications.
---
E-post är som standard en osäker kommunikationsform. Du kan förbättra din e-postsäkerhet med verktyg som OpenPGP, som lägger till End-to-End-kryptering till dina meddelanden, men OpenPGP har fortfarande ett antal nackdelar jämfört med kryptering i andra meddelandeprogram, och vissa e-postdata kan aldrig krypteras av naturliga skäl på grund av hur e-post är utformad.
E-post används därför bäst för att ta emot transaktionsmeddelanden (t. ex. meddelanden, verifieringsmeddelanden, lösenordsåterställning osv.) från de tjänster du registrerar dig för online, inte för att kommunicera med andra.
## E-post-krypteringsnycklar
Standardmetoden för att lägga till E2EE i e-postmeddelanden mellan olika e-postleverantörer är att använda OpenPGP. Det finns olika implementeringar av OpenPGP-standarden, de vanligaste är [GnuPG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard) och [OpenPGP.js](https://openpgpjs.org).
Det finns en annan standard som är populär bland företag och som heter [S/MIME](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S/MIME), men den kräver ett certifikat som utfärdats av en [Certifikatmyndighet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_authority) (alla utfärdar inte S/MIME-certifikat). Den har stöd för [Google Workplace](https://support.google.com/a/topic/9061730?hl=en&ref_topic=9061731) och [Outlook for Web eller Exchange Server 2016, 2019](https://support.office.com/en-us/article/encrypt-messages-by-using-s-mime-in-outlook-on-the-web-878c79fc-7088-4b39-966f-14512658f480).
Även om du använder OpenPGP har det inte stöd för [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), vilket innebär att om antingen din eller mottagarens privata nyckel någonsin stjäls kommer alla tidigare meddelanden som krypterats med den att avslöjas. Det är därför vi rekommenderar [snabbmeddelanden](../real-time-communication.md) som implementerar vidarebefordran av sekretess via e-post för person-till-person-kommunikation när det är möjligt.
### Vilka e-postklienter stöder E2EE?
E-postleverantörer som tillåter dig att använda standardprotokoll som IMAP och SMTP kan användas med någon av de e-postklienter på [som vi rekommenderar](../email-clients.md). Beroende på autentiseringsmetoden kan detta leda till sämre säkerhet om leverantören eller e-postklienten inte stöder OATH eller en bryggapplikation, eftersom [multi-faktorautentisering](multi-factor-authentication.md) inte är möjlig med vanlig lösenordsautentisering.
### Hur skyddar jag mina privata nycklar?
Ett smartkort (t.ex. [Yubikey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) eller [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) fungerar genom att ta emot ett krypterat e-postmeddelande från en enhet (telefon, surfplatta, dator osv.) som kör en e-post-/webbmail-klient. Meddelandet dekrypteras sedan av smartkortet och det dekrypterade innehållet skickas tillbaka till enheten.
Det är fördelaktigt att dekrypteringen sker på smartkortet för att undvika att den privata nyckeln exponeras för en komprometterad enhet.
## Översikt över metadata för e-post
E-postmetadata lagras i e-postmeddelandets [meddelandehuvud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email#Message_header) och innehåller några synliga rubriker som du kanske har sett, t.ex: `To`, `From`, `Cc`, `Date`, `Subject`. Det finns också ett antal dolda rubriker som ingår i många e-postklienter och e-postleverantörer och som kan avslöja information om ditt konto.
Klientprogram kan använda metadata för e-post för att visa vem ett meddelande är från och när det togs emot. Servrar kan använda den för att avgöra var ett e-postmeddelande måste skickas, bland [andra ändamål](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email#Message_header) som inte alltid är transparenta.
### Vem kan se metadata för e-post?
E-postmetadata skyddas från utomstående observatörer med [Opportunistic TLS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_TLS) som skyddar dem från utomstående observatörer, men de kan fortfarande ses av din e-postklientprogramvara (eller webbmail) och alla servrar som vidarebefordrar meddelandet från dig till mottagare, inklusive din e-postleverantör. Ibland använder e-postservrar också tjänster från tredje part för att skydda sig mot skräppost, som i allmänhet också har tillgång till dina meddelanden.
### Varför kan metadata inte vara E2EE?
Metadata för e-post är avgörande för e-postens mest grundläggande funktionalitet (varifrån den kom och vart den ska ta vägen). E2EE var ursprungligen inte inbyggt i e-postprotokollen, utan krävde istället tilläggsprogram som OpenPGP. Eftersom OpenPGP-meddelanden fortfarande måste fungera med traditionella e-postleverantörer kan de inte kryptera metadata, utan endast själva meddelandet. Det innebär att även om du använder OpenPGP kan utomstående observatörer se mycket information om dina meddelanden, t. ex. vem du skickar e-post till, ämnesraden, när du skickar e-post osv.

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---
title: "Multi-Faktor Autentisering"
icon: 'material/two-factor-authentication'
description: MFA is a critical security mechanism for securing your online accounts, but some methods are stronger than others.
---
**Flerfaktorsautentisering** (**MFA**) är en säkerhetsmekanism som kräver ytterligare steg utöver att ange användarnamn (eller e-post) och lösenord. Den vanligaste metoden är tidsbegränsade koder som du kan få från SMS eller en app.
Om en hackare (eller motståndare) kan ta reda på ditt lösenord får han eller hon normalt sett tillgång till det konto som lösenordet tillhör. Ett konto med MFA tvingar hackaren att ha både lösenordet (något som du *känner till*) och en enhet som du äger (något som du *har*), t. ex. din telefon.
MFA-metoder varierar i säkerhet, men bygger på förutsättningen att ju svårare det är för en angripare att få tillgång till din MFA-metod, desto bättre. Exempel på MFA-metoder (från svagaste till starkaste) inkluderar SMS, e-postkoder, app push-meddelanden, TOTP, Yubico OTP och FIDO.
## Jämförelse av MFA-metod
### SMS eller e-post MFA
Att ta emot OTP-koder via SMS eller e-post är ett av de svagare sätten att säkra dina konton med MFA. Att få en kod via e-post eller sms är inte längre något som du *har*", eftersom det finns många olika sätt för en hackare att [ta över ditt telefonnummer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_swap_scam) eller få tillgång till din e-post utan att ha fysisk tillgång till någon av dina enheter överhuvudtaget. Om en obehörig person får tillgång till din e-post kan han eller hon använda den för att både återställa ditt lösenord och få autentiseringskoden, vilket ger honom eller henne full tillgång till ditt konto.
### Pushnotiser
MFA med push-notiser är ett meddelande som skickas till en app på din telefon där du uppmanas att bekräfta nya kontoinloggningar. Den här metoden är mycket bättre än SMS eller e-post, eftersom en angripare vanligtvis inte kan få dessa push-notiser utan att ha en redan inloggad enhet, vilket innebär att de måste äventyra en av dina andra enheter först.
Vi gör alla misstag, och det finns risk för att du kan acceptera inloggningsförsöket av misstag. Push notification login authorizations are typically sent to *all* your devices at once, widening the availability of the MFA code if you have many devices.
The security of push notification MFA is dependent on both the quality of the app, the server component and the trust of the developer who produces it. Installing an app may also require you to accept invasive privileges that grant access to other data on your device. An individual app also requires that you have a specific app for each service which may not require a password to open, unlike a good TOTP generator app.
### Time-based One-time Password (TOTP)
TOTP is one of the most common forms of MFA available. When you set up TOTP, you are generally required to scan a [QR Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_code) which establishes a "[shared secret](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_secret)" with the service that you intend to use. The shared secret is secured inside of the authenticator app's data, and is sometimes protected by a password.
The time-limited code is then derived from the shared secret and the current time. As the code is only valid for a short time, without access to the shared secret, an adversary cannot generate new codes.
If you have a hardware security key with TOTP support (such as a YubiKey with [Yubico Authenticator](https://www.yubico.com/products/yubico-authenticator/)), we recommend that you store your "shared secrets" on the hardware. Hardware such as the YubiKey was developed with the intention of making the "shared secret" difficult to extract and copy. A YubiKey is also not connected to the Internet, unlike a phone with a TOTP app.
Unlike [WebAuthn](#fido-fast-identity-online), TOTP offers no protection against [phishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing) or reuse attacks. If an adversary obtains a valid code from you, they may use it as many times as they like until it expires (generally 60 seconds).
An adversary could set up a website to imitate an official service in an attempt to trick you into giving out your username, password and current TOTP code. If the adversary then uses those recorded credentials they may be able to log into the real service and hijack the account.
Although not perfect, TOTP is secure enough for most people, and when [hardware security keys](../multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys) are not supported [authenticator apps](../multi-factor-authentication.md#authenticator-apps) are still a good option.
### Hardware security keys
The YubiKey stores data on a tamper-resistant solid-state chip which is [impossible to access](https://security.stackexchange.com/a/245772) non-destructively without an expensive process and a forensics laboratory.
These keys are generally multi-function and provide a number of methods to authenticate. Below are the most common ones.
#### Yubico OTP
Yubico OTP is an authentication protocol typically implemented in hardware security keys. When you decide to use Yubico OTP, the key will generate a public ID, private ID, and a Secret Key which is then uploaded to the Yubico OTP server.
When logging into a website, all you need to do is to physically touch the security key. The security key will emulate a keyboard and print out a one-time password into the password field.
The service will then forward the one-time password to the Yubico OTP server for validation. A counter is incremented both on the key and Yubico's validation server. The OTP can only be used once, and when a successful authentication occurs, the counter is increased which prevents reuse of the OTP. Yubico provides a [detailed document](https://developers.yubico.com/OTP/OTPs_Explained.html) about the process.
<figure markdown>
![Yubico OTP](../assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/yubico-otp.png)
</figure>
There are some benefits and disadvantages to using Yubico OTP when compared to TOTP.
The Yubico validation server is a cloud based service, and you're placing trust in Yubico that they are storing data securely and not profiling you. The public ID associated with Yubico OTP is reused on every website and could be another avenue for third-parties to profile you. Like TOTP, Yubico OTP does not provide phishing resistance.
If your threat model requires you to have different identities on different websites, **do not** use Yubico OTP with the same hardware security key across those websites as public ID is unique to each security key.
#### FIDO (Fast IDentity Online)
[FIDO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDO_Alliance) includes a number of standards, first there was U2F and then later [FIDO2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDO2_Project) which includes the web standard [WebAuthn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn).
U2F and FIDO2 refer to the [Client to Authenticator Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_to_Authenticator_Protocol), which is the protocol between the security key and the computer, such as a laptop or phone. It complements WebAuthn which is the component used to authenticate with the website (the "Relying Party") you're trying to log in on.
WebAuthn is the most secure and private form of second factor authentication. While the authentication experience is similar to Yubico OTP, the key does not print out a one-time password and validate with a third-party server. Instead, it uses [public key cryptography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography) for authentication.
<figure markdown>
![FIDO](../assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/fido.png)
</figure>
When you create an account, the public key is sent to the service, then when you log in, the service will require you to "sign" some data with your private key. The benefit of this is that no password data is ever stored by the service, so there is nothing for an adversary to steal.
This presentation discusses the history of password authentication, the pitfalls (such as password reuse), and discussion of FIDO2 and [WebAuthn](https://webauthn.guide) standards.
<div class="yt-embed">
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://invidious.privacyguides.net/embed/aMo4ZlWznao?local=true" title="How FIDO2 and WebAuthn Stop Account Takeovers" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div>
FIDO2 and WebAuthn have superior security and privacy properties when compared to any MFA methods.
För webbtjänster används det vanligtvis tillsammans med WebAuthn som är en del av [W3C:s rekommendationer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium#W3C_recommendation_(REC)). Det använder autentisering med offentliga nycklar och är säkrare än delade hemligheter som används i Yubico OTP- och TOTP-metoder, eftersom det innehåller ursprungsnamnet (vanligtvis domännamnet) under autentisering. Intyg tillhandahålls för att skydda dig från nätfiskeattacker, eftersom det hjälper dig att avgöra att du använder den autentiska tjänsten och inte en falsk kopia.
Till skillnad från Yubico OTP använder WebAuthn inget offentligt ID, så nyckeln är **inte** identifierbar på olika webbplatser. Det använder inte heller någon tredje parts molnserver för autentisering. All kommunikation sker mellan nyckeln och den webbplats du loggar in på. FIDO använder också en räknare som ökas vid användning för att förhindra återanvändning av sessioner och klonade tangenter.
Om en webbplats eller tjänst stöder WebAuthn för autentisering rekommenderas det starkt att du använder den över alla andra former av MFA.
## Allmänna rekommendationer
Vi har dessa allmänna rekommendationer:
### Vilken metod ska jag använda?
När du konfigurerar din MFA-metod, kom ihåg att den bara är lika säker som den svagaste autentiseringsmetoden du använder. Det är därför viktigt att du endast använder den bästa MFA-metoden som finns tillgänglig. Om du till exempel redan använder TOTP bör du inaktivera MFA för e-post och SMS. Om du redan använder FIDO2/WebAuthn bör du inte använda Yubico OTP eller TOTP på ditt konto.
### Säkerhetskopior
Du bör alltid ha säkerhetskopior av din MFA-metod. Säkerhetsnycklar för maskinvara kan förloras, stjälas eller helt enkelt sluta fungera med tiden. Det rekommenderas att du har ett par hårdvarusäkerhetsnycklar med samma åtkomst till dina konton istället för bara en.
När du använder TOTP med en autentiseringsapp ska du se till att säkerhetskopiera dina återställningsnycklar eller själva appen, eller kopiera de "delade hemligheterna" till en annan instans av appen på en annan telefon eller till en krypterad behållare (t.ex. [VeraCrypt](../encryption.md#veracrypt)).
### Inledande inställning
När du köper en säkerhetsnyckel är det viktigt att du ändrar standardinloggningsuppgifterna, ställer in lösenordsskydd för nyckeln och aktiverar touchbekräftelse om nyckeln stöder det. Produkter som YubiKey har flera gränssnitt med separata referenser för var och en av dem, så du bör gå över varje gränssnitt och ställa in skydd också.
### E-post och SMS
Om du måste använda e-post för MFA ska du se till att e-postkontot i sig är skyddat med en lämplig MFA-metod.
Om du använder SMS MFA, använd en operatör som inte byter ditt telefonnummer till ett nytt SIM-kort utan tillgång till kontot, eller använd ett dedikerat VoIP-nummer från en leverantör med liknande säkerhet för att undvika en [SIM swap-attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_swap_scam).
[MFA-verktyg som vi rekommenderar](../multi-factor-authentication.md ""){.md-button}
## Fler ställen att inrätta MFA
Flerfaktorsautentisering kan användas för att säkra lokala inloggningar, SSH-nycklar eller till och med lösenordsdatabaser.
### Windows
Yubico har en dedikerad [Credential Provider](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/secauthn/credential-providers-in-windows) som lägger till Challenge-Response-autentisering för inloggningsflödet med användarnamn och lösenord för lokala Windows-konton. Om du har en YubiKey med stöd för autentisering med utmaningssvar kan du ta en titt på [Yubico Login for Windows Configuration Guide](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013708460-Yubico-Login-for-Windows-Configuration-Guide), där du kan konfigurera MFA på din Windows-dator.
### macOS
macOS har [inbyggt stöd](https://support.apple.com/guide/deployment/intro-to-smart-card-integration-depd0b888248/web) för autentisering med smarta kort (PIV). Om du har ett smartkort eller en hårdvarunyckel som stöder PIV-gränssnittet, till exempel YubiKey, rekommenderar vi att du följer dokumentationen från leverantören av smartkortet eller hårdvarunyckeln och konfigurerar andrafaktorsautentisering för din macOS-dator.
[Använda din YubiKey som ett smartkort i macOS](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360016649059) som kan hjälpa dig att ställa in din YubiKey på macOS.
När din smartkort/säkerhetsnyckel har ställts in rekommenderar vi att du kör det här kommandot i terminalen:
```text
sudo defaults write /Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow DisableFDEAutoLogin -bool YES
```
Kommandot förhindrar att en motståndare kringgår MFA när datorn startar.
### Linux
!!! varning
Om värdnamnet på ditt system ändras (till exempel på grund av DHCP), skulle du inte kunna logga in. Det är viktigt att du skapar ett korrekt värdnamn för din dator innan du följer den här guiden.
Modulen `pam_u2f` på Linux kan ge tvåfaktorsautentisering för inloggning på de flesta populära Linuxdistributioner. Om du har en maskinvarusäkerhetsnyckel som stöder U2F kan du konfigurera MFA-autentisering för inloggning. Yubico har en guide [Ubuntu Linux Login Guide - U2F](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360016649099-Ubuntu-Linux-Login-Guide-U2F) som borde fungera för alla distributioner. Pakethanteraren kommandon-såsom `apt-get`-och paketnamn kan dock skilja sig. Den här guiden gäller **inte** för Qubes OS.
### Qubes OS
Qubes OS har stöd för autentisering med Challenge-Response-autentisering med YubiKeys. Om du har en YubiKey med stöd för autentisering med utmaningssvar kan du ta en titt på dokumentationen för Qubes OS [YubiKey](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/yubikey/) om du vill konfigurera MFA på Qubes OS.
### SSH
#### Hårdvarusäkerhetsnycklar
SSH MFA kan konfigureras med flera olika autentiseringsmetoder som är populära med hårdvarusäkerhetsnycklar. Vi rekommenderar att du läser Yubicos dokumentation på [](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) om hur du ställer in detta.
#### Tidsbaserat engångslösenord (TOTP)
SSH MFA kan också ställas in med TOTP. DigitalOcean har tillhandahållit en handledning [Hur man ställer in flerfaktorsautentisering för SSH på Ubuntu 20.04](https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-multi-factor-authentication-for-ssh-on-ubuntu-20-04). Det mesta bör vara likadant oavsett distribution, men kommandona för pakethanteraren - t. ex. `apt-get`- och paketnamnen kan skilja sig åt.
### KeePass (och KeePassXC)
KeePass- och KeePassXC-databaser kan säkras med hjälp av Challenge-Response eller HOTP som andrafaktorsautentisering. Yubico har tillhandahållit ett dokument för KeePass [Using Your YubiKey with KeePass](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013779759-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-KeePass) och det finns också ett dokument på webbplatsen [KeePassXC](https://keepassxc.org/docs/#faq-yubikey-2fa).

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---
title: "Introduction to Passwords"
icon: 'material/form-textbox-password'
description: These are some tips and tricks on how to create the strongest passwords and keep your accounts secure.
---
Passwords are an essential part of our everyday digital lives. We use them to protect our accounts, our devices and our secrets. Despite often being the only thing between us and an adversary who's after our private information, not a lot of thought is put into them, which often leads to people using passwords that can be easily guessed or brute-forced.
## Best Practices
### Use unique passwords for every service
Imagine this; you sign up for an account with the same e-mail and password on multiple online services. If one of those service providers is malicious, or their service has a data breach that exposes your password in an unencrypted format, all a bad actor would have to do is try that e-mail and password combination across multiple popular services until they get a hit. It doesn't matter how strong that one password is, because they already have it.
This is called [credential stuffing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credential_stuffing), and it is one of the most common ways that your accounts can be compromised by bad actors. To avoid this, make sure that you never re-use your passwords.
### Use randomly generated passwords
==You should **never** rely on yourself to come up with a good password.== We recommend using [randomly generated passwords](#passwords) or [diceware passphrases](#diceware-passphrases) with sufficient entropy to protect your accounts and devices.
All of our [recommended password managers](../passwords.md) include a built-in password generator that you can use.
### Rotating Passwords
You should avoid changing passwords that you have to remember (such as your password manager's master password) too often unless you have reason to believe it has been compromised, as changing it too often exposes you to the risk of forgetting it.
When it comes to passwords that you don't have to remember (such as passwords stored inside your password manager), if your [threat model](threat-modeling.md) calls for it, we recommend going through important accounts (especially accounts that don't use multi-factor authentication) and changing their password every couple of months, in case they have been compromised in a data breach that hasn't become public yet. Most password managers allow you to set an expiry date for your password to make this easier to manage.
!!! tip "Checking for data breaches"
If your password manager lets you check for compromised passwords, make sure to do so and promptly change any password that may have been exposed in a data breach. Alternatively, you could follow [Have I Been Pwned's Latest Breaches feed](https://feeds.feedburner.com/HaveIBeenPwnedLatestBreaches) with the help of a [news aggregator](../news-aggregators.md).
## Creating strong passwords
### Passwords
A lot of services impose certain criteria when it comes to passwords, including a minimum or maximum length, as well as which special characters, if any, can be used. You should use your password manager's built-in password generator to create passwords that are as long and complex as the service will allow by including capitalized and lowercase letters, numbers and special characters.
If you need a password you can memorize, we recommend a [diceware passphrase](#diceware-passphrases).
### Diceware Passphrases
Diceware is a method for creating passphrases which are easy to remember, but hard to guess.
Diceware passphrases are a great option when you need to memorize or manually input your credentials, such as for your password manager's master password or your device's encryption password.
An example of a diceware passphrase is `viewable fastness reluctant squishy seventeen shown pencil`.
To generate a diceware passphrase using real dice, follow these steps:
!!! anmärkning
These instructions assume that you are using [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) to generate the passphrase, which requires five dice rolls per word. Other wordlists may require more or less rolls per word, and may require a different amount of words to achieve the same entropy.
1. Roll a six-sided die five times, noting down the number after each roll.
2. As an example, let's say you rolled `2-5-2-6-6`. Look through the [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) for the word that corresponds to `25266`.
3. You will find the word `encrypt`. Write that word down.
4. Repeat this process until your passphrase has as many words as you need, which you should separate with a space.
!!! warning "Important"
You should **not** re-roll words until you get a combination of words that appeal to you. The process should be completely random.
If you don't have access to or would prefer to not use real dice, you can use your password manager's built-in password generator, as most of them have the option to generate diceware passphrases in addition to regular passwords.
We recommend using [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) to generate your diceware passphrases, as it offers the exact same security as the original list, while containing words that are easier to memorize. There are also [other wordlists in different languages](https://theworld.com/~reinhold/diceware.html#Diceware%20in%20Other%20Languages|outline), if you do not want your passphrase to be in English.
??? note "Explanation of entropy and strength of diceware passphrases"
To demonstrate how strong diceware passphrases are, we'll use the aforementioned seven word passphrase (`viewable fastness reluctant squishy seventeen shown pencil`) and [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) as an example.
One metric to determine the strength of a diceware passphrase is how much entropy it has. The entropy per word in a diceware passphrase is calculated as $\text{log}_2(\text{WordsInList})$ and the overall entropy of the passphrase is calculated as $\text{log}_2(\text{WordsInList}^\text{WordsInPhrase})$.
Therefore, each word in the aforementioned list results in ~12.9 bits of entropy ($\text{log}_2(7776)$), and a seven word passphrase derived from it has ~90.47 bits of entropy ($\text{log}_2(7776^7)$).
The [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) contains 7776 unique words. To calculate the amount of possible passphrases, all we have to do is $\text{WordsInList}^\text{WordsInPhrase}$, or in our case, $7776^7$.
Let's put all of this in perspective: A seven word passphrase using [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) is one of ~1,719,070,799,748,422,500,000,000,000 possible passphrases.
On average, it takes trying 50% of all the possible combinations to guess your phrase. With that in mind, even if your adversary is capable of ~1,000,000,000,000 guesses per second, it would still take them ~27,255,689 years to guess your passphrase. That is the case even if the following things are true:
- Your adversary knows that you used the diceware method.
- Your adversary knows the specific wordlist that you used.
- Your adversary knows how many words your passphrase contains.
To sum it up, diceware passphrases are your best option when you need something that is both easy to remember *and* exceptionally strong.
## Storing Passwords
### Lösenordshanterare
The best way to store your passwords is by using a password manager. They allow you to store your passwords in a file or in the cloud and protect them with a single master password. That way, you will only have to remember one strong password, which lets you access the rest of them.
There are many good options to choose from, both cloud-based and local. Choose one of our recommended password managers and use it to establish strong passwords across all of your accounts. We recommend securing your password manager with a [diceware passphrase](#diceware-passphrases) comprised of at least seven words.
[List of recommended password managers](../passwords.md ""){.md-button}
!!! warning "Don't place your passwords and TOTP tokens inside the same password manager"
When using TOTP codes as [multi-factor authentication](../multi-factor-authentication.md), the best security practice is to keep your TOTP codes in a [separate app](../multi-factor-authentication.md#authenticator-apps).
Storing your TOTP tokens in the same place as your passwords, while convenient, reduces the accounts to a single factor in the event that an adversary gains access to your password manager.
Furthermore, we do not recommend storing single-use recovery codes in your password manager. Those should be stored separately such as in an encrypted container on an offline storage device.
### Säkerhetskopior
You should store an [encrypted](../encryption.md) backup of your passwords on multiple storage devices or a cloud storage provider. This can help you access your passwords if something happens to your primary device or the service you are using.

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---
title: "Threat Modeling"
icon: 'material/target-account'
description: Balancing security, privacy, and usability is one of the first and most difficult tasks you'll face on your privacy journey.
---
Balancing security, privacy, and usability is one of the first and most difficult tasks you'll face on your privacy journey. Everything is a trade-off: The more secure something is, the more restricting or inconvenient it generally is, etc. Often, people find that the problem with the tools they see recommended is that they're just too hard to start using!
If you wanted to use the **most** secure tools available, you'd have to sacrifice *a lot* of usability. And, even then, ==nothing is ever fully secure.== There's **high** security, but never **full** security. That's why threat models are important.
**So, what are these threat models, anyway?**
==A threat model is a list of the most probable threats to your security and privacy endeavors.== Since it's impossible to protect yourself against **every** attack(er), you should focus on the **most probable** threats. In computer security, a threat is an event that could undermine your efforts to stay private and secure.
Focusing on the threats that matter to you narrows down your thinking about the protection you need, so you can choose the tools that are right for the job.
## Creating Your Threat Model
To identify what could happen to the things you value and determine from whom you need to protect them, you should answer these five questions:
1. What do I want to protect?
2. Who do I want to protect it from?
3. How likely is it that I will need to protect it?
4. How bad are the consequences if I fail?
5. How much trouble am I willing to go through to try to prevent potential consequences?
### What do I want to protect?
An “asset” is something you value and want to protect. In the context of digital security, ==an asset is usually some kind of information.== For example, your emails, contact lists, instant messages, location, and files are all possible assets. Your devices themselves may also be assets.
*Make a list of your assets: data that you keep, where it's kept, who has access to it, and what stops others from accessing it.*
### Who do I want to protect it from?
To answer this question, it's important to identify who might want to target you or your information. ==A person or entity that poses a threat to your assets is an “adversary”.== Examples of potential adversaries are your boss, your former partner, your business competition, your government, or a hacker on a public network.
*Make a list of your adversaries or those who might want to get ahold of your assets. Your list may include individuals, a government agency, or corporations.*
Depending on who your adversaries are, under some circumstances, this list might be something you want to destroy after you're done security planning.
### How likely is it that I will need to protect it?
==Risk is the likelihood that a particular threat against a particular asset will actually occur.== It goes hand-in-hand with capability. While your mobile phone provider has the capability to access all of your data, the risk of them posting your private data online to harm your reputation is low.
It is important to distinguish between what might happen and the probability it may happen. For instance, there is a threat that your building might collapse, but the risk of this happening is far greater in San Francisco (where earthquakes are common) than in Stockholm (where they are not).
Assessing risks is both a personal and subjective process. Many people find certain threats unacceptable, no matter the likelihood they will occur, because the mere presence of the threat is not worth the cost. In other cases, people disregard high risks because they don't view the threat as a problem.
*Write down which threats you are going to take seriously, and which may be too rare or too harmless (or too difficult to combat) to worry about.*
### How bad are the consequences if I fail?
There are many ways that an adversary could gain access to your data. For example, an adversary can read your private communications as they pass through the network, or they can delete or corrupt your data.
==The motives of adversaries differ widely, as do their tactics.== A government trying to prevent the spread of a video showing police violence may be content to simply delete or reduce the availability of that video. In contrast, a political opponent may wish to gain access to secret content and publish that content without you knowing.
Security planning involves understanding how bad the consequences could be if an adversary successfully gains access to one of your assets. To determine this, you should consider the capability of your adversary. For example, your mobile phone provider has access to all of your phone records. A hacker on an open Wi-Fi network can access your unencrypted communications. Your government might have stronger capabilities.
*Write down what your adversary might want to do with your private data.*
### How much trouble am I willing to go through to try to prevent potential consequences?
==There is no perfect option for security.== Not everyone has the same priorities, concerns, or access to resources. Your risk assessment will allow you to plan the right strategy for you, balancing convenience, cost, and privacy.
For example, an attorney representing a client in a national security case may be willing to go to greater lengths to protect communications about that case, such as using encrypted email, than a mother who regularly emails her daughter funny cat videos.
*Write down what options you have available to you to help mitigate your unique threats. Note if you have any financial constraints, technical constraints, or social constraints.*
### Try it yourself: Protecting Your Belongings
These questions can apply to a wide variety of situations, online and offline. As a generic demonstration of how these questions work, let's build a plan to keep your house and possessions safe.
**What do you want to protect? (Or, *what do you have that is worth protecting?*)**
:
Your assets might include jewelry, electronics, important documents, or photos.
**Who do you want to protect it from?**
:
Your adversaries might include burglars, roommates, or guests.
**How likely is it that you will need to protect it?**
:
Does your neighborhood have a history of burglaries? How trustworthy are your roommates or guests? What are the capabilities of your adversaries? What are the risks you should consider?
**How bad are the consequences if you fail?**
:
Do you have anything in your house that you cannot replace? Do you have the time or money to replace those things? Do you have insurance that covers goods stolen from your home?
**How much trouble are you willing to go through to prevent these consequences?**
:
Are you willing to buy a safe for sensitive documents? Can you afford to buy a high-quality lock? Do you have time to open a security box at your local bank and keep your valuables there?
Only once you have asked yourself these questions will you be in a position to assess what measures to take. If your possessions are valuable, but the probability of a break-in is low, then you may not want to invest too much money in a lock. But, if the probability of a break-in is high, you'll want to get the best lock on the market and consider adding a security system.
Making a security plan will help you to understand the threats that are unique to you and to evaluate your assets, your adversaries, and your adversaries' capabilities, along with the likelihood of risks you face.
## Further Reading
For people looking to increase their privacy and security online, we've compiled a list of common threats our visitors face or goals our visitors have, to give you some inspiration and demonstrate the basis of our recommendations.
- [Common Goals and Threats :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](common-threats.md)
## Sources
- [EFF Surveillance Self Defense: Your Security Plan](https://ssd.eff.org/en/module/your-security-plan)

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---
title: VPN-översikt
icon: material/vpn
description: Virtual Private Networks shift risk away from your ISP to a third-party you trust. You should keep these things in mind.
---
Virtuella privata nätverk är ett sätt att förlänga slutet av ditt nätverk till en utgång någon annanstans i världen. En internetleverantör kan se flödet av internettrafik som kommer in i och ut ur din nätverksavslutningsenhet (dvs. modem).
Encryption protocols such as HTTPS are commonly used on the internet, so they may not be able to see exactly what you're posting or reading, but they can get an idea of the [domains you request](../advanced/dns-overview.md#why-shouldnt-i-use-encrypted-dns).
En VPN kan hjälpa dig eftersom den kan flytta förtroendet till en server någon annanstans i världen. ISP: n ser då bara att du är ansluten till en VPN och ingenting om den aktivitet som du skickar in i den.
## Ska jag använda en VPN?
**Ja**, om du inte redan använder Tor. En VPN gör två saker: den flyttar riskerna från din Internetleverantör till sig själv och döljer din IP för en tredjepartstjänst.
VPN-tjänster kan inte kryptera data utanför anslutningen mellan din enhet och VPN-servern. VPN-leverantörer kan se och ändra din trafik på samma sätt som din internetleverantör. Och det finns inget sätt att verifiera en VPN-leverantörs policy om "ingen loggning" på något sätt.
De döljer dock din faktiska IP-adress för en tredjepartstjänst, förutsatt att det inte finns några IP-läckor. De hjälper dig att smälta in bland andra och minskar IP-baserad spårning.
## När ska jag inte använda en VPN?
Att använda en VPN i fall där du använder din [kända identitet](common-threats.md#common-misconceptions) är sannolikt inte användbart.
Om du gör det kan det utlösa system för att upptäcka skräppost och bedrägerier, till exempel om du skulle logga in på din banks webbplats.
## Hur är det med kryptering?
Den kryptering som erbjuds av VPN-leverantörer sker mellan dina enheter och deras servrar. Det garanterar att den specifika länken är säker. Detta är ett steg upp från att använda okrypterade proxies där en motståndare i nätverket kan avlyssna kommunikationen mellan dina enheter och proxies och ändra den. Kryptering mellan dina appar eller webbläsare och tjänsteleverantörerna hanteras dock inte av denna kryptering.
För att det du gör på de webbplatser du besöker ska vara privat och säkert måste du använda HTTPS. Detta kommer att hålla dina lösenord, sessionstoken och frågor säkra från VPN-leverantören. Överväg att aktivera "HTTPS everywhere" i webbläsaren för att förhindra nedgraderingsattacker som [SSL Strip](https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-dc-09/Marlinspike/BlackHat-DC-09-Marlinspike-Defeating-SSL.pdf).
## Ska jag använda krypterad DNS med en VPN?
Om inte din VPN-leverantör är värd för de krypterade DNS-servrarna finns **ingen**. Att använda DOH/DOT (eller någon annan form av krypterad DNS) med servrar från tredje part innebär helt enkelt att fler enheter måste lita på och gör **absolut ingenting** för att förbättra din integritet/säkerhet. Din VPN-leverantör kan fortfarande se vilka webbplatser du besöker baserat på IP-adresser och andra metoder. I stället för att bara lita på din VPN-leverantör litar du nu på både VPN-leverantören och DNSleverantören.
Ett vanligt skäl att rekommendera krypterad DNS är att det hjälper mot DNS-spoofing. Din webbläsare bör dock redan kontrollera om [TLS-certifikat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security#Digital_certificates) med **HTTPS** och varna dig för det. Om du inte använder **HTTPS**kan en motståndare fortfarande ändra allt annat än dina DNS-frågor och slutresultatet blir inte mycket annorlunda.
Självfallet bör du **inte använda krypterad DNS med Tor**. Detta skulle leda alla dina DNS-förfrågningar genom en enda krets och göra det möjligt för den krypterade DNS-leverantören att avanonymisera dig.
## Ska jag använda Tor *och* en VPN?
Genom att använda en VPN med Tor skapar du i princip en permanent ingångsnod, ofta med en pengastig kopplad till den. Detta ger inga ytterligare fördelar för dig, samtidigt som angreppsytan för din anslutning ökar dramatiskt. Om du vill dölja din användning av Tor för din internetleverantör eller din regering har Tor en inbyggd lösning för detta: Tor bridges. [Läs mer om Tor bridges och varför det inte är nödvändigt att använda en VPN](../advanced/tor-overview.md).
## Vad händer om jag behöver anonymitet?
VPN-tjänster kan inte ge anonymitet. Din VPN-leverantör ser fortfarande din riktiga IP-adress och har ofta ett pengaspår som kan kopplas direkt till dig. Du kan inte förlita dig på att policyer för "ingen loggning" skyddar dina uppgifter. Använd istället [Tor](https://www.torproject.org/).
## Hur är det med VPN-leverantörer som tillhandahåller Tor-noder?
Använd inte den här funktionen. Poängen med att använda Tor är att du inte litar på din VPN-leverantör. För närvarande stöder Tor endast [TCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol) -protokollet. [UDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol) (används i [WebRTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebRTC) för röst- och videodelning, det nya [HTTP3/QUIC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/3) -protokollet etc.), [ICMP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol) och andra paket kommer att tappas. För att kompensera för detta dirigerar VPN-leverantörer vanligtvis alla paket som inte är TCP-paket genom sin VPN-server (ditt första hopp). Detta är fallet med [ProtonVPN](https://protonvpn.com/support/tor-vpn/). När du använder denna Tor-över-VPN-inställning har du inte heller kontroll över andra viktiga Tor-funktioner, t.ex. [Isolated Destination Address](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Stream_Isolation) (använder en annan Tor-krets för varje domän du besöker).
Funktionen bör ses som ett bekvämt sätt att komma åt Tor-nätverket, inte att vara anonym. För riktig anonymitet ska du använda Tor Browser, TorSocks eller en Tor-gateway.
## När är VPN-tjänster användbara?
En VPN kan fortfarande vara användbar för dig i en rad olika situationer, till exempel:
1. Om du döljer din trafik från **kan du bara** din Internetleverantör.
1. Dölja dina nedladdningar (t. ex. torrents) för din internetleverantör och organisationer som bekämpar piratkopiering.
1. Dölja din IP-adress från webbplatser och tjänster från tredje part och förhindra IP-baserad spårning.
I sådana situationer, eller om du har en annan övertygande anledning, är de VPN-leverantörer som vi listat ovan de som vi anser vara mest pålitliga. Att använda en VPN-leverantör innebär dock fortfarande att du *litar på* leverantören. I nästan alla andra situationer bör du använda ett säkert**-by-design** verktyg som Tor.
## Källor och vidare läsning
1. [VPN - en mycket osäker berättelse](https://schub.io/blog/2019/04/08/very-precarious-narrative.html) av Dennis Schubert
1. [Översikt över Tor-nätverket](../advanced/tor-overview.md)
1. [IVPN sekretessguider](https://www.ivpn.net/privacy-guides)
1. ["Behöver jag en VPN?"](https://www.doineedavpn.com), ett verktyg som utvecklats av IVPN för att utmana aggressiv VPN-marknadsföring genom att hjälpa enskilda personer att avgöra om en VPN är rätt för dem.
## Relevant information
- [Problemet med VPN- och integritetsgranskningswebbplatser](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2019/11/20/the-trouble-with-vpn-and-privacy-review-sites/)
- [Undersökning av gratis VPN-app](https://www.top10vpn.com/free-vpn-app-investigation/)
- [Dolda VPN-ägare avslöjas: 101 VPN-produkter som drivs av endast 23 företag](https://vpnpro.com/blog/hidden-vpn-owners-unveiled-97-vpns-23-companies/)
- [Det här kinesiska företaget ligger i hemlighet bakom 24 populära appar som kräver farliga behörigheter](https://vpnpro.com/blog/chinese-company-secretly-behind-popular-apps-seeking-dangerous-permissions/)

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---
title: "Kalendersynkronisering"
icon: material/calendar
description: Calendars contain some of your most sensitive data; use products that implement encryption at rest.
---
Calendars contain some of your most sensitive data; use products that implement E2EE at rest to prevent a provider from reading them.
## Tutanota
!!! recommendation
![Tutanota logo](assets/img/calendar/tutanota.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Tutanota logo](assets/img/calendar/tutanota-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Tutanota** offers a free and encrypted calendar across their supported platforms. Features include: automatic E2EE of all data, sharing features, import/export functionality, multi-factor authentication, and [more](https://tutanota.com/calendar-app-comparison/).
Multiple calendars and extended sharing functionality is limited to paid subscribers.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://tutanota.com/calendar){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://tutanota.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://tutanota.com/faq){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://tutanota.com/community/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.tutao.tutanota)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/tutanota/id922429609)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/desktop-clients/)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/desktop-clients/)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/desktop-clients/)
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/com.tutanota.Tutanota)
- [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://mail.tutanota.com/)
## Proton Calendar
!!! recommendation
![Proton](assets/img/calendar/proton-calendar.svg){ align=right }
**Proton Calendar** is an encrypted calendar service available to Proton members via web or mobile clients. Features include: automatic E2EE of all data, sharing features, import/export functionality, and [more](https://proton.me/support/proton-calendar-guide). Those on the free tier get access to a single calendar, whereas paid subscribers can create up to 20 calendars. Extended sharing functionality is also limited to paid subscribers.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/calendar){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/legal/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://proton.me/support/proton-calendar-guide){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/ProtonMail/WebClients){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=me.proton.android.calendar)
- [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://calendar.proton.me)
## Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
### Minimikrav
- Must sync and store information with E2EE to ensure data is not visible to the service provider.
### Bästa fall
Våra kriterier för bästa fall representerar vad vi skulle vilja se av det perfekta projektet i denna kategori. Våra rekommendationer kanske inte innehåller alla eller några av dessa funktioner, men de som gör det kan vara högre rankade än andra på den här sidan.
- Should integrate with native OS calendar and contact management apps if applicable.

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---
title: "Molnlagring"
icon: material/file-cloud
description: Many cloud storage providers require your trust that they will not look at your files. These are private alternatives!
---
Många molnlagringsleverantörer kräver ditt fulla förtroende för att de inte kommer att titta på dina filer. The alternatives listed below eliminate the need for trust by implementing secure E2EE.
If these alternatives do not fit your needs, we suggest you look into using encryption software like [Cryptomator](encryption.md#cryptomator-cloud) with another cloud provider. Using Cryptomator in conjunction with **any** cloud provider (including these) may be a good idea to reduce the risk of encryption flaws in a provider's native clients.
??? fråga "Letar du efter Nextcloud?"
Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](productivity.md) for self-hosting a file management suite, however we do not recommend third-party Nextcloud storage providers at the moment, because we do [not recommend](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/t/dont-recommend-nextcloud-e2ee/10352/29) Nextcloud's built-in E2EE functionality for home users.
## Proton Drive
!!! recommendation
![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right }
**Proton Drive** is a Swiss encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail).
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://proton.me/support/drive/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/ProtonMail/WebClients){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[](/){ .card-link title=Contribute??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=me.proton.android.drive)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1509667851)
The Proton Drive web application has been independently audited by Securitum in [2021](https://proton.me/blog/security-audit-all-proton-apps), full details were not made available, but Securitum's letter of attestation states:
> Auditors identified two low-severity vulnerabilities. Additionally, five general recommendations were reported. At the same time, we confirm that no important security issues were identified during the pentest.
Proton Drive's brand new mobile clients have not yet been publicly audited by a third-party.
## Tresorit
!!! recommendation
![Tresorit logo](assets/img/cloud/tresorit.svg){ align=right }
**Tresorit** is a Hungarian encrypted cloud storage provider founded in 2011. Tresorit is owned by the Swiss Post, the national postal service of Switzerland.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://tresorit.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://tresorit.com/legal/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.tresorit.com/hc/en-us){ .card-link title=Documentation}
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.tresorit.mobile)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id722163232)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://tresorit.com/download)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://tresorit.com/download)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://tresorit.com/download)
Tresorit has received a number of independent security audits:
- [2022](https://tresorit.com/blog/tresorit-receives-iso-27001-certification/): ISO/IEC 27001:2013[^1] Compliance [Certification](https://www.certipedia.com/quality_marks/9108644476) by TÜV Rheinland InterCert Kft
- [2021](https://tresorit.com/blog/fresh-penetration-testing-confirms-tresorit-security/): Penetration Testing by Computest
- This review assessed the security of the Tresorit web client, Android app, Windows app, and associated infrastructure.
- Computest discovered two vulnerabilities which have been resolved.
- [2019](https://tresorit.com/blog/ernst-young-review-verifies-tresorits-security-architecture/): Penetration Testing by Ernst & Young.
- This review analyzed the full source code of Tresorit and validated that the implementation matches the concepts described in Tresorit's [white paper](https://prodfrontendcdn.azureedge.net/202208011608/tresorit-encryption-whitepaper.pdf).
- Ernst & Young additionally tested the web, mobile, and desktop clients: "Test results found no deviation from Tresorit’s data confidentiality claims."
They have also received the Digital Trust Label, a certification from the [Swiss Digital Initiative](https://www.swiss-digital-initiative.org/digital-trust-label/) which requires passing [35 criteria](https://digitaltrust-label.swiss/criteria/) related to security, privacy, and reliability.
## Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
### Minimikrav
- Måste genomdriva end-to-end-kryptering.
- Måste erbjuda en gratis plan eller provperiod för testning.
- Måste stödja TOTP- eller FIDO2-multifaktorautentisering eller inloggning med lösenord.
- Måste erbjuda ett webbgränssnitt som stöder grundläggande filhanteringsfunktioner.
- Måste möjliggöra enkel export av alla filer/dokument.
- Måste använda standard, granskad kryptering.
### Bästa fall
Våra kriterier för bästa fall representerar vad vi skulle vilja se av det perfekta projektet i denna kategori. Våra rekommendationer kanske inte innehåller alla eller några av dessa funktioner, men de som gör det kan vara högre rankade än andra på den här sidan.
- Klienterna bör ha öppen källkod.
- Klienterna bör granskas i sin helhet av en oberoende tredje part.
- De bör erbjuda inhemska klienter för Linux, Android, Windows, macOS och iOS.
- Dessa klienter bör integreras med operativsystemets verktyg för leverantörer av molnlagring, t. ex. integrering av Files-appen i iOS eller DocumentsProvider-funktionen i Android.
- Det bör vara enkelt att dela filer med andra användare.
- Bör erbjuda åtminstone grundläggande funktioner för förhandsgranskning och redigering av filer i webbgränssnittet.
[^1]: [ISO/IEC 27001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001):2013 compliance relates to the company's [information security management system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_security_management) and covers the sales, development, maintenance and support of their cloud services.

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---
title: Cryptocurrency
icon: material/bank-circle
---
Making payments online is one of the biggest challenges to privacy. These cryptocurrencies provide transaction privacy by default (something which is **not** guaranteed by the majority of cryptocurrencies), provided you have a strong understanding of how to make private payments effectively. We strongly encourage you first read our payments overview article before making any purchases:
[Making Private Payments :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](advanced/payments.md ""){.md-button}
!!! fara
Many if not most cryptocurrency projects are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust.
## Monero
!!! recommendation
![Monero logo](assets/img/cryptocurrency/monero.svg){ align=right }
**Monero** uses a blockchain with privacy-enhancing technologies that obfuscate transactions to achieve anonymity. Every Monero transaction hides the transaction amount, sending and receiving addresses, and source of funds without any hoops to jump through, making it an ideal choice for cryptocurrency novices.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.getmonero.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/user-guides/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/monero-project/monero){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.getmonero.org/get-started/contributing/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
With Monero, outside observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories.
For optimal privacy, make sure to use a noncustodial wallet where the view key stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include:
- [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop)
- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com/) (iOS, Android)
- Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com/).
- [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org/) (Desktop)
- [Monerujo](https://www.monerujo.io/) (Android)
For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or i2p.
In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ciphertrace-announces-enhanced-monero-tracing-160000275.html) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022.
Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://www.wired.com/story/monero-privacy/) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations.
Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy.
## Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
- Cryptocurrency must provide private/untraceable transactions by default.

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---
title: "Redigering av data och metadata"
icon: material/tag-remove
description: Use these tools to remove metadata like GPS location and other identifying information from photos and files you share.
---
När du delar filer ska du se till att ta bort tillhörande metadata. Bildfiler innehåller vanligtvis [Exif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif) data. Foton innehåller ibland även GPS-koordinater i filmetadata.
## Skrivbord
### MAT2
!!! recommendation
![MAT2-logotyp](assets/img/data-redaction/mat2.svg){ align=right }
**MAT2** är en gratis programvara som gör det möjligt att ta bort metadata från bild-, ljud-, torrent- och dokumentfiler. Den tillhandahåller både ett kommandoradsverktyg och ett grafiskt användargränssnitt via ett [tillägg för Nautilus] (https://0xacab.org/jvoisin/mat2/-/tree/master/nautilus), standardfilhanteraren för [GNOME](https://www.gnome.org), och [Dolphin](https://0xacab.org/jvoisin/mat2/-/tree/master/dolphin), standardfilhanteraren för [KDE](https://kde.org).
På Linux finns ett grafiskt verktyg från tredje part [Metadata Cleaner] (https://gitlab.com/rmnvgr/metadata-cleaner) som drivs av MAT2 och är [tillgängligt på Flathub] (https://flathub.org/apps/details/fr.romainvigier.MetadataCleaner).
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://0xacab.org/jvoisin/mat2){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://0xacab.org/jvoisin/mat2/-/blob/master/README.md){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://0xacab.org/jvoisin/mat2){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://pypi.org/project/mat2)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://0xacab.org/jvoisin/mat2#requirements-setup-on-macos-os-x-using-homebrew)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://pypi.org/project/mat2)
- [:octicons-globe-16: Web](https://0xacab.org/jvoisin/mat2#web-interface)
## Mobil
### ExifEraser (Android)
!!! recommendation
![ExifEraser logo](assets/img/data-redaction/exiferaser.svg){ align=right }
**ExifEraser** är ett modernt program för radering av bildmetadata för Android, utan behörighet.
För närvarande stöds JPEG-, PNG- och WebP-filer.
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/Hackeralert/Picocrypt){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/Hackeralert/Picocrypt){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/Tommy-Geenexus/exif-eraser){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.none.tom.exiferaser)
- [:octicons-moon-16: Accrescent](https://accrescent.app/app/com.none.tom.exiferaser)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/Tommy-Geenexus/exif-eraser/releases)
Vilka metadata som raderas beror på bildens filtyp:
* **JPEG**: ICC-profil, Exif, Photoshop Image Resources och XMP/ExtendedXMP-metadata raderas om de finns.
* **PNG**: ICC-profil, Exif- och XMP-metadata raderas om de finns.
* **PNG**: ICC-profil, Exif- och XMP-metadata raderas om de finns.
Efter att ha behandlat bilderna ger ExifEraser dig en fullständig rapport om exakt vad som togs bort från varje bild.
Appen erbjuder flera sätt att radera metadata från bilder. Namn:
* Du kan dela en bild från ett annat program med ExifEraser.
* I appen kan du välja en enda bild, flera bilder samtidigt eller till och med en hel katalog.
* Den har ett "kamera"-alternativ som använder operativsystemets kameraapp för att ta ett foto och sedan tar bort metadata från det.
* Du kan dra foton från en annan app till ExifEraser när båda är öppna i delad skärm.
* Slutligen kan du klistra in en bild från klippbordet.
### Metapho (iOS)
!!! recommendation
![Metapho logotyp](assets/img/data-redaction/metapho.jpg){ align=right }
**Metapho** är en enkel och ren visare för fotometadata som datum, filnamn, storlek, kameramodell, slutartid och plats.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://zininworks.com/metapho){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://zininworks.com/privacy/){ .card-link title="Sekretesspolicy" }
??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/metapho/id914457352)
### PrivacyBlur
!!! recommendation
![PrivacyBlur-logotyp](assets/img/data-redaction/privacyblur.svg){ align=right }
**PrivacyBlur** är en gratis app som kan sudda ut känsliga delar av bilder innan de delas på nätet.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/MATHEMA-GmbH/privacyblur#readme/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/MATHEMA-GmbH/privacyblur){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[](/){ .card-link title=Contribute??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.mathema.privacyblur)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/privacyblur/id1536274106)
!!! varning
Du bör **aldrig** använda oskärpa för att redigera [text i bilder] (https://bishopfox.com/blog/unredacter-tool-never-pixelation). Om du vill redigera text i en bild ritar du en ruta över texten. För detta föreslår vi appar som [Pocket Paint] (https://github.com/Catrobat/Paintroid).
## Kommandorad
### ExifTool
!!! recommendation
![ExifTool logo](assets/img/data-redaction/exiftool.png){ align=right }
**ExifTool** är det ursprungliga perl-biblioteket och kommandoradstillämpningen för att läsa, skriva och redigera metainformation (Exif, IPTC, XMP med mera) i en mängd olika filformat (JPEG, TIFF, PNG, PDF, RAW med mera).
Det är ofta en del av andra program för att ta bort Exif-filer och finns i de flesta Linuxdistributioners arkiv.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://openwrt.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://openwrt.org/docs/start){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/exiftool/exiftool){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://exiftool.org/#donate){ .card-link title=Contribute??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://exiftool.org)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://exiftool.org)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://exiftool.org)
!!! exempel "Radera data från en katalog med filer"
```bash
exiftool -all= *.file_extension
```
## Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
- Appar som utvecklas för operativsystem med öppen källkod måste vara med öppen källkod.
- Apparna måste vara gratis och får inte innehålla annonser eller andra begränsningar.

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---
title: "Desktop Browsers"
icon: material/laptop
description: These web browsers provide stronger privacy protections than Google Chrome.
schema:
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
name: Private Desktop Browser Recommendations
url: "./"
relatedLink: "../mobile-browsers/"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": SoftwareApplication
name: Mullvad Browser
image: /assets/img/browsers/mullvad_browser.svg
url: https://mullvad.net/en/browser
applicationCategory: Web Browser
operatingSystem:
- Windows
- macOS
- Linux
subjectOf:
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": SoftwareApplication
name: Firefox
image: /assets/img/browsers/firefox.svg
url: https://firefox.com
sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox
applicationCategory: Web Browser
operatingSystem:
- Windows
- macOS
- Linux
subjectOf:
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": SoftwareApplication
name: Brave
image: /assets/img/browsers/brave.svg
url: https://brave.com
sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_(web_browser)
applicationCategory: Web Browser
operatingSystem:
- Windows
- macOS
- Linux
subjectOf:
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
---
These are our currently recommended desktop web browsers and configurations for standard/non-anonymous browsing. We recommend [Mullvad Browser](#mullvad-browser) if you are focused on strong privacy protections and anti-fingerprinting out of the box, [Firefox](#firefox) for casual internet browsers looking for a good alternative to Google Chrome, and [Brave](#brave) if you need Chromium browser compatibility.
Om du vill surfa anonymt på internet bör du använda [Tor](tor.md) i stället. We make some configuration recommendations on this page, but all browsers other than Tor Browser will be traceable by *somebody* in some manner or another.
## Mullvad Browser
!!! recommendation
![Mullvad Browser logo](assets/img/browsers/mullvad_browser.svg){ align=right }
**Mullvad Browser** is a version of [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser) with Tor network integrations removed, aimed at providing Tor Browser's anti-fingerprinting browser technologies to VPN users. It is developed by the Tor Project and distributed by [Mullvad](vpn.md#mullvad), and does **not** require the use of Mullvad's VPN.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://mullvad.net/en/browser){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://mullvad.net/en/help/privacy-policy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://mullvad.net/en/help/tag/mullvad-browser/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitlab.torproject.org/tpo/applications/mullvad-browser){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://mullvad.net/en/download/browser/windows)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://mullvad.net/en/download/browser/macos)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://mullvad.net/en/download/browser/linux)
Like [Tor Browser](tor.md), Mullvad Browser is designed to prevent fingerprinting by making your browser fingerprint identical to all other Mullvad Browser users, and it includes default settings and extensions that are automatically configured by the default security levels: *Standard*, *Safer* and *Safest*. Therefore, it is imperative that you do not modify the browser at all outside adjusting the default [security levels](https://tb-manual.torproject.org/security-settings/). Other modifications would make your fingerprint unique, defeating the purpose of using this browser. If you want to configure your browser more heavily and fingerprinting is not a concern for you, we recommend [Firefox](#firefox) instead.
### Anti-Fingerprinting
**Without** using a [VPN](vpn.md), Mullvad Browser provides the same protections against [naive fingerprinting scripts](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js/wiki/3.3-Overrides-%5BTo-RFP-or-Not%5D#-fingerprinting) as other private browsers like Firefox+[Arkenfox](#arkenfox-advanced) or [Brave](#brave). Mullvad Browser provides these protections out of the box, at the expense of some flexibility and convenience that other private browsers can provide.
==For the strongest anti-fingerprinting protection, we recommend using Mullvad Browser in conjunction **with** a VPN==, whether that is Mullvad or another recommended VPN provider. When using a VPN with Mullvad Browser, you will share a fingerprint and a pool of IP addresses with many other users, giving you a "crowd" to blend in with. This strategy is the only way to thwart advanced tracking scripts, and is the same anti-fingerprinting technique used by Tor Browser.
Note that while you can use Mullvad Browser with any VPN provider, other people on that VPN must also be using Mullvad Browser for this "crowd" to exist, something which is more likely on Mullvad VPN compared to other providers, particularly this close to the launch of Mullvad Browser. Mullvad Browser does not have built-in VPN connectivity, nor does it check whether you are using a VPN before browsing; your VPN connection has to be configured and managed separately.
Mullvad Browser comes with the *uBlock Origin* and *NoScript* browser extensions pre-installed. While we typically [don't recommend](#extensions) adding *additional* browser extensions, these extensions that come pre-installed with the browser should **not** be removed or configured outside their default values, because doing so would noticeably make your browser fingerprint distinct from other Mullvad Browser users. It also comes pre-installed with the Mullvad Browser Extension, which *can* be safely removed without impacting your browser fingerprint if you would like, but is also safe to keep even if you don't use Mullvad VPN.
### Private Browsing Mode
Mullvad Browser operates in permanent private browsing mode, meaning your history, cookies, and other site data will always be cleared every time the browser is closed. Your bookmarks, browser settings, and extension settings will still be preserved.
This is required to prevent advanced forms of tracking, but does come at the cost of convenience and some Firefox features, such as Multi-Account Containers. Remember you can always use multiple browsers, for example, you could consider using Firefox+Arkenfox for a few sites that you want to stay logged in on or otherwise don't work properly in Mullvad Browser, and Mullvad Browser for general browsing.
### Mullvad Leta
Mullvad Browser comes with DuckDuckGo set as the default [search engine](search-engines.md), but it also comes preinstalled with **Mullvad Leta**, a search engine which requires an active Mullvad VPN subscription to access. Mullvad Leta queries Google's paid search API directly (which is why it is limited to paying subscribers), however because of this limitation it is possible for Mullvad to correlate search queries and Mullvad VPN accounts. For this reason we discourage the use of Mullvad Leta, even though Mullvad collects very little information about their VPN subscribers.
## Firefox
!!! recommendation
![Firefox logo](assets/img/browsers/firefox.svg){ align=right }
**Firefox** provides strong privacy settings such as [Enhanced Tracking Protection](https://support.mozilla.org/kb/enhanced-tracking-protection-firefox-desktop), which can help block various [types of tracking](https://support.mozilla.org/kb/enhanced-tracking-protection-firefox-desktop#w_what-enhanced-tracking-protection-blocks).
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://firefox.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.mozilla.org/privacy/firefox/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://firefox-source-docs.mozilla.org/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://donate.mozilla.org/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.mozilla.org/firefox/windows)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.mozilla.org/firefox/mac)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.mozilla.org/firefox/linux)
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.mozilla.firefox)
!!! warning
Firefox includes a unique [download token](https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1677497#c0) in downloads from Mozilla's website and uses telemetry in Firefox to send the token. The token is **not** included in releases from the [Mozilla FTP](https://ftp.mozilla.org/pub/firefox/releases/).
### Rekommenderad konfiguration
These options can be found in :material-menu: → **Settings** → **Privacy & Security**.
##### Enhanced Tracking Protection
- [x] Select **Strict** Enhanced Tracking Protection
This protects you by blocking social media trackers, fingerprinting scripts (note that this does not protect you from *all* fingerprinting), cryptominers, cross-site tracking cookies, and some other tracking content. ETP protects against many common threats, but it does not block all tracking avenues because it is designed to have minimal to no impact on site usability.
##### Sanitize on Close
If you want to stay logged in to particular sites, you can allow exceptions in **Cookies and Site Data** → **Manage Exceptions...**
- [x] Check **Delete cookies and site data when Firefox is closed**
This protects you from persistent cookies, but does not protect you against cookies acquired during any one browsing session. When this is enabled, it becomes possible to easily cleanse your browser cookies by simply restarting Firefox. You can set exceptions on a per-site basis, if you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often.
##### Search Suggestions
- [ ] Uncheck **Provide search suggestions**
Search suggestion features may not be available in your region.
Search suggestions send everything you type in the address bar to the default search engine, regardless of whether you submit an actual search. Disabling search suggestions allows you to more precisely control what data you send to your search engine provider.
##### Telemetry
- [ ] Uncheck **Allow Firefox to send technical and interaction data to Mozilla**
- [ ] Uncheck **Allow Firefox to install and run studies**
- [ ] Uncheck **Allow Firefox to send backlogged crash reports on your behalf**
> Firefox sends data about your Firefox version and language; device operating system and hardware configuration; memory, basic information about crashes and errors; outcome of automated processes like updates, safebrowsing, and activation to us. When Firefox sends data to us, your IP address is temporarily collected as part of our server logs.
Additionally, the Firefox Accounts service collects [some technical data](https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/privacy/firefox/#firefox-accounts). If you use a Firefox Account you can opt-out:
1. Open your [profile settings on accounts.firefox.com](https://accounts.firefox.com/settings#data-collection)
2. Uncheck **Data Collection and Use** > **Help improve Firefox Accounts**
##### HTTPS-Only Mode
- [x] Select **Enable HTTPS-Only Mode in all windows**
This prevents you from unintentionally connecting to a website in plain-text HTTP. Sites without HTTPS are uncommon nowadays, so this should have little to no impact on your day to day browsing.
### Firefox Sync
[Firefox Sync](https://hacks.mozilla.org/2018/11/firefox-sync-privacy/) allows your browsing data (history, bookmarks, etc.) to be accessible on all your devices and protects it with E2EE.
### Arkenfox (advanced)
!!! tip "Use Mullvad Browser for advanced anti-fingerprinting"
[Mullvad Browser](#mullvad-browser) provides the same anti-fingerprinting protections as Arkenfox out of the box, and does not require the use of Mullvad's VPN to benefit from these protections. Coupled with a VPN, Mullvad Browser can thwart more advanced tracking scripts which Arkenfox cannot. Arkenfox still has the advantage of being much more flexible, and allowing per-site exceptions for websites which you need to stay logged in to.
The [Arkenfox project](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js) provides a set of carefully considered options for Firefox. If you [decide](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js/wiki/1.1-To-Arkenfox-or-Not) to use Arkenfox, a [few options](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js/wiki/3.2-Overrides-[Common]) are subjectively strict and/or may cause some websites to not work properly - [which you can easily change](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js/wiki/3.1-Overrides) to suit your needs. We **strongly recommend** reading through their full [wiki](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js/wiki). Arkenfox also enables [container](https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/containers#w_for-advanced-users) support.
Arkenfox only aims to thwart basic or naive tracking scripts through canvas randomization and Firefox's built-in fingerprint resistance configuration settings. It does not aim to make your browser blend in with a large crowd of other Arkenfox users in the same way Mullvad Browser or Tor Browser do, which is the only way to thwart advanced fingerprint tracking scripts. Remember you can always use multiple browsers, for example, you could consider using Firefox+Arkenfox for a few sites that you want to stay logged in on or otherwise trust, and Mullvad Browser for general browsing.
## Brave
!!! recommendation
![Brave logo](assets/img/browsers/brave.svg){ align=right }
**Brave Browser** innehåller en inbyggd innehållsblockerare och [integritetsfunktioner] (https://brave.com/privacy-features/), varav många är aktiverade som standard.
Brave bygger på webbläsarprojektet Chromium, så den bör kännas bekant och ha minimala problem med webbkompatibilitet.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://lbry.com/faq/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/lbryio/lbry-desktop){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[](/){ .card-link title=Contribute??? downloads annotate
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://brave.com/download/)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://brave.com/download/)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://brave.com/linux/) (1)
1. We advise against using the Flatpak version of Brave, as it replaces Chromium's sandbox with Flatpak's, which is less effective. Additionally, the package is not maintained by Brave Software, Inc.
### Rekommenderad konfiguration
These options can be found in :material-menu: → **Settings**.
##### Sköldar
Brave har några åtgärder mot fingeravtryck i sin funktion [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields-). Vi föreslår att du konfigurerar dessa alternativ [globalt](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings-) på alla sidor som du besöker.
Shields alternativ kan nedgraderas vid behov för varje enskild plats, men som standard rekommenderar vi att du ställer in följande:
<div class="annotate" markdown>
- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
- [x] Select **Aggressive** under Trackers & ads blocking
??? varning "Use default filter lists"
Brave låter dig välja ytterligare innehållsfilter på den interna sidan `brave://adblock`. Vi avråder från att använda den här funktionen; behåll istället standardfilterlistorna. Om du använder extra listor sticker du ut från andra Brave-användare och kan också öka angreppsytan om det finns en exploit i Brave och en skadlig regel läggs till i en av de listor du använder.
- [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
- [x] Select **Strict, may break sites** under Block fingerprinting
</div>
1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode) or the [NoScript](https://noscript.net/) extension.
##### Social media blocking
- [ ] Avmarkera alla komponenter för sociala medier
##### Privacy and security
<div class="annotate" markdown>
- [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings-#webrtc)
- [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
- [x] Select **Always use secure connections** in the **Security** menu
- [ ] Uncheck **Private window with Tor** (1)
!!! tip "Sanitizing on Close"
- [x] Select **Clear cookies and site data when you close all windows** in the *Cookies and other site data* menu
If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
</div>
1. Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. Where [strong anonymity is required](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity-) use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
##### Extensions
Disable built-in extensions you do not use in **Extensions**
- [ ] Uncheck **Hangouts**
- [ ] Uncheck **WebTorrent**
##### Web3
<div class="annotate" markdown>
- [x] Select **Disabled** on Method to resolve IPFS resources (1)
</div>
1. InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) is a decentralized, peer-to-peer network for storing and sharing data in a distributed filesystem. Unless you use the feature, disable it.
##### Additional settings
Under the *System* menu
<div class="annotate" markdown>
- [ ] Uncheck **Continue running apps when Brave is closed** to disable background apps (1)
</div>
1. This option is not present on all platforms.
### Brave Sync
[Brave Sync](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360059793111-Understanding-Brave-Sync) gör det möjligt att få tillgång till dina webbläsardata (historik, bokmärken osv.) på alla dina enheter utan att du behöver ett konto och skyddar dem med E2EE.
## Ytterligare resurser
In general, we recommend keeping your browser extensions to a minimum to decrease your attack surface; they have privileged access within your browser, require you to trust the developer, can make you [stand out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_fingerprint#Browser_fingerprint), and [weaken](https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/g/chromium-extensions/c/0ei-UCHNm34/m/lDaXwQhzBAAJ) site isolation. However, uBlock Origin may prove useful if you value content blocking functionality.
### uBlock Origin
!!! recommendation
![uBlock Origin logo](assets/img/browsers/ublock_origin.svg){ align=right }
**uBlock Origin** is a popular content blocker that could help you block ads, trackers, and fingerprinting scripts.
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock#readme){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/ublock-origin/)
- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/ublock-origin/cjpalhdlnbpafiamejdnhcphjbkeiagm)
- [:simple-microsoftedge: Edge](https://microsoftedge.microsoft.com/addons/detail/ublock-origin/odfafepnkmbhccpbejgmiehpchacaeak)
We suggest following the [developer's documentation](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode) and picking one of the "modes". Additional filter lists can impact performance and [may increase attack surface](https://portswigger.net/research/ublock-i-exfiltrate-exploiting-ad-blockers-with-css).
##### Other lists
These are some other [filter lists](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Dashboard:-Filter-lists) that you may want to consider adding:
- [x] Check **Privacy** > **AdGuard URL Tracking Protection**
- Add [Actually Legitimate URL Shortener Tool](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DandelionSprout/adfilt/master/LegitimateURLShortener.txt)
## Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
### Minimikrav
- Måste vara programvara med öppen källkod.
- Supports automatic updates.
- Receives engine updates in 0-1 days from upstream release.
- Available on Linux, macOS, and Windows.
- Eventuella ändringar som krävs för att göra webbläsaren mer integritetsvänlig bör inte påverka användarupplevelsen negativt.
- Blocks third-party cookies by default.
- Supports [state partitioning](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Privacy/State_Partitioning) to mitigate cross-site tracking.[^1]
### Bästa fall
Våra kriterier för bästa fall representerar vad vi skulle vilja se av det perfekta projektet i denna kategori. Våra rekommendationer kanske inte innehåller alla eller några av dessa funktioner, men de som gör det kan vara högre rankade än andra på den här sidan.
- Includes built-in content blocking functionality.
- Supports cookie compartmentalization (à la [Multi-Account Containers](https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/containers)).
- Supports Progressive Web Apps.
PWAs enable you to install certain websites as if they were native apps on your computer. This can have advantages over installing Electron-based apps, because you benefit from your browser's regular security updates.
- Does not include add-on functionality (bloatware) that does not impact user privacy.
- Does not collect telemetry by default.
- Provides open-source sync server implementation.
- Defaults to a [private search engine](search-engines.md).
### Kriterier för förlängning
- Får inte replikera inbyggda webbläsar- eller OS-funktioner.
- Måste direkt påverka användarens integritet, det vill säga får inte bara ge information.
[^1]: Brave's implementation is detailed at [Brave Privacy Updates: Partitioning network-state for privacy](https://brave.com/privacy-updates/14-partitioning-network-state/).

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---
title: "Skrivbord"
icon: simple/linux
description: Linux distributions are commonly recommended for privacy protection and software freedom.
---
Linux distributions are commonly recommended for privacy protection and software freedom. If you don't already use Linux, below are some distributions we suggest trying out, as well as some general privacy and security improvement tips that are applicable to many Linux distributions.
- [General Linux Overview :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](os/linux-overview.md)
## Traditional Distributions
### Fedora Workstation
!!! recommendation
![Fedora logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/fedora-workstation.svg){ align=right }
**Fedora Workstation** is our recommended distribution for people new to Linux. Fedora generally adopts newer technologies before other distributions e.g., [Wayland](https://wayland.freedesktop.org/), [PipeWire](https://pipewire.org). These new technologies often come with improvements in security, privacy, and usability in general.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://getfedora.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/docs/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://whatcanidoforfedora.org/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
Fedora has a semi-rolling release cycle. While some packages like [GNOME](https://www.gnome.org) are frozen until the next Fedora release, most packages (including the kernel) are updated frequently throughout the lifespan of the release. Each Fedora release is supported for one year, with a new version released every 6 months.
### openSUSE Tumbleweed
!!! recommendation
![openSUSE Tumbleweed logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/opensuse-tumbleweed.svg){ align=right }
**openSUSE Tumbleweed** is a stable rolling release distribution.
openSUSE Tumbleweed has a [transactional update](https://kubic.opensuse.org/blog/2018-04-04-transactionalupdates/) system that uses [Btrfs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs) and [Snapper](https://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Snapper_Tutorial) to ensure that snapshots can be rolled back should there be a problem.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://get.opensuse.org/tumbleweed/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://doc.opensuse.org/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://shop.opensuse.org/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
Tumbleweed follows a rolling release model where each update is released as a snapshot of the distribution. When you upgrade your system, a new snapshot is downloaded. Each snapshot is run through a series of automated tests by [openQA](https://openqa.opensuse.org) to ensure its quality.
### Arch Linux
!!! recommendation
![Arch logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/archlinux.svg){ align=right }
**Arch Linux** is a lightweight, do-it-yourself (DIY) distribution meaning that you only get what you install. For more information see their [FAQ](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Frequently_asked_questions).
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://archlinux.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://wiki.archlinux.org/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://archlinux.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
Arch Linux has a rolling release cycle. There is no fixed release schedule and packages are updated very frequently.
Being a DIY distribution, you are [expected to set up and maintain](os/linux-overview.md#arch-based-distributions) your system on your own. Arch has an [official installer](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Archinstall) to make the installation process a little easier.
A large portion of [Arch Linux’s packages](https://reproducible.archlinux.org) are [reproducible](https://reproducible-builds.org).
## Immutable Distributions
### Fedora Silverblue
!!! recommendation
![Fedora Silverblue logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/fedora-silverblue.svg){ align=right }
**Fedora Silverblue** and **Fedora Kinoite** are immutable variants of Fedora with a strong focus on container workflows. Silverblue comes with the [GNOME](https://www.gnome.org/) desktop environment while Kinoite comes with [KDE](https://kde.org/). Silverblue and Kinoite follow the same release schedule as Fedora Workstation, benefiting from the same fast updates and staying very close to upstream.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://silverblue.fedoraproject.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora-silverblue/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://whatcanidoforfedora.org/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
Silverblue (and Kinoite) differ from Fedora Workstation as they replace the [DNF](https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/DNF) package manager with a much more advanced alternative called [`rpm-ostree`](https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora/rawhide/system-administrators-guide/package-management/rpm-ostree/). The `rpm-ostree` package manager works by downloading a base image for the system, then overlaying packages over it in a [git](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git)-like commit tree. When the system is updated, a new base image is downloaded and the overlays will be applied to that new image.
After the update is complete you will reboot the system into the new deployment. `rpm-ostree` keeps two deployments of the system so that you can easily rollback if something breaks in the new deployment. There is also the option to pin more deployments as needed.
[Flatpak](https://www.flatpak.org) is the primary package installation method on these distributions, as `rpm-ostree` is only meant to overlay packages that cannot stay inside of a container on top of the base image.
As an alternative to Flatpaks, there is the option of [Toolbox](https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora-silverblue/toolbox/) to create [Podman](https://podman.io) containers with a shared home directory with the host operating system and mimic a traditional Fedora environment, which is a [useful feature](https://containertoolbx.org) for the discerning developer.
### NixOS
!!! recommendation
![NixOS logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/nixos.svg){ align=right }
NixOS is an independent distribution based on the Nix package manager with a focus on reproducibility and reliability.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://nixos.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://nixos.org/learn.html){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://nixos.org/donate.html){ .card-link title=Contribute }
NixOS’s package manager keeps every version of every package in a different folder in the **Nix store**. Due to this you can have different versions of the same package installed on your system. After the package contents have been written to the folder, the folder is made read-only.
NixOS also provides atomic updates; first it downloads (or builds) the packages and files for the new system generation and then switches to it. There are different ways to switch to a new generation; you can tell NixOS to activate it after reboot or you can switch to it at runtime. You can also *test* the new generation by switching to it at runtime, but not setting it as the current system generation. If something in the update process breaks, you can just reboot and automatically and return to a working version of your system.
Nix the package manager uses a purely functional language - which is also called Nix - to define packages.
[Nixpkgs](https://github.com/nixos/nixpkgs) (the main source of packages) are contained in a single GitHub repository. You can also define your own packages in the same language and then easily include them in your config.
Nix is a source-based package manager; if there’s no pre-built available in the binary cache, Nix will just build the package from source using its definition. It builds each package in a sandboxed *pure* environment, which is as independent of the host system as possible, thus making binaries reproducible.
## Anonymity-Focused Distributions
### Whonix
!!! recommendation
![Whonix logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/whonix.svg){ align=right }
**Whonix** is based on [Kicksecure](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Kicksecure), a security-focused fork of Debian. It aims to provide privacy, security, and anonymity on the internet. Whonix is best used in conjunction with [Qubes OS](#qubes-os).
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.whonix.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](http://www.dds6qkxpwdeubwucdiaord2xgbbeyds25rbsgr73tbfpqpt4a6vjwsyd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Documentation){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
Whonix is meant to run as two virtual machines: a “Workstation” and a Tor “Gateway.” All communications from the Workstation must go through the Tor gateway. This means that even if the Workstation is compromised by malware of some kind, the true IP address remains hidden.
Some of its features include Tor Stream Isolation, [keystroke anonymization](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Keystroke_Deanonymization#Kloak), [encrypted swap](https://github.com/Whonix/swap-file-creator), and a hardened memory allocator.
Future versions of Whonix will likely include [full system AppArmor policies](https://github.com/Whonix/apparmor-profile-everything) and a [sandbox app launcher](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Sandbox-app-launcher) to fully confine all processes on the system.
Whonix is best used [in conjunction with Qubes](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Qubes/Why_use_Qubes_over_other_Virtualizers), Qubes-Whonix has various [disadvantages](https://forums.whonix.org/t/qubes-whonix-security-disadvantages-help-wanted/8581) when compared to other hypervisors.
### Tails
!!! recommendation
![Tails logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/tails.svg){ align=right }
**Tails** is a live operating system based on Debian that routes all communications through Tor, which can boot on on almost any computer from a DVD, USB stick, or SD card installation. It uses [Tor](tor.md) to preserve privacy and anonymity while circumventing censorship, and it leaves no trace of itself on the computer it is used on after it is powered off.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://tails.boum.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://tails.boum.org/doc/index.en.html){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://tails.boum.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
Tails is great for counter forensics due to amnesia (meaning nothing is written to the disk); however, it is not a hardened distribution like Whonix. It lacks many anonymity and security features that Whonix has and gets updated much less often (only once every six weeks). A Tails system that is compromised by malware may potentially bypass the transparent proxy allowing for the user to be deanonymized.
Tails includes [uBlock Origin](desktop-browsers.md#ublock-origin) in Tor Browser by default, which may potentially make it easier for adversaries to fingerprint Tails users. [Whonix](desktop.md#whonix) virtual machines may be more leak-proof, however they are not amnesic, meaning data may be recovered from your storage device.
By design, Tails is meant to completely reset itself after each reboot. Encrypted [persistent storage](https://tails.boum.org/doc/persistent_storage/index.en.html) can be configured to store some data between reboots.
## Security-focused Distributions
### Qubes OS
!!! recommendation
![Qubes OS logo](assets/img/qubes/qubes_os.svg){ align=right }
**Qubes OS** is an open-source operating system designed to provide strong security for desktop computing. Qubes is based on Xen, the X Window System, and Linux, and can run most Linux applications and use most of the Linux drivers.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.qubes-os.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:material-arrow-right-drop-circle: Overview](os/qubes-overview.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](http://qubesosfasa4zl44o4tws22di6kepyzfeqv3tg4e3ztknltfxqrymdad.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.qubes-os.org/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/){ .card-link title=Documentation }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/QubesOS/){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.qubes-os.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
Qubes OS is a Xen-based operating system meant to provide strong security for desktop computing through secure virtual machines (VMs), also known as *Qubes*.
The Qubes OS operating system secures the computer by isolating subsystems (e.g., networking, USB, etc.) and applications in separate VMs. Should one part of the system be compromised, the extra isolation is likely to protect the rest of the system. For further details see the Qubes [FAQ](https://www.qubes-os.org/faq/).
## Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
Our recommended operating systems:
- Must be open-source.
- Must receive regular software and Linux kernel updates.
- Linux distributions must support [Wayland](os/linux-overview.md#Wayland).
- Must support full-disk encryption during installation.
- Must not freeze regular releases for more than 1 year. We [do not recommend](os/linux-overview.md#release-cycle) "Long Term Support" or "stable" distro releases for desktop usage.
- Must support a wide variety of hardware.

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---
title: "DNS Resolvers"
icon: material/dns
description: These are some encrypted DNS providers we recommend switching to, to replace your ISP's default configuration.
---
Encrypted DNS with third-party servers should only be used to get around basic [DNS blocking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_blocking) when you can be sure there won't be any consequences. Encrypted DNS will not help you hide any of your browsing activity.
[Learn more about DNS :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](advanced/dns-overview.md ""){.md-button}
## Recommended Providers
| DNS Provider | Privacy Policy | Protocols | Logging | ECS | Filtering |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------ | -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| [**AdGuard**](https://adguard.com/en/adguard-dns/overview.html) | [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://adguard.com/en/privacy/dns.html) | Cleartext <br> DoH/3 <br> DoT <br> DNSCrypt | Some[^1] | No | Based on server choice. Filter list being used can be found here. [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://github.com/AdguardTeam/AdGuardDNS) |
| [**Cloudflare**](https://developers.cloudflare.com/1.1.1.1/setting-up-1.1.1.1/) | [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://developers.cloudflare.com/1.1.1.1/privacy/public-dns-resolver/) | Cleartext <br> DoH/3 <br> DoT | Some[^2] | No | Based on server choice. |
| [**Control D**](https://controld.com/free-dns) | [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://controld.com/privacy) | Cleartext <br> DoH/3 <br> DoT <br> DoQ | Optional[^3] | No | Based on server choice. |
| [**Mullvad**](https://mullvad.net/en/help/dns-over-https-and-dns-over-tls) | [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://mullvad.net/en/help/no-logging-data-policy/) | DoH <br> DoT | No[^4] | No | Based on server choice. Filter list being used can be found here. [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://github.com/mullvad/dns-adblock) |
| [**NextDNS**](https://www.nextdns.io) | [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://www.nextdns.io/privacy) | Cleartext <br> DoH/3 <br> DoT | Optional[^5] | Optional | Based on server choice. |
| [**Quad9**](https://quad9.net) | [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://quad9.net/privacy/policy/) | Cleartext <br> DoH <br> DoT <br> DNSCrypt | Some[^6] | Optional | Based on server choice, Malware blocking by default. |
## Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
- Must support [DNSSEC](advanced/dns-overview.md#what-is-dnssec).
- [QNAME Minimization](advanced/dns-overview.md#what-is-qname-minimization).
- Allow for [ECS](advanced/dns-overview.md#what-is-edns-client-subnet-ecs) to be disabled.
- Prefer [anycast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anycast#Addressing_methods) support or geo-steering support.
## Native Operating System Support
### Android
Android 9 and above support DNS over TLS. The settings can be found in: **Settings** &rarr; **Network & Internet** &rarr; **Private DNS**.
### Apple Devices
The latest versions of iOS, iPadOS, tvOS, and macOS, support both DoT and DoH. Both protocols are supported natively via [configuration profiles](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/configuration-profile-enforcement-secf6fb9f053/web) or through the [DNS Settings API](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/networkextension/dns_settings).
After installation of either a configuration profile or an app that uses the DNS Settings API, the DNS configuration can be selected. If a VPN is active, resolution within the VPN tunnel will use the VPN's DNS settings and not your system-wide settings.
#### Signed Profiles
Apple does not provide a native interface for creating encrypted DNS profiles. [Secure DNS profile creator](https://dns.notjakob.com/tool.html) is an unofficial tool for creating your own encrypted DNS profiles, however they will not be signed. Signed profiles are preferred; signing validates a profile's origin and helps to ensure the integrity of the profiles. A green "Verified" label is given to signed configuration profiles. For more information on code signing, see [About Code Signing](https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Security/Conceptual/CodeSigningGuide/Introduction/Introduction.html). **Signed profiles** are offered by [AdGuard](https://adguard.com/en/blog/encrypted-dns-ios-14.html), [NextDNS](https://apple.nextdns.io), and [Quad9](https://www.quad9.net/news/blog/ios-mobile-provisioning-profiles/).
!!! info
`systemd-resolved`, which many Linux distributions use to do their DNS lookups, doesn't yet [support DoH](https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/8639). If you want to use DoH, you'll need to install a proxy like [dnscrypt-proxy](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy) and [configure it](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dnscrypt-proxy) to take all the DNS queries from your system resolver and forward them over HTTPS.
## Krypterade DNS-proxyservrar
Encrypted DNS proxy software provides a local proxy for the [unencrypted DNS](advanced/dns-overview.md#unencrypted-dns) resolver to forward to. Typically it is used on platforms that don't natively support [encrypted DNS](advanced/dns-overview.md#what-is-encrypted-dns).
### RethinkDNS
!!! recommendation
![RethinkDNS logo](assets/img/android/rethinkdns.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![RethinkDNS logo](assets/img/android/rethinkdns-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**RethinkDNS** is an open-source Android client supporting [DNS-over-HTTPS](advanced/dns-overview.md#dns-over-https-doh), [DNS-over-TLS](advanced/dns-overview.md#dns-over-tls-dot), [DNSCrypt](advanced/dns-overview.md#dnscrypt) and DNS Proxy along with caching DNS responses, locally logging DNS queries and can be used as a firewall too.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://rethinkdns.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://rethinkdns.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.rethinkdns.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/celzero/rethink-app){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.celzero.bravedns)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/celzero/rethink-app/releases)
### dnscrypt-proxy
!!! recommendation
![dnscrypt-proxy logo](assets/img/dns/dnscrypt-proxy.svg){ align=right }
**dnscrypt-proxy** is a DNS proxy with support for [DNSCrypt](advanced/dns-overview.md#dnscrypt), [DNS-over-HTTPS](advanced/dns-overview.md#dns-over-https-doh), and [Anonymized DNS](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy/wiki/Anonymized-DNS).
!!! warning "The anonymized DNS feature does [**not**](advanced/dns-overview.md#why-shouldnt-i-use-encrypted-dns) anonymize other network traffic."
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://opencollective.com/dnscrypt/contribute){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy/wiki/Installation-Windows)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy/wiki/Installation-macOS)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy/wiki/Installation-linux)
## Egenstyrda lösningar
A self-hosted DNS solution is useful for providing filtering on controlled platforms, such as Smart TVs and other IoT devices, as no client-side software is needed.
### AdGuard Home
!!! recommendation
![AdGuard Home logo](assets/img/dns/adguard-home.svg){ align=right }
**AdGuard Home** is an open-source [DNS-sinkhole](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_sinkhole) which uses [DNS filtering](https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/access-management/what-is-dns-filtering/) to block unwanted web content, such as advertisements.
AdGuard Home features a polished web interface to view insights and manage blocked content.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://adguard.com/adguard-home/overview.html){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://adguard.com/privacy/home.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/AdguardTeam/AdGuardHome/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/AdguardTeam/AdGuardHome){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
### Pi-hole
!!! recommendation
![Pi-hole logo](assets/img/dns/pi-hole.svg){ align=right }
**Pi-hole** is an open-source [DNS-sinkhole](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_sinkhole) which uses [DNS filtering](https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/access-management/what-is-dns-filtering/) to block unwanted web content, such as advertisements.
Pi-hole is designed to be hosted on a Raspberry Pi, but it is not limited to such hardware. The software features a friendly web interface to view insights and manage blocked content.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://pi-hole.net/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://pi-hole.net/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.pi-hole.net/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/pi-hole/pi-hole){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://pi-hole.net/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
[^1]: AdGuard stores aggregated performance metrics of their DNS servers, namely the number of complete requests to a particular server, the number of blocked requests, and the speed of processing requests. They also keep and store the database of domains requested in within last 24 hours. "We need this information to identify and block new trackers and threats." "We also log how many times this or that tracker has been blocked. We need this information to remove outdated rules from our filters." [https://adguard.com/en/privacy/dns.html](https://adguard.com/en/privacy/dns.html)
[^2]: Cloudflare collects and stores only the limited DNS query data that is sent to the 1.1.1.1 resolver. The 1.1.1.1 resolver service does not log personal data, and the bulk of the limited non-personally identifiable query data is stored only for 25 hours. [https://developers.cloudflare.com/1.1.1.1/privacy/public-dns-resolver/](https://developers.cloudflare.com/1.1.1.1/privacy/public-dns-resolver/)
[^3]: Control D only logs for Premium resolvers with custom DNS profiles. Free resolvers do not log data. [https://controld.com/privacy](https://controld.com/privacy)
[^4]: Mullvad's DNS service is available to both subscribers and non-subscribers of Mullvad VPN. Their privacy policy explicitly claims they do not log DNS requests in any way. [https://mullvad.net/en/help/no-logging-data-policy/](https://mullvad.net/en/help/no-logging-data-policy/)
[^5]: NextDNS can provide insights and logging features on an opt-in basis. You can choose retention times and log storage locations for any logs you choose to keep. If it's not specifically requested, no data is logged. [https://nextdns.io/privacy](https://nextdns.io/privacy)
[^6]: Quad9 collects some data for the purposes of threat monitoring and response. That data may then be remixed and shared, such as for the purpose of security research. Quad9 does not collect or record IP addresses or other data they deem personally identifiable. [https://www.quad9.net/privacy/policy/](https://www.quad9.net/privacy/policy/)

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---
title: "E-postklienter"
icon: material/email-open
description: These email clients are privacy-respecting and support OpenPGP email encryption.
---
Our recommendation list contains email clients that support both [OpenPGP](encryption.md#openpgp) and strong authentication such as [Open Authorization (OAuth)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OAuth). OAuth allows you to use [Multi-Factor Authentication](basics/multi-factor-authentication.md) and prevent account theft.
??? warning "Email does not provide forward secrecy"
When using end-to-end encryption (E2EE) technology like OpenPGP, email will still have [some metadata](email.md#email-metadata-overview) that is not encrypted in the header of the email.
OpenPGP also does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed: [How do I protect my private keys?](basics/email-security.md) Consider using a medium that provides forward secrecy:
[Real-time Communication](real-time-communication.md){ .md-button }
## Cross-Platform
### Thunderbird
!!! recommendation
![Thunderbird logo](assets/img/email-clients/thunderbird.svg){ align=right }
**Thunderbird** is a free, open-source, cross-platform email, newsgroup, news feed, and chat (XMPP, IRC, Twitter) client developed by the Thunderbird community, and previously by the Mozilla Foundation.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.thunderbird.net){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.mozilla.org/privacy/thunderbird){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.mozilla.org/products/thunderbird){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://hg.mozilla.org/comm-central){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.thunderbird.net)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.thunderbird.net)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.thunderbird.net)
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.mozilla.Thunderbird)
#### Rekommenderad konfiguration
We recommend changing some of these settings to make Thunderbird a little more private.
These options can be found in :material-menu: → **Settings** → **Privacy & Security**.
##### Web Content
- [ ] Uncheck **Remember websites and links I've visited**
- [ ] Uncheck **Accept cookies from sites**
##### Telemetry
- [ ] Uncheck **Allow Thunderbird to send technical and interaction data to Mozilla**
#### Thunderbird-user.js (advanced)
[`thunderbird-user.js`](https://github.com/HorlogeSkynet/thunderbird-user.js), is a set of configurations options that aims to disable as many of the web-browsing features within Thunderbird as possible in order to reduce surface area and maintain privacy. Some of the changes are backported from the [Arkenfox project](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js).
## Platform Specific
### Apple Mail (macOS)
!!! recommendation
![Apple Mail logo](assets/img/email-clients/applemail.png){ align=right }
**Apple Mail** is included in macOS and can be extended to have OpenPGP support with [GPG Suite](encryption.md#gpg-suite), which adds the ability to send PGP-encrypted email.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://support.apple.com/guide/mail/welcome/mac){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.apple.com/legal/privacy/en-ww/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.apple.com/guide/mail/toc){ .card-link title=Documentation}
### Canary Mail (iOS)
!!! recommendation
![Canary Mail logo](assets/img/email-clients/canarymail.svg){ align=right }
**Canary Mail** is a paid email client designed to make end-to-end encryption seamless with security features such as a biometric app lock.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://canarymail.io){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://canarymail.io/privacy.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://canarymail.zendesk.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.canarymail.android)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1236045954)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://canarymail.io/downloads.html)
!!! varning
Canary Mail only recently released a Windows and Android client, though we don't believe they are as stable as their iOS and Mac counterparts.
Canary Mail is closed-source. We recommend it due to the few choices there are for email clients on iOS that support PGP E2EE.
### FairEmail (Android)
!!! recommendation
![FairEmail logo](assets/img/email-clients/fairemail.svg){ align=right }
**FairEmail** is a minimal, open-source email app, using open standards (IMAP, SMTP, OpenPGP) with a low data and battery usage.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://email.faircode.eu){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://github.com/M66B/FairEmail/blob/master/PRIVACY.md){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/M66B/FairEmail/blob/master/FAQ.md){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/M66B/FairEmail){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://email.faircode.eu/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=eu.faircode.email)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/M66B/FairEmail/releases)
### GNOME Evolution (GNOME)
!!! recommendation
![Evolution logo](assets/img/email-clients/evolution.svg){ align=right }
**Evolution** is a personal information management application that provides integrated mail, calendaring and address book functionality. Evolution has extensive [documentation](https://help.gnome.org/users/evolution/stable/) to help you get started.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Evolution){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Evolution/PrivacyPolicy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://help.gnome.org/users/evolution/stable/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/evolution/){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.gnome.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.gnome.Evolution)
### K-9 Mail (Android)
!!! recommendation
![K-9 Mail logo](assets/img/email-clients/k9mail.svg){ align=right }
**K-9 Mail** is an independent mail application that supports both POP3 and IMAP mailboxes, but only supports push mail for IMAP.
In the future, K-9 Mail will be the [officially branded](https://k9mail.app/2022/06/13/K-9-Mail-and-Thunderbird.html) Thunderbird client for Android.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://k9mail.app){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://k9mail.app/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.k9mail.app/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/k9mail/k-9){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://k9mail.app/contribute){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.fsck.k9)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/k9mail/k-9/releases)
!!! varning
When replying to someone on a mailing list the "reply" option may also include the mailing list. For more information see [thundernest/k-9 #3738](https://github.com/thundernest/k-9/issues/3738).
### Kontact (KDE)
!!! recommendation
![Kontact logo](assets/img/email-clients/kontact.svg){ align=right }
**Kontact** is a personal information manager (PIM) application from the [KDE](https://kde.org) project. It provides a mail client, address book, organizer and RSS client.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://kontact.kde.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://kde.org/privacypolicy-apps){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://kontact.kde.org/users/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://invent.kde.org/pim/kmail){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://kde.org/community/donations/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://kontact.kde.org/download)
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.kde.kontact)
### Mailvelope (Browser)
!!! recommendation
![Mailvelope logo](assets/img/email-clients/mailvelope.svg){ align=right }
**Mailvelope** is a browser extension that enables the exchange of encrypted emails following the OpenPGP encryption standard.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.mailvelope.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.mailvelope.com/en/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://mailvelope.com/faq){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/mailvelope/mailvelope){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/mailvelope)
- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/mailvelope/kajibbejlbohfaggdiogboambcijhkke)
- [:simple-microsoftedge: Edge](https://microsoftedge.microsoft.com/addons/detail/mailvelope/dgcbddhdhjppfdfjpciagmmibadmoapc)
### NeoMutt (CLI)
!!! recommendation
![NeoMutt logo](assets/img/email-clients/mutt.svg){ align=right }
**NeoMutt** is an open-source command line mail reader (or MUA) for Linux and BSD. It's a fork of [Mutt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutt_(email_client)) with added features.
NeoMutt is a text-based client that has a steep learning curve. It is however, very customizable.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://neomutt.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://neomutt.org/guide/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/neomutt/neomutt){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/russon/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://neomutt.org/distro)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://neomutt.org/distro)
## Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
### Minimikrav
- Appar som utvecklas för operativsystem med öppen källkod måste vara med öppen källkod.
- Must not collect telemetry, or have an easy way to disable all telemetry.
- Must support OpenPGP message encryption.
### Bästa fall
Våra kriterier för bästa fall representerar vad vi skulle vilja se av det perfekta projektet i denna kategori. Våra rekommendationer kanske inte innehåller alla eller några av dessa funktioner, men de som gör det kan vara högre rankade än andra på den här sidan.
- Should be open-source.
- Should be cross-platform.
- Should not collect any telemetry by default.
- Should support OpenPGP natively, i.e. without extensions.
- Should support storing OpenPGP encrypted emails locally.

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---
title: "Email Services"
icon: material/email
description: These email providers offer a great place to store your emails securely, and many offer interoperable OpenPGP encryption with other providers.
---
Email is practically a necessity for using any online service, however we do not recommend it for person-to-person conversations. Rather than using email to contact other people, consider using an instant messaging medium that supports forward secrecy.
[Recommended Instant Messengers](real-time-communication.md ""){.md-button}
For everything else, we recommend a variety of email providers based on sustainable business models and built-in security and privacy features.
- [OpenPGP-Compatible Email Providers :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](#openpgp-compatible-services)
- [Other Encrypted Providers :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](#more-providers)
- [Email Aliasing Services :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](#email-aliasing-services)
- [Self-Hosted Options :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](#self-hosting-email)
## OpenPGP Compatible Services
These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the Web Key Directory (WKD) standard, allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it.
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Proton Mail logo](assets/img/email/protonmail.svg){ .twemoji } [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail)
- ![Mailbox.org logo](assets/img/email/mailboxorg.svg){ .twemoji } [Mailbox.org](email.md#mailboxorg)
</div>
!!! varning
When using E2EE technology like OpenPGP, email will still have some metadata that is not encrypted in the header of the email. Read more about [email metadata](basics/email-security.md#email-metadata-overview).
OpenPGP also does not support Forward secrecy, which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. [How do I protect my private keys?](basics/email-security.md#how-do-i-protect-my-private-keys)
### Proton Mail
!!! recommendation
![Proton Mail logo](assets/img/email/protonmail.svg){ align=right }
**Proton Mail** is an email service with a focus on privacy, encryption, security, and ease of use. They have been in operation since **2013**. Proton AG is based in Genève, Switzerland. Accounts start with 500 MB storage with their free plan.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/mail){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](https://protonmailrmez3lotccipshtkleegetolb73fuirgj7r4o4vfu7ozyd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/legal/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://proton.me/support/mail){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/ProtonMail){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ch.protonmail.android)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id979659905)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/ProtonMail/proton-mail-android/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://proton.me/mail/bridge#download)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://proton.me/mail/bridge#download)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://proton.me/mail/bridge#download)
- [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://mail.proton.me)
Free accounts have some limitations, such as not being able to search body text and not having access to [Proton Mail Bridge](https://proton.me/mail/bridge), which is required to use a [recommended desktop email client](email-clients.md) (e.g. Thunderbird). Paid accounts include features like Proton Mail Bridge, additional storage, and custom domain support. A [letter of attestation](https://proton.me/blog/security-audit-all-proton-apps) was provided for Proton Mail's apps on 9th November 2021 by [Securitum](https://research.securitum.com).
If you have the Proton Unlimited, Business, or Visionary Plan, you also get [SimpleLogin](#simplelogin) Premium for free.
Proton Mail has internal crash reports that they **do not** share with third parties. This can be disabled in: **Settings** > **Go to Settings** > **Account** > **Security and privacy** > **Send crash reports**.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Custom Domains and Aliases
Paid Proton Mail subscribers can use their own domain with the service or a [catch-all](https://proton.me/support/catch-all) address. Proton Mail also supports [subaddressing](https://proton.me/support/creating-aliases), which is useful for people who don't want to purchase a domain.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Private Payment Methods
Proton Mail [accepts](https://proton.me/support/payment-options) cash by mail in addition to standard credit/debit card, [Bitcoin](advanced/payments.md#other-coins-bitcoin-ethereum-etc), and PayPal payments.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Account Security
Proton Mail supports TOTP [two factor authentication](https://proton.me/support/two-factor-authentication-2fa) and [hardware security keys](https://proton.me/support/2fa-security-key) using FIDO2 or U2F standards. The use of a hardware security key requires setting up TOTP two factor authentication first.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Data Security
Proton Mail has [zero-access encryption](https://proton.me/blog/zero-access-encryption) at rest for your emails and [calendars](https://proton.me/news/protoncalendar-security-model). Data secured with zero-access encryption is only accessible by you.
Certain information stored in [Proton Contacts](https://proton.me/support/proton-contacts), such as display names and email addresses, are not secured with zero-access encryption. Contact fields that support zero-access encryption, such as phone numbers, are indicated with a padlock icon.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Email Encryption
Proton Mail has [integrated OpenPGP encryption](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) in their webmail. Emails to other Proton Mail accounts are encrypted automatically, and encryption to non-Proton Mail addresses with an OpenPGP key can be enabled easily in your account settings. They also allow you to [encrypt messages to non-Proton Mail addresses](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) without the need for them to sign up for a Proton Mail account or use software like OpenPGP.
Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination
If you have a paid account and your [bill is unpaid](https://proton.me/support/delinquency) after 14 days, you won't be able to access your data. After 30 days, your account will become delinquent and won't receive incoming mail. You will continue to be billed during this period.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality
Proton Mail offers an "Unlimited" account for €9.99/Month, which also enables access to Proton VPN in addition to providing multiple accounts, domains, aliases, and 500GB of storage.
Proton Mail doesn't offer a digital legacy feature.
### Mailbox.org
!!! recommendation
![Mailbox.org logo](assets/img/email/mailboxorg.svg){ align=right }
**Mailbox.org** is an email service with a focus on being secure, ad-free, and privately powered by 100% eco-friendly energy. They have been in operation since 2014. Mailbox.org is based in Berlin, Germany. Accounts start with 2 GB of storage, which can be upgraded as needed.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://mailbox.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://mailbox.org/en/data-protection-privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private){ .card-link title=Documentation}
??? downloads
- [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://login.mailbox.org)
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Custom Domains and Aliases
Mailbox.org lets you use your own domain, and they support [catch-all](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Using+catch-all+alias+with+own+domain) addresses. Mailbox.org also supports [subaddressing](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/BMBOKBEN/What+is+an+alias+and+how+do+I+use+it), which is useful if you don't want to purchase a domain.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Private Payment Methods
Mailbox.org doesn't accept any cryptocurrencies as a result of their payment processor BitPay suspending operations in Germany. However, they do accept Cash by mail, cash payment to bank account, bank transfer, credit card, PayPal and couple of German-specific processors: paydirekt and Sofortüberweisung.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Account Security
Mailbox.org supports [two factor authentication](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/How+to+use+two-factor+authentication+-+2FA) for their webmail only. You can use either TOTP or a [Yubikey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YubiKey) via the [Yubicloud](https://www.yubico.com/products/services-software/yubicloud). Web standards such as [WebAuthn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn) are not yet supported.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Data Security
Mailbox.org allows for encryption of incoming mail using their [encrypted mailbox](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/The+Encrypted+Mailbox). New messages that you receive will then be immediately encrypted with your public key.
However, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), the software platform used by Mailbox.org, [does not support](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/BMBOKBEN/Encryption+of+calendar+and+address+book) the encryption of your address book and calendar. A [standalone option](calendar.md) may be more appropriate for that information.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Email Encryption
Mailbox.org has [integrated encryption](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) in their webmail, which simplifies sending messages to people with public OpenPGP keys. They also allow [remote recipients to decrypt an email](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) on Mailbox.org's servers. This feature is useful when the remote recipient does not have OpenPGP and cannot decrypt a copy of the email in their own mailbox.
Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination
Your account will be set to a restricted user account when your contract ends, after [30 days it will be irrevocably deleted](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/payment-article/what-happens-at-the-end-of-my-contract).
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality
You can access your Mailbox.org account via IMAP/SMTP using their [.onion service](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/The+Tor+exit+node+of+mailbox.org). However, their webmail interface cannot be accessed via their .onion service and you may experience TLS certificate errors.
All accounts come with limited cloud storage that [can be encrypted](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Encrypt+files+on+your+Drive). Mailbox.org also offers the alias [@secure.mailbox.org](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Ensuring+E-Mails+are+Sent+Securely), which enforces the TLS encryption on the connection between mail servers, otherwise the message will not be sent at all. Mailbox.org also supports [Exchange ActiveSync](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_ActiveSync) in addition to standard access protocols like IMAP and POP3.
Mailbox.org has a digital legacy feature for all plans. You can choose whether you want any of your data to be passed to heirs providing that they apply and provide your testament. Alternatively, you can nominate a person by name and address.
## More Providers
These providers store your emails with zero-knowledge encryption, making them great options for keeping your stored emails secure. However, they don't support interoperable encryption standards for E2EE communications between providers.
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![StartMail logo](assets/img/email/startmail.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![StartMail logo](assets/img/email/startmail-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [StartMail](email.md#startmail)
- ![Tutanota logo](assets/img/email/tutanota.svg){ .twemoji } [Tutanota](email.md#tutanota)
</div>
### StartMail
!!! recommendation
![StartMail logo](assets/img/email/startmail.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![StartMail logo](assets/img/email/startmail-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**StartMail** is an email service with a focus on security and privacy through the use of standard OpenPGP encryption. StartMail has been in operation since 2014 and is based in Boulevard 11, Zeist Netherlands. Accounts start with 10GB. They offer a 30-day trial.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.startmail.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.startmail.com/en/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.startmail.com){ .card-link title=Documentation}
??? downloads
- [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://mail.startmail.com/login)
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Custom Domains and Aliases
Personal accounts can use [Custom or Quick](https://support.startmail.com/hc/en-us/articles/360007297457-Aliases) aliases. [Custom domains](https://support.startmail.com/hc/en-us/articles/4403911432209-Setup-a-custom-domain) are also available.
#### :material-alert-outline:{ .pg-orange } Private Payment Methods
StartMail accepts Visa, MasterCard, American Express and Paypal. StartMail also has other [payment options](https://support.startmail.com/hc/en-us/articles/360006620637-Payment-methods) such as [Bitcoin](advanced/payments.md#other-coins-bitcoin-ethereum-etc) (currently only for Personal accounts) and SEPA Direct Debit for accounts older than a year.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Account Security
StartMail supports TOTP two factor authentication [for webmail only](https://support.startmail.com/hc/en-us/articles/360006682158-Two-factor-authentication-2FA). They do not allow U2F security key authentication.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Data Security
StartMail has [zero access encryption at rest](https://www.startmail.com/en/whitepaper/#_Toc458527835), using their "user vault" system. When you log in, the vault is opened, and the email is then moved to the vault out of the queue where it is decrypted by the corresponding private key.
StartMail supports importing [contacts](https://support.startmail.com/hc/en-us/articles/360006495557-Import-contacts) however, they are only accessible in the webmail and not through protocols such as [CalDAV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CalDAV). Contacts are also not stored using zero knowledge encryption.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Email Encryption
StartMail has [integrated encryption](https://support.startmail.com/hc/en-us/sections/360001889078-Encryption) in their webmail, which simplifies sending encrypted messages with public OpenPGP keys. However, they do not support the Web Key Directory standard, making the discovery of a Startmail mailbox's public key more challenging for other email providers or clients.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination
On account expiration, StartMail will permanently delete your account after [6 months in 3 phases](https://support.startmail.com/hc/en-us/articles/360006794398-Account-expiration).
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality
StartMail allows for proxying of images within emails. If you allow the remote image to be loaded, the sender won't know what your IP address is.
StartMail does not offer a digital legacy feature.
### Tutanota
!!! recommendation
![Tutanota logo](assets/img/email/tutanota.svg){ align=right }
**Tutanota** is an email service with a focus on security and privacy through the use of encryption. Tutanota has been in operation since **2011** and is based in Hanover, Germany. Accounts start with 1GB storage with their free plan.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://tutanota.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://tutanota.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://tutanota.com/faq){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://tutanota.com/community/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.tutao.tutanota)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/tutanota/id922429609)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://tutanota.com/#download)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://tutanota.com/#download)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://tutanota.com/#download)
- [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://mail.tutanota.com/)
Tutanota doesn't support the [IMAP protocol](https://tutanota.com/faq/#imap) or the use of third-party [email clients](email-clients.md), and you also won't be able to add [external email accounts](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/issues/544#issuecomment-670473647) to the Tutanota app. Neither [Email import](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/issues/630) or [subfolders](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/issues/927) are currently supported, though this is [due to be changed](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/kickoff-import). Emails can be exported [individually or by bulk selection](https://tutanota.com/howto#generalMail) per folder, which may be inconvenient if you have many folders.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Custom Domains and Aliases
Paid Tutanota accounts can use up to 5 [aliases](https://tutanota.com/faq#alias) and [custom domains](https://tutanota.com/faq#custom-domain). Tutanota doesn't allow for [subaddressing (plus addresses)](https://tutanota.com/faq#plus), but you can use a [catch-all](https://tutanota.com/howto#settings-global) with a custom domain.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Private Payment Methods
Tutanota only directly accepts credit cards and PayPal, however [cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md) can be used to purchase gift cards via their [partnership](https://tutanota.com/faq/#cryptocurrency) with Proxystore.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Account Security
Tutanota supports [two factor authentication](https://tutanota.com/faq#2fa) with either TOTP or U2F.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Data Security
Tutanota has [zero access encryption at rest](https://tutanota.com/faq#what-encrypted) for your emails, [address book contacts](https://tutanota.com/faq#encrypted-address-book), and [calendars](https://tutanota.com/faq#calendar). This means the messages and other data stored in your account are only readable by you.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Email Encryption
Tutanota [does not use OpenPGP](https://www.tutanota.com/faq/#pgp). Tutanota accounts can only receive encrypted emails from non-Tutanota email accounts when sent via a [temporary Tutanota mailbox](https://www.tutanota.com/howto/#encrypted-email-external).
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination
Tutanota will [delete inactive free accounts](https://tutanota.com/faq#inactive-accounts) after six months. You can reuse a deactivated free account if you pay.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality
Tutanota offers the business version of [Tutanota to non-profit organizations](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/secure-email-for-non-profit) for free or with a heavy discount.
Tutanota also has a business feature called [Secure Connect](https://tutanota.com/secure-connect/). This ensures customer contact to the business uses E2EE. The feature costs €240/y.
Tutanota doesn't offer a digital legacy feature.
## E-postaliaseringstjänster
An email aliasing service allows you to easily generate a new email address for every website you register for. The email aliases you generate are then forwarded to an email address of your choosing, hiding both your "main" email address and the identity of your email provider. True email aliasing is better than plus addressing commonly used and supported by many providers, which allows you to create aliases like yourname+[anythinghere]@example.com, because websites, advertisers, and tracking networks can trivially remove anything after the + sign to know your true email address.
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![AnonAddy logo](assets/img/email/anonaddy.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![AnonAddy logo](assets/img/email/anonaddy-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [AnonAddy](email.md#anonaddy)
- ![SimpleLogin logo](assets/img/email/simplelogin.svg){ .twemoji } [SimpleLogin](email.md#simplelogin)
</div>
Email aliasing can act as a safeguard in case your email provider ever ceases operation. In that scenario, you can easily re-route your aliases to a new email address. In turn, however, you are placing trust in the aliasing service to continue functioning.
Using a dedicated email aliasing service also has a number of benefits over a catch-all alias on a custom domain:
- Aliases can be turned on and off individually when you need them, preventing websites from emailing you randomly.
- Replies are sent from the alias address, shielding your real email address.
They also have a number of benefits over "temporary email" services:
- Aliases are permanent and can be turned on again if you need to receive something like a password reset.
- Emails are sent to your trusted mailbox rather than stored by the alias provider.
- Temporary email services typically have public mailboxes which can be accessed by anyone who knows the address, aliases are private to you.
Our email aliasing recommendations are providers that allow you to create aliases on domains they control, as well as your own custom domain(s) for a modest yearly fee. They can also be self-hosted if you want maximum control. However, using a custom domain can have privacy-related drawbacks: If you are the only person using your custom domain, your actions can be easily tracked across websites simply by looking at the domain name in the email address and ignoring everything before the at (@) sign.
Using an aliasing service requires trusting both your email provider and your aliasing provider with your unencrypted messages. Some providers mitigate this slightly with automatic PGP encryption, which reduces the number of parties you need to trust from two to one by encrypting incoming emails before they are delivered to your final mailbox provider.
### AnonAddy
!!! recommendation
![AnonAddy logo](assets/img/email/anonaddy.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![AnonAddy logo](assets/img/email/anonaddy-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**AnonAddy** lets you create 20 domain aliases on a shared domain for free, or unlimited "standard" aliases which are less anonymous.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://anonaddy.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://anonaddy.com/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://app.anonaddy.com/docs/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/anonaddy){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://anonaddy.com/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-android: Android](https://anonaddy.com/faq/#is-there-an-android-app)
- [:material-apple-ios: iOS](https://anonaddy.com/faq/#is-there-an-ios-app)
- [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-GB/firefox/addon/anonaddy/)
- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/anonaddy-anonymous-email/iadbdpnoknmbdeolbapdackdcogdmjpe)
The number of shared aliases (which end in a shared domain like @anonaddy.me) that you can create is limited to 20 on AnonAddy's free plan and 50 on their $12/year plan. You can create unlimited standard aliases (which end in a domain like @[username].anonaddy.com or a custom domain on paid plans), however, as previously mentioned, this can be detrimental to privacy because people can trivially tie your standard aliases together based on the domain name alone. Unlimited shared aliases are available for $36/year.
Notable free features:
- [x] 20 Shared Aliases
- [x] Unlimited Standard Aliases
- [ ] No Outgoing Replies
- [x] 2 Recipient Mailboxes
- [x] Automatic PGP Encryption
### SimpleLogin
!!! recommendation
![Simplelogin logo](assets/img/email/simplelogin.svg){ align=right }
**SimpleLogin** is a free service which provides email aliases on a variety of shared domain names, and optionally provides paid features like unlimited aliases and custom domains.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://simplelogin.io){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://simplelogin.io/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://simplelogin.io/docs/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/simple-login){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.simplelogin.android)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1494359858)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/simple-login/Simple-Login-Android/releases)
- [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/simplelogin/)
- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/dphilobhebphkdjbpfohgikllaljmgbn)
- [:simple-microsoftedge: Edge](https://microsoftedge.microsoft.com/addons/detail/simpleloginreceive-sen/diacfpipniklenphgljfkmhinphjlfff)
- [:simple-safari: Safari](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1494051017)
SimpleLogin was [acquired by Proton AG](https://proton.me/news/proton-and-simplelogin-join-forces) as of April 8, 2022. If you use Proton Mail for your primary mailbox, SimpleLogin is a great choice. As both products are now owned by the same company you now only have to trust a single entity. We also expect that SimpleLogin will be more tightly integrated with Proton's offerings in the future. SimpleLogin continues to support forwarding to any email provider of your choosing. Securitum [audited](https://simplelogin.io/blog/security-audit/) SimpleLogin in early 2022 and all issues [were addressed](https://simplelogin.io/audit2022/web.pdf).
You can link your SimpleLogin account in the settings with your Proton account. If you have the Proton Unlimited, Business, or Visionary Plan, you will have SimpleLogin Premium for free.
Notable free features:
- [x] 10 Shared Aliases
- [x] Unlimited Replies
- [x] 1 Recipient Mailbox
## Självhanterande e-post
Advanced system administrators may consider setting up their own email server. Mail servers require attention and continuous maintenance in order to keep things secure and mail delivery reliable.
### Combined software solutions
!!! recommendation
![Mailcow logo](assets/img/email/mailcow.svg){ align=right }
**Mailcow** is a more advanced mail server perfect for those with a bit more Linux experience. It has everything you need in a Docker container: A mail server with DKIM support, antivirus and spam monitoring, webmail and ActiveSync with SOGo, and web-based administration with 2FA support.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://mailcow.email){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://mailcow.github.io/mailcow-dockerized-docs/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/mailcow/mailcow-dockerized){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.servercow.de/mailcow?lang=en#sal){ .card-link title=Contribute }
!!! recommendation
![Mail-in-a-Box logo](assets/img/email/mail-in-a-box.svg){ align=right }
**Mail-in-a-Box** is an automated setup script for deploying a mail server on Ubuntu. Its goal is to make it easier for people to set up their own mail server.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://mailinabox.email){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://mailinabox.email/guide.html){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/mail-in-a-box/mailinabox){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
For a more manual approach we've picked out these two articles:
- [Setting up a mail server with OpenSMTPD, Dovecot and Rspamd](https://poolp.org/posts/2019-09-14/setting-up-a-mail-server-with-opensmtpd-dovecot-and-rspamd/) (2019)
- [How To Run Your Own Mail Server](https://www.c0ffee.net/blog/mail-server-guide/) (August 2017)
## Kriterier
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the providers we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements for any Email provider wishing to be recommended, including implementing industry best practices, modern technology and more. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing an Email provider, and conduct your own research to ensure the Email provider you choose is the right choice for you.
### Technology
We regard these features as important in order to provide a safe and optimal service. You should consider whether the provider which has the features you require.
**Minimum to Qualify:**
- Encrypts email account data at rest with zero-access encryption.
- Export capability as [Mbox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbox) or individual .eml with [RFC5322](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc5322/) standard.
- Allow users to use their own [domain name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name). Custom domain names are important to users because it allows them to maintain their agency from the service, should it turn bad or be acquired by another company which doesn't prioritize privacy.
- Operates on owned infrastructure, i.e. not built upon third-party email service providers.
**Best Case:**
- Encrypts all account data (Contacts, Calendars, etc) at rest with zero-access encryption.
- Integrated webmail E2EE/PGP encryption provided as a convenience.
- Support for [WKD](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) to allow improved discovery of public OpenPGP keys via HTTP. GnuPG users can get a key by typing: `gpg --locate-key example_user@example.com`
- Support for a temporary mailbox for external users. This is useful when you want to send an encrypted email, without sending an actual copy to your recipient. These emails usually have a limited lifespan and then are automatically deleted. They also don't require the recipient to configure any cryptography like OpenPGP.
- Availability of the email provider's services via an [onion service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion).
- [Subaddressing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_address#Subaddressing) support.
- Catch-all or alias functionality for those who own their own domains.
- Use of standard email access protocols such as IMAP, SMTP or [JMAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON_Meta_Application_Protocol). Standard access protocols ensure customers can easily download all of their email, should they want to switch to another provider.
### Privacy
We prefer our recommended providers to collect as little data as possible.
**Minimum to Qualify:**
- Protect sender's IP address. Filter it from showing in the `Received` header field.
- Don't require personally identifiable information (PII) besides a username and a password.
- Privacy policy that meets the requirements defined by the GDPR
- Must not be hosted in the US due to [ECPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Privacy_Act#Criticism) which has [yet to be reformed](https://epic.org/ecpa/).
**Best Case:**
- Accepts [anonymous payment options](advanced/payments.md) ([cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md), cash, gift cards, etc.)
### Security
Email servers deal with a lot of very sensitive data. We expect that providers will adopt best industry practices in order to protect their members.
**Minimum to Qualify:**
- Protection of webmail with 2FA, such as TOTP.
- Zero access encryption, builds on encryption at rest. The provider does not have the decryption keys to the data they hold. This prevents a rogue employee leaking data they have access to or remote adversary from releasing data they have stolen by gaining unauthorized access to the server.
- [DNSSEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions) support.
- No TLS errors or vulnerabilities when being profiled by tools such as [Hardenize](https://www.hardenize.com/), [testssl.sh](https://testssl.sh/), or [Qualys SSL Labs](https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest); this includes certificate related errors and weak DH parameters, such as those that led to [Logjam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logjam_(computer_security)).
- A server suite preference (optional on TLSv1.3) for strong cipher suites which support forward secrecy and authenticated encryption.
- A valid [MTA-STS](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8461) and [TLS-RPT](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8460) policy.
- Valid [DANE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS-based_Authentication_of_Named_Entities) records.
- Valid [SPF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sender_Policy_Framework) and [DKIM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DomainKeys_Identified_Mail) records.
- Have a proper [DMARC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMARC) record and policy or use [ARC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticated_Received_Chain) for authentication. If DMARC authentication is being used, the policy must be set to `reject` or `quarantine`.
- A server suite preference of TLS 1.2 or later and a plan for [RFC8996](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc8996/).
- [SMTPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTPS) submission, assuming SMTP is used.
- Website security standards such as:
- [HTTP Strict Transport Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security)
- [Subresource Integrity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subresource_Integrity) if loading things from external domains.
- Must support viewing of [Message headers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email#Message_header), as it is a crucial forensic feature to determine if an email is a phishing attempt.
**Best Case:**
- Support for hardware authentication, i.e. U2F and [WebAuthn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn). U2F and WebAuthn are more secure as they use a private key stored on a client-side hardware device to authenticate people, as opposed to a shared secret that is stored on the web server and on the client side when using TOTP. Furthermore, U2F and WebAuthn are more resistant to phishing as their authentication response is based on the authenticated [domain name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name).
- [DNS Certification Authority Authorization (CAA) Resource Record](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6844) in addition to DANE support.
- Implementation of [Authenticated Received Chain (ARC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticated_Received_Chain), this is useful for people who post to mailing lists [RFC8617](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8617).
- Bug-bounty programs and/or a coordinated vulnerability-disclosure process.
- Website security standards such as:
- [Content Security Policy (CSP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Security_Policy)
- [RFC9163 Expect-CT](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc9163/)
### Trust
You wouldn't trust your finances to someone with a fake identity, so why trust them with your email? We require our recommended providers to be public about their ownership or leadership. We also would like to see frequent transparency reports, especially in regard to how government requests are handled.
**Minimum to Qualify:**
- Public-facing leadership or ownership.
**Best Case:**
- Public-facing leadership.
- Frequent transparency reports.
### Marketing
With the email providers we recommend we like to see responsible marketing.
**Minimum to Qualify:**
- Must self-host analytics (no Google Analytics, Adobe Analytics, etc). The provider's site must also comply with [DNT (Do Not Track)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Not_Track) for those who wish to opt-out.
Must not have any marketing which is irresponsible:
- Claims of "unbreakable encryption." Encryption should be used with the intention that it may not be secret in the future when the technology exists to crack it.
- Making guarantees of protecting anonymity 100%. When someone makes a claim that something is 100% it means there is no certainty for failure. We know people can quite easily deanonymize themselves in a number of ways, e.g.:
- Reusing personal information e.g. (email accounts, unique pseudonyms, etc) that they accessed without anonymity software (Tor, VPN, etc)
- [Browser fingerprinting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_fingerprint#Browser_fingerprint)
**Best Case:**
- Clear and easy to read documentation. This includes things like, setting up 2FA, email clients, OpenPGP, etc.
### Additional Functionality
While not strictly requirements, there are some other convenience or privacy factors we looked into when determining which providers to recommend.

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---
title: "Programvara för kryptering"
icon: material/file-lock
description: Kryptering av data är det enda sättet att kontrollera vem som har tillgång till dem. These tools allow you to encrypt your emails and any other files.
---
Kryptering av data är det enda sättet att kontrollera vem som har tillgång till dem. Om du för närvarande inte använder krypteringsprogram för din hårddisk, e-post eller filer bör du välja ett alternativ här.
## Multiplattform
De alternativ som anges här är flera plattformar och bra för att skapa krypterade säkerhetskopior av dina data.
### Cryptomator (moln)
!!! recommendation
![Cryptomators logotyp](assets/img/encryption-software/cryptomator.svg){ align=right }
**Cryptomator** är en krypteringslösning som är utformad för privat lagring av filer till alla molnleverantörer. Det låter dig skapa valv som lagras på en virtuell enhet, vars innehåll krypteras och synkroniseras med din molnlagringsleverantör.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.cryptomator.org/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/cryptomator){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://cryptomator.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.cryptomator)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cryptomator-2/id1560822163)
- [:simple-android: Android](https://cryptomator.org/android)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://cryptomator.org/downloads)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://cryptomator.org/downloads)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://cryptomator.org/downloads)
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.cryptomator.Cryptomator)
Cryptomator använder AES-256-kryptering för att kryptera både filer och filnamn. Cryptomator kan inte kryptera metadata som åtkomst, ändring och skapande tidsstämplar, eller antalet och storleken på filer och mappar.
Vissa kryptografiska bibliotek från Cryptomator har granskats [av Cure53](https://community.cryptomator.org/t/has-there-been-a-security-review-audit-of-cryptomator/44). De granskade biblioteken omfattar följande: [cryptolib](https://github.com/cryptomator/cryptolib), [cryptofs](https://github.com/cryptomator/cryptofs), [siv-mode](https://github.com/cryptomator/siv-mode) och [cryptomator-objc-cryptor](https://github.com/cryptomator/cryptomator-objc-cryptor). Granskningen omfattade inte [cryptolib-swift](https://github.com/cryptomator/cryptolib-swift), som är ett bibliotek som används av Cryptomator för iOS.
I Cryptomators dokumentation beskrivs närmare det avsedda [säkerhetsmålet](https://docs.cryptomator.org/en/latest/security/security-target/), [säkerhetsarkitektur](https://docs.cryptomator.org/en/latest/security/architecture/)och [bästa praxis](https://docs.cryptomator.org/en/latest/security/best-practices/) för användning.
### Picocrypt (Fil)
!!! recommendation
![Picocrypt-logotyp](assets/img/encryption-software/picocrypt.svg){ align=right }
**Picocrypt** är ett litet och enkelt krypteringsverktyg som tillhandahåller modern kryptering. Picocrypt använder den säkra XChaCha20-chiffern och Argon2id-nyckelderivatfunktionen för att ge en hög säkerhetsnivå. Det använder Go standard x/crypto moduler för sina krypteringsfunktioner.
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://opencollective.com/picocrypt){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt/releases)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt/releases)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt/releases)
### VeraCrypt (disk)
!!! recommendation
![VeraCrypt logo](assets/img/encryption-software/veracrypt.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![VeraCrypt logo](assets/img/encryption-software/veracrypt-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**VeraCrypt** är ett källkod-tillgängligt freeware-verktyg som används för on-the-fly kryptering. Det kan skapa en virtuell krypterad disk i en fil, kryptera en partition eller kryptera hela lagringsenheten med autentisering före start.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://openwrt.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://openwrt.org/docs/start){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://veracrypt.fr/code){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://veracrypt.fr/en/Donation.html){ .card-link title=Contribute??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.veracrypt.fr/en/Downloads.html)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.veracrypt.fr/en/Downloads.html)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.veracrypt.fr/en/Downloads.html)
VeraCrypt är en gaffel i det nedlagda TrueCrypt-projektet. Enligt utvecklarna har säkerhetsförbättringar genomförts och problem som togs upp vid den första TrueCrypt-kodgranskningen har åtgärdats.
När du krypterar med VeraCrypt kan du välja mellan olika hashfunktioner [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VeraCrypt#Encryption_scheme). Vi föreslår att du **endast** väljer [SHA-512](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-512) och håller dig till [AES](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard) blockchiffer.
Truecrypt har granskats [ett antal gånger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueCrypt#Security_audits), och VeraCrypt har också granskats [separat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VeraCrypt#VeraCrypt_audit).
## Fullständig diskkryptering
Moderna operativsystem inkluderar [FDE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_encryption) och har en [säker kryptoprocessor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_cryptoprocessor).
### BitLocker
!!! recommendation
![BitLocker-logotyp](assets/img/encryption-software/bitlocker.png){ align=right }
**BitLocker** är den lösning för fullständig volymkryptering som ingår i Microsoft Windows. Den främsta anledningen till att vi rekommenderar den är att den [använder TPM] (https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/tpm/how-windows-uses-the-tpm). [ElcomSoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElcomSoft), ett företag som arbetar med kriminalteknik, har skrivit om det i [Understanding BitLocker TPM Protection] (https://blog.elcomsoft.com/2021/01/understanding-BitLocker-tpm-protection/).
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/BitLocker/BitLocker-overview){ .card-link title=Documentation}
BitLocker stöds endast av [](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/turn-on-device-encryption-0c453637-bc88-5f74-5105-741561aae838) i Windows utgåvorna Pro, Enterprise och Education. Den kan aktiveras i Home-utgåvorna om de uppfyller förutsättningarna.
??? exempel "Aktivering av BitLocker på Windows Home"
För att aktivera BitLocker i Windows Home-utgåvor måste du ha partitioner som är formaterade med en [GUID Partition Table] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table) och ha en dedikerad TPM-modul (v1.2, 2.0+).
1. Öppna en kommandotolk och kontrollera enhetens partitionstabellformat med följande kommando. Du bör se "**GPT**" listad under "Partition Style":
```
powershell Get-Disk
```
2. Kör det här kommandot (i en administratörskommandotolk) för att kontrollera din TPM-version. Du bör se `2.0` eller `1.2` bredvid `SpecVersion`:
```
powershell Get-WmiObject -Namespace "root/cimv2/security/microsofttpm" -Class WIN32_tpm
```
3. Access [Avancerade startalternativ](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/advanced-startup-options-including-safe-mode-b90e7808-80b5-a291-d4b8-1a1af602b617). Du måste starta om och samtidigt trycka på F8-tangenten innan Windows startar och gå in i kommandotolken ** i **Felsökning** → **Avancerade alternativ** → **Kommandotolk**.
4. Logga in med ditt administratörskonto och skriv detta i kommandotolken för att starta kryptering:
```
manage-bde -on c: -used
```
5. Stäng kommandotolken och fortsätt att starta upp till vanligt Windows.
6. Öppna en administratörskommandotolk och kör följande kommandon:
```
manage-bde c: -protectors -add -rp -tpm
manage-bde -protectors -enable c:
manage-bde -protectors -get c: > %UserProfile%\Desktop\BitLocker-Recovery-Key.txt
```
!!! tips
Säkerhetskopiera `BitLocker-Recovery-Key.txt` på skrivbordet till en separat lagringsenhet. Förlust av denna återställningskod kan leda till förlust av data.
### FileVault
!!! recommendation
![FileVaults logotyp](assets/img/encryption-software/filevault.png){ align=right }
**FileVault** är en lösning för volymkryptering i farten som är inbyggd i macOS. FileVault rekommenderas eftersom det finns [leverages](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/volume-encryption-with-filevault-sec4c6dc1b6e/web) maskinvarusäkerhetsfunktioner på ett Apple Silicon SoC- eller T2-säkerhetschip.
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/encrypt-mac-data-with-filevault-mh11785/mac){ .card-link title=Documentation}
Vi rekommenderar att du lagrar en lokal återställningsnyckel på en säker plats i stället för att använda ditt iCloud-konto för återställning.
### Linux Unified Key Setup
!!! recommendation
![LUKS-logotyp](assets/img/encryption-software/luks.png){ align=right }
**LUKS** är standardmetoden för FDE för Linux. Den kan användas för att kryptera hela volymer, partitioner eller skapa krypterade behållare.
[:octicons-home-16: Repository](https://github.com/Hackeralert/Picocrypt){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/Hackeralert/Picocrypt){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? exempel "Skapa och öppna krypterade behållare"
```
dd if=/dev/urandom of=/path-to-file bs=1M count=1024 status=progress
sudo cryptsetup luksFormat /path-to-file
```
#### Öppna krypterade behållare
Vi rekommenderar att du öppnar behållare och volymer med `udisksctl` eftersom detta använder [Polkit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polkit). De flesta filhanterare, t. ex. de som ingår i populära skrivbordsmiljöer, kan låsa upp krypterade filer. Verktyg som [udiskie](https://github.com/coldfix/udiskie) kan köras i systemfältet och ge ett användbart användargränssnitt.
```
udisksctl loop-setup -f /path-to-file
udisksctl låsa upp -b /dev/loop0
```
!!! note "Kom ihåg att säkerhetskopiera volymrubriker"
Vi rekommenderar att du alltid [säkerhetskopierar dina LUKS-rubriker] (https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dm-crypt/Device_encryption#Backup_and_restore) om en del av enheten skulle gå sönder. Detta kan göras genom att:
```
cryptsetup luksHeaderBackup /dev/device --header-backup-file /mnt/backup/file.img
```
## Webbläsarbaserad
Webbläsarbaserad kryptering kan vara användbar när du behöver kryptera en fil men inte kan installera programvara eller appar på enheten.
### hat.sh
!!! recommendation
![VeraCrypt logo](assets/img/encryption-software/veracrypt.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![VeraCrypt logo](assets/img/encryption-software/veracrypt-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**VeraCrypt** är ett källkod-tillgängligt freeware-verktyg som används för on-the-fly kryptering. Det kan också vara värd för sig själv och är användbart om du behöver kryptera en fil men inte kan installera någon programvara på din enhet på grund av organisationspolicyer.
[:octicons-globe-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://hat.sh/about/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/sh-dv/hat.sh){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/sh-dv/hat.sh#donations/){ .card-link title=Contribute" }
## Kommandorad
Verktyg med kommandoradsgränssnitt är användbara för att integrera [skalskript](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script).
### Kryptor
!!! recommendation
![Kryptor-logotyp](assets/img/encryption-software/kryptor.png){ align=right }
** Kryptor** är ett gratis och öppet källkodsverktyg för filkryptering och signering som använder moderna och säkra kryptografiska algoritmer. Det syftar till att vara en bättre version av [age](https://github.com/FiloSottile/age) och [Minisign](https://jedisct1.github.io/minisign/) för att ge ett enkelt, enklare alternativ till GPG.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://www.kryptor.co.uk/tutorial/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/samuel-lucas6/Kryptor){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.kryptor.co.uk/#donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.kryptor.co.uk)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.kryptor.co.uk)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.kryptor.co.uk)
### Tomb
!!! recommendation
![Tomb-logotyp](assets/img/encryption-software/tomb.png){ align=right }
* * Tomb * * är ett kommandoradsskal för LUKS. Den stöder steganografi via [verktyg från tredje part] (https://github.com/dyne/Tomb#how-does-it-work).
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://openwrt.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://openwrt.org/docs/start){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/dyne/Tomb){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.dyne.org/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
## OpenPGP
OpenPGP behövs ibland för specifika uppgifter som digital signering och kryptering av e-post. PGP har många funktioner och är [komplext](https://latacora.micro.blog/2019/07/16/the-pgp-problem.html) eftersom det har funnits länge. För uppgifter som signering eller kryptering av filer föreslår vi ovanstående alternativ.
Vid kryptering med PGP har du möjlighet att konfigurera olika alternativ i din `gpg.conf` -fil. Vi rekommenderar att du använder de standardalternativ som anges i [GnuPG user FAQ](https://www.gnupg.org/faq/gnupg-faq.html#new_user_gpg_conf).
!!! tips "Använd framtida standardvärden när du skapar en nyckel"
När du [genererar nycklar] (https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/c14.html) föreslår vi att du använder kommandot `future-default`, eftersom detta kommer att instruera GnuPG att använda modern kryptografi som [Curve25519](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve25519#History) och [Ed25519](https://ed25519.cr.yp.to/):
```bash
gpg --quick-gen-key alice@example.com future-default
```
### GNU Privacy Guard
!!! recommendation
![GNU Privacy Guard-logotypen](assets/img/encryption-software/gnupg.svg){ align=right }
**GnuPG * * är ett GPL-licensierat alternativ till PGP-paketet med kryptografisk programvara. GnuPG är kompatibel med [RFC 4880](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4880), som är den aktuella IETF-specifikationen för OpenPGP. GnuPG-projektet har arbetat med ett [uppdaterat utkast](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-openpgp-crypto-refresh/) i ett försök att modernisera OpenPGP. GnuPG är en del av Free Software Foundations GNU-programvaruprojekt och har fått stora [funding](https://gnupg.org/blog/20220102-a-new-future-for-gnupg.html) från den tyska regeringen.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://gnupg.org/documentation/index.html/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://git.gnupg.org/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi?p=gnupg.git){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[](/){ .card-link title=Contribute??? nedladdningar - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.sufficientlysecure.keychain) - [:simple-windows11: App Store](download.html)
- [:simple-apple: Android]()
- [:simple-linux: Windows]()
- [ macOS]()
- [ Linux]()
- [ Flathub)
### GPG4win
!!! recommendation
![GPG4win-logotyp](assets/img/enkrypteringsprogram/gpg4win.svg){ align=right }
**GPG4win** är ett paket för Windows från [Intevation and g10 Code] (https://gpg4win.org/impressum.html). Den innehåller [olika verktyg] (https://gpg4win.org/about.html) som kan hjälpa dig att använda GPG i Microsoft Windows. Projektet initierades och finansierades ursprungligen [av](https://web.archive.org/web/20190425125223/https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/news/government-used-cryptography) Tysklands federala kontor för informationssäkerhet (BSI) 2005.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](documentation.html/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://git.gnupg.org/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi?p=gpg4win.git;a=summary){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](donate.html/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://gpg4win.org/download.html)
### GPG Suite
!!! anmärkning
Vi rekommenderar [Canary Mail](email-clients.md#canary-mail) för att använda PGP med e-post på iOS-enheter.
!!! recommendation
![GPG Suite logo](assets/img/encryption-software/gpgsuite.png){ align=right }
**GPG Suite** ger OpenPGP-stöd för [Apple Mail](email-clients.md#apple-mail) och macOS.
Vi rekommenderar att du tar en titt på deras [First steps] (https://gpgtools.tenderapp.com/kb/how-to/first-steps-where-do-i-start-where-do-i-begin-setup-gpgtools-create-a-new-key-your-first-encrypted-email) och [Knowledge base] (https://gpgtools.tenderapp.com/kb) för stöd.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://gpgtools.tenderapp.com/kb/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/GPGTools){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[](/){ .card-link title=Contribute??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-apple: Flathub](https://gpgtools.org)
### OpenKeychain
!!! recommendation
![OpenKeychain-logotyp](assets/img/encryption-software/openkeychain.svg){ align=right }
**OpenKeychain** är en Android-implementering av GnuPG. Det krävs vanligtvis av e-postklienter som [K-9 Mail](email-clients.md#k-9-mail) och [FairEmail](email-clients.md#fairemail) och andra Android-appar för att ge krypteringsstöd. Cure53 genomförde en [säkerhetsrevision] (https://www.openkeychain.org/openkeychain-3-6) av OpenKeychain 3.6 i oktober 2015. Tekniska detaljer om granskningen och OpenKeychains lösningar finns på [here](https://github.com/open-keychain/open-keychain/wiki/cure53-Security-Audit-2015).
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://www.openkeychain.org/faq/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/open-keychain/open-keychain){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[](/){ .card-link title=Contribute??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play] (https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.sufficientlysecure.keychain)
## Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
### Minimikrav
- Cross-platform encryption apps must be open-source.
- File encryption apps must support decryption on Linux, macOS, and Windows.
- External disk encryption apps must support decryption on Linux, macOS, and Windows.
- Internal (OS) disk encryption apps must be cross-platform or built in to the operating system natively.
### Bästa fall
Våra kriterier för bästa fall representerar vad vi skulle vilja se av det perfekta projektet i denna kategori. Våra rekommendationer kanske inte innehåller alla eller några av dessa funktioner, men de som gör det kan vara högre rankade än andra på den här sidan.
- Operating System (FDE) encryption apps should utilize hardware security such as a TPM or Secure Enclave.
- File encryption apps should have first- or third-party support for mobile platforms.

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---
title: "Fildelning och synkronisering"
icon: material/share-variant
description: Upptäck hur du kan dela dina filer privat mellan dina enheter, med vänner och familj eller anonymt på nätet.
---
Upptäck hur du kan dela dina filer privat mellan dina enheter, med vänner och familj eller anonymt på nätet.
## Fildelningsprogram
### Skicka
!!! recommendation
![Send logo](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/send.svg){ align=right }
**Send** är en förgrening av Mozillas nedlagda Firefox Send-tjänst som låter dig skicka filer till andra med en länk. Filerna krypteras på din enhet så att de inte kan läsas av servern, och de kan också skyddas med lösenord. Den som upprätthåller Send är värd för en [offentlig instans] (https://send.vis.ee/). Du kan använda andra offentliga instanser, eller du kan vara värd för Skicka själv.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-server-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/timvisee/send#readme/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/timvisee/send){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/sponsors/timvisee/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
Send kan användas via webbgränssnittet eller via [ffsend](https://github.com/timvisee/ffsend) CLI. Om du känner till kommandoraden och skickar filer ofta rekommenderar vi att du använder CLI-klienten för att undvika JavaScript-baserad kryptering. Du kan ange flaggan `- värd` för att använda en specifik server:
```bash
ffsend upload --host https://send.vis.ee/ FILE
```
### OnionShare
!!! recommendation
![OnionShare-logotyp](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/onionshare.svg){ align=right }
**OnionShare** är ett verktyg med öppen källkod som låter dig dela en fil av valfri storlek på ett säkert och anonymt sätt. Det fungerar genom att starta en webbserver som är tillgänglig som en Tor onion-tjänst, med en oigenkännlig URL som du kan dela med mottagarna för att ladda ner eller skicka filer.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.onionshare.org/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/onionshare/onionshare){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[](/){ .card-link title=Contribute??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://onionshare.org/#download)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://onionshare.org/#download)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://onionshare.org/#download)
### Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
- Får inte lagra dekrypterade data på en fjärrserver.
- Måste vara programvara med öppen källkod.
- Måste antingen ha klienter för Linux, macOS och Windows eller ha ett webbgränssnitt.
## FreedomBox
!!! recommendation
![FreedomBox-logotyp](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/freedombox.svg){ align=right }
**FreedomBox** är ett operativsystem som är utformat för att köras på en [single-board computer (SBC)] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer). Syftet är att göra det enkelt att konfigurera serverprogram som du kanske vill vara värd för själv.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://openwrt.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://openwrt.org/docs/start){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://salsa.debian.org/freedombox-team/freedombox){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://freedomboxfoundation.org/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
## Filsynkronisering
### Nextcloud (klient-server)
!!! recommendation
![Nextcloud-logotyp](assets/img/productivity/nextcloud.svg){ align=right }
**Nextcloud** är en svit med gratis klient-serverprogramvara med öppen källkod för att skapa egna filhostingtjänster på en privat server som du kontrollerar.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://nextcloud.com/support/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/nextcloud){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://nextcloud.com/contribute/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nextcloud.client)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1125420102)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/nextcloud/android/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients)
- [:simple-freebsd: FreeBSD](https://www.freshports.org/www/nextcloud)
!!! fara
Vi rekommenderar inte att du använder [E2EE App](https://apps.nextcloud.com/apps/end_to_end_encryption) för Nextcloud eftersom det kan leda till dataförluster; det är mycket experimentellt och inte av produktionskvalitet.
### Synkronisering (P2P)
!!! recommendation
![Synkronisera logotyp](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/syncthing.svg){ align=right }
**Syncthing** är ett verktyg för kontinuerlig filsynkronisering med öppen källkod. Det används för att synkronisera filer mellan två eller flera enheter över det lokala nätverket eller internet. Synkronisering använder inte en centraliserad server; den använder [Block Exchange Protocol](https://docs.syncthing.net/specs/bep-v1.html #bep-v1) för att överföra data mellan enheter. All data krypteras med TLS.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://openwrt.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://openwrt.org/docs/start){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/syncthing){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://syncthing.net/donations){ .card-link title=Contribute??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nutomic.syncthingandroid)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://syncthing.net/downloads/)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://syncthing.net/downloads/)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://syncthing.net/downloads/)
- [:simple-freebsd: FreeBSD](https://syncthing.net/downloads/)
- [:simple-openbsd: OpenBSD](https://syncthing.net/downloads/)
- [:simple-netbsd: NetBSD](https://syncthing.net/downloads/)
### Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
#### Minimikrav
- Får inte kräva en fjärr-/molnserver från tredje part.
- Måste vara programvara med öppen källkod.
- Måste antingen ha klienter för Linux, macOS och Windows eller ha ett webbgränssnitt.
#### Bästa fall
Våra kriterier för bästa fall representerar vad vi skulle vilja se av det perfekta projektet i denna kategori. Våra rekommendationer kanske inte innehåller alla eller några av dessa funktioner, men de som gör det kan vara högre rankade än andra på den här sidan.
- Har mobila klienter för iOS och Android, som åtminstone stöder förhandsgranskning av dokument.
- Stöder säkerhetskopiering av foton från iOS och Android, och stöder som tillval synkronisering av filer och mappar på Android.

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---
title: Financial Services
icon: material/bank
---
Making payments online is one of the biggest challenges to privacy. These services can assist you in protecting your privacy from merchants and other trackers, provided you have a strong understanding of how to make private payments effectively. We strongly encourage you first read our payments overview article before making any purchases:
[Making Private Payments :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](advanced/payments.md ""){.md-button}
## Payment Masking Services
There are a number of services which provide "virtual debit cards" which you can use with online merchants without revealing your actual banking or billing information in most cases. It's important to note that these financial services are **not** anonymous and are subject to "Know Your Customer" (KYC) laws and may require your ID or other identifying information. These services are primarily useful for protecting you from merchant data breaches, less sophisticated tracking or purchase correlation by marketing agencies, and online data theft; and **not** for making a purchase completely anonymously.
!!! tip "Check your current bank"
Many banks and credit card providers offer native virtual card functionality. If you use one which provides this option already, you should use it over the following recommendations in most cases. That way you are not trusting multiple parties with your personal information.
### Privacy.com (US)
!!! recommendation
![Privacy.com logo](assets/img/financial-services/privacy_com.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Privacy.com logo](assets/img/financial-services/privacy_com-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Privacy.com**'s free plan allows you to create up to 12 virtual cards per month, set spend limits on those cards, and shut off cards instantly. Their paid plan allows you to create up to 36 cards per month, get 1% cash back on purchases, and hide transaction information from your bank.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://privacy.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://privacy.com/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.privacy.com/hc/en-us){ .card-link title=Documentation}
Privacy.com gives information about the merchants you purchase from to your bank by default. Their paid "discreet merchants" feature hides merchant information from your bank, so your bank only sees that a purchase was made with Privacy.com but not where that money was spent, however that is not foolproof, and of course Privacy.com still has knowledge about the merchants you are spending money with.
### MySudo (US, Paid)
!!! recommendation
![MySudo logo](assets/img/financial-services/mysudo.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![MySudo logo](assets/img/financial-services/mysudo-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**MySudo** provides up to 9 virtual cards depending on the plan you purchase. Their paid plans additionally include functionality which may be useful for making purchases privately, such as virtual phone numbers and email addresses, although we typically recommend other [email aliasing providers](email.md) for extensive email aliasing use.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://mysudo.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://anonyome.com/privacy-policy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.mysudo.com/hc/en-us){ .card-link title=Documentation}
### Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
- Allows the creation of multiple cards which function as a shield between the merchant and your personal finances.
- Cards must not require you to provide accurate billing address information to the merchant.
## Gift Card Marketplaces
These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants online with [cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits typically start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered).
### Cake Pay
!!! recommendation
![CakePay logo](assets/img/financial-services/cakepay.svg){ align=right }
**Cake Pay** allows you to purchase gift cards and related products with Monero. Purchases for USA merchants are available in the Cake Wallet mobile app, while the Cake Pay web app includes a broad selection of global merchants.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://cakepay.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://ionia.docsend.com/view/jhjvdn7qq7k3ukwt){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://guides.cakewallet.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
### CoinCards
!!! recommendation
![CakePay logo](assets/img/financial-services/coincards.svg){ align=right }
**CoinCards** (available in the US, Canada, and UK) allows you to purchase gift cards for a large variety of merchants.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://coincards.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://coincards.com/privacy-policy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://coincards.com/frequently-asked-questions/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
### Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
- Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md).
- No ID requirement.

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---
title: "Frontend"
icon: material/flip-to-front
description: These open-source frontends for various internet services allow you to access content without JavaScript or other annoyances.
---
Sometimes services will try to force you to sign up for an account by blocking access to content with annoying popups. They might also break without JavaScript enabled. These frontends can allow you to get around these restrictions.
## LBRY
### Librarian
!!! recommendation
![Librarian logo](assets/img/frontends/librarian.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Librarian logo](assets/img/frontends/librarian-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Librarian** is a free and open-source frontend for [Odysee](https://odysee.com/) (LBRY) that is also self-hostable.
There are a number of public instances, with some instances having [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) onion services support.
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://codeberg.org/librarian/librarian){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-server-16:](https://librarian.codeberg.page/){ .card-link title="Public Instances"}
[:octicons-info-16:](https://codeberg.org/librarian/librarian/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://codeberg.org/librarian/librarian){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
!!! varning
Librarian does not proxy video streams by default. Videos watched through Librarian will still make direct connections to Odysee's servers (e.g. `odycdn.com`); however, some instances may enable proxying which would be detailed in the instance's privacy policy.
!!! tips
Librarian is useful if you want watch LBRY content on mobile without mandatory telemetry and if you want to disable JavaScript in your browser, as is the case with [Tor Browser](https://www.torproject.org/) on the Safest security level.
When self-hosting, it is important that you have other people using your instance as well in order for you to blend in. You should be careful with where and how you are hosting Librarian, as other peoples' usage will be linked to your hosting.
When you are using a Librarian instance, make sure to read the privacy policy of that specific instance. Librarian instances can be modified by their owners and therefore may not reflect the default policy. Librarian instances feature a "privacy nutrition label" to provide an overview of their policy. Some instances have Tor .onion addresses which may grant some privacy as long as your search queries don't contain PII.
## Twitter
### Nitter
!!! recommendation
![Nitter logo](assets/img/frontends/nitter.svg){ align=right }
**Nitter** is a free and open-source frontend for [Twitter](https://twitter.com) that is also self-hostable.
There are a number of public instances, with some instances having [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) onion services support.
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/zedeus/nitter){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-server-16:](https://github.com/zedeus/nitter/wiki/Instances){ .card-link title="Public Instances"}
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/zedeus/nitter/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/zedeus/nitter){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/zedeus/nitter#nitter){ .card-link title=Contribute }
!!! tips
Nitter is useful if you want to browse Twitter content without having to log in and if you want to disable JavaScript in your browser, as is the case with [Tor Browser](https://www.torproject.org/) on the Safest security level. It also allows you to [create RSS feeds for Twitter](news-aggregators.md#twitter).
When self-hosting, it is important that you have other people using your instance as well in order for you to blend in. You should be careful with where and how you are hosting Nitter, as other peoples' usage will be linked to your hosting.
When you are using a Nitter instance, make sure to read the privacy policy of that specific instance. Nitter instances can be modified by their owners and therefore may not reflect the default policy. Some instances have Tor .onion addresses which may grant some privacy as long as your search queries don't contain PII.
## TikTok
### ProxiTok
!!! recommendation
![ProxiTok logo](assets/img/frontends/proxitok.svg){ align=right }
**ProxiTok** is an open source frontend to the [TikTok](https://www.tiktok.com) website that is also self-hostable.
There are a number of public instances, with some instances having [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) onion services support.
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/pablouser1/ProxiTok){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-server-16:](https://github.com/pablouser1/ProxiTok/wiki/Public-instances){ .card-link title="Public Instances"}
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/pablouser1/ProxiTok/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/pablouser1/ProxiTok){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
!!! tips
ProxiTok is useful if you want to disable JavaScript in your browser, such as [Tor Browser](https://www.torproject.org/) on the Safest security level.
When self-hosting, it is important that you have other people using your instance as well in order for you to blend in. You should be careful with where and how you are hosting ProxiTok, as other peoples' usage will be linked to your hosting.
When you are using a ProxiTok instance, make sure to read the privacy policy of that specific instance. ProxiTok instances can be modified by their owners and therefore may not reflect their associated privacy policy. Some instances have Tor .onion addresses which may grant some privacy as long as your search queries don't contain PII.
## YouTube
### FreeTube
!!! recommendation
![FreeTube logo](assets/img/frontends/freetube.svg){ align=right }
**FreeTube** is a free and open-source desktop application for [YouTube](https://youtube.com). When using FreeTube, your subscription list and playlists are saved locally on your device.
By default, FreeTube blocks all YouTube advertisements. In addition, FreeTube optionally integrates with [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app) to help you skip sponsored video segments.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://freetubeapp.io){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://freetubeapp.io/privacy.php){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.freetubeapp.io/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/FreeTubeApp/FreeTube){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://liberapay.com/FreeTube){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://freetubeapp.io/#download)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://freetubeapp.io/#download)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://freetubeapp.io/#download)
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/io.freetubeapp.FreeTube)
!!! varning
When using FreeTube, your IP address may still be known to YouTube, [Invidious](https://instances.invidious.io) or [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app/) depending on your configuration. Överväg att använda en [VPN](vpn.md) eller [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) om din [hotmodell](basics/threat-modelling.md) kräver att du döljer din IP-adress.
### Yattee
!!! recommendation
![Yattee logo](assets/img/frontends/yattee.svg){ align=right }
**Yattee** is a free and open-source privacy oriented video player for iOS, tvOS and macOS for [YouTube](https://youtube.com). When using Yattee, your subscription list are saved locally on your device.
You will need to take a few [extra steps](https://gonzoknows.com/posts/Yattee/) before you can use Yattee to watch YouTube, due to App Store restrictions.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://github.com/yattee/yattee){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://r.yattee.stream/docs/privacy.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/yattee/yattee/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/yattee/yattee){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/yattee/yattee/wiki/Donations){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-apple: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/yattee/id1595136629)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/yattee/yattee/releases)
!!! varning
When using Yattee, your IP address may still be known to YouTube, [Invidious](https://instances.invidious.io), [Piped](https://github.com/TeamPiped/Piped/wiki/Instances) or [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app/) depending on your configuration. Överväg att använda en [VPN](vpn.md) eller [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) om din [hotmodell](basics/threat-modelling.md) kräver att du döljer din IP-adress.
By default, Yattee blocks all YouTube advertisements. In addition, Yattee optionally integrates with [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app) to help you skip sponsored video segments.
### LibreTube (Android)
!!! recommendation
![LibreTube logo](assets/img/frontends/libretube.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![LibreTube logo](assets/img/frontends/libretube-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**LibreTube** is a free and open-source Android application for [YouTube](https://youtube.com) which uses the [Piped](#piped) API.
LibreTube allows you to store your subscription list and playlists locally on your Android device, or to an account on your Piped instance of choice, which allows you to access them seamlessly on other devices as well.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://libre-tube.github.io){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://github.com/libre-tube/LibreTube#privacy-policy-and-disclaimer){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/libre-tube/LibreTube#readme){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/libre-tube/LibreTube){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/libre-tube/LibreTube/releases)
!!! varning
When using LibreTube, your IP address will be visible to the [Piped](https://github.com/TeamPiped/Piped/wiki/Instances) instance you choose and/or [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app/) depending on your configuration. Överväg att använda en [VPN](vpn.md) eller [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) om din [hotmodell](basics/threat-modelling.md) kräver att du döljer din IP-adress.
By default, LibreTube blocks all YouTube advertisements. Additionally, Libretube uses [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app) to help you skip sponsored video segments. You are able to fully configure the types of segments that SponsorBlock will skip, or disable it completely. There is also a button on the video player itself to disable it for a specific video if desired.
### NewPipe (Android)
!!! recommendation annotate
![Newpipe logo](assets/img/frontends/newpipe.svg){ align=right }
**NewPipe** is a free and open-source Android application for [YouTube](https://youtube.com), [SoundCloud](https://soundcloud.com), [media.ccc.de](https://media.ccc.de), [Bandcamp](https://bandcamp.com), and [PeerTube](https://joinpeertube.org/) (1).
Your subscription list and playlists are saved locally on your Android device.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://newpipe.net){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://newpipe.net/legal/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://teamnewpipe.github.io/documentation/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/TeamNewPipe/NewPipe){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://newpipe.net/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/TeamNewPipe/NewPipe/releases)
1. The default instance is [FramaTube](https://framatube.org/), however more can be added via **Settings** → **Content** → **PeerTube instances**
!!! Warning
When using NewPipe, your IP address will be visible to the video providers used. Överväg att använda en [VPN](vpn.md) eller [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) om din [hotmodell](basics/threat-modelling.md) kräver att du döljer din IP-adress.
### Invidious
!!! recommendation
![Invidious logo](assets/img/frontends/invidious.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Invidious logo](assets/img/frontends/invidious-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Invidious** is a free and open-source frontend for [YouTube](https://youtube.com) that is also self-hostable.
There are a number of public instances, with some instances having [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) onion services support.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://invidious.io){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-server-16:](https://instances.invidious.io){ .card-link title="Public Instances"}
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.invidious.io/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/iv-org/invidious){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://invidious.io/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
!!! varning
Invidious does not proxy video streams by default. Videos watched through Invidious will still make direct connections to Google's servers (e.g. `googlevideo.com`); however, some instances support video proxying—simply enable *Proxy videos* within the instances' settings or add `&local=true` to the URL.
!!! tips
Invidious is useful if you want to disable JavaScript in your browser, such as [Tor Browser](https://www.torproject.org/) on the Safest security level. It does not provide privacy by itself, and we don’t recommend logging into any accounts.
When self-hosting, it is important that you have other people using your instance as well in order for you to blend in. You should be careful with where and how you are hosting Invidious, as other peoples' usage will be linked to your hosting.
When you are using an Invidious instance, make sure to read the privacy policy of that specific instance. Invidious instances can be modified by their owners and therefore may not reflect their associated privacy policy. Some instances have Tor .onion addresses which may grant some privacy as long as your search queries don't contain PII.
### Piped
!!! recommendation
![Piped logo](assets/img/frontends/piped.svg){ align=right }
**Piped** is a free and open-source frontend for [YouTube](https://youtube.com) that is also self-hostable.
Piped requires JavaScript in order to function and there are a number of public instances.
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/TeamPiped/Piped){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-server-16:](https://piped.kavin.rocks/preferences#ddlInstanceSelection){ .card-link title="Public Instances"}
[:octicons-info-16:](https://piped-docs.kavin.rocks/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/TeamPiped/Piped){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/TeamPiped/Piped#donations){ .card-link title=Contribute }
!!! tips
Piped is useful if you want to use [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app) without installing an extension or to access age-restricted content without an account. It does not provide privacy by itself, and we don’t recommend logging into any accounts.
When self-hosting, it is important that you have other people using your instance as well in order for you to blend in. You should be careful with where and how you are hosting Piped, as other peoples' usage will be linked to your hosting.
When you are using a Piped instance, make sure to read the privacy policy of that specific instance. Piped instances can be modified by their owners and therefore may not reflect their associated privacy policy.
## Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
Recommended frontends...
- Måste vara programvara med öppen källkod.
- Must be self-hostable.
- Must provide all basic website functionality available to anonymous users.
We only consider frontends for websites which are...
- Not normally accessible without JavaScript.

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---
template: overrides/home.sv.html
hide:
- navigation
- toc
- feedback
schema:
-
"@context": https://schema.org
"@type": Organization
"@id": https://www.privacyguides.org/
name: Privacy Guides
url: https://www.privacyguides.org/en/about/
logo: https://www.privacyguides.org/en/assets/brand/png/square/pg-yellow.png
sameAs:
- https://twitter.com/privacy_guides
- https://github.com/privacyguides
- https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111710163
- https://opencollective.com/privacyguides
- https://www.youtube.com/@privacyguides
- https://mastodon.neat.computer/@privacyguides
-
"@context": https://schema.org
"@type": WebSite
name: Privacy Guides
url: "https://www.privacyguides.org/"
sameAs:
- https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111710163
potentialAction:
"@type": SearchAction
target:
"@type": EntryPoint
urlTemplate: "https://www.privacyguides.org/?q={search_term_string}"
query-input: required name=search_term_string
---
<!-- markdownlint-disable-next-line -->
## Why should I care?
##### “I have nothing to hide. Why should I care about my privacy?”
Much like the right to interracial marriage, woman's suffrage, freedom of speech, and many others, our right to privacy hasn't always been upheld. In several dictatorships, it still isn't. Generations before ours fought for our right to privacy. ==Privacy is a human right, inherent to all of us,== that we are entitled to (without discrimination).
You shouldn't confuse privacy with secrecy. We know what happens in the bathroom, but you still close the door. That's because you want privacy, not secrecy. **Everyone** has something to protect. Privacy is something that makes us human.
[:material-target-account: Common Internet Threats](basics/common-threats.md ""){.md-button.md-button--primary}
## What should I do?
##### First, you need to make a plan
Trying to protect all your data from everyone all the time is impractical, expensive, and exhausting. But don't worry! Security is a process, and, by thinking ahead, you can put together a plan that's right for you. Security isn't just about the tools you use or the software you download. Rather, it begins by understanding the unique threats you face, and how you can mitigate them.
==This process of identifying threats and defining countermeasures is called **threat modeling**==, and it forms the basis of every good security and privacy plan.
[:material-book-outline: Learn More About Threat Modeling](basics/threat-modeling.md ""){.md-button.md-button--primary}
---
## We need you! Here's how to get involved:
[:simple-discourse:](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/){ title="Join our Forum" }
[:simple-mastodon:](https://mastodon.neat.computer/@privacyguides){ rel=me title="Follow us on Mastodon" }
[:material-book-edit:](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org){ title="Contribute to this website" }
[:material-translate:](https://matrix.to/#/#pg-i18n:aragon.sh){ title="Help translate this website" }
[:simple-matrix:](https://matrix.to/#/#privacyguides:matrix.org){ title="Chat with us on Matrix" }
[:material-information-outline:](about/index.md){ title="Learn more about us" }
[:material-hand-coin-outline:](about/donate.md){ title="Support the project" }
It's important for a website like Privacy Guides to always stay up-to-date. We need our audience to keep an eye on software updates for the applications listed on our site and follow recent news about providers that we recommend. It's hard to keep up with the fast pace of the internet, but we try our best. If you spot an error, think a provider should not be listed, notice a qualified provider is missing, believe a browser plugin is no longer the best choice, or uncover any other issue, please let us know.

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---
title: KB Archive
icon: material/archive
description: Some pages that used to be in our knowledge base can now be found on our blog.
---
# Pages Moved to Blog
Some pages that used to be in our knowledge base can now be found on our blog:
- [GrapheneOS vs. CalyxOS](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/04/21/grapheneos-or-calyxos/)
- [Signal Configuration Hardening](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/07/07/signal-configuration-and-hardening/)
- [Linux - System Hardening](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/04/22/linux-system-hardening/)
- [Linux - Application Sandboxing](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/04/22/linux-application-sandboxing/)
- [Secure Data Erasure](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/05/25/secure-data-erasure/)
- [Integrating Metadata Removal](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/04/09/integrating-metadata-removal/)
- [iOS Configuration Guide](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/10/22/ios-configuration-guide/)

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---
title: Riktlinjer för varumärket
---
Webbplatsen heter **Privacy Guides** och bör **inte** ändras till:
<div class="pg-red" markdown>
- PrivacyGuides
- Sekretessguider
- PG
- PG.org
</div>
Namnet på underreddit är **r/PrivacyGuides** eller **the Privacy Guides Subreddit**.
Ytterligare riktlinjer för varumärket finns på [github.com/privacyguides/brand](https://github.com/privacyguides/brand)
## Varumärke
"Privacy Guides" och sköldlogotypen är varumärken som ägs av Jonah Aragon, obegränsad användning är tillåten för Privacy Guides-projektet.
Utan att avstå från någon av sina rättigheter ger Privacy Guides inte råd till andra om omfattningen av sina immateriella rättigheter. Privacy Guides varken tillåter eller samtycker till att dess varumärken används på ett sätt som kan orsaka förvirring genom att antyda att de är associerade med eller sponsras av Privacy Guides. Om du känner till någon sådan användning, vänligen kontakta Jonah Aragon på jonah@privacyguides.org. Kontakta din juridiska rådgivare om du har frågor.

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---
title: Git-rekommendationer
---
Om du gör ändringar på denna webbplats på GitHub.coms webbredigerare direkt, borde du inte behöva oroa dig för detta. Om du utvecklar lokalt och/eller är en långsiktig webbplatsredaktör (som förmodligen borde utveckla lokalt!), bör du överväga dessa rekommendationer.
## Aktivera signering av SSH-nyckeln för åtagande
You can use an existing SSH key for signing, or [create a new one](https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/connecting-to-github-with-ssh/generating-a-new-ssh-key-and-adding-it-to-the-ssh-agent).
1. Configure your Git client to sign commits and tags by default (remove `--global` to only sign by default for this repo):
```
git config --global commit.gpgsign true
git config --global gpg.format ssh
git config --global tag.gpgSign true
```
2. Copy your SSH public key to your clipboard, for example:
```
pbcopy < ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub
# Copies the contents of the id_ed25519.pub file to your clipboard
```
3. Set your SSH key for signing in Git with the following command, replacing the last string in quotes with the public key in your clipboard:
```
git config --global user.signingkey 'ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3(...) user@example.com'
```
Ensure you [add your SSH key to your GitHub account](https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/connecting-to-github-with-ssh/adding-a-new-ssh-key-to-your-github-account#adding-a-new-ssh-key-to-your-account) **as a Signing Key** (as opposed to or in addition to as an Authentication Key).
## Rebase on Git pull
Use `git pull --rebase` instead of `git pull` when pulling in changes from GitHub to your local machine. This way your local changes will always be "on top of" the latest changes on GitHub, and you avoid merge commits (which are disallowed in this repo).
You can set this to be the default behavior:
```
git config --global pull.rebase true
```
## Rebase from `main` before submitting a PR
If you are working on your own branch, run these commands before submitting a PR:
```
git fetch origin
git rebase origin/main
```

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---
title: Uploading Images
---
Here are a couple of general rules for contributing to Privacy Guides:
## Images
- We **prefer** SVG images, but if those do not exist we can use PNG images
Company logos have canvas size of:
- 128x128px
- 384x128px
## Optimization
### PNG
Use the [OptiPNG](https://sourceforge.net/projects/optipng/) to optimize the PNG image:
```bash
optipng -o7 file.png
```
### SVG
#### Inkscape
[Scour](https://github.com/scour-project/scour) all SVG images.
In Inkscape:
1. File Save As..
2. Set type to Optimized SVG (*.svg)
In the **Options** tab:
- **Number of significant digits for coordinates** > **5**
- [x] Turn on **Shorten color values**
- [x] Turn on **Convert CSS attributes to XML attributes**
- [x] Turn on **Collapse groups**
- [x] Turn on **Create groups for similar attributes**
- [ ] Turn off **Keep editor data**
- [ ] Turn off **Keep unreferenced definitions**
- [x] Turn on **Work around renderer bugs**
In the **SVG Output** tab under **Document options**:
- [ ] Turn off **Remove the XML declaration**
- [x] Turn on **Remove metadata**
- [x] Turn on **Remove comments**
- [x] Turn on **Embeded raster images**
- [x] Turn on **Enable viewboxing**
In the **SVG Output** under **Pretty-printing**:
- [ ] Turn off **Format output with line-breaks and indentation**
- **Indentation characters** > Select **Space**
- **Depth of indentation** > **1**
- [ ] Turn off **Strip the "xml:space" attribute from the root SVG element**
In the **IDs** tab:
- [x] Turn on **Remove unused IDs**
- [ ] Turn off **Shorten IDs**
- **Prefix shortened IDs with** > `leave blank`
- [x] Turn on **Preserve manually created IDs not ending with digits**
- **Preserve the following IDs** > `leave blank`
- **Preserve IDs starting with** > `leave blank`
#### CLI
The same can be achieved with the [Scour](https://github.com/scour-project/scour) command:
```bash
scour --set-precision=5 \
--create-groups \
--renderer-workaround \
--remove-descriptive-elements \
--enable-comment-stripping \
--enable-viewboxing \
--indent=space \
--nindent=1 \
--no-line-breaks \
--enable-id-stripping \
--protect-ids-noninkscape \
input.svg output.svg
```

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---
title: Writing Style
---
Privacy Guides is written in American English, and you should refer to [APA Style guidelines](https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/grammar) when in doubt.
In general the [United States federal plain language guidelines](https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/) provide a good overview of how to write clearly and concisely. We highlight a few important notes from these guidelines below.
## Writing for our audience
Privacy Guides' intended [audience](https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/audience/) is primarily average, technology using adults. Don't dumb down content as if you are addressing a middle-school class, but don't overuse complicated terminology about concepts average computer users wouldn't be familiar with.
### Address only what people want to know
People don't need overly complex articles with little relevance to them. Figure out what you want people to accomplish when writing an article, and only include those details.
> Tell your audience why the material is important to them. Say, “If you want a research grant, here’s what you have to do.” Or, “If you want to mine federal coal, here’s what you should know.” Or, “If you’re planning a trip to Rwanda, read this first.”
### Address people directly
We're writing *for* a wide variety of people, but we are writing *to* the person who is actually reading it. Use "you" to address the reader directly.
> More than any other single technique, using “you” pulls users into the information and makes it relevant to them.
>
> When you use “you” to address users, they are more likely to understand what their responsibility is.
Source: [plainlanguage.gov](https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/audience/address-the-user/)
### Avoid "users"
Avoid calling people "users", in favor of "people", or a more specific description of the group of people you are writing for.
## Organizing content
Organization is key. Content should flow from most to least important information, and use headers as much as needed to logically separate different ideas.
- Limit the document to around five or six sections. Long documents should probably be broken up into separate pages.
- Mark important ideas with **bold** or *italics*.
Source: [plainlanguage.gov](https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/design/)
### Begin with a topic sentence
> If you tell your reader what they’re going to read about, they’re less likely to have to read your paragraph again. Headings help, but they’re not enough. Establish a context for your audience before you provide them with the details.
>
> We often write the way we think, putting our premises first and then our conclusion. It may be the natural way to develop thoughts, but we wind up with the topic sentence at the end of the paragraph. Move it up front and let users know where you’re going. Don’t make readers hold a lot of information in their heads before getting to the point.
Source: [plainlanguage.gov](https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/organize/have-a-topic-sentence/)
## Choose your words carefully
> Words matter. They are the most basic building blocks of written and spoken communication. Don’t complicate things by using jargon, technical terms, or abbreviations that people won’t understand.
We should try to avoid abbreviations where possible, but technology is full of abbreviations. In general, spell out the abbreviation/acronym the first time it is used on a page, and add the abbreviation to the abbreviation glossary file when it is used repeatedly.
> Kathy McGinty offers tongue-in-cheek instructions for bulking up your simple, direct sentences:
>
> > There is no escaping the fact that it is considered very important to note that a number of various available applicable studies ipso facto have generally identified the fact that additional appropriate nocturnal employment could usually keep juvenile adolescents off thoroughfares during the night hours, including but not limited to the time prior to midnight on weeknights and/or 2 a.m. on weekends.
>
> And the original, using stronger, simpler words:
>
> > More night jobs would keep youths off the streets.
## Be concise
> Unnecessary words waste your audience’s time. Great writing is like a conversation. Omit information that the audience doesn’t need to know. This can be difficult as a subject matter expert so it’s important to have someone look at the information from the audience’s perspective.
Source: [plainlanguage.gov](https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/concise/)
## Keep text conversational
> Verbs are the fuel of writing. They give your sentences power and direction. They enliven your writing and make it more interesting.
>
> Verbs tell your audience what to do. Make sure it’s clear who does what.
### Use active voice
> Active voice makes it clear who is supposed to do what. It eliminates ambiguity about responsibilities. Not “It must be done,” but “You must do it.”
Source: [plainlanguage.gov](https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/conversational/use-active-voice/)
### Use "must" for requirements
> - “must” for an obligation
> - “must not” for a prohibition
> - “may” for a discretionary action
> - “should” for a recommendation

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---
title: "Mobila webbläsare"
icon: material/cellphone-information
description: These browsers are what we currently recommend for standard/non-anonymous internet browsing on your phone.
schema:
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
name: Private Mobile Browser Recommendations
url: "./"
relatedLink: "../desktop-browsers/"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": MobileApplication
name: Brave
image: /assets/img/browsers/brave.svg
url: https://brave.com
applicationCategory: Web Browser
operatingSystem:
- Android
subjectOf:
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": MobileApplication
name: Safari
image: /assets/img/browsers/safari.svg
url: https://www.apple.com/safari/
applicationCategory: Web Browser
operatingSystem:
- iOS
subjectOf:
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
---
Detta är våra för närvarande rekommenderade mobila webbläsare och konfigurationer för standardiserad/icke-anonym surfning på internet. Om du vill surfa anonymt på internet bör du använda [Tor](tor.md) i stället. I allmänhet rekommenderar vi att du håller ett minimum av tillägg; de har privilegierad åtkomst i din webbläsare, kräver att du litar på utvecklaren, kan få dig [att sticka ut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_fingerprint#Browser_fingerprint)och [försvagar](https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/g/chromium-extensions/c/0ei-UCHNm34/m/lDaXwQhzBAAJ) webbplatsens isolering.
## Android
På Android är Firefox fortfarande mindre säkert än Chromium-baserade alternativ: Mozillas motor, [GeckoView](https://mozilla.github.io/geckoview/), har ännu inte stöd för [site isolation](https://hacks.mozilla.org/2021/05/introducing-firefox-new-site-isolation-security-architecture) eller aktiverar [isolatedProcess](https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1565196).
### Brave
!!! recommendation
![Brave logo](assets/img/browsers/brave.svg){ align=right }
**Brave Browser** innehåller en inbyggd innehållsblockerare och [integritetsfunktioner] (https://brave.com/privacy-features/), varav många är aktiverade som standard.
Brave bygger på webbläsarprojektet Chromium, så den bör kännas bekant och ha minimala problem med webbkompatibilitet.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://lbry.com/faq/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/lbryio/lbry-desktop){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[](/){ .card-link title=Contribute??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.brave.browser)
- [:simple-github: App Store](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/releases)
#### Rekommenderad konfiguration
Tor Browser är det enda sättet att verkligen surfa anonymt på internet. När du använder Brave rekommenderar vi att du ändrar följande inställningar för att skydda din integritet från vissa parter, men alla andra webbläsare än [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser) kommer att kunna spåras av *någon* i något avseende.
Dessa alternativ finns i :material-menu: → **Inställningar** → **Modiga sköldar & sekretess**
##### Sköldar
Brave har några åtgärder mot fingeravtryck i sin funktion [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields-). Vi föreslår att du konfigurerar dessa alternativ [globalt](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings-) på alla sidor som du besöker.
##### Brave skyddar globala standardvärden
Shields alternativ kan nedgraderas vid behov för varje enskild plats, men som standard rekommenderar vi att du ställer in följande:
<div class="annotate" markdown>
- [x] Välj **Aggressiv** under Blockera spårare och annonser
??? varning "Use default filter lists"
Brave låter dig välja ytterligare innehållsfilter på den interna sidan `brave://adblock`. Vi avråder från att använda den här funktionen; behåll istället standardfilterlistorna. Om du använder extra listor sticker du ut från andra Brave-användare och kan också öka angreppsytan om det finns en exploit i Brave och en skadlig regel läggs till i en av de listor du använder.
- [x] Select **Upgrade connections to HTTPS**
- [x] Select **Always use secure connections**
- [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
- [x] Select **Strict, may break sites** under **Block fingerprinting**
</div>
1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode) or the [NoScript](https://noscript.net/) extension.
##### Rensa surfhistorik
- [x] Välj **Rensa uppgifter vid avslut**
##### Blockering av sociala medier
- [ ] Avmarkera alla komponenter för sociala medier
##### Andra sekretessinställningar
<div class="annotate" markdown>
- [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings-#webrtc)
- [ ] Uncheck **Allow sites to check if you have payment methods saved**
- [ ] Uncheck **IPFS Gateway** (1)
- [x] Select **Close tabs on exit**
- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
</div>
1. InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) is a decentralized, peer-to-peer network for storing and sharing data in a distributed filesystem. Unless you use the feature, disable it.
#### Brave Sync
[Brave Sync](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360059793111-Understanding-Brave-Sync) gör det möjligt att få tillgång till dina webbläsardata (historik, bokmärken osv.) på alla dina enheter utan att du behöver ett konto och skyddar dem med E2EE.
## iOS
I iOS är alla appar som kan surfa på webben [](https://developer.apple.com/app-store/review/guidelines) begränsade till att använda Apples WebKit-ramverk [WebKit](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/webkit), så det finns få skäl att använda en tredjepartswebbläsare.
### Safari
!!! recommendation
![Safari-logotyp](assets/img/browsers/safari.svg){ align=right }
**Safari** är standardwebbläsaren i iOS. Den innehåller [integritetsfunktioner] (https://support.apple.com/guide/iphone/browse-the-web-privately-iphb01fc3c85/15.0/ios/15.0) som intelligent spårningsskydd, integritetsrapport, isolerade flikar för privat surfning, iCloud Private Relay och automatiska HTTPS-uppgraderingar.
[:octicons-home-16: Repository](https://github.com/Hackeralert/Picocrypt){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://github.com/Hackeralert/Picocrypt){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.apple.com/guide/safari/welcome/mac){ .card-link title=Contribute}
#### Rekommenderad konfiguration
Dessa alternativ finns i :gear: **Inställningar** → **Safari** → **Sekretess och säkerhet**.
##### Förebyggande av spårning på olika webbplatser
- [x] Aktivera **Förhindra spårning på andra webbplatser**
Detta aktiverar WebKits [Intelligent Tracking Protection](https://webkit.org/tracking-prevention/#intelligent-tracking-prevention-itp). Funktionen hjälper till att skydda mot oönskad spårning genom att använda maskininlärning på enheten för att stoppa spårare. ITP skyddar mot många vanliga hot, men blockerar inte alla spårningsvägar eftersom den är utformad för att inte störa användbarheten av webbplatser.
##### Integritetsrapport
Privacy Report ger en ögonblicksbild av de spårare som för närvarande förhindras från att profilera dig på den webbplats du besöker. Den kan också visa en veckorapport som visar vilka spårare som har blockerats över tid.
Rapporten om sekretess är tillgänglig via menyn Sidinställningar.
##### Sekretessbevarande annonsmätning
- [ ] Inaktivera **Integritetsbevarande annonsmätning**
Vid mätning av annonsklick har man traditionellt använt spårningsteknik som inkräktar på användarnas integritet. [Privat klickmätning](https://webkit.org/blog/11529/introducing-private-click-measurement-pcm/) är en WebKit-funktion och föreslagen webbstandard som syftar till att göra det möjligt för annonsörer att mäta effektiviteten hos webbkampanjer utan att kompromissa med användarnas integritet.
Funktionen har i sig själv inga större problem med integriteten, så även om du kan välja att låta den vara aktiverad anser vi att det faktum att den automatiskt inaktiveras i privat surfning är en indikator för att inaktivera funktionen.
##### Alltid privat surfning
Öppna Safari och tryck på knappen Flikar längst ner till höger. Expandera sedan listan Flikgrupper.
- [x] Välj **Rensa uppgifter vid avslut**
Safaris läge för privat surfning ger ytterligare skydd för privatlivet. Privat surfning använder en ny [tillfällig](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/urlsessionconfiguration/1410529-ephemeral) -session för varje flik, vilket innebär att flikarna är isolerade från varandra. Det finns också andra mindre sekretessfördelar med privat surfning, till exempel att inte skicka en webbsidas adress till Apple när du använder Safaris översättningsfunktion.
Observera att privat surfning inte sparar cookies och webbplatsdata, så det är inte möjligt att vara inloggad på webbplatser. Detta kan vara en olägenhet.
##### iCloud-synkronisering
Synkronisering av Safari-historik, flikgrupper, iCloud-flikar och sparade lösenord är E2EE. Som standard är bokmärken dock [och inte](https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT202303). Apple kan dekryptera och komma åt dem i enlighet med sin sekretesspolicy för [](https://www.apple.com/legal/privacy/en-ww/).
Du kan aktivera E2EE för dig Safari-bokmärken och nedladdningar genom att aktivera [Avancerat dataskydd](https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212520). Gå till ditt **Apple-ID-namn → iCloud → Avancerat dataskydd**.
- [x] Aktivera **Avancerat dataskydd**
Om du använder iCloud med avancerat dataskydd inaktiverat rekommenderar vi också att du kontrollerar att Safaris standardhämtningsplats är inställd på lokalt på din enhet. Detta alternativ finns i :gear: **Inställningar** → **Safari** → **Allmänt** → **Nedladdningar**.
### AdGuard
!!! recommendation
![AdGuard logo](assets/img/browsers/adguard.svg){ align=right }
**AdGuard för iOS** är ett gratis tillägg för innehållsspärrning för Safari med öppen källkod som använder det inhemska [Content Blocker API] (https://developer.apple.com/documentation/safariservices/creating_a_content_blocker).
AdGuard för iOS har vissa premiumfunktioner, men standardblockeringen av innehåll i Safari är gratis.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://kb.adguard.com/ios/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/AdguardTeam/AdguardForiOS){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[](/){ .card-link title=Contribute??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id1047223162)
Ytterligare filterlistor saktar ner saker och kan öka din attackyta, så använd bara det du behöver.
## Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
### Minimikrav
- Måste ha stöd för automatiska uppdateringar.
- Måste få motoruppdateringar inom 0-1 dagar från uppströmsutgåvan.
- Eventuella ändringar som krävs för att göra webbläsaren mer integritetsvänlig bör inte påverka användarupplevelsen negativt.
- Android webbläsare måste använda Chromium-motorn.
- Tyvärr är Mozilla GeckoView fortfarande mindre säkert än Chromium på Android.
- iOS-browsers är begränsade till WebKit.
### Kriterier för förlängning
- Får inte replikera inbyggda webbläsar- eller OS-funktioner.
- Måste direkt påverka användarens integritet, det vill säga får inte bara ge information.

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---
title: "Multi-Factor Authenticators"
icon: 'material/two-factor-authentication'
description: These tools assist you with securing your internet accounts with Multi-Factor Authentication without sending your secrets to a third-party.
---
## Hardware Security Keys
### YubiKey
!!! recommendation
![YubiKeys](assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/yubikey.png)
The **YubiKeys** are among the most popular security keys. Some YubiKey models have a wide range of features such as: [Universal 2nd Factor (U2F)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_2nd_Factor), [FIDO2 and WebAuthn](basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#fido-fast-identity-online), [Yubico OTP](basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#yubico-otp), [Personal Identity Verification (PIV)](https://developers.yubico.com/PIV), [OpenPGP](https://developers.yubico.com/PGP/), [TOTP and HOTP](https://developers.yubico.com/OATH) authentication.
One of the benefits of the YubiKey is that one key can do almost everything (YubiKey 5), you could expect from a hardware security key. We do encourage you to take the [quiz](https://www.yubico.com/quiz/) before purchasing in order to make sure you make the right choice.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.yubico.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.yubico.com/support/terms-conditions/privacy-notice){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.yubico.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
The [comparison table](https://www.yubico.com/store/compare/) shows the features and how the YubiKeys compare. We highly recommend that you select keys from the YubiKey 5 Series.
YubiKeys can be programmed using the [YubiKey Manager](https://www.yubico.com/support/download/yubikey-manager/) or [YubiKey Personalization Tools](https://www.yubico.com/support/download/yubikey-personalization-tools/). For managing TOTP codes, you can use the [Yubico Authenticator](https://www.yubico.com/products/yubico-authenticator/). All of Yubico's clients are open-source.
For models which support HOTP and TOTP, there are 2 slots in the OTP interface which could be used for HOTP and 32 slots to store TOTP secrets. These secrets are stored encrypted on the key and never expose them to the devices they are plugged into. Once a seed (shared secret) is given to the Yubico Authenticator, it will only give out the six-digit codes, but never the seed. This security model helps limit what an attacker can do if they compromise one of the devices running the Yubico Authenticator and make the YubiKey resistant to a physical attacker.
!!! warning
The firmware of YubiKey is not open-source and is not updatable. If you want features in newer firmware versions, or if there is a vulnerability in the firmware version you are using, you would need to purchase a new key.
### Nitrokey
!!! recommendation
![Nitrokey](assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/nitrokey.jpg){ align=right }
**Nitrokey** har en säkerhetsnyckel som kan [FIDO2 och WebAuthn](basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#fido-fast-identity-online) som heter **Nitrokey FIDO2**. För PGP-stöd måste du köpa en av deras andra nycklar som * * Nitrokey Start * *, * *NitrokeyPro 2** eller **NitrokeyStorage 2**.
[:octicons-home-16: Repository](https://github.com/Hackeralert/Picocrypt){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://github.com/Hackeralert/Picocrypt){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.nitrokey.com){ .card-link title=Contribute}
Jämförelsetabellen [](https://www.nitrokey.com/#comparison) visar funktionerna och hur Nitrokey-modellerna jämför. De **Nitrokey 3** listade kommer att ha en kombinerad funktionsuppsättning.
Nitrokey-modeller kan konfigureras med [Nitrokey-appen](https://www.nitrokey.com/download).
För de modeller som stöder HOTP och TOTP finns det 3 platser för HOTP och 15 för TOTP. Vissa Nitrokeys kan fungera som en lösenordshanterare. De kan lagra 16 olika autentiseringsuppgifter och kryptera dem med samma lösenord som OpenPGP-gränssnittet.
!!! varning
Även om Nitrokeys inte lämnar ut HOTP/TOTP-hemligheterna till den enhet de är anslutna till, är HOTP- och TOTP-lagringen **inte** krypterad och sårbar för fysiska attacker. Om du vill lagra HOTP- eller TOTP-hemligheter rekommenderar vi starkt att du använder en Yubikey i stället.
!!! varning
Återställning av OpenPGP-gränssnittet på en Nitrokey kommer också att göra lösenordsdatabasen [inaccessible](https://docs.nitrokey.com/pro/linux/factory-reset).
The Nitrokey Pro 2, Nitrokey Storage 2, and the upcoming Nitrokey 3 supports system integrity verification for laptops with the [Coreboot](https://www.coreboot.org/) + [Heads](https://osresearch.net/) firmware.
Nitrokey firmware är öppen källkod, till skillnad från YubiKey. Den inbyggda programvaran på moderna NitroKey-modeller (utom **NitroKey Pro 2**) kan uppdateras.
### Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
#### Minimikrav
- Måste använda högkvalitativa, manipuleringssäkra hårdvarusäkerhetsmoduler.
- Måste stödja den senaste FIDO2-specifikationen.
- Får inte tillåta utvinning av privata nycklar.
- Enheter som kostar mer än 35 dollar måste ha stöd för hantering av OpenPGP och S/MIME.
#### Bästa fall
Våra kriterier för bästa fall representerar vad vi skulle vilja se av det perfekta projektet i denna kategori. Våra rekommendationer kanske inte innehåller alla eller några av dessa funktioner, men de som gör det kan vara högre rankade än andra på den här sidan.
- Bör finnas tillgänglig i USB-C-format.
- Bör finnas tillgängligt med NFC.
- Bör stödja TOTP hemlig lagring.
- Bör stödja säkra uppdateringar av fast programvara.
## Autentiseringsapp
Authenticator Apps implementerar en säkerhetsstandard som antagits av Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) kallad **Time-based Engångslösenord**eller **TOTP**. Detta är en metod där webbplatser delar en hemlighet med dig som används av din autentiseringsapp för att generera en sex (vanligtvis) siffrig kod baserat på aktuell tid, som du anger när du loggar in för att webbplatsen ska kontrollera. Vanligtvis regenereras dessa koder var 30: e sekund, och när en ny kod genereras blir den gamla värdelös. Även om en hackare får tag på en sexsiffrig kod finns det inget sätt för dem att vända på koden för att få fram den ursprungliga hemligheten eller på annat sätt kunna förutsäga vad framtida koder kan vara.
Vi rekommenderar starkt att du använder mobila TOTP-appar i stället för alternativ för datorer eftersom Android och iOS har bättre säkerhet och appisolering än de flesta operativsystem för datorer.
### Aegis Authenticator (Android)
!!! recommendation
![Aegis logotyp](assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/aegis.png){ align=right }
**Aegis Authenticator** är en gratis, säker och öppen källkodsapp för att hantera dina tvåstegsverifieringstokens för dina onlinetjänster.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/beemdevelopment/Aegis/wiki/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/beemdevelopment/Aegis){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.buymeacoffee.com/beemdevelopment/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.beemdevelopment.aegis)
- [:simple-github: App Store](https://github.com/beemdevelopment/Aegis/releases)
### Raivo OTP (iOS)
!!! recommendation
![Raivo OTP-logotyp](assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/raivo-otp.png){ align=right }
**Raivo OTP** är en inbyggd, lätt och säker tidsbaserad (TOTP) & kontrabaserad (HOTP) lösenordsklient för iOS. Raivo OTP erbjuder valfri iCloud backup & synkronisering. Raivo OTP finns också tillgängligt för macOS i form av en applikation i statusfältet, men Mac-appen fungerar inte oberoende av iOS-appen.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/raivo-otp/ios-application/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://raivo-otp.com/donate){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[](/){ .card-link title=Contribute??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/raivo-otp/id1459042137)
### Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
- Source code must be publicly available.
- Får inte kräva internetuppkoppling.
- Must not sync to a third-party cloud sync/backup service.
- **Optional** E2EE sync support with OS-native tools is acceptable, e.g. encrypted sync via iCloud.

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---
title: "Nyhetsaggregatorer"
icon: material/rss
description: These news aggregator clients let you keep up with your favorite blogs and news sites using internet standards like RSS.
---
A [news aggregator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_aggregator) is a way to keep up with your favorite blogs and news sites.
## Aggregatorklienter
### Akregator
!!! recommendation
![Akregators logotyp](assets/img/news-aggregators/akregator.svg){ align=right }
**Akregator** är en nyhetsflödesläsare som är en del av projektet [KDE](https://kde.org). Den har en snabb sökning, avancerad arkiveringsfunktionalitet och en intern webbläsare för enkel läsning av nyheter.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.kde.org/?application=akregator/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://invent.kde.org/pim/akregator){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://kde.org/community/donations/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.kde.akregator)
### Matare
!!! recommendation
![Feeder logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/feeder.png){ align=right }
**Feeder** är en modern RSS-klient för Android som har många [features](https://gitlab. om/spacecowboy/Feeder#funktioner) och fungerar bra med mappar RSS-flöden. Den stöder [RSS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS), [Atom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_(Web_standard)), [RDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF%2FXML) och [JSON Feed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON_Feed).
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/Hackeralert/Picocrypt){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/Hackeralert/Picocrypt){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://ko-fi.com/spacecowboy){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play] (https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nononsenseapps.feeder.play)
### Flytande läsare
!!! recommendation
![Fluent Reader-logotyp](assets/img/news-aggregators/fluent-reader.svg){ align=right }
**Fluent Reader** är en säker plattformsoberoende nyhetsaggregator som har användbara integritetsfunktioner som t.ex. radering av cookies vid avslut, strikt [content security policies (CSP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Security_Policy) och proxystöd, vilket innebär att du kan använda den via [Tor](tor.md).
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.cryptomator.org/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/cryptomator){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://cryptomator.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-windows11: Google Play](https://hyliu.me/fluent-reader)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1520907427)
### GNOME-flöden
!!! recommendation
![GNOME Feeds logotyp](assets/img/news-aggregators/gfeeds.svg){ align=right }
**GNOME Feeds** är en nyhetsläsare för [RSS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS) och [Atom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_(Web_standard)) för [GNOME](https://www.gnome.org). Det har ett enkelt gränssnitt och är ganska snabbt.
[:octicons-home-16: Repository](https://github.com/Hackeralert/Picocrypt){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/Hackeralert/Picocrypt){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://liberapay.com/gabmus){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-linux: Google Play](https://gfeeds.gabmus.org/#install)
- [:simple-flathub: App Store](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.gabmus.gfeeds)
### Miniflux
!!! recommendation
![Miniflux logotyp](assets/img/news-aggregators/miniflux.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Miniflux logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/miniflux-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Miniflux** är en webbaserad nyhetsaggregator som du kan lägga upp själv. Den stöder [RSS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS), [Atom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_(Web_standard)), [RDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF%2FXML) och [JSON Feed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON_Feed).
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://openwrt.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://openwrt.org/docs/start){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/miniflux/v2){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://miniflux.app/#donations){ .card-link title=Contribute }
### NetNewsWire
!!! recommendation
![NetNewsWire logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/netnewswire.png){ align=right }
**NetNewsWire** är en gratis och öppen källkodsläsare för macOS och iOS med fokus på en inhemsk design och funktionalitet. Den stöder de vanliga feedformaten samt inbyggt stöd för Twitter- och Reddit-flöden.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://netnewswire.com/help/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/Ranchero-Software/NetNewsWire){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[](/){ .card-link title=Contribute??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/netnewswire-rss-reader/id1480640210)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://netnewswire.com)
### Newsboat
!!! recommendation
![Newsboat-logotyp](assets/img/news-aggregators/newsboat.svg){ align=right }
**Newsboat** är en RSS/Atom-flödesläsare för textkonsolen. Det är en aktivt underhållen gaffel av [Newsbeuter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsbeuter). Den är mycket lätt och idealisk för användning via [Secure Shell] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell).
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://openwrt.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }[:octicons-info-16:](https://openwrt.org/docs/start){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/newsboat/newsboat){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[](){ .card-link title=Contribute }
## Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
- Måste vara programvara med öppen källkod.
- Måste fungera lokalt, dvs. får inte vara en molntjänst.
## RSS-support för sociala medier
Vissa sociala medietjänster har också stöd för RSS, även om det inte ofta annonseras.
### Reddit
På Reddit kan du prenumerera på subreddits via RSS.
!!! exempel
Ersätt `subreddit_name` med det subreddit du vill prenumerera på.
```text
https://www.reddit.com/r/{{ subreddit_name }}/new/.rss
```
### Twitter
Med hjälp av någon av Nitter [-instanserna](https://github.com/zedeus/nitter/wiki/Instances) kan du enkelt prenumerera via RSS.
!!! exempel
1. Välj en instans och ställ in `nitter_instance`.
2. Ersätt `twitter_account` med kontonamnet.
```text
https://{{ nitter_instance }}/{{ twitter_account }}/rss
```
### YouTube
Du kan prenumerera på YouTube-kanaler utan att logga in och koppla användningsinformation till ditt Google-konto.
!!! exempel
Om du vill prenumerera på en YouTube-kanal med en RSS-klient letar du först efter din [kanalkod] (https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/6180214) och ersätter `[KANAL-ID]` nedan:
```text
https://www.youtube.com/feeds/videos.xml?channel_id=[KANAL-ID]
```

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---
title: "Anteckningsböcker"
icon: material/notebook-edit-outline
description: These encrypted note-taking apps let you keep track of your notes without giving them to a third-party.
---
Håll koll på dina anteckningar och dagboksanteckningar utan att ge dem till tredje part.
Om du för närvarande använder ett program som Evernote, Google Keep eller Microsoft OneNote föreslår vi att du väljer ett alternativ som stöder E2EE.
## Molnbaserad
### Joplin
!!! recommendation
![Joplin-logotyp](assets/img/notebooks/joplin.svg){ align=right }
**Joplin** är ett kostnadsfritt, öppen källkod och fullt utrustat program för anteckningar och att göra som kan hantera ett stort antal markdown-noter organiserade i anteckningsböcker och taggar. Det erbjuder E2EE och kan synkroniseras via Nextcloud, Dropbox och mer. Det erbjuder också enkel import från Evernote och vanlig text anteckningar.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://joplinapp.org/help/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/laurent22/joplin){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://joplinapp.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.cozic.joplin)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/joplin/id1315599797)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/laurent22/joplin-android/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://joplinapp.org/#desktop-applications)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://joplinapp.org/#desktop-applications)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://joplinapp.org/#desktop-applications)
- [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/joplin-web-clipper/)
- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/joplin-web-clipper/alofnhikmmk
Joplin stöder inte lösenord/PIN-skydd för [applikationen själv eller enskilda anteckningar och anteckningsböcker](https://github.com/laurent22/joplin/issues/289). Dina data är dock fortfarande krypterade under överföring och på synkroniseringsplatsen med hjälp av huvudnyckeln. Sedan januari 2023 stöder Joplin biometrisk applåsning för [Android](https://joplinapp.org/changelog_android/#android-v2-10-3-https-github-com-laurent22-joplin-releases-tag-android-v2-10-3-pre-release-2023-01-05t11-29-06z) och [iOS](https://joplinapp.org/changelog_ios/#ios-v12-10-2-https-github-com-laurent22-joplin-releases-tag-ios-v12-10-2-2023-01-20t17-41-13z).
### Standardnoteringar
!!! recommendation
![Standard Notes logo](assets/img/notebooks/standard-notes.svg){ align=right }
**Standard Notes** är en enkel och privat anteckningsapp som gör dina anteckningar enkla och tillgängliga överallt. Den har E2EE på alla plattformar och en kraftfull skrivbordsupplevelse med teman och anpassade redaktörer. Den har också [reviderats av en oberoende revisionsbyrå (PDF)] (https://s3.amazonaws.com/standard-notes/security/Report-SN-Audit.pdf).
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://standardnotes.com/help/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/standardnotes){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://standardnotes.com/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.standardnotes)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1285392450)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/standardnotes/app/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://standardnotes.com)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://standardnotes.com)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://standardnotes.com)
- [:octicons-globe-16: Web](https://app.standardnotes.com/)
### Cryptee
!!! recommendation
![Cryptee-logotyp](./assets/img/notebooks/cryptee.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Cryptee logo](./assets/img/notebooks/cryptee-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Cryptee** är en webbaserad E2EE-dokumentredigerare med öppen källkod och ett program för lagring av foton. Cryptee är en PWA, vilket innebär att den fungerar smidigt på alla moderna enheter utan att kräva inbyggda appar för varje plattform.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://crypt.ee/help/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/cryptee){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[](/){ .card-link title=Contribute??? nedladdningar
- [:octicons-globe-16: Flathub](https://crypt.ee/download)
Cryptee erbjuder 100 Mb lagring gratis, med betalalternativ om du behöver mer. För att registrera dig krävs ingen e-post eller annan personligt identifierbar information.
## Lokala anteckningsböcker
### Org-läge
!!! recommendation
![Org-mode logo](assets/img/notebooks/org-mode.svg){ align=right }
**Org-mode** är ett [major mode] (https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Major-Modes.html) för GNU Emacs. Org-mode är till för att föra anteckningar, upprätthålla TODO-listor, planera projekt och skriva dokument med ett snabbt och effektivt system för klartext. Synkronisering är möjlig med [filsynkronisering](file-sharing.md#file-sync)-verktyg.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://openwrt.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://openwrt.org/docs/start){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/emacs/org-mode.git){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://liberapay.com/bzg){ .card-link title=Contribute }
## Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
- Klienterna bör ha öppen källkod.
- Alla funktioner för molnsynkronisering måste vara E2EE.
- Måste stödja export av dokument till ett standardformat.
### Bästa fall
- Funktioner för lokal säkerhetskopiering/synkronisering bör stödja kryptering.
- Molnbaserade plattformar bör stödja delning av dokument.

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---
title: Android Overview
icon: simple/android
description: Android is an open-source operating system with strong security protections, which makes it our top choice for phones.
---
Android is a secure operating system that has strong [app sandboxing](https://source.android.com/security/app-sandbox), [Verified Boot](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot) (AVB), and a robust [permission](https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/overview) control system.
## Choosing an Android Distribution
When you buy an Android phone, the device's default operating system often comes with invasive integration with apps and services that are not part of the [Android Open-Source Project](https://source.android.com/). An example of such is Google Play Services, which has irrevocable privileges to access your files, contacts storage, call logs, SMS messages, location, camera, microphone, hardware identifiers, and so on. These apps and services increase the attack surface of your device and are the source of various privacy concerns with Android.
This problem could be solved by using a custom Android distribution that does not come with such invasive integration. Unfortunately, many custom Android distributions often violate the Android security model by not supporting critical security features such as AVB, rollback protection, firmware updates, and so on. Some distributions also ship [`userdebug`](https://source.android.com/setup/build/building#choose-a-target) builds which expose root via [ADB](https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/adb) and require [more permissive](https://github.com/LineageOS/android_system_sepolicy/search?q=userdebug&type=code) SELinux policies to accommodate debugging features, resulting in a further increased attack surface and weakened security model.
Ideally, when choosing a custom Android distribution, you should make sure that it upholds the Android security model. At the very least, the distribution should have production builds, support for AVB, rollback protection, timely firmware and operating system updates, and SELinux in [enforcing mode](https://source.android.com/security/selinux/concepts#enforcement_levels). All of our recommended Android distributions satisfy these criteria.
[Our Android System Recommendations :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../android.md ""){.md-button}
## Avoid Rooting
[Rooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooting_(Android)) Android phones can decrease security significantly as it weakens the complete [Android security model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Security_and_privacy). This can decrease privacy should there be an exploit that is assisted by the decreased security. Common rooting methods involve directly tampering with the boot partition, making it impossible to perform successful Verified Boot. Apps that require root will also modify the system partition meaning that Verified Boot would have to remain disabled. Having root exposed directly in the user interface also increases the [attack surface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_surface) of your device and may assist in [privilege escalation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_escalation) vulnerabilities and SELinux policy bypasses.
Adblockers, which modify the [hosts file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosts_(file)) (AdAway) and firewalls (AFWall+) which require root access persistently are dangerous and should not be used. They are also not the correct way to solve their intended purposes. For Adblocking we suggest encrypted [DNS](../dns.md) or [VPN](../vpn.md) server blocking solutions instead. RethinkDNS, TrackerControl and AdAway in non-root mode will take up the VPN slot (by using a local loopback VPN) preventing you from using privacy enhancing services such as Orbot or a real VPN server.
AFWall+ works based on the [packet filtering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)#Packet_filter) approach and may be bypassable in some situations.
We do not believe that the security sacrifices made by rooting a phone are worth the questionable privacy benefits of those apps.
## Verified Boot
[Verified Boot](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot) is an important part of the Android security model. It provides protection against [evil maid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_maid_attack) attacks, malware persistence, and ensures security updates cannot be downgraded with [rollback protection](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/verified-boot#rollback-protection).
Android 10 and above has moved away from full-disk encryption to more flexible [file-based encryption](https://source.android.com/security/encryption/file-based). Your data is encrypted using unique encryption keys, and the operating system files are left unencrypted.
Verified Boot ensures the integrity of the operating system files, thereby preventing an adversary with physical access from tampering or installing malware on the device. In the unlikely case that malware is able to exploit other parts of the system and gain higher privileged access, Verified Boot will prevent and revert changes to the system partition upon rebooting the device.
Unfortunately, OEMs are only obliged to support Verified Boot on their stock Android distribution. Only a few OEMs such as Google support custom AVB key enrollment on their devices. Additionally, some AOSP derivatives such as LineageOS or /e/ OS do not support Verified Boot even on hardware with Verified Boot support for third-party operating systems. We recommend that you check for support **before** purchasing a new device. AOSP derivatives which do not support Verified Boot are **not** recommended.
Many OEMs also have broken implementation of Verified Boot that you have to be aware of beyond their marketing. For example, the Fairphone 3 and 4 are not secure by default, as the [stock bootloader trusts the public AVB signing key](https://forum.fairphone.com/t/bootloader-avb-keys-used-in-roms-for-fairphone-3-4/83448/11). This breaks verified boot on a stock Fairphone device, as the system will boot alternative Android operating systems such (such as /e/) [without any warning](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/boot-flow#locked-devices-with-custom-root-of-trust) about custom operating system usage.
## Firmware Updates
Firmware updates are critical for maintaining security and without them your device cannot be secure. OEMs have support agreements with their partners to provide the closed-source components for a limited support period. These are detailed in the monthly [Android Security Bulletins](https://source.android.com/security/bulletin).
As the components of the phone, such as the processor and radio technologies rely on closed-source components, the updates must be provided by the respective manufacturers. Therefore, it is important that you purchase a device within an active support cycle. [Qualcomm](https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2020/12/16/qualcomm-and-google-announce-collaboration-extend-android-os-support-and) and [Samsung](https://news.samsung.com/us/samsung-galaxy-security-extending-updates-knox/) support their devices for 4 years, while cheaper products often have shorter support cycles. With the introduction of the [Pixel 6](https://support.google.com/pixelphone/answer/4457705), Google now makes their own SoC and they will provide a minimum of 5 years of support.
EOL devices which are no longer supported by the SoC manufacturer cannot receive firmware updates from OEM vendors or after market Android distributors. This means that security issues with those devices will remain unfixed.
Fairphone, for example, markets their devices as receiving 6 years of support. However, the SoC (Qualcomm Snapdragon 750G on the Fairphone 4) has a considerably shorter EOL date. This means that firmware security updates from Qualcomm for the Fairphone 4 will end in September 2023, regardless of whether Fairphone continues to release software security updates.
## Android Versions
It's important to not use an [end-of-life](https://endoflife.date/android) version of Android. Newer versions of Android not only receive security updates for the operating system but also important privacy enhancing updates too. For example, [prior to Android 10](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes), any apps with the [`READ_PHONE_STATE`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission#READ_PHONE_STATE) permission could access sensitive and unique serial numbers of your phone such as [IMEI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mobile_Equipment_Identity), [MEID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_equipment_identifier), your SIM card's [IMSI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_mobile_subscriber_identity), whereas now they must be system apps to do so. System apps are only provided by the OEM or Android distribution.
## Android Permissions
[Permissions on Android](https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/overview) grant you control over what apps are allowed to access. Google regularly makes [improvements](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/11/privacy/permissions) on the permission system in each successive version. All apps you install are strictly [sandboxed](https://source.android.com/security/app-sandbox), therefore, there is no need to install any antivirus apps.
A smartphone with the latest version of Android will always be more secure than an old smartphone with an antivirus that you have paid for. It's better not to pay for antivirus software and to save money to buy a new smartphone such as a Google Pixel.
Android 10:
- [Scoped Storage](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes#scoped-storage) gives you more control over your files and can limit what can [access external storage](https://developer.android.com/training/data-storage#permissions). Apps can have a specific directory in external storage as well as the ability to store specific types of media there.
- Tighter access on [device location](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes#app-access-device-location) by introducing the `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permission. This prevents apps from accessing the location when running in the background without express permission from the user.
Android 11:
- [One-time permissions](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/11/privacy/permissions#one-time) which allows you to grant a permission to an app just once.
- [Auto-reset permissions](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/11/privacy/permissions#auto-reset), which resets [runtime permissions](https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/overview#runtime) that were granted when the app was opened.
- Granular permissions for accessing [phone number](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/11/privacy/permissions#phone-numbers) related features.
Android 12:
- A permission to grant only the [approximate location](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/12/behavior-changes-12#approximate-location).
- Auto-reset of [hibernated apps](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/12/behavior-changes-12#app-hibernation).
- [Data access auditing](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/12/behavior-changes-12#data-access-auditing) which makes it easier to determine what part of an app is performing a specific type of data access.
Android 13:
- A permission for [nearby wifi access](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/13/behavior-changes-13#nearby-wifi-devices-permission). The MAC addresses of nearby WiFi access points was a popular way for apps to track a user's location.
- More [granular media permissions](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/13/behavior-changes-13#granular-media-permissions), meaning you can grant access to images, videos or audio files only.
- Background use of sensors now requires the [`BODY_SENSORS`](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/13/behavior-changes-13#body-sensors-background-permission) permission.
An app may request a permission for a specific feature it has. For example, any app that can scan QR codes will require the camera permission. Some apps can request more permissions than they need.
[Exodus](https://exodus-privacy.eu.org/) can be useful when comparing apps that have similar purposes. If an app requires a lot of permissions and has a lot of advertising and analytics this is probably a bad sign. We recommend looking at the individual trackers and reading their descriptions rather than simply **counting the total** and assuming all items listed are equal.
!!! varning
If an app is mostly a web-based service, the tracking may occur on the server side. [Facebook](https://reports.exodus-privacy.eu.org/en/reports/com.facebook.katana/latest/) shows "no trackers" but certainly does track users' interests and behavior across the site. Apps may evade detection by not using standard code libraries produced by the advertising industry, though this is unlikely.
!!! anmärkning
Privacy-friendly apps such as [Bitwarden](https://reports.exodus-privacy.eu.org/en/reports/com.x8bit.bitwarden/latest/) may show some trackers such as [Google Firebase Analytics](https://reports.exodus-privacy.eu.org/en/trackers/49/). This library includes [Firebase Cloud Messaging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase_Cloud_Messaging) which can provide [push notifications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_technology) in apps. This [is the case](https://fosstodon.org/@bitwarden/109636825700482007) with Bitwarden. That doesn't mean that Bitwarden is using all of the analytics features that are provided by Google Firebase Analytics.
## Media Access
Quite a few applications allows you to "share" a file with them for media upload. If you want to, for example, tweet a picture to Twitter, do not grant Twitter access to your "media and photos", because it will have access to all of your pictures then. Instead, go to your file manager (documentsUI), hold onto the picture, then share it with Twitter.
## User Profiles
Multiple user profiles can be found in **Settings** → **System** → **Multiple users** and are the simplest way to isolate in Android.
With user profiles, you can impose restrictions on a specific profile, such as: making calls, using SMS, or installing apps on the device. Each profile is encrypted using its own encryption key and cannot access the data of any other profiles. Even the device owner cannot view the data of other profiles without knowing their password. Multiple user profiles are a more secure method of isolation.
## Work Profile
[Work Profiles](https://support.google.com/work/android/answer/6191949) are another way to isolate individual apps and may be more convenient than separate user profiles.
A **device controller** app such as [Shelter](#recommended-apps) is required to create a Work Profile without an enterprise MDM, unless you're using a custom Android OS which includes one.
The work profile is dependent on a device controller to function. Features such as *File Shuttle* and *contact search blocking* or any kind of isolation features must be implemented by the controller. You must also fully trust the device controller app, as it has full access to your data inside of the work profile.
This method is generally less secure than a secondary user profile; however, it does allow you the convenience of running apps in both the work and personal profiles simultaneously.
## VPN Killswitch
Android 7 and above supports a VPN killswitch and it is available without the need to install third-party apps. This feature can prevent leaks if the VPN is disconnected. It can be found in :gear: **Settings** → **Network & internet** → **VPN** → :gear: → **Block connections without VPN**.
## Global Toggles
Modern Android devices have global toggles for disabling Bluetooth and location services. Android 12 introduced toggles for the camera and microphone. When not in use, we recommend disabling these features. Apps cannot use disabled features (even if granted individual permission) until re-enabled.
## Google
If you are using a device with Google services, either your stock operating system or an operating system that safely sandboxes Google Play Services like GrapheneOS, there are a number of additional changes you can make to improve your privacy. We still recommend avoiding Google services entirely, or limiting Google Play services to a specific user/work profile by combining a device controller like *Shelter* with GrapheneOS's Sandboxed Google Play.
### Advanced Protection Program
If you have a Google account we suggest enrolling in the [Advanced Protection Program](https://landing.google.com/advancedprotection/). It is available at no cost to anyone with two or more hardware security keys with [FIDO](../basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#fido-fast-identity-online) support.
The Advanced Protection Program provides enhanced threat monitoring and enables:
- Stricter two factor authentication; e.g. that [FIDO](../basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#fido-fast-identity-online) **must** be used and disallows the use of [SMS OTPs](../basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#sms-or-email-mfa), [TOTP](../basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#time-based-one-time-password-totp) and [OAuth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OAuth)
- Only Google and verified third-party apps can access account data
- Scanning of incoming emails on Gmail accounts for [phishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing#Email_phishing) attempts
- Stricter [safe browser scanning](https://www.google.com/chrome/privacy/whitepaper.html#malware) with Google Chrome
- Stricter recovery process for accounts with lost credentials
If you use non-sandboxed Google Play Services (common on stock operating systems), the Advanced Protection Program also comes with [additional benefits](https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/9764949?hl=en) such as:
- Not allowing app installation outside of the Google Play Store, the OS vendor's app store, or via [`adb`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Debug_Bridge)
- Mandatory automatic device scanning with [Play Protect](https://support.google.com/googleplay/answer/2812853?hl=en#zippy=%2Chow-malware-protection-works%2Chow-privacy-alerts-work)
- Warning you about unverified applications
### Google Play System Updates
In the past, Android security updates had to be shipped by the operating system vendor. Android has become more modular beginning with Android 10, and Google can push security updates for **some** system components via the privileged Play Services.
If you have an EOL device shipped with Android 10 or above and are unable to run any of our recommended operating systems on your device, you are likely going to be better off sticking with your OEM Android installation (as opposed to an operating system not listed here such as LineageOS or /e/ OS). This will allow you to receive **some** security fixes from Google, while not violating the Android security model by using an insecure Android derivative and increasing your attack surface. We would still recommend upgrading to a supported device as soon as possible.
### Advertising ID
All devices with Google Play Services installed automatically generate an [advertising ID](https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/6048248?hl=en) used for targeted advertising. Disable this feature to limit the data collected about you.
On Android distributions with [Sandboxed Google Play](https://grapheneos.org/usage#sandboxed-google-play), go to :gear: **Settings** → **Apps** → **Sandboxed Google Play** → **Google Settings** → **Ads**, and select *Delete advertising ID*.
On Android distributions with privileged Google Play Services (such as stock OSes), the setting may be in one of several locations. Check
- :gear: **Settings** → **Google** → **Ads**
- :gear: **Settings** → **Privacy** → **Ads**
You will either be given the option to delete your advertising ID or to *Opt out of interest-based ads*, this varies between OEM distributions of Android. If presented with the option to delete the advertising ID that is preferred. If not, then make sure to opt out and reset your advertising ID.
### SafetyNet and Play Integrity API
[SafetyNet](https://developer.android.com/training/safetynet/attestation) and the [Play Integrity APIs](https://developer.android.com/google/play/integrity) are generally used for [banking apps](https://grapheneos.org/usage#banking-apps). Many banking apps will work fine in GrapheneOS with sandboxed Play services, however some non-financial apps have their own crude anti-tampering mechanisms which might fail. GrapheneOS passes the `basicIntegrity` check, but not the certification check `ctsProfileMatch`. Devices with Android 8 or later have hardware attestation support which cannot be bypassed without leaked keys or serious vulnerabilities.
As for Google Wallet, we don't recommend this due to their [privacy policy](https://payments.google.com/payments/apis-secure/get_legal_document?ldo=0&ldt=privacynotice&ldl=en), which states you must opt-out if you don't want your credit rating and personal information shared with affiliate marketing services.

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---
title: Översikt över Linux
icon: simple/linux
description: Linux is an open-source, privacy-focused desktop operating system alternative, but not all distribitions are created equal.
---
Man tror ofta att [programvara med öppen källkod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software) är säker i sig eftersom källkoden är tillgänglig. Det finns en förväntan på att gemenskapens kontroll sker regelbundet, men detta är inte alltid fallet [](https://seirdy.one/posts/2022/02/02/floss-security/). It does depend on a number of factors, such as project activity, developer experience, level of rigor applied to [code reviews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_review), and how often attention is given to specific parts of the [codebase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codebase) that may go untouched for years.
För närvarande har skrivbord Linux några områden som kan förbättras bättre jämfört med sina egenutvecklade motsvarigheter, t.ex.:
- En verifierad startkedja, som Apples [Secure Boot](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/startup-security-utility-secc7b34e5b5/web) (med [Secure Enclave](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/secure-enclave-sec59b0b31ff/1/web/1)), Androids [Verified Boot](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot), ChromeOS [Verified boot](https://www.chromium.org/chromium-os/chromiumos-design-docs/security-overview/#verified-boot)eller Microsoft Windows [bootprocess](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/secure-the-windows-10-boot-process) med [TPM](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/tpm/how-windows-uses-the-tpm). Dessa funktioner och hårdvarutekniker kan alla bidra till att förhindra ihållande manipulering av skadlig kod eller [evil maid-attacker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Maid_attack)
- En stark sandlådelösning som den som finns i [macOS](https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Security/Conceptual/AppSandboxDesignGuide/AboutAppSandbox/AboutAppSandbox.html), [ChromeOS](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromiumos/docs/+/HEAD/sandboxing.md)och [Android](https://source.android.com/security/app-sandbox). Vanligt förekommande sandboxing-lösningar för Linux, t.ex. [Flatpak](https://docs.flatpak.org/en/latest/sandbox-permissions.html) och [Firejail](https://firejail.wordpress.com/), har fortfarande en lång väg att gå
- Starka [åtgärder för att minska exploateringar](https://madaidans-insecurities.github.io/linux.html#exploit-mitigations)
Trots dessa nackdelar är stationära Linux-distributioner bra om du vill:
- Undvik telemetri som ofta kommer med egna operativsystem
- Bevara [frihet för programvara](https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.en.html#four-freedoms)
- Har system som är inriktade på integritet, t.ex. [Whonix](https://www.whonix.org) eller [Tails](https://tails.boum.org/)
På vår webbplats används i allmänhet termen "Linux" för att beskriva Linuxdistributioner för skrivbordsmiljöer. Andra operativsystem som också använder Linux-kärnan som ChromeOS, Android och Qubes OS diskuteras inte här.
[Våra Linux-rekommendationer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../desktop.md ""){.md-button}
## Välja din distribution
Inte alla Linux-distributioner är skapade lika. Medan vår Linux-rekommendationssida inte är avsedd att vara en auktoritativ källa på vilken distribution du ska använda, finns det några saker du bör tänka på när du väljer vilken distribution du ska använda.
### Utgivningscykel
Vi rekommenderar starkt att du väljer distributioner som ligger nära de stabila uppströmsutgåvorna, ofta kallade rullande utgåvor. Detta beror på att frysta utgåvor ofta inte uppdaterar paketversioner och hamnar bakom säkerhetsuppdateringar.
För frusna distributioner som [Debian](https://www.debian.org/security/faq#handling)förväntas paketansvariga backa patchar för att åtgärda sårbarheter snarare än att stöta programvaran till "nästa version" som släppts av uppströmsutvecklaren. Vissa säkerhetskorrigeringar [inte](https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.14565) får en [CVE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures) (särskilt mindre populär programvara) alls och därför inte göra det i distributionen med denna patching modell. Som ett resultat hålls mindre säkerhetskorrigeringar ibland tillbaka till nästa stora utgåva.
Vi tror inte att hålla paket tillbaka och tillämpa tillfälliga patchar är en bra idé, eftersom det skiljer sig från hur utvecklaren kan ha avsett att programvaran ska fungera. [Richard Brown](https://rootco.de/aboutme/) har en presentation om detta:
<div class="yt-embed">
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://invidious.privacyguides.net/embed/i8c0mg_mS7U?local=true" title="Regelbundna offentliggöranden är fel, rulla för ditt liv" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div>
### Traditionella och atomära uppdateringar
Traditionellt sett uppdaterar Linuxdistributioner genom att sekventiellt uppdatera de önskade paketen. Traditionella uppdateringar som de som används i Fedora-, Arch Linux- och Debianbaserade distributioner kan vara mindre tillförlitliga om ett fel uppstår under uppdateringen.
Distributioner med atomär uppdatering tillämpar uppdateringar i sin helhet eller inte alls. Typiskt sett är transaktionella uppdateringssystem också atomära.
Ett system för transaktionsuppdatering skapar en ögonblicksbild som görs före och efter att en uppdatering tillämpas. Om en uppdatering misslyckas när som helst (till exempel på grund av ett strömavbrott) kan uppdateringen enkelt återställas till ett "senast kända goda tillstånd"
Atomic update-metoden används för oföränderliga distributioner som Silverblue, Tumbleweed och NixOS och kan uppnå tillförlitlighet med den här modellen. [Adam Šamalík](https://twitter.com/adsamalik) gav en presentation om hur `rpm-ostree` fungerar med Silverblue:
<div class="yt-embed">
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://invidious.privacyguides.net/embed/-hpV5l-gJnQ?local=true" title="Låt oss prova Fedora Silverblue - ett oföränderligt skrivbordsoperativsystem! - Adam Šamalik" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div>
### "Säkerhetsfokuserad" distribution
Det råder ofta viss förvirring mellan "säkerhetsfokuserade" fördelningar och "pentesting"-fördelningar. En snabb sökning på "den säkraste Linuxdistributionen" ger ofta resultat som Kali Linux, Black Arch och Parrot OS. Dessa distributioner är offensiva distributioner för penetrationstestning som innehåller verktyg för att testa andra system. De innehåller ingen "extra säkerhet" eller defensiva åtgärder som är avsedda för vanlig användning.
### Arch Linux baserade distributioner
Arch-baserade distributioner rekommenderas inte för dem som är nya i Linux (oavsett distribution) eftersom de kräver regelbundet underhåll av systemet [](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/System_maintenance). Arch har ingen distributionsuppdateringsmekanism för de underliggande programvaruvalen. Därför måste du hålla dig uppdaterad om aktuella trender och ta till dig teknik när den ersätter äldre metoder på egen hand.
För ett säkert system förväntas du också ha tillräckliga Linuxkunskaper för att korrekt konfigurera säkerheten för deras system, t.ex. anta ett [obligatoriskt system för åtkomstkontroll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_access_control), konfigurera [kernel module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module#Security) blacklists, skärpa uppstartsparametrar, manipulera [sysctl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysctl) -parametrar och veta vilka komponenter de behöver, t.ex. [Polkit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polkit).
Alla som använder [Arch User Repository (AUR)](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Arch_User_Repository), **måste** vara bekväma med att granska PKGBUILDs som de installerar från den tjänsten. AUR-paket är innehåll som produceras av gemenskapen och är inte granskade på något sätt, och är därför sårbara för attacker i programvarukedjan, vilket faktiskt har hänt [tidigare](https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/malware-found-in-arch-linux-aur-package-repository/). AUR bör alltid användas sparsamt och ofta finns det många dåliga råd på olika sidor som uppmanar folk att blint använda [AUR-hjälpmedel](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/AUR_helpers) utan tillräcklig varning. Liknande varningar gäller för användning av tredje parts Personal Package Archives (PPAs) på Debianbaserade distributioner eller Community Projects (COPR) på Fedora.
Om du har erfarenhet av Linux och vill använda en Arch-baserad distribution rekommenderar vi endast huvudversionen av Arch Linux, inte något av dess derivat. Vi rekommenderar särskilt dessa två Arch-derivat:
- **Manjaro**: Denna distribution håller tillbaka paket i två veckor för att se till att deras egna ändringar inte går sönder, inte för att se till att uppströmsversionen är stabil. När AUR-paket används byggs de ofta med de senaste [-biblioteken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)) från Arch:s arkiv.
- **Garuda**: De använder [Chaotic-AUR](https://aur.chaotic.cx/) som automatiskt och blint kompilerar paket från AUR. Det finns ingen verifieringsprocess för att se till att AUR-paketen inte drabbas av attacker i leveranskedjan.
### Kicksecure
Vi rekommenderar starkt att du inte använder föråldrade distributioner som Debian, men det finns ett Debianbaserat operativsystem som har hårdgjorts för att vara mycket säkrare än vanliga Linuxdistributioner: [Kicksecure](https://www.kicksecure.com/). Kicksecure är, förenklat uttryckt, en uppsättning skript, konfigurationer och paket som avsevärt minskar angreppsytan för Debian. Den täcker många rekommendationer för sekretess och skydd av integritet som standard.
### Linux-libre-kärnan och "Libre"-distributioner
Vi rekommenderar starkt **att** inte använder Linux-libre-kärnan, eftersom den [tar bort säkerhetsåtgärder](https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=GNU-Linux-Libre-5.7-Released) och [av ideologiska skäl undertrycker kärnans varningar](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=29674846) om sårbar mikrokod.
## Allmänna rekommendationer
### Enhetskryptering
De flesta Linux-distributioner har ett alternativ i installationsprogrammet för att aktivera [LUKS](../encryption.md#linux-unified-key-setup) fde. Om det här alternativet inte är inställt vid installationstillfället måste du säkerhetskopiera dina data och installera om, eftersom krypteringen tillämpas efter [diskpartitionering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning), men innan [filsystem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system) formateras. Vi föreslår också att du raderar din lagringsenhet på ett säkert sätt:
- [Säker radering av data :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/05/25/secure-data-erasure/)
### Växla
Överväg att använda [ZRAM](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Swap#zram-generator) eller [krypterad swap](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dm-crypt/Swap_encryption) i stället för okrypterad swap för att undvika potentiella säkerhetsproblem med känsliga data som flyttas till [swaputrymme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_paging). Fedora-baserade distributioner [använder ZRAM som standard](https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/SwapOnZRAM).
### Wayland
Vi rekommenderar att du använder en skrivbordsmiljö som stöder visningsprotokollet [Wayland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(display_server_protocol)) eftersom det har utvecklats med säkerheten [i åtanke](https://lwn.net/Articles/589147/). Dess föregångare, [X11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System), har inte stöd för isolering av grafiska gränssnitt, vilket gör att alla fönster kan [spela in skärmen, logga och injicera inmatningar i andra fönster](https://blog.invisiblethings.org/2011/04/23/linux-security-circus-on-gui-isolation.html), vilket gör alla försök till sandboxing meningslösa. Även om det finns alternativ för att göra nested X11, t.ex. [Xpra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xpra) eller [Xephyr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xephyr), har de ofta negativa konsekvenser för prestandan och är inte bekväma att konfigurera och är inte att föredra framför Wayland.
Lyckligtvis har vanliga miljöer som [GNOME](https://www.gnome.org), [KDE](https://kde.org)och fönsterhanteraren [Sway](https://swaywm.org) stöd för Wayland. Vissa distributioner som Fedora och Tumbleweed använder det som standard, och andra kan komma att göra det i framtiden eftersom X11 är i [hard maintenance mode](https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=X.Org-Maintenance-Mode-Quickly). Om du använder en av dessa miljöer är det lika enkelt som att välja "Wayland"-sessionen i skrivbordsdisplayhanteraren ([GDM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME_Display_Manager), [SDDM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Desktop_Display_Manager)).
Vi rekommenderar **mot** om du använder skrivbordsmiljöer eller fönsterhanterare som inte har stöd för Wayland, till exempel Cinnamon (standard i Linux Mint), Pantheon (standard i Elementary OS), MATE, Xfce och i3.
### Proprietär fast programvara (uppdateringar av mikrokod)
Linuxdistributioner som [Linux-libre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux-libre) eller DIY (Arch Linux) levereras inte med de proprietära [mikrokodsuppdateringarna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcode) som ofta åtgärdar sårbarheter. Några anmärkningsvärda exempel på dessa sårbarheter är [Spectre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectre_(security_vulnerability)), [Meltdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meltdown_(security_vulnerability)), [SSB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_Store_Bypass), [Foreshadow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreshadow), [MDS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarchitectural_Data_Sampling), [SWAPGS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAPGS_(security_vulnerability)), och andra [maskinvarusårbarheter](https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/hw-vuln/index.html).
Vi rekommenderar **starkt** att du installerar mikrokodsuppdateringar, eftersom din CPU redan kör den egenutvecklade mikrokoden från fabriken. Fedora och openSUSE har båda mikrokoduppdateringar som standard.
### Uppdateringar
De flesta Linuxdistributioner installerar automatiskt uppdateringar eller påminner dig om att göra det. Det är viktigt att hålla operativsystemet uppdaterat så att programvaran korrigeras när en sårbarhet hittas.
Vissa distributioner (särskilt de som riktar sig till avancerade användare) är mer avskalade och förväntar sig att du gör saker själv (t.ex. Arch eller Debian). Dessa kräver att du kör "pakethanteraren" (`apt`, `pacman`, `dnf`, etc.) manuellt för att få viktiga säkerhetsuppdateringar.
Dessutom hämtar vissa distributioner inte uppdateringar av den fasta programvaran automatiskt. För detta måste du installera [`fwupd`](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Fwupd).
## Verktyg för integritet
### Randomisering av MAC-adresser
Många Linuxdistributioner för skrivbordssystem (Fedora, openSUSE osv.) levereras med [NetworkManager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager), för att konfigurera Ethernet- och Wi-Fi-inställningar.
Det är möjligt att [randomisera MAC-adressen](https://fedoramagazine.org/randomize-mac-address-nm/) [MAC-adressen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address) när du använder NetworkManager. Detta ger lite mer integritet i Wi-Fi-nätverk eftersom det är svårare att spåra specifika enheter i nätverket du är ansluten till. Den [**gör dig inte anonym**](https://papers.mathyvanhoef.com/wisec2016.pdf).
Vi rekommenderar att du ändrar inställningen till **random** i stället för **stable**, vilket föreslås i artikeln [](https://fedoramagazine.org/randomize-mac-address-nm/).
Om du använder [systemd-networkd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd#Ancillary_components)måste du ställa in [`MACAddressPolicy=random`](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.link.html#MACAddressPolicy=) vilket aktiverar [RFC 7844 (Anonymity Profiles for DHCP Clients)](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.network.html#Anonymize=).
Det finns inte många punkter i slumpmässig MAC-adress för Ethernet-anslutningar som en systemadministratör kan hitta dig genom att titta på den port du använder på [-nätverksväxeln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch). Randomisering av Wi-Fi- MAC-adresser beror på stöd från Wi-Fi-programmets fasta programvara.
### Andra identifierare
Det finns andra systemidentifierare som du bör vara försiktig med. Du bör fundera på om detta gäller för din hotmodell [](../basics/threat-modeling.md):
- **Värdnamn:** Systemets värdnamn delas med de nätverk du ansluter till. Du bör undvika att inkludera identifierande termer som ditt namn eller operativsystem i ditt värdnamn och i stället hålla dig till generiska termer eller slumpmässiga strängar.
- **Användarnamn:** På samma sätt används ditt användarnamn på olika sätt i systemet. Överväg att använda generiska termer som "användare" snarare än ditt faktiska namn.
- **Machine ID:**: During installation a unique machine ID is generated and stored on your device. Consider [setting it to a generic ID](https://madaidans-insecurities.github.io/guides/linux-hardening.html#machine-id).
### System Counting
The Fedora Project [counts](https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/DNF_Better_Counting) how many unique systems access its mirrors by using a [`countme`](https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/DNF_Better_Counting#Detailed_Description) variable instead of a unique ID. Fedora does this to determine load and provision better servers for updates where necessary.
This [option](https://dnf.readthedocs.io/en/latest/conf_ref.html#options-for-both-main-and-repo) is currently off by default. We recommend adding `countme=false` to `/etc/dnf/dnf.conf` just in case it is enabled in the future. On systems that use `rpm-ostree` such as Silverblue, the countme option is disabled by masking the [rpm-ostree-countme](https://fedoramagazine.org/getting-better-at-counting-rpm-ostree-based-systems/) timer.
openSUSE also uses a [unique ID](https://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Statistics) to count systems, which can be disabled by deleting the `/var/lib/zypp/AnonymousUniqueId` file.

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---
title: "Översikt över Qubes"
icon: simple/qubesos
description: Qubes is an operating system built around isolating apps within virtual machines for heightened security.
---
[**Qubes OS**](../desktop.md#qubes-os) är ett operativsystem som använder hypervisorn [Xen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen) för att ge stark säkerhet för skrivbordsdatorer genom isolerade virtuella maskiner. Varje virtuell dator kallas *Qube* och du kan tilldela varje Qube en förtroendenivå baserat på dess syfte. Eftersom Qubes OS ger säkerhet genom att använda isolering och endast tillåta åtgärder från fall till fall är det motsatsen till [badness enumeration](https://www.ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb/).
## Hur fungerar Qubes OS?
Qubes använder [compartmentalization](https://www.qubes-os.org/intro/) för att hålla systemet säkert. Qubes skapas från mallar, med Fedora, Debian och [Whonix](../desktop.md#whonix)som standard. Qubes OS låter dig också skapa en gång [engångs](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/how-to-use-disposables/) virtuella maskiner.
![Qubes arkitektur](../assets/img/qubes/qubes-trust-level-architecture.png)
<figcaption>Qubes arkitektur, kredit: Vad är Qubes OS Intro</figcaption>
Varje Qubes-program har en färgad kant på [](https://www.qubes-os.org/screenshots/) som kan hjälpa dig att hålla reda på vilken virtuell maskin programmet körs på. Du kan till exempel använda en särskild färg för din bankwebbläsare och en annan färg för en allmänt opålitlig webbläsare.
![Färgad kant](../assets/img/qubes/r4.0-xfce-three-domains-at-work.png)
<figcaption>Qubes fönstergränser, kredit: Qubes Screenshots</figcaption>
## Varför ska jag använda Qubes?
Qubes OS är användbart om din [hotmodell](../basics/threat-modeling.md) kräver stark uppdelning och säkerhet, t.ex. om du tror att du kommer att öppna opålitliga filer från opålitliga källor. En typisk anledning till att använda Qubes OS är att öppna dokument från okända källor.
Qubes OS använder [Dom0](https://wiki.xenproject.org/wiki/Dom0) Xen VM (dvs. en "AdminVM") för att kontrollera andra gäst-VM:er eller Qubes på värdoperativsystemet. Andra virtuella datorer visar individuella programfönster i Dom0: s skrivbordsmiljö. Det gör det möjligt att färgkoda fönster baserat på förtroendenivåer och köra appar som kan interagera med varandra med mycket detaljerad kontroll.
### Kopiera och klistra in text
Du kan [kopiera och klistra in text](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/how-to-copy-and-paste-text/) med hjälp av `qvm-copy-to-vm` eller nedanstående instruktioner:
1. Tryck på **Ctrl+C** för att tala om för den virtuella maskinen att du vill kopiera något.
2. Tryck på **Ctrl+Shift+C** för att be den virtuella maskinen att göra denna buffert tillgänglig för det globala klippbordet.
3. Tryck på **Ctrl+Shift+V** i destinations-VM för att göra det globala klippbordet tillgängligt.
4. Tryck på **Ctrl+V** i den virtuella maskinen för att klistra in innehållet i bufferten.
### Filutbyte
Om du vill kopiera och klistra in filer och kataloger (mappar) från en VM till en annan kan du använda alternativet **Kopiera till annan AppVM...** eller **Flytta till annan AppVM...**. Skillnaden är att alternativet **Move** raderar den ursprungliga filen. Båda alternativen skyddar ditt klippblock från att läcka till andra Qubes. Detta är säkrare än filöverföring med luftgranskning eftersom en dator med luftgranskning fortfarande tvingas analysera partitioner eller filsystem. Detta är inte nödvändigt med inter-qube-kopieringssystemet.
??? info "AppVM eller qubes har inte egna filsystem"
Du kan [kopiera och flytta filer] (https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/how-to-copy-and-move-files/) mellan Qubes. När du gör det görs inte ändringarna omedelbart och kan lätt ångras i händelse av en olycka.
### Inter-VM-interaktioner
Ramverket [qrexec](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/qrexec/) är en central del av Qubes som gör det möjligt att kommunicera virtuella maskiner mellan domäner. Det bygger på Xen-biblioteket *vchan*, som underlättar [isolering genom policyer](https://www.qubes-os.org/news/2020/06/22/new-qrexec-policy-system/).
## Ytterligare resurser
För ytterligare information rekommenderar vi att du konsulterar de omfattande Qubes OS-dokumentationssidorna som finns på webbplatsen [Qubes OS](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/). Offlinekopior kan laddas ner från dokumentationsarkivet för Qubes OS [](https://github.com/QubesOS/qubes-doc).
- Fonden för öppen teknik: [*Världens förmodligen säkraste operativsystem*](https://www.opentech.fund/news/qubes-os-arguably-the-worlds-most-secure-operating-system-motherboard/)
- J. Rutkowska: [*Software compartmentalization vs. physical separation*](https://invisiblethingslab.com/resources/2014/Software_compartmentalization_vs_physical_separation.pdf)
- J. Rutkowska: [*Partitionera mitt digitala liv i säkerhetsdomäner*](https://blog.invisiblethings.org/2011/03/13/partitioning-my-digital-life-into.html)
- Qubes OS: [*Relaterade artiklar*](https://www.qubes-os.org/news/categories/#articles)

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---
title: "Lösenordshanterare"
icon: material/form-textbox-password
description: Password managers allow you to securely store and manage passwords and other credentials.
schema:
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
name: Password Manager Recommendations
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": SoftwareApplication
name: Bitwarden
image: /assets/img/password-management/bitwarden.svg
url: https://bitwarden.com
sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwarden
applicationCategory: Password Manager
operatingSystem:
- Windows
- macOS
- Linux
- Android
- iOS
subjectOf:
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": SoftwareApplication
name: 1Password
image: /assets/img/password-management/1password.svg
url: https://1password.com
sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Password
applicationCategory: Password Manager
operatingSystem:
- Windows
- macOS
- Linux
- Android
- iOS
subjectOf:
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": SoftwareApplication
name: Psono
image: /assets/img/password-management/psono.svg
url: https://psono.com
applicationCategory: Password Manager
operatingSystem:
- Android
- iOS
subjectOf:
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": SoftwareApplication
name: KeePassXC
image: /assets/img/password-management/keepassxc.svg
url: https://keepassxc.org/
sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KeePassXC
applicationCategory: Password Manager
operatingSystem:
- Windows
- macOS
- Linux
subjectOf:
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": SoftwareApplication
name: KeePassDX
image: /assets/img/password-management/keepassdx.svg
url: https://www.keepassdx.com/
applicationCategory: Password Manager
operatingSystem: Android
subjectOf:
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": SoftwareApplication
name: Strongbox
image: /assets/img/password-management/strongbox.svg
url: https://strongboxsafe.com/
applicationCategory: Password Manager
operatingSystem: iOS
subjectOf:
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": SoftwareApplication
name: gopass
image: /assets/img/password-management/gopass.svg
url: https://www.gopass.pw/
applicationCategory: Password Manager
operatingSystem:
- Windows
- macOS
- Linux
- FreeBSD
subjectOf:
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
---
Lösenordshanterare gör att du kan lagra och hantera lösenord och andra autentiseringsuppgifter på ett säkert sätt med hjälp av ett huvudlösenord.
[Introduktion till lösenord :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](./basics/passwords-overview.md)
!!! info
Inbyggda lösenordshanterare i programvaror som webbläsare och operativsystem är ibland inte lika bra som en särskild programvara för lösenordshantering. Fördelen med en inbyggd lösenordshanterare är att den är väl integrerad med programvaran, men den kan ofta vara mycket enkel och saknar integritets- och säkerhetsfunktioner som fristående produkter har.
Lösenordshanteraren i Microsoft Edge erbjuder till exempel inte alls E2EE. Googles lösenordshanterare har [optional](https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/11350823) E2EE, och [Apple's](https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT202303) erbjuder E2EE som standard.
## Molnbaserad
Dessa lösenordshanterare synkroniserar dina lösenord till en molnserver så att du enkelt kan komma åt dem från alla dina enheter och för att skydda dig mot förlust av enheter.
### Bitwarden
!!! recommendation
![Bitwardens logotyp](assets/img/password-management/bitwarden.svg){ align=right }
**Bitwarden** är en gratis lösenordshanterare med öppen källkod. Syftet är att lösa problem med lösenordshantering för enskilda personer, grupper och företag. Bitwarden är en av de bästa och säkraste lösningarna för att lagra alla dina inloggningar och lösenord och samtidigt hålla dem synkroniserade mellan alla dina enheter.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://bitwarden.com/help/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/bitwarden){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[](/){ .card-link title=Contribute??? :simple-microsoftedge: nedladdningar
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.x8bit.bitwarden)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/bitwarden-password-manager/id1137397744)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/bitwarden/mobile/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://bitwarden.com/download)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://bitwarden.com/download)
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/com.bitwarden.desktop)
- [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/bitwarden-password-manager)
- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/bitwarden-free-password-
Bitwarden har också [Bitwarden Send](https://bitwarden.com/products/send/), vilket gör att du kan dela text och filer säkert med [end-to-end-kryptering](https://bitwarden.com/help/send-encryption). Ett lösenord [](https://bitwarden.com/help/send-privacy/#send-passwords) kan krävas tillsammans med sändningslänken. Bitwarden Send har också [automatisk radering](https://bitwarden.com/help/send-lifespan).
Du behöver [Premium Plan](https://bitwarden.com/help/about-bitwarden-plans/#compare-personal-plans) för att kunna dela filer. Gratisabonnemanget tillåter endast textdelning.
Bitwardens kod på serversidan är [öppen källkod](https://github.com/bitwarden/server), så om du inte vill använda Bitwardens moln kan du enkelt vara värd för din egen Bitwarden-synkroniseringsserver.
**Vaultwarden** är en alternativ implementering av Bitwardens synkroniseringsserver skriven i Rust och kompatibel med officiella Bitwarden-klienter, perfekt för självhostad distribution där körning av den officiella resurstunga tjänsten kanske inte är idealisk. Om du vill vara värd för Bitwarden på din egen server, vill du nästan säkert använda Vaultwarden över Bitwardens officiella serverkod.
[:octicons-repo-16: Vaultwardens utvecklingskatalog](https://github.com/dani-garcia/vaultwarden ""){.md-button} [:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/dani-garcia/vaultwarden/wiki){ . ard-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/dani-garcia/vaultwarden){ . ard-link title="Källkod" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/sponsors/dani-garcia){ .card-link title=Contribute }
### 1Password
!!! recommendation
![1Password logo](assets/img/password-management/1password.svg){ align=right }
**1Password** är en lösenordshanterare med starkt fokus på säkerhet och användarvänlighet, som gör att du kan lagra lösenord, kreditkort, programlicenser och annan känslig information i ett säkert digitalt valv. Ditt valv lagras på 1Passwords servrar för en [månadsavgift] (https://1password.com/sign-up/). 1Password är [audited](https://support.1password.com/security-assessments/) på regelbunden basis och erbjuder exceptionell kundsupport. 1Password är en sluten källa, men produktens säkerhet dokumenteras noggrant i deras [white paper om säkerhet](https://1passwordstatic.com/files/security/1password-white-paper.pdf).
[:octicons-home-16: Repository](https://github.com/Hackeralert/Picocrypt){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://github.com/Hackeralert/Picocrypt){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.1password.com){ .card-link title=Contribute??? nedladdningar - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.onepassword.android)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1511601750?mt=8)
- [:simple-windows11: Android]()
- [:simple-apple: Windows]()
- [:simple-linux: macOS]()
- [ Linux]()
- [ Flathub/)
Traditionellt har **1Password** erbjudit den bästa användarupplevelsen av lösenordshanteraren för personer som använder macOS och iOS, men nu har den fått samma funktioner på alla plattformar. Den har många funktioner som är inriktade på familjer och mindre tekniska personer, samt avancerad funktionalitet.
Ditt 1Password-valv är skyddat med både ditt huvudlösenord och en slumpmässig 34-teckig säkerhetsnyckel för att kryptera dina data på deras servrar. Den här säkerhetsnyckeln ger dina data ett extra skydd eftersom dina data är säkrade med hög entropi oavsett huvudlösenordet. Många andra lösenordshanteringslösningar är helt beroende av styrkan i ditt huvudlösenord för att säkra dina data.
En fördel som 1Password har jämfört med Bitwarden är dess förstklassiga stöd för inhemska klienter. Medan Bitwarden hänvisar många uppgifter, särskilt kontohanteringsfunktioner, till sitt webbgränssnitt, gör 1Password nästan alla funktioner tillgängliga i sina mobila och stationära klienter. 1Password-klienterna har också ett mer intuitivt användargränssnitt, vilket gör dem lättare att använda och navigera.
### Psono
!!! recommendation
![Psono-logotyp](assets/img/password-management/psono.svg){ align=right }
**Psono** är en gratis lösenordshanterare med öppen källkod från Tyskland, med fokus på lösenordshantering för team. Psono stöder säker delning av lösenord, filer, bokmärken och e-post. Alla hemligheter skyddas av ett huvudlösenord.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://doc.psono.com/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitlab.com/psono){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[](/){ .card-link title=Contribute??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.psono.psono)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/psono-password-manager/id1545581224)
- [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/psono-pw-password-manager)
- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/psonopw-password-manager/eljmjmgjkbmpmfljlmklcfineebidmlo)
- [:simple-docker: Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com/r/psono/psono-client)
Psono tillhandahåller omfattande dokumentation för sin produkt. Webbklienten för Psono kan vara självhyst, alternativt kan du välja den fullständiga Community Edition eller Enterprise Edition med ytterligare funktioner.
### Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
#### Minimikrav
- Måste använda starka, standardbaserade/moderna E2EE.
- Måste ha noggrant dokumenterade krypterings- och säkerhetsrutiner.
- Måste ha en publicerad revision från en välrenommerad, oberoende tredje part.
- All icke nödvändig telemetri måste vara frivillig.
- Får inte samla in mer PII än vad som är nödvändigt för fakturering.
#### Bästa fall
Våra kriterier för bästa fall representerar vad vi skulle vilja se av det perfekta projektet i denna kategori. Våra rekommendationer kanske inte innehåller alla eller några av dessa funktioner, men de som gör det kan vara högre rankade än andra på den här sidan.
- Telemetri bör vara opt-in (inaktiverad som standard) eller inte samlas in alls.
- Den bör ha öppen källkod och vara någorlunda självhanterlig.
## Lokal lagring
Med dessa alternativ kan du hantera en krypterad lösenordsdatabas lokalt.
### KeePassXC
!!! recommendation
![KeePassXC logo](assets/img/password-management/keepassxc.svg){ align=right }
**KeePassXC** är en gemenskapsfork av KeePassX, en inhemsk plattformsoberoende anpassning av KeePass Password Safe, med målet att utöka och förbättra den med nya funktioner och felrättningar för att tillhandahålla en funktionsrik, plattformsoberoende och modern lösenordshanterare med öppen källkod.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://keepassxc.org/docs/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/keepassxreboot/keepassxc){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://keepassxc.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://keepassxc.org/download/#windows)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://keepassxc.org/download/#mac)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://keepassxc.org/download/#linux)
- [:simple-flathub: Flatpak](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.keepassxc.KeePassXC)
- [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/keepassxc-browser)
- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/keepassxc-browser/oboonakemofpalcgghocfoadofidjkkk)
KeePassXC lagrar sina exportdata som [CSV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values) -filer. Detta kan innebära att du förlorar data om du importerar filen till en annan lösenordshanterare. Vi rekommenderar att du kontrollerar varje post manuellt.
### KeePassDX (Android)
!!! recommendation
![KeePassDX logotyp](assets/img/password-management/keepassdx.svg){ align=right }
**KeePassDX** är en lättviktig lösenordshanterare för Android som gör det möjligt att redigera krypterade data i en enda fil i KeePass-format och fylla i formulär på ett säkert sätt. [Contributor Pro] (https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.kunzisoft.keepass.pro) gör det möjligt att låsa upp kosmetiskt innehåll och icke-standardiserade protokollfunktioner, men viktigare är att det hjälper och uppmuntrar till utveckling.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://openwrt.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://openwrt.org/docs/start){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/Kunzisoft/KeePassDX){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.keepassdx.com/#donation){ .card-link title=Contribute??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.kunzisoft.keepass.free)
- [:simple-github: App Store](https://github.com/Kunzisoft/KeePassDX/releases)
### Strongbox (iOS & macOS)
!!! recommendation
![Strongbox-logotyp](assets/img/password-management/strongbox.svg){ align=right }
**Strongbox** är en inhemsk lösenordshanterare med öppen källkod för iOS och macOS. Strongbox stöder både KeePass- och Password Safe-format och kan användas tillsammans med andra lösenordshanterare, som KeePassXC, på andra plattformar än Apple-plattformar. Genom att använda en [freemium modell](https://strongboxsafe.com/pricing/), erbjuder Strongbox de flesta funktioner under sin fria nivå med mer bekvämlighetsinriktad [features](https://strongboxsafe. om/comparison/) – såsom biometrisk autentisering – låst bakom en prenumeration eller evig licens.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://keepassxc.org/docs/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/keepassxreboot/keepassxc){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://keepassxc.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/strongbox-keepass-pwsafe/id897283731)
Dessutom finns det en offline-version som erbjuds: [Strongbox Zero](https://apps.apple.com/app/strongbox-keepass-pwsafe/id1581589638). Denna version är avskalad i ett försök att minska angreppsytan.
### Kommandorad
Dessa produkter är minimala lösenordshanterare som kan användas inom skriptprogram.
#### gopass
!!! recommendation
![gopass logo](assets/img/password-management/gopass.svg){ align=right }
**gopass** är en lösenordshanterare för kommandoraden skriven i Go. Det fungerar på alla större skrivbords- och serveroperativsystem (Linux, macOS, BSD, Windows).
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://openwrt.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://openwrt.org/docs/start){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/gopasspw/gopass){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/sponsors/dominikschulz){ .card-link title=Contribute??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.gopass.pw/#install-windows)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.gopass.pw/#install-macos)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.gopass.pw/#install-linux)
- [:simple-freebsd: FreeBSD](https://www.gopass.pw/#install-bsd)
### Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
- Måste vara plattformsoberoende.

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---
title: "Produktivitetsverktyg"
icon: material/file-sign
description: Most online office suites do not support E2EE, meaning the cloud provider has access to everything you do.
---
Most online office suites do not support E2EE, meaning the cloud provider has access to everything you do. The privacy policy may legally protect your rights, but it does not provide technical access constraints.
## Collaboration Platforms
### Nextcloud
!!! recommendation
![Nextcloud-logotyp](assets/img/productivity/nextcloud.svg){ align=right }
**Nextcloud** är en svit med gratis klient-serverprogramvara med öppen källkod för att skapa egna filhostingtjänster på en privat server som du kontrollerar.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://nextcloud.com/support/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/nextcloud){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://nextcloud.com/contribute/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nextcloud.client)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1125420102)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/nextcloud/android/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients)
- [:simple-freebsd: FreeBSD](https://www.freshports.org/www/nextcloud)
!!! fara
Vi rekommenderar inte att du använder [E2EE App](https://apps.nextcloud.com/apps/end_to_end_encryption) för Nextcloud eftersom det kan leda till dataförluster; det är mycket experimentellt och inte av produktionskvalitet. For this reason, we don't recommend third-party Nextcloud providers.
### CryptPad
!!! recommendation
![CryptPad logo](assets/img/productivity/cryptpad.svg){ align=right }
**CryptPad** is a private-by-design alternative to popular office tools. All content on this web service is end-to-end encrypted and can be shared with other users easily.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://cryptpad.fr){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptpad.fr/pad/#/2/pad/view/GcNjAWmK6YDB3EO2IipRZ0fUe89j43Ryqeb4fjkjehE/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.cryptpad.fr/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/xwiki-labs/cryptpad){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://opencollective.com/cryptpad){ .card-link title=Contribute }
### Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
In general, we define collaboration platforms as full-fledged suites which could reasonably act as a replacement to collaboration platforms like Google Drive.
- Open-source.
- Makes files accessible via WebDAV unless it is impossible due to E2EE.
- Has sync clients for Linux, macOS, and Windows.
- Supports document and spreadsheet editing.
- Supports real-time document collaboration.
- Supports exporting documents to standard document formats (e.g. ODF).
#### Bästa fall
Våra kriterier för bästa fall representerar vad vi skulle vilja se av det perfekta projektet i denna kategori. Våra rekommendationer kanske inte innehåller alla eller några av dessa funktioner, men de som gör det kan vara högre rankade än andra på den här sidan.
- Should store files in a conventional filesystem.
- Should support TOTP or FIDO2 multi-factor authentication support, or Passkey logins.
## Office Suites
### LibreOffice
!!! recommendation
![LibreOffice logo](assets/img/productivity/libreoffice.svg){ align=right }
**LibreOffice** is a free and open-source office suite with extensive functionality.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.libreoffice.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.libreoffice.org/about-us/privacy/privacy-policy-en/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://documentation.libreoffice.org/en/english-documentation/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://www.libreoffice.org/about-us/source-code){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.libreoffice.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/android-and-ios/)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/android-and-ios/)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/download/)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/download/)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/download/)
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.libreoffice.LibreOffice)
- [:simple-freebsd: FreeBSD](https://www.freshports.org/editors/libreoffice/)
### OnlyOffice
!!! recommendation
![OnlyOffice logo](assets/img/productivity/onlyoffice.svg){ align=right }
**OnlyOffice** is a cloud-based free and open-source office suite with extensive functionality, including integration with Nextcloud.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.onlyoffice.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://help.onlyoffice.com/products/files/doceditor.aspx?fileid=5048502&doc=SXhWMEVzSEYxNlVVaXJJeUVtS0kyYk14YWdXTEFUQmRWL250NllHNUFGbz0_IjUwNDg1MDIi0){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://helpcenter.onlyoffice.com/userguides.aspx){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/ONLYOFFICE){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.onlyoffice.documents)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id944896972)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.onlyoffice.com/download-desktop.aspx)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.onlyoffice.com/download-desktop.aspx)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.onlyoffice.com/download-desktop.aspx)
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.onlyoffice.desktopeditors)
- [:simple-freebsd: FreeBSD](https://www.freshports.org/www/onlyoffice-documentserver/)
### Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
In general, we define office suites as applications which could reasonably act as a replacement for Microsoft Word for most needs.
- Måste vara plattformsoberoende.
- Måste vara programvara med öppen källkod.
- Must function offline.
- Must support editing documents, spreadsheets, and slideshows.
- Must export files to standard document formats.
## Paste services
### PrivateBin
!!! recommendation
![PrivateBin logo](assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** is a minimalist, open-source online pastebin where the server has zero knowledge of pasted data. Data is encrypted/decrypted in the browser using 256-bit AES. It is the improved version of ZeroBin. There is a [list of instances](https://privatebin.info/directory/).
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://privatebin.info){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-server-16:](https://privatebin.info/directory/){ .card-link title="Public Instances"}
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/PrivateBin/PrivateBin/wiki/FAQ){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/PrivateBin/PrivateBin){ .card-link title="Source Code" }

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---
title: "Realtidskommunikation"
icon: material/chat-processing
description: Other instant messengers make all of your private conversations available to the company that runs them.
---
These are our recommendations for encrypted real-time communication.
[Types of Communication Networks :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](./advanced/communication-network-types.md)
## Encrypted Messengers
These messengers are great for securing your sensitive communications.
### Signal
!!! recommendation
![Signal logo](assets/img/messengers/signal.svg){ align=right }
**Signal** is a mobile app developed by Signal Messenger LLC. The app provides instant messaging, as well as voice and video calling.
All communications are E2EE. Contact lists are encrypted using your Signal PIN and the server does not have access to them. Personal profiles are also encrypted and only shared with contacts you chat with.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://signal.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://signal.org/legal/#privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.signal.org/hc/en-us){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/signalapp){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://signal.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.thoughtcrime.securesms)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id874139669)
- [:simple-android: Android](https://signal.org/android/apk/)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://signal.org/download/windows)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://signal.org/download/macos)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://signal.org/download/linux)
Signal supports [private groups](https://signal.org/blog/signal-private-group-system/). The server has no record of your group memberships, group titles, group avatars, or group attributes. Signal has minimal metadata when [Sealed Sender](https://signal.org/blog/sealed-sender/) is enabled. The sender address is encrypted along with the message body, and only the recipient address is visible to the server. Sealed Sender is only enabled for people in your contacts list, but can be enabled for all recipients with the increased risk of receiving spam. Signal requires your phone number as a personal identifier.
The protocol was independently [audited](https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/1013.pdf) in 2016. The specification for the Signal protocol can be found in their [documentation](https://signal.org/docs/).
We have some additional tips on configuring and hardening your Signal installation:
[Signal Configuration and Hardening :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/07/07/signal-configuration-and-hardening/)
### SimpleX Chat
!!! recommendation
![Simplex logo](assets/img/messengers/simplex.svg){ align=right }
**SimpleX** Chat is an instant messenger that is decentralized and doesn't depend on any unique identifiers such as phone numbers or usernames. Users of SimpleX Chat can scan a QR code or click an invite link to participate in group conversations.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://simplex.chat){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://github.com/simplex-chat/simplex-chat/blob/stable/PRIVACY.md){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/simplex-chat/simplex-chat/tree/stable/docs){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/simplex-chat){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=chat.simplex.app)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/simplex-chat/id1605771084)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/simplex-chat/simplex-chat/releases)
SimpleX Chat [was audited](https://simplex.chat/blog/20221108-simplex-chat-v4.2-security-audit-new-website.html) by Trail of Bits in October 2022.
Currently SimpleX Chat only provides a client for Android and iOS. Basic group chatting functionality, direct messaging, editing of messages and markdown are supported. E2EE Audio and Video calls are also supported.
Your data can be exported, and imported onto another device, as there are no central servers where this is backed up.
### Briar
!!! recommendation
![Briar logo](assets/img/messengers/briar.svg){ align=right }
**Briar** is an encrypted instant messenger that [connects](https://briarproject.org/how-it-works/) to other clients using the Tor Network. Briar can also connect via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth when in local proximity. Briar’s local mesh mode can be useful when internet availability is a problem.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://briarproject.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://briarproject.org/privacy-policy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://code.briarproject.org/briar/briar/-/wikis/home){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://code.briarproject.org/briar/briar){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://briarproject.org/){ .card-link title="Donation options are listed on the bottom of the homepage" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.briarproject.briar.android)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://briarproject.org/download-briar-desktop/)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://briarproject.org/download-briar-desktop/)
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.briarproject.Briar)
To add a contact on Briar, you must both add each other first. You can either exchange `briar://` links or scan a contact’s QR code if they are nearby.
The client software was independently [audited](https://briarproject.org/news/2017-beta-released-security-audit/), and the anonymous routing protocol uses the Tor network which has also been audited.
Briar has a fully [published specification](https://code.briarproject.org/briar/briar-spec).
Briar supports perfect forward secrecy by using the Bramble [Handshake](https://code.briarproject.org/briar/briar-spec/blob/master/protocols/BHP.md) and [Transport](https://code.briarproject.org/briar/briar-spec/blob/master/protocols/BTP.md) protocol.
## Additional Options
!!! varning
These messengers do not have Perfect [Forward Secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy) (PFS), and while they fulfill certain needs that our previous recommendations may not, we do not recommend them for long-term or sensitive communications. Any key compromise among message recipients would affect the confidentiality of **all** past communications.
### Element
!!! recommendation
![Element logo](assets/img/messengers/element.svg){ align=right }
**Element** is the reference client for the [Matrix](https://matrix.org/docs/guides/introduction) protocol, an [open standard](https://matrix.org/docs/spec) for secure decentralized real-time communication.
Messages and files shared in private rooms (those which require an invite) are by default E2EE as are one to one voice and video calls.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://element.io/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://element.io/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://element.io/help){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/vector-im){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=im.vector.app)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/vector/id1083446067)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/vector-im/element-android/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://element.io/get-started)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://element.io/get-started)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://element.io/get-started)
- [:octicons-globe-16: Web](https://app.element.io)
Profile pictures, reactions, and nicknames are not encrypted.
Group voice and video calls are [not](https://github.com/vector-im/element-web/issues/12878) E2EE, and use Jitsi, but this is expected to change with [Native Group VoIP Signalling](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/pull/3401). Group calls have [no authentication](https://github.com/vector-im/element-web/issues/13074) currently, meaning that non-room participants can also join the calls. We recommend that you do not use this feature for private meetings.
The Matrix protocol itself [theoretically supports PFS](https://gitlab.matrix.org/matrix-org/olm/blob/master/docs/megolm.md#partial-forward-secrecy), however this is [not currently supported in Element](https://github.com/vector-im/element-web/issues/7101) due to it breaking some aspects of the user experience such as key backups and shared message history.
The protocol was independently [audited](https://matrix.org/blog/2016/11/21/matrixs-olm-end-to-end-encryption-security-assessment-released-and-implemented-cross-platform-on-riot-at-last) in 2016. The specification for the Matrix protocol can be found in their [documentation](https://spec.matrix.org/latest/). The [Olm](https://matrix.org/docs/projects/other/olm) cryptographic ratchet used by Matrix is an implementation of Signal’s [Double Ratchet algorithm](https://signal.org/docs/specifications/doubleratchet/).
### Session
!!! recommendation
![Session logo](assets/img/messengers/session.svg){ align=right }
**Session** is a decentralized messenger with a focus on private, secure, and anonymous communications. Session offers support for direct messages, group chats, and voice calls.
Session uses the decentralized [Oxen Service Node Network](https://oxen.io/) to store and route messages. Every encrypted message is routed through three nodes in the Oxen Service Node Network, making it virtually impossible for the nodes to compile meaningful information on those using the network.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://getsession.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://getsession.org/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://getsession.org/faq){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/oxen-io){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=network.loki.messenger)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1470168868)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/oxen-io/session-android/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://getsession.org/download)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://getsession.org/download)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://getsession.org/download)
Session allows for E2EE in one-on-one chats or closed groups which allow for up to 100 members. Open groups have no restriction on the number of members, but are open by design.
Session does [not](https://getsession.org/blog/session-protocol-technical-information) support PFS, which is when an encryption system automatically and frequently changes the keys it uses to encrypt and decrypt information, such that if the latest key is compromised it exposes a smaller portion of sensitive information.
Oxen requested an independent audit for Session in March of 2020. The audit [concluded](https://getsession.org/session-code-audit) in April of 2021, “The overall security level of this application is good and makes it usable for privacy-concerned people.”
Session has a [whitepaper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.04609.pdf) describing the technicals of the app and protocol.
## Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
- Must have open-source clients.
- Must use E2EE for private messages by default.
- Must support E2EE for all messages.
- Must have been independently audited.
### Bästa fall
Våra kriterier för bästa fall representerar vad vi skulle vilja se av det perfekta projektet i denna kategori. Våra rekommendationer kanske inte innehåller alla eller några av dessa funktioner, men de som gör det kan vara högre rankade än andra på den här sidan.
- Should have Perfect Forward Secrecy.
- Should have open-source servers.
- Should be decentralized, i.e. federated or P2P.
- Should use E2EE for all messages by default.
- Should support Linux, macOS, Windows, Android, and iOS.

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---
title: "Router Firmware"
icon: material/router-wireless
description: These alternative operating systems can be used to secure your router or Wi-Fi access point.
---
Nedan följer några alternativa operativsystem som kan användas på routrar, Wi-Fi-accesspunkter osv.
## OpenWrt
!!! recommendation
![OpenWrt-logotyp](assets/img/router/openwrt.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![OpenWrt logo](assets/img/router/openwrt-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**OpenWrt** är ett Linuxbaserat operativsystem som främst används på inbyggda enheter för att dirigera nätverkstrafik. Den innehåller util-linux, uClibc och BusyBox. Alla komponenter har optimerats för hem routrar.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://openwrt.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://openwrt.org/docs/start){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/openwrt/openwrt){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://openwrt.org/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
Du kan se OpenWrts [tabell över maskinvara](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) för att kontrollera om din enhet stöds.
## OPNsense
!!! recommendation
![OPNsense logo](assets/img/router/opnsense.svg){ align=right }
**OPNsense** är en FreeBSD-baserad brandvägg och routningsplattform med öppen källkod som innehåller många avancerade funktioner, t.ex. trafikformning, belastningsbalansering och VPN-funktioner, med många fler funktioner som finns tillgängliga i form av tilläggsmoduler. OPNsense används vanligen som brandvägg, router, trådlös åtkomstpunkt, DHCP-server, DNS-server och VPN-slutpunkt.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://openwrt.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://openwrt.org/docs/start){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/opnsense){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://opnsense.org/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
OPNsense utvecklades ursprungligen som en gaffel av [pfSense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PfSense), och båda projekten är kända för att vara fria och pålitliga brandväggsdistributioner som erbjuder funktioner som ofta endast finns i dyra kommersiella brandväggar. Utvecklarna av OPNsense [, som lanserades 2015, citerade](https://docs.opnsense.org/history/thefork.html) ett antal säkerhets- och kodkvalitetsproblem med pfSense som de ansåg nödvändiggjorde en delning av projektet, samt oro över Netgates majoritetsförvärv av pfSense och pfSense-projektets framtida inriktning.
## Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
- Måste vara öppen källkod.
- Måste få regelbundna uppdateringar.
- Must support a wide variety of hardware.

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---
title: "Sökmotorer"
icon: material/search-web
description: These privacy-respecting search engines don't build an advertising profile based on your searches.
---
Use a search engine that doesn't build an advertising profile based on your searches.
The recommendations here are based on the merits of each service's privacy policy. There is **no guarantee** that these privacy policies are honored.
Consider using a [VPN](vpn.md) or [Tor](https://www.torproject.org/) if your threat model requires hiding your IP address from the search provider.
## Brave Search
!!! recommendation
![Brave Search logo](assets/img/search-engines/brave-search.svg){ align=right }
**Brave Search** is developed by Brave and serves results primarily from its own, independent index. The index is optimized against Google Search and therefore may provide more contextually accurate results compared to other alternatives.
Brave Search includes unique features such as Discussions, which highlights conversation-focused results—such as forum posts.
We recommend you disable [Anonymous usage metrics](https://search.brave.com/help/usage-metrics) as it is enabled by default and can be disabled within settings.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://search.brave.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](https://search.brave4u7jddbv7cyviptqjc7jusxh72uik7zt6adtckl5f4nwy2v72qd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://search.brave.com/help/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://search.brave.com/help){ .card-link title=Documentation}
Brave Search is based in the United States. Their [privacy policy](https://search.brave.com/help/privacy-policy) states they collect aggregated usage metrics, which includes the operating system and browser in use, however no personally identifiable information is collected. IP addresses are temporarily processed, but are not retained.
## DuckDuckGo
!!! recommendation
![DuckDuckGo logo](assets/img/search-engines/duckduckgo.svg){ align=right }
**DuckDuckGo** is one of the more mainstream private search engine options. Notable DuckDuckGo search features include [bangs](https://duckduckgo.com/bang) and many [instant answers](https://help.duckduckgo.com/duckduckgo-help-pages/features/instant-answers-and-other-features/). The search engine relies on a commercial Bing API to serve most results, but it does use numerous [other sources](https://help.duckduckgo.com/results/sources/) for instant answers and other non-primary results.
DuckDuckGo is the default search engine for the Tor Browser and is one of the few available options on Apple’s Safari browser.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://duckduckgo.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://duckduckgo.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://help.duckduckgo.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
DuckDuckGo is based in the United States. Their [privacy policy](https://duckduckgo.com/privacy) states they **do** log your searches for product improvement purposes, but not your IP address or any other personally identifying information.
DuckDuckGo offers two [other versions](https://help.duckduckgo.com/features/non-javascript/) of their search engine, both of which do not require JavaScript. These versions do lack features, however. These versions can also be used in conjunction with their [Tor onion address](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion/) by appending [/lite](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion/lite) or [/html](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion/html) for the respective version.
## SearXNG
!!! recommendation
![SearXNG logo](assets/img/search-engines/searxng.svg){ align=right }
**SearXNG** is an open-source, self-hostable, metasearch engine, aggregating the results of other search engines while not storing any information itself. It is an actively maintained fork of [SearX](https://github.com/searx/searx).
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://searxng.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-server-16:](https://searx.space/){ .card-link title="Public Instances"}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/searxng/searxng){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
SearXNG is a proxy between you and the search engines it aggregates from. Your search queries will still be sent to the search engines that SearXNG gets its results from.
When self-hosting, it is important that you have other people using your instance so that the queries would blend in. You should be careful with where and how you are hosting SearXNG, as people looking up illegal content on your instance could draw unwanted attention from authorities.
When you are using a SearXNG instance, be sure to go read their privacy policy. Since SearXNG instances may be modified by their owners, they do not necessarily reflect their privacy policy. Some instances run as a Tor hidden service, which may grant some privacy as long as your search queries does not contain PII.
## Startpage
!!! recommendation
![Startpage logo](assets/img/search-engines/startpage.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Startpage logo](assets/img/search-engines/startpage-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Startpage** is a private search engine known for serving Google search results. One of Startpage's unique features is the [Anonymous View](https://www.startpage.com/en/anonymous-view/), which puts forth efforts to standardize user activity to make it more difficult to be uniquely identified. The feature can be useful for hiding [some](https://support.startpage.com/hc/en-us/articles/4455540212116-The-Anonymous-View-Proxy-technical-details) network and browser properties. Unlike the name suggests, the feature should not be relied upon for anonymity. If you are looking for anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser) instead.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.startpage.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.startpage.com/en/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.startpage.com/hc/en-us/categories/4481917470356-Startpage-Search-Engine){ .card-link title=Documentation}
!!! varning
Startpage regularly limits service access to certain IP addresses, such as IPs reserved for VPNs or Tor. [DuckDuckGo](#duckduckgo) and [Brave Search](#brave-search) are friendlier options if your threat model requires hiding your IP address from the search provider.
Startpage is based in the Netherlands. According to their [privacy policy](https://www.startpage.com/en/privacy-policy/), they log details such as: operating system, type of browser, and language. They do not log your IP address, search queries, or other personally identifying information.
Startpage's majority shareholder is System1 who is an adtech company. We don't believe that to be an issue as they have a distinctly separate [privacy policy](https://system1.com/terms/privacy-policy). The Privacy Guides team reached out to Startpage [back in 2020](https://web.archive.org/web/20210118031008/https://blog.privacytools.io/relisting-startpage/) to clear up any concerns with System1's sizeable investment into the service. We were satisfied with the answers we received.
## Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
### Minimikrav
- Must not collect personally identifiable information per their privacy policy.
- Must not allow users to create an account with them.
### Bästa fall
Våra kriterier för bästa fall representerar vad vi skulle vilja se av det perfekta projektet i denna kategori. Våra rekommendationer kanske inte innehåller alla eller några av dessa funktioner, men de som gör det kan vara högre rankade än andra på den här sidan.
- Should be based on open-source software.
- Should not block Tor exit node IP addresses.

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---
title: "Verktyg för integritet"
icon: material/tools
hide:
- toc
description: Privacy Guides is the most transparent and reliable website for finding software, apps, and services that protect your personal data from mass surveillance programs and other internet threats.
---
Om du letar efter en specifik lösning på något är det här hård- och mjukvaruverktyg som vi rekommenderar i olika kategorier. Våra rekommenderade verktyg för integritetsskydd är i första hand valda utifrån säkerhetsfunktioner, med ytterligare betoning på decentraliserade verktyg och verktyg med öppen källkod. De kan tillämpas på en mängd olika hotmodeller, från skydd mot globala massövervakningsprogram och undvikande av stora teknikföretag till begränsning av attacker, men det är bara du som kan avgöra vad som fungerar bäst för dina behov.
Om du vill ha hjälp med att hitta de bästa verktygen för sekretess och alternativa program för dina behov kan du starta en diskussion i vårt forum [](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/) eller i vår community [Matrix](https://matrix.to/#/#privacyguides:matrix.org)!
Om du vill ha mer information om varje projekt, varför de valdes ut och ytterligare tips och tricks som vi rekommenderar, kan du klicka på länken "Läs mer" i varje avsnitt eller klicka på själva rekommendationen för att komma till det specifika avsnittet på sidan.
## Tor-nätverket
<div class="grid cards annotate" markdown>
- ![Tor Browser logo](assets/img/browsers/tor.svg){ .twemoji } [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser)
- ![Orbot logo](assets/img/self-contained-networks/orbot.svg){ .twemoji } [Orbot (Smartphone Tor Proxy)](tor.md#orbot)
- ![Snowflake logo](assets/img/browsers/snowflake.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Snowflake logo](assets/img/browsers/snowflake-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Snowflake](tor.md#snowflake) (1)
</div>
1. Snowflake ökar inte integriteten, men det gör det möjligt för dig att enkelt bidra till Tor-nätverket och hjälpa människor i censurerade nätverk att få bättre integritet.
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](tor.md)
## Webbläsare för skrivbordet
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Mullvad Browser logo](assets/img/browsers/mullvad_browser.svg){ .twemoji } [Mullvad Browser](desktop-browsers.md#mullvad-browser)
- ![Firefox logo](assets/img/browsers/firefox.svg){ .twemoji } [Firefox](desktop-browsers.md#firefox)
- ![Brave logo](assets/img/browsers/brave.svg){ .twemoji } [Brave](desktop-browsers.md#brave)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](desktop-browsers.md)
### Ytterligare resurser
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![uBlock Origin-logotyp](assets/img/browsers/ublock_origin.svg){ .twemoji } [uBlock Origin](desktop-browsers.md#ublock-origin)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](desktop-browsers.md#additional-resources)
## Webbläsare för mobiler
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Brave logo](assets/img/browsers/brave.svg){ .twemoji } [Brave (Android)](mobile-browsers.md#brave)
- ![Safari logo](assets/img/browsers/safari.svg){ .twemoji } [Safari (iOS)](mobile-browsers.md#safari)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](mobile-browsers.md)
### Ytterligare resurser
<div class="grid cards annotate" markdown>
- ![AdGuard logotyp](assets/img/browsers/adguard.svg){ .twemoji } [AdGuard för iOS](mobile-browsers.md#adguard)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](mobile-browsers.md#adguard)
## Operativsystem
### Mobil
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/grapheneos.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/grapheneos-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [GrapheneOS](android.md#grapheneos)
- ![DivestOS logo](assets/img/android/divestos.svg){ .twemoji } [DivestOS](android.md#divestos)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](android.md)
#### Android-app
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Aurora Store logo](assets/img/android/aurora-store.webp){ .twemoji } [Aurora Store (Google Play Client)](android.md#aurora-store)
- ![Shelter logo](assets/img/android/mini/shelter.svg){ .twemoji } [Shelter (Work Profiles)](android.md#shelter)
- ![Auditor logo](assets/img/android/auditor.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/auditor-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Auditor (Supported Devices)](android.md#auditor)
- ![Secure Camera logo](assets/img/android/secure_camera.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Secure Camera logo](assets/img/android/secure_camera-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Secure Camera](android.md#secure-camera)
- ![Secure PDF Viewer logo](assets/img/android/secure_pdf_viewer.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/secure_pdf_viewer-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Secure PDF Viewer](android.md#secure-pdf-viewer)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](android.md#general-apps)
### Skrivbord
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Qubes OS logo](assets/img/qubes/qubes_os.svg){ .twemoji } [Qubes OS (Xen VM Distribution)](desktop.md#qubes-os)
- ![Fedora logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/fedora-workstation.svg){ .twemoji } [Fedora Workstation](desktop.md#fedora-workstation)
- ![openSUSE Tumbleweed logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/opensuse-tumbleweed.svg){ .twemoji } [OpenSUSE Tumbleweed](desktop.md#opensuse-tumbleweed)
- ![Arch logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/archlinux.svg){ .twemoji } [Arch Linux](desktop.md#arch-linux)
- ![Fedora Silverblue logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/fedora-silverblue.svg){ .twemoji } [Fedora Silverblue & Kinoite](desktop.md#fedora-silverblue)
- ![nixOS logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/nixos.svg){ .twemoji } [NixOS](desktop.md#nixos)
- ![Whonix logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/whonix.svg){ .twemoji } [Whonix (Tor)](desktop.md#whonix)
- ![Tails logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/tails.svg){ .twemoji } [Tails (Live Boot)](desktop.md#tails)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](desktop.md)
### Router Firmware
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/grapheneos.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/openwrt-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [OpenWrt](router.md#openwrt)
- ![DivestOS logo](assets/img/android/opnsense.svg){ .twemoji } [OPNsense](router.md#opnsense)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](router.md)
## Tjänsteleverantörer
### Molnlagring
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ .twemoji } [Proton Drive](cloud.md#proton-drive)
- ![Tresorit logo](assets/img/cloud/tresorit.svg){ .twemoji } [Tresorit](cloud.md#tresorit)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](cloud.md)
### DNS
#### DNS Leverantörer
Vi [rekommenderar](dns.md#recommended-providers) ett antal krypterade DNS-servrar utifrån olika kriterier, t.ex. [Mullvad](https://mullvad.net/en/help/dns-over-https-and-dns-over-tls) och [Quad9](https://quad9.net/). Vi rekommenderar att du läser våra sidor om DNS innan du väljer en leverantör. I många fall är det inte rekommenderat att använda en alternativ DNS-leverantör.
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](dns.md)
#### Krypterade DNS-proxyservrar
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/grapheneos.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/rethinkdns-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [RethinkDNS](dns.md#rethinkdns)
- ![DivestOS logo](assets/img/android/dnscrypt-proxy.svg){ .twemoji } [dnscrypt-proxy](dns.md#dnscrypt-proxy)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](dns.md#encrypted-dns-proxies)
#### Egenstyrda lösningar
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![AdGuard Home logo](assets/img/dns/adguard-home.svg){ .twemoji } [AdGuard Home](dns.md#adguard-home)
- ![Pi-hole logo](assets/img/dns/pi-hole.svg){ .twemoji } [Pi-hole](dns.md#pi-hole)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](dns.md#self-hosted-solutions)
### E-postadress
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Proton Mail logo](assets/img/email/protonmail.svg){ .twemoji } [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail)
- ![Mailbox.org logo](assets/img/email/mailboxorg.svg){ .twemoji } [Mailbox.org](email.md#mailboxorg)
- ![StartMail logo](assets/img/email/startmail.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![StartMail logo](assets/img/email/startmaildark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [StartMail](email.md#startmail)
- ![Tutanota logo](assets/img/email/tutanota.svg){ .twemoji } [Tutanota](email.md#tutanota)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](email.md)
#### E-postaliaseringstjänster
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![AnonAddy logo](assets/img/email/anonaddy.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![AnonAddy logo](assets/img/email/anonaddy-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [AnonAddy](email.md#anonaddy)
- ![SimpleLogin logo](assets/img/email/simplelogin.svg){ .twemoji } [SimpleLogin](email.md#simplelogin)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](email.md#email-aliasing-services)
#### Självhanterande e-post
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![mailcow logo](assets/img/email/mailcow.svg){ .twemoji } [mailcow](email.md#self-hosting-email)
- ![Mail-in-a-Box logo](assets/img/email/mail-in-a-box.svg){ .twemoji } [Mail-in-a-Box](email.md#self-hosting-email)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](email.md#self-hosting-email)
### Financial Services
#### Payment Masking Services
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Privacy.com logo](assets/img/financial-services/privacy_com.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Privacy.com logo](assets/img/financial-services/privacy_com-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Privacy.com](financial-services.md#privacycom-us-free)
- ![MySudo logo](assets/img/financial-services/mysudo.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![MySudo logo](assets/img/financial-services/mysudo-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [MySudo](financial-services.md#mysudo-us-paid)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](financial-services.md#payment-masking-services)
#### Online Gift Card Marketplaces
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Cake Pay logo](assets/img/financial-services/cakepay.svg){ .twemoji } [Cake Pay](financial-services.md#cake-pay)
- ![CoinCards logo](assets/img/financial-services/coincards.svg){ .twemoji } [CoinCards](financial-services.md#coincards)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces)
### Sökmotorer
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Brave Search logo](assets/img/search-engines/brave-search.svg){ .twemoji } [Brave Search](search-engines.md#brave-search)
- ![DuckDuckGo logo](assets/img/search-engines/duckduckgo.svg){ .twemoji } [DuckDuckGo](search-engines.md#duckduckgo)
- ![SearXNG logo](assets/img/search-engines/searxng.svg){ .twemoji } [SearXNG](search-engines.md#searxng)
- ![Startpage logo](assets/img/search-engines/startpage.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Startpage logo](assets/img/search-engines/startpage-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Startpage](search-engines.md#startpage)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](search-engines.md)
### DNS Leverantörer
??? vPN-tjänster kan inte ge anonymitet"
En VPN kommer **inte** att hålla dina surfvanor anonyma, och inte heller kommer den att lägga till ytterligare säkerhet för icke-säker (HTTP) trafik.
Om du är ute efter **anonymitet** bör du använda Tor Browser **i stället** för en VPN.
Om du vill öka **säkerheten** bör du alltid se till att du ansluter till webbplatser med HTTPS. En VPN är inte en ersättning för goda säkerhetsrutiner.
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](vpn.md)
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![IVPN logo](assets/img/vpn/mini/ivpn.svg){ .twemoji } [IVPN](vpn.md#ivpn)
- ![Mullvad logo](assets/img/vpn/mullvad.svg){ .twemoji } [Mullvad](vpn.md#mullvad)
- ![Proton VPN logo](assets/img/vpn/protonvpn.svg){ .twemoji } [Proton VPN](vpn.md#proton-vpn)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](vpn.md)
## Programvara
### Kalendersynkronisering
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Tutanota logo](assets/img/calendar/tutanota.svg){ .twemoji } [Tutanota](calendar.md#tutanota)
- ![Proton Calendar logo](assets/img/calendar/proton-calendar.svg){ .twemoji } [Proton Calendar](calendar.md#proton-calendar)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](calendar.md)
### Cryptocurrency
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Monero logo](assets/img/cryptocurrency/monero.svg){ .twemoji } [Monero](cryptocurrency.md#monero)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](cryptocurrency.md)
### Redigering av data och metadata
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![MAT2 logo](assets/img/data-redaction/mat2.svg){ .twemoji } [MAT2](data-redaction.md#mat2)
- ![ExifEraser logo](assets/img/data-redaction/exiferaser.svg){ .twemoji } [ExifEraser (Android)](data-redaction.md#exiferaser-android)
- ![Metapho logo](assets/img/data-redaction/metapho.jpg){ .twemoji } [Metapho (iOS)](data-redaction.md#metapho-ios)
- ![PrivacyBlur logo](assets/img/data-redaction/privacyblur.svg){ .twemoji } [PrivacyBlur](data-redaction.md#privacyblur)
- ![ExifTool logo](assets/img/data-redaction/exiftool.png){ .twemoji } [ExifTool (CLI)](data-redaction.md#exiftool)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](data-redaction.md)
### E-postklienter
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Thunderbird logo](assets/img/email-clients/thunderbird.svg){ .twemoji } [Thunderbird](email-clients.md#thunderbird)
- ![Apple Mail logo](assets/img/email-clients/applemail.png){ .twemoji } [Apple Mail (macOS)](email-clients.md#apple-mail-macos)
- ![Canary Mail logo](assets/img/email-clients/canarymail.svg){ .twemoji } [Canary Mail (iOS)](email-clients.md#canary-mail-ios)
- ![FairEmail logo](assets/img/email-clients/fairemail.svg){ .twemoji } [FairEmail (Android)](email-clients.md#fairemail-android)
- ![GNOME Evolution logo](assets/img/email-clients/evolution.svg){ .twemoji } [GNOME Evolution (Linux)](email-clients.md#gnome-evolution-gnome)
- ![K-9 Mail logo](assets/img/email-clients/k9mail.svg){ .twemoji } [K-9 Mail (Android)](email-clients.md#k-9-mail-android)
- ![Kontact logo](assets/img/email-clients/kontact.svg){ .twemoji } [Kontact (Linux)](email-clients.md#kontact-kde)
- ![Mailvelope logo](assets/img/email-clients/mailvelope.svg){ .twemoji } [Mailvelope (PGP i standardwebmail)](email-clients.md#mailvelope-browser)
- ![NeoMutt logo](assets/img/email-clients/mutt.svg){ .twemoji } [NeoMutt (CLI)](email-clients.md#neomutt-cli)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](email-clients.md)
### Programvara för kryptering
??? info "Diskryptering av operativsystemet"
För att kryptera din operativsystemenhet rekommenderar vi vanligtvis att du använder det krypteringsverktyg som operativsystemet tillhandahåller, oavsett om det är **BitLocker** i Windows, **FileVault** i macOS eller **LUKS** i Linux. Dessa verktyg ingår i operativsystemet och använder vanligtvis hårdvarukrypteringselement, t. ex. en TPM, som andra krypteringsprogram för hela hårddiskar, t. ex. VeraCrypt, inte gör. VeraCrypt lämpar sig fortfarande för diskar som inte är i driftssystemet, t. ex. externa enheter, särskilt enheter som kan nås från flera olika operativsystem.
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](encryption.md##operating-system-included-full-disk-encryption-fde)
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Cryptomator logo](assets/img/encryption-software/cryptomator.svg){ .twemoji } [Cryptomator](encryption.md#cryptomator-cloud)
- ![Picocrypt logo](assets/img/encryption-software/picocrypt.svg){ .twemoji } [Picocrypt](encryption.md#picocrypt-file)
- ![VeraCrypt logo](assets/img/encryption-software/veracrypt.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![VeraCrypt logo](assets/img/encryption-software/veracrypt-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [VeraCrypt (FDE)](encryption.md#veracrypt-disk)
- ![Hat.sh logo](assets/img/encryption-software/hat-sh.png#only-light){ .twemoji }![Hat.sh logo](assets/img/encryption-software/hat-sh-dark.png#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Hat.sh (Browser-based)](encryption.md#hatsh)
- ![Kryptor logo](assets/img/encryption software/kryptor.png){ .twemoji } [Kryptor](encryption.md#kryptor)
- ![Tomb logo](assets/img/encryption software/tomb.png){ .twemoji } [Tomb](encryption.md#tomb)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](encryption.md)
#### OpenPGP-klienter
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![GnuPG logo](assets/img/encryption-software/gnupg.svg){ .twemoji } [GnuPG](encryption.md#gnu-privacy-guard)
- ![GPG4Win logo](assets/img/encryption-software/gpg4win.svg){ .twemoji } [GPG4Win (Windows)](encryption.md#gpg4win)
- ![GPG Suite logo](assets/img/encryption software/gpgsuite.png){ .twemoji } [GPG Suite (macOS)](encryption.md#gpg-suite)
- ![OpenKeychain logo](assets/img/encryption software/openkeychain.svg){ .twemoji } [OpenKeychain](encryption.md#openkeychain)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](encryption.md#openpgp)
### Fildelning och synkronisering
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Send logo](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/send.svg){ .twemoji } [Send](file-sharing.md#send)
- ![OnionShare logo](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/onionshare.svg){ .twemoji } [OnionShare](file-sharing.md#onionshare)
- ![FreedomBox logo](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/freedombox.svg){ .twemoji } [FreedomBox](file-sharing.md#freedombox)
- ![Nextcloud logo](assets/img/productivity/nextcloud.svg){ .twemoji } [Nextcloud (Self-Hostable)](productivity.md#nextcloud)
- ![Syncthing logo](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/syncthing.svg){ .twemoji } [Syncthing](file-sharing.md#syncthing)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](file-sharing.md)
### Frontend
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Librarian logo](assets/img/frontends/librarian.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Librarian logo](assets/img/frontends/librarian-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Librarian (LBRY, Web)](frontends.md#librarian)
- ![Nitter logo](assets/img/frontends/nitter.svg){ .twemoji } [Nitter (Twitter, Web)](frontends.md#nitter)
- ![FreeTube logo](assets/img/frontends/freetube.svg){ .twemoji } [FreeTube (YouTube, Desktop)](frontends.md#freetube)
- ![Yattee logo](assets/img/frontends/yattee.svg){ .twemoji } [Yattee (YouTube; iOS, tvOS, macOS)](frontends.md#yattee)
- ![LibreTube logo](assets/img/frontends/libretube.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![LibreTube logo](assets/img/frontends/libretube-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [LibreTube (YouTube, Android)](frontends.md#libretube-android)
- ![NewPipe logo](assets/img/frontends/newpipe.svg){ .twemoji } [NewPipe (YouTube, Android)](frontends.md#newpipe-android)
- ![Invidious logo](assets/img/frontends/invidious.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Invidious logo](assets/img/frontends/invidious-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Invidious (YouTube, Web)](frontends.md#invidious)
- ![Piped logo](assets/img/frontends/piped.svg){ .twemoji } [Piped (YouTube, Web)](frontends.md#piped)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](frontends.md)
### Multi-Faktor Autentisering
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![YubiKeys](assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/mini/yubico.svg){ .twemoji } [YubiKey](multi-factor-authentication.md#yubikey)
- ![Nitrokey](assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/mini/nitrokey.svg){ .twemoji } [Nitrokey](multi-factor-authentication.md#nitrokey)
- ![Aegis logo](assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/aegis.png){ .twemoji } [Aegis Authenticator](multi-factor-authentication.md#aegis-authenticator)
- ![Raivo OTP logo](assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/raivo-otp.png){ .twemoji } [Raivo OTP](multi-factor-authentication.md#raivo-otp)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md)
### Nyhetsaggregatorer
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Akregator logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/akregator.svg){ .twemoji } [Akregator](news-aggregators.md#akregator)
- ![Feeder logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/feeder.png){ .twemoji} [Feeder](news-aggregators.md#feeder)
- ![Fluent Reader logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/fluent-reader.svg){ .twemoji } [Fluent Reader](news-aggregators.md#fluent-reader)
- ![GNOME Feeds logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/gfeeds.svg){ .twemoji } [GNOME Feeds](news-aggregators.md#gnome-feeds)
- ![Miniflux logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/miniflux.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Miniflux logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/miniflux-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Miniflux](news-aggregators.md#miniflux)
- ![NetNewsWire logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/netnewswire.png){ .twemoji } [NetNewsWire](news-aggregators.md#netnewswire)
- ![Newsboat logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/newsboat.svg){ .twemoji } [Newsboat](news-aggregators.md#newsboat)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](news-aggregators.md)
### Anteckningsböcker
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Joplin logo](assets/img/notebooks/joplin.svg){ .twemoji } [Joplin](notebooks.md#joplin)
- ![Standard Notes logo](assets/img/notebooks/standard-notes.svg){ .twemoji } [Standard Notes](notebooks.md#standard-notes)
- ![Cryptee logo](assets/img/notebooks/cryptee.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Cryptee logo](assets/img/notebooks/cryptee-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Cryptee](notebooks.md#cryptee)
- ![Org-mode logo](assets/img/notebooks/org-mode.svg){ .twemoji } [Org-mode](notebooks.md#org-mode)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](notebooks.md)
### Lösenordshanterare
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Bitwarden logo](assets/img/password-management/bitwarden.svg){ .twemoji } [Bitwarden](passwords.md#bitwarden)
- ![1Password logo](assets/img/password-management/1password.svg){ .twemoji } [1Password](passwords.md#1password)
- ![Psono logo](assets/img/password-management/psono.svg){ .twemoji } [Psono](passwords.md#psono)
- ![KeePassXC logo](assets/img/password-management/keepassxc.svg){ .twemoji } [KeePassXC](passwords.md#keepassxc)
- ![KeePassDX logo](assets/img/password-management/keepassdx.svg){ .twemoji } [KeePassDX (Android)](passwords.md#keepassdx-android)
- ![Strongbox logo](assets/img/password-management/strongbox.svg){ .twemoji } [Strongbox (iOS & macOS)](passwords.md#strongbox-ios-macos)
- ![gopass logo](assets/img/password-management/gopass.svg){ .twemoji } [gopass](passwords.md#gopass)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](passwords.md)
### Produktivitetsverktyg
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Nextcloud logo](assets/img/productivity/nextcloud.svg){ .twemoji } [Nextcloud (Self-Hostable)](productivity.md#nextcloud)
- ![LibreOffice logo](assets/img/productivity/libreoffice.svg){ .twemoji } [LibreOffice](productivity.md#libreoffice)
- ![OnlyOffice logo](assets/img/productivity/onlyoffice.svg){ .twemoji } [OnlyOffice](productivity.md#onlyoffice)
- ![CryptPad logo](assets/img/productivity/cryptpad.svg){ .twemoji } [CryptPad](productivity.md#cryptpad)
- ![PrivateBin logo](assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ .twemoji } [PrivateBin (Pastebin)](productivity.md#privatebin)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](productivity.md)
### Realtidskommunikation
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Signal logo](assets/img/messengers/signal.svg){ .twemoji } [Signal](real-time-communication.md#signal)
- ![Briar logo](assets/img/messengers/briar.svg){ .twemoji } [Briar](real-time-communication.md#briar)
- ![SimpleX Chat logo](assets/img/messengers/simplex.svg){ .twemoji } [SimpleX Chat](real-time-communication.md#simplex-chat)
- ![Element logo](assets/img/messengers/element.svg){ .twemoji } [Element](real-time-communication.md#element)
- ![Session logo](assets/img/messengers/session.svg){ .twemoji } [Session](real-time-communication.md#session)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](real-time-communication.md)
### Klienter för videoströmning
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![LBRY logo](assets/img/video-streaming/lbry.svg){ .twemoji } [LBRY](video-streaming.md#lbry)
</div>
[Läs mer :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](video-streaming.md)

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---
title: "Tor-nätverket"
icon: simple/torproject
description: Protect your internet browsing from prying eyes by using the Tor network, a secure network which circumvents censorship.
---
![Tor logo](assets/img/self-contained-networks/tor.svg){ align=right }
The **Tor** network is a group of volunteer-operated servers that allows you to connect for free and improve your privacy and security on the Internet. Individuals and organizations can also share information over the Tor network with ".onion hidden services" without compromising their privacy. Because Tor traffic is difficult to block and trace, Tor is an effective censorship circumvention tool.
[:octicons-home-16:](https://www.torproject.org){ .card-link title=Homepage }
[:simple-torbrowser:](http://2gzyxa5ihm7nsggfxnu52rck2vv4rvmdlkiu3zzui5du4xyclen53wid.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://tb-manual.torproject.org/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitweb.torproject.org/tor.git){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://donate.torproject.org/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
Tor works by routing your internet traffic through those volunteer-operated servers, instead of making a direct connection to the site you're trying to visit. This obfuscates where the traffic is coming from, and no server in the connection path is able to see the full path of where the traffic is coming from and going to, meaning even the servers you are using to connect cannot break your anonymity.
[Detailed Tor Overview :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](advanced/tor-overview.md ""){.md-button}
## Connecting to Tor
There are a variety of ways to connect to the Tor network from your device, the most commonly used being the **Tor Browser**, a fork of Firefox designed for anonymous browsing for desktop computers and Android. In addition to the apps listed below, there are also operating systems designed specifically to connect to the Tor network such as [Whonix](desktop.md#whonix) on [Qubes OS](desktop.md#qubes-os), which provide even greater security and protections than the standard Tor Browser.
### Tor Browser
!!! recommendation
![Tor Browser logo](assets/img/browsers/tor.svg){ align=right }
**Tor Browser** is the choice if you need anonymity, as it provides you with access to the Tor network and bridges, and it includes default settings and extensions that are automatically configured by the default security levels: *Standard*, *Safer* and *Safest*.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.torproject.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](http://2gzyxa5ihm7nsggfxnu52rck2vv4rvmdlkiu3zzui5du4xyclen53wid.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://tb-manual.torproject.org/){ .card-link title=Documentation }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitweb.torproject.org/tor-browser.git/){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://donate.torproject.org/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.torproject.torbrowser)
- [:simple-android: Android](https://www.torproject.org/download/#android)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.torproject.org/download/)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.torproject.org/download/)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.torproject.org/download/)
- [:simple-freebsd: FreeBSD](https://www.freshports.org/security/tor)
!!! fara
You should **never** install any additional extensions on Tor Browser or edit `about:config` settings, including the ones we suggest for Firefox. Browser extensions and non-standard settings make you stand out from others on the Tor network, thus making your browser easier to [fingerprint](https://support.torproject.org/glossary/browser-fingerprinting).
The Tor Browser is designed to prevent fingerprinting, or identifying you based on your browser configuration. Therefore, it is imperative that you do **not** modify the browser beyond the default [security levels](https://tb-manual.torproject.org/security-settings/).
### Orbot
!!! recommendation
![Orbot logo](assets/img/self-contained-networks/orbot.svg){ align=right }
**Orbot** is a free Tor VPN for smartphones which routes traffic from any app on your device through the Tor network.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://orbot.app/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://orbot.app/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://orbot.app/faqs){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://orbot.app/code){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://orbot.app/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.torproject.android)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/orbot/id1609461599)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/guardianproject/orbot/releases)
We previously recommended enabling the *Isolate Destination Address* preference in Orbot settings. While this setting can theoretically improve privacy by enforcing the use of a different circuit for each IP address you connect to, it doesn't provide a practical advantage for most applications (especially web browsing), can come with a significant performance penalty, and increases the load on the Tor network. We no longer recommend adjusting this setting from its default value unless you know you need to.[^1]
!!! tip "Tips for Android"
Orbot can proxy individual apps if they support SOCKS or HTTP proxying. It can also proxy all your network connections using [VpnService](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/net/VpnService) and can be used with the VPN killswitch in :gear: **Settings** → **Network & internet** → **VPN** → :gear: → **Block connections without VPN**.
Orbot is often outdated on the Guardian Project's [F-Droid repository](https://guardianproject.info/fdroid) and [Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.torproject.android), so consider downloading directly from the [GitHub repository](https://github.com/guardianproject/orbot/releases) instead.
All versions are signed using the same signature so they should be compatible with each other.
## Relays and Bridges
### Snowflake
!!! recommendation
![Snowflake logo](assets/img/browsers/snowflake.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Snowflake logo](assets/img/browsers/snowflake-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Snowflake** allows you to donate bandwidth to the Tor Project by operating a "Snowflake proxy" within your browser.
People who are censored can use Snowflake proxies to connect to the Tor network. Snowflake is a great way to contribute to the network even if you don't have the technical know-how to run a Tor relay or bridge.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://snowflake.torproject.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://gitlab.torproject.org/tpo/anti-censorship/pluggable-transports/snowflake/-/wikis/Technical%20Overview){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitweb.torproject.org/pluggable-transports/snowflake.git/){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://donate.torproject.org/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/torproject-snowflake/)
- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/snowflake/mafpmfcccpbjnhfhjnllmmalhifmlcie)
- [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://snowflake.torproject.org/embed "Leave this page open to be a Snowflake proxy")
??? tip "Embedded Snowflake"
You can enable Snowflake in your browser by clicking the switch below and ==leaving this page open==. You can also install Snowflake as a browser extension to have it always run while your browser is open, however adding third-party extensions can increase your attack surface.
<center><iframe src="https://snowflake.torproject.org/embed.html" width="320" height="240" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe></center>
<small>Om inbäddningen inte visas för dig, kontrollera att du inte blockerar tredjepartsramen från `torproject.org`. Du kan också besöka [denna sida] (https://snowflake.torproject.org/embed.html).</small>
Snowflake ökar inte din integritet på något sätt och används inte heller för att ansluta till Tor-nätverket i din webbläsare. Om din internetanslutning är ocensurerad bör du dock överväga att använda den för att hjälpa människor i censurerade nätverk att själva få bättre integritet. Det finns ingen anledning att oroa sig för vilka webbplatser människor kommer åt via din proxy - deras synliga IP-adress kommer att matcha deras Tor exit-nod, inte din.
Att driva en Snowflake-proxy är en låg risk, till och med mer än att driva en Tor-relä eller en bro, som redan inte är särskilt riskfyllda verksamheter. Men det gör fortfarande proxy-trafik genom ditt nätverk som kan vara effektiva på vissa sätt, särskilt om ditt nätverk är bandbredd-begränsad. Se till att du förstår [hur Snowflake fungerar](https://gitlab.torproject.org/tpo/anti-censorship/pluggable-transports/snowflake/-/wikis/home) innan du bestämmer dig för att köra en proxy.
[^1]: The `IsolateDestAddr` setting is discussed on the [Tor mailing list](https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-talk/2012-May/024403.html) and [Whonix's Stream Isolation documentation](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Stream_Isolation), where both projects suggest that it is usually not a good approach for most people.

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---
title: "Videouppspelning"
icon: material/video-wireless
description: These networks allow you to stream internet content without building an advertising profile based on your interests.
---
Det främsta hotet när du använder en plattform för videostreaming är att dina streamingvanor och prenumerationslistor kan användas för att profilera dig. Du bör kombinera dessa verktyg med en [VPN](vpn.md) eller [Tor](https://www.torproject.org/) för att göra det svårare att profilera din användning.
## LBRY
!!! recommendation
![LBRY-logotyp](assets/img/video-streaming/lbry.svg){ align=right }
**LBRY-nätverket** är ett decentraliserat nätverk för videodelning. Den använder ett [BitTorrent](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent)-liknande nätverk för att lagra videoinnehållet och ett [blockchain](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain) för att lagra indexen för dessa videor. Den största fördelen med denna design är censurmotstånd.
**LBRY-klienten** hjälper dig att strömma videor från LBRY-nätverket och lagrar din prenumerationslista i din egen LBRY-plånbok.
[:octicons-home-16: Startsida](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://lbry.com/faq/){ .card-link title=Dokumentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/lbryio/lbry-desktop){ .card-link title="Källkod" }
[](/){ .card-link title=Contribute??? nedladdningar
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://lbry.com/windows)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://lbry.com/osx)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://lbry.com/linux)
!!! anmärkning
Endast **LBRY-klienten** rekommenderas, eftersom webbplatsen [Odysee](https://odysee.com) och LBRY-klienterna i F-Droid, Play Store och App Store har obligatorisk synkronisering och telemetri.
!!! varning
När du tittar på och är värd för videor är din IP-adress synlig för LBRY-nätverket. Överväg att använda en [VPN](vpn.md) eller [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) om din [hotmodell](basics/threat-modelling.md) kräver att du döljer din IP-adress.
Vi rekommenderar **att inte** synkroniserar din plånbok med LBRY Inc. eftersom synkronisering av krypterade plånböcker inte stöds ännu. Om du synkroniserar din plånbok med LBRY Inc. du måste lita på att de inte tittar på din prenumerationslista, [LBC](https://lbry.com/faq/earn-credits) pengar, eller ta kontroll över din kanal.
Du kan inaktivera *Spara värddata för att hjälpa LBRY-nätverket* alternativet i :gear: **Inställningar** → **Avancerade inställningar**, för att undvika att din IP-adress och dina videor exponeras när du använder LBRY under en längre tid.
## Kriterier
**Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig.
!!! exempel "Det här avsnittet är nytt"
Vi arbetar med att fastställa kriterier för varje del av vår webbplats, och detta kan komma att ändras. Om du har några frågor om våra kriterier, vänligen [fråga på vårt forum] (https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) och tro inte att vi inte har beaktat något när vi gjorde våra rekommendationer om det inte finns med här. Det finns många faktorer som beaktas och diskuteras när vi rekommenderar ett projekt, och att dokumentera varje enskild faktor är ett pågående arbete.
- Får inte kräva ett centralt konto för att visa videor.
- Decentraliserad autentisering, t. ex. via en mobil plånboks privata nyckel, är acceptabel.

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---
title: "VPN Services"
icon: material/vpn
description: These are the best VPN services for protecting your privacy and security online. Find a provider here that isn’t out to spy on you.
---
If you're looking for additional **privacy** from your ISP, on a public Wi-Fi network, or while torrenting files, a VPN may be the solution for you as long as you understand the risks involved. We think these providers are a cut above the rest:
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![IVPN logo](assets/img/vpn/mini/ivpn.svg){ .twemoji } [IVPN](#ivpn)
- ![Mullvad logo](assets/img/vpn/mullvad.svg){ .twemoji } [Mullvad](#mullvad)
- ![Proton VPN logo](assets/img/vpn/protonvpn.svg){ .twemoji } [Proton VPN](#proton-vpn)
</div>
!!! vPN-tjänster kan inte ge anonymitet"
En VPN kommer **inte** att hålla dina surfvanor anonyma, och inte heller kommer den att lägga till ytterligare säkerhet för icke-säker (HTTP) trafik.
Om du är ute efter **anonymitet** bör du använda Tor Browser **i stället** för en VPN.
Om du vill öka **säkerheten** bör du alltid se till att du ansluter till webbplatser med HTTPS. En VPN är inte en ersättning för goda säkerhetsrutiner.
[Download Tor](https://www.torproject.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Tor Myths & FAQ](advanced/tor-overview.md){ .md-button }
[Detailed VPN Overview :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](basics/vpn-overview.md ""){.md-button}
## Recommended Providers
Our recommended providers use encryption, accept Monero, support WireGuard & OpenVPN, and have a no logging policy. Read our [full list of criteria](#criteria) for more information.
### IVPN
!!! recommendation
![IVPN logo](assets/img/vpn/ivpn.svg){ align=right }
**IVPN** is another premium VPN provider, and they have been in operation since 2009. IVPN is based in Gibraltar.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.ivpn.net/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.ivpn.net/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://www.ivpn.net/knowledgebase/general/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/ivpn){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-android: Android](https://www.ivpn.net/apps-android/)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/ivpn-serious-privacy-protection/id1193122683)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.ivpn.net/apps-windows/)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.ivpn.net/apps-macos/)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.ivpn.net/apps-linux/)
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } 35 Countries
IVPN has [servers in 35 countries](https://www.ivpn.net/server-locations).(1) Picking a VPN provider with a server nearest to you will reduce latency of the network traffic you send. This is because of a shorter route (fewer hops) to the destination.
{ .annotate }
1. Last checked: 2022-09-16
We also think it's better for the security of the VPN provider's private keys if they use [dedicated servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_hosting_service), instead of cheaper shared solutions (with other customers) such as [virtual private servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_server).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Independently Audited
IVPN has undergone a [no-logging audit from Cure53](https://cure53.de/audit-report_ivpn.pdf) which concluded in agreement with IVPN's no-logging claim. IVPN has also completed a [comprehensive pentest report Cure53](https://cure53.de/summary-report_ivpn_2019.pdf) in January 2020. IVPN has also said they plan to have [annual reports](https://www.ivpn.net/blog/independent-security-audit-concluded) in the future. A further review was conducted [in April 2022](https://www.ivpn.net/blog/ivpn-apps-security-audit-2022-concluded/) and was produced by Cure53 [on their website](https://cure53.de/pentest-report_IVPN_2022.pdf).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Open-Source Clients
As of February 2020 [IVPN applications are now open-source](https://www.ivpn.net/blog/ivpn-applications-are-now-open-source). Source code can be obtained from their [GitHub organization](https://github.com/ivpn).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Accepts Cash and Monero
In addition to accepting credit/debit cards and PayPal, IVPN accepts Bitcoin, **Monero** and **cash/local currency** (on annual plans) as anonymous forms of payment.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } WireGuard Support
IVPN supports the WireGuard® protocol. [WireGuard](https://www.wireguard.com) is a newer protocol that uses state-of-the-art [cryptography](https://www.wireguard.com/protocol/). Additionally, WireGuard aims to be simpler and more performant.
IVPN [recommends](https://www.ivpn.net/wireguard/) the use of WireGuard with their service and, as such, the protocol is the default on all of IVPN's apps. IVPN also offers a WireGuard configuration generator for use with the official WireGuard [apps](https://www.wireguard.com/install/).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Remote Port Forwarding
Remote [port forwarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_forwarding) is possible with a Pro plan. Port forwarding [can be activated](https://www.ivpn.net/knowledgebase/81/How-do-I-activate-port-forwarding.html) via the client area. Port forwarding is only available on IVPN when using WireGuard or OpenVPN protocols and is [disabled on US servers](https://www.ivpn.net/knowledgebase/116/Port-forwarding-is-not-working-why.html).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Mobile Clients
In addition to providing standard OpenVPN configuration files, IVPN has mobile clients for [App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/ivpn-serious-privacy-protection/id1193122683), [Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.ivpn.client), and [GitHub](https://github.com/ivpn/android-app/releases) allowing for easy connections to their servers.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality
IVPN clients support two factor authentication (Mullvad's clients do not). IVPN also provides "[AntiTracker](https://www.ivpn.net/antitracker)" functionality, which blocks advertising networks and trackers from the network level.
### Mullvad
!!! recommendation
![Mullvad logo](assets/img/vpn/mullvad.svg){ align=right }
**Mullvad** is a fast and inexpensive VPN with a serious focus on transparency and security. They have been in operation since **2009**. Mullvad is based in Sweden and does not have a free trial.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://mullvad.net){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](http://o54hon2e2vj6c7m3aqqu6uyece65by3vgoxxhlqlsvkmacw6a7m7kiad.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://mullvad.net/en/help/privacy-policy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://mullvad.net/en/help/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/mullvad){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.mullvad.mullvadvpn)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/mullvad-vpn/id1488466513)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/mullvad/mullvadvpn-app/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://mullvad.net/en/download/windows/)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://mullvad.net/en/download/macos/)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://mullvad.net/en/download/linux/)
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } 41 Countries
Mullvad has [servers in 41 countries](https://mullvad.net/servers/).(1) Picking a VPN provider with a server nearest to you will reduce latency of the network traffic you send. This is because of a shorter route (fewer hops) to the destination.
{ .annotate }
1. Last checked: 2023-01-19
We also think it's better for the security of the VPN provider's private keys if they use [dedicated servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_hosting_service), instead of cheaper shared solutions (with other customers) such as [virtual private servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_server).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Independently Audited
Mullvad's VPN clients have been audited by Cure53 and Assured AB in a pentest report [published at cure53.de](https://cure53.de/pentest-report_mullvad_v2.pdf). The security researchers concluded:
> Cure53 and Assured AB are happy with the results of the audit and the software leaves an overall positive impression. With security dedication of the in-house team at the Mullvad VPN compound, the testers have no doubts about the project being on the right track from a security standpoint.
In 2020 a second audit [was announced](https://mullvad.net/blog/2020/6/25/results-available-audit-mullvad-app/) and the [final audit report](https://cure53.de/pentest-report_mullvad_2020_v2.pdf) was made available on Cure53's website:
> The results of this May-June 2020 project targeting the Mullvad complex are quite positive. [...] The overall application ecosystem used by Mullvad leaves a sound and structured impression. The overall structure of the application makes it easy to roll out patches and fixes in a structured manner. More than anything, the findings spotted by Cure53 showcase the importance of constantly auditing and re-assessing the current leak vectors, in order to always ensure privacy of the end-users. With that being said, Mullvad does a great job protecting the end-user from common PII leaks and privacy related risks.
In 2021 an infrastructure audit [was announced](https://mullvad.net/en/blog/2021/1/20/no-pii-or-privacy-leaks-found-cure53s-infrastructure-audit/) and the [final audit report](https://cure53.de/pentest-report_mullvad_2021_v1.pdf) was made available on Cure53's website. Another report was commissioned [in June 2022](https://mullvad.net/en/blog/2022/6/22/vpn-server-audit-found-no-information-leakage-or-logging-of-customer-data/) and is available on [Assured's website](https://www.assured.se/publications/Assured_Mullvad_relay_server_audit_report_2022.pdf).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Open-Source Clients
Mullvad provides the source code for their desktop and mobile clients in their [GitHub organization](https://github.com/mullvad/mullvadvpn-app).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Accepts Cash and Monero
Mullvad, in addition to accepting credit/debit cards and PayPal, accepts Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, **Monero** and **cash/local currency** as anonymous forms of payment. They also accept Swish and bank wire transfers.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } WireGuard Support
Mullvad supports the WireGuard® protocol. [WireGuard](https://www.wireguard.com) is a newer protocol that uses state-of-the-art [cryptography](https://www.wireguard.com/protocol/). Additionally, WireGuard aims to be simpler and more performant.
Mullvad [recommends](https://mullvad.net/en/help/why-wireguard/) the use of WireGuard with their service. It is the default or only protocol on Mullvad's Android, iOS, macOS, and Linux apps, but on Windows you have to [manually enable](https://mullvad.net/en/help/how-turn-wireguard-mullvad-app/) WireGuard. Mullvad also offers a WireGuard configuration generator for use with the official WireGuard [apps](https://www.wireguard.com/install/).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } IPv6 Support
Mullvad supports the future of networking [IPv6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6). Their network allows you to [access services hosted on IPv6](https://mullvad.net/en/blog/2014/9/15/ipv6-support/) as opposed to other providers who block IPv6 connections.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Remote Port Forwarding
Remote [port forwarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_forwarding) is allowed for people who make one-time payments, but not allowed for accounts with a recurring/subscription-based payment method. This is to prevent Mullvad from being able to identify you based on your port usage and stored subscription information. See [Port forwarding with Mullvad VPN](https://mullvad.net/help/port-forwarding-and-mullvad/) for more information.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Mobile Clients
Mullvad has published [App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/mullvad-vpn/id1488466513) and [Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.mullvad.mullvadvpn) clients, both supporting an easy-to-use interface as opposed to requiring you to manually configure your WireGuard connection. The Android client is also available on [GitHub](https://github.com/mullvad/mullvadvpn-app/releases).
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality
Mullvad is very transparent about which nodes they [own or rent](https://mullvad.net/en/servers/). They use [ShadowSocks](https://shadowsocks.org/) in their ShadowSocks + OpenVPN configuration, making them more resistant against firewalls with [Deep Packet Inspection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_packet_inspection) trying to block VPNs. Supposedly, [China has to use a different method to block ShadowSocks servers](https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/22). Mullvad's website is also accessible via Tor at [o54hon2e2vj6c7m3aqqu6uyece65by3vgoxxhlqlsvkmacw6a7m7kiad.onion](http://o54hon2e2vj6c7m3aqqu6uyece65by3vgoxxhlqlsvkmacw6a7m7kiad.onion).
### Proton VPN
!!! recommendation annotate
![Proton VPN logo](assets/img/vpn/protonvpn.svg){ align=right }
**Proton VPN** is a strong contender in the VPN space, and they have been in operation since 2016. Proton AG is based in Switzerland and offers a limited free tier, as well as a more featured premium option.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://protonvpn.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://protonvpn.com/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://protonvpn.com/support/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/ProtonVPN){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ch.protonvpn.android)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id1437005085)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/ProtonVPN/android-app/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://protonvpn.com/download-windows)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://protonvpn.com/support/linux-vpn-setup/)
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } 67 Countries
Proton VPN has [servers in 67 countries](https://protonvpn.com/vpn-servers).(1) Picking a VPN provider with a server nearest to you will reduce latency of the network traffic you send. This is because of a shorter route (fewer hops) to the destination.
{ .annotate }
1. Last checked: 2022-09-16
We also think it's better for the security of the VPN provider's private keys if they use [dedicated servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_hosting_service), instead of cheaper shared solutions (with other customers) such as [virtual private servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_server).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Independently Audited
As of January 2020, Proton VPN has undergone an independent audit by SEC Consult. SEC Consult found some medium and low risk vulnerabilities in Proton VPN's Windows, Android, and iOS applications, all of which were "properly fixed" by Proton VPN before the reports were published. None of the issues identified would have provided an attacker remote access to your device or traffic. You can view individual reports for each platform at [protonvpn.com](https://protonvpn.com/blog/open-source/). In April 2022 Proton VPN underwent [another audit](https://protonvpn.com/blog/no-logs-audit/) and the report was [produced by Securitum](https://protonvpn.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/securitum-protonvpn-nologs-20220330.pdf). A [letter of attestation](https://proton.me/blog/security-audit-all-proton-apps) was provided for Proton VPN's apps on 9th November 2021 by [Securitum](https://research.securitum.com).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Open-Source Clients
Proton VPN provides the source code for their desktop and mobile clients in their [GitHub organization](https://github.com/ProtonVPN).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Accepts Cash
Proton VPN, in addition to accepting credit/debit cards, PayPal, and [Bitcoin](advanced/payments.md#other-coins-bitcoin-ethereum-etc), also accepts **cash/local currency** as an anonymous form of payment.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } WireGuard Support
Proton VPN mostly supports the WireGuard® protocol. [WireGuard](https://www.wireguard.com) is a newer protocol that uses state-of-the-art [cryptography](https://www.wireguard.com/protocol/). Additionally, WireGuard aims to be simpler and more performant.
Proton VPN [recommends](https://protonvpn.com/blog/wireguard/) the use of WireGuard with their service. On Proton VPN's Windows, macOS, iOS, Android, ChromeOS, and Android TV apps, WireGuard is the default protocol; however, [support](https://protonvpn.com/support/how-to-change-vpn-protocols/) for the protocol is not present in their Linux app.
#### :material-alert-outline:{ .pg-orange } Remote Port Forwarding
Proton VPN currently only supports remote [port forwarding](https://protonvpn.com/support/port-forwarding/) on Windows, which may impact some applications. Especially Peer-to-peer applications like Torrent clients.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Mobile Clients
In addition to providing standard OpenVPN configuration files, Proton VPN has mobile clients for [App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/protonvpn-fast-secure-vpn/id1437005085), [Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ch.protonvpn.android&hl=en_US), and [GitHub](https://github.com/ProtonVPN/android-app/releases) allowing for easy connections to their servers.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality
Proton VPN clients support two factor authentication on all platforms except Linux at the moment. Proton VPN has their own servers and datacenters in Switzerland, Iceland and Sweden. They offer adblocking and known malware domains blocking with their DNS service. Additionally, Proton VPN also offers "Tor" servers allowing you to easily connect to onion sites, but we still strongly recommend using [the official Tor Browser](https://www.torproject.org/) for this purpose.
#### :material-alert-outline:{ .pg-orange } Killswitch feature is broken on Intel-based Macs
System crashes [may occur](https://protonvpn.com/support/macos-t2-chip-kill-switch/) on Intel-based Macs when using the VPN killswitch. If you require this feature, and you are using a Mac with Intel chipset, you should consider using another VPN service.
## Kriterier
!!! fara
It is important to note that using a VPN provider will not make you anonymous, but it will give you better privacy in certain situations. A VPN is not a tool for illegal activities. Don't rely on a "no log" policy.
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the providers we recommend. This allows us to provide completely objective recommendations.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements for any VPN provider wishing to be recommended, including strong encryption, independent security audits, modern technology, and more. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing a VPN provider, and conduct your own research to ensure the VPN provider you choose is as trustworthy as possible.
### Technology
We require all our recommended VPN providers to provide OpenVPN configuration files to be used in any client. **If** a VPN provides their own custom client, we require a killswitch to block network data leaks when disconnected.
**Minimum to Qualify:**
- Support for strong protocols such as WireGuard & OpenVPN.
- Killswitch built in to clients.
- Multihop support. Multihopping is important to keep data private in case of a single node compromise.
- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open-source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what your device is actually doing.
**Best Case:**
- WireGuard and OpenVPN support.
- Killswitch with highly configurable options (enable/disable on certain networks, on boot, etc.)
- Easy-to-use VPN clients
- Supports [IPv6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6). We expect that servers will allow incoming connections via IPv6 and allow you to access services hosted on IPv6 addresses.
- Capability of [remote port forwarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_forwarding#Remote_port_forwarding) assists in creating connections when using P2P ([Peer-to-Peer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer)) file sharing software or hosting a server (e.g., Mumble).
### Privacy
We prefer our recommended providers to collect as little data as possible. Not collecting personal information on registration, and accepting anonymous forms of payment are required.
**Minimum to Qualify:**
- [Anonymous cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md) **or** cash payment option.
- No personal information required to register: Only username, password, and email at most.
**Best Case:**
- Accepts multiple [anonymous payment options](advanced/payments.md).
- No personal information accepted (autogenerated username, no email required, etc.).
### Security
A VPN is pointless if it can't even provide adequate security. We require all our recommended providers to abide by current security standards for their OpenVPN connections. Ideally, they would use more future-proof encryption schemes by default. We also require an independent third-party to audit the provider's security, ideally in a very comprehensive manner and on a repeated (yearly) basis.
**Minimum to Qualify:**
- Strong Encryption Schemes: OpenVPN with SHA-256 authentication; RSA-2048 or better handshake; AES-256-GCM or AES-256-CBC data encryption.
- Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS).
- Published security audits from a reputable third-party firm.
**Best Case:**
- Strongest Encryption: RSA-4096.
- Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS).
- Comprehensive published security audits from a reputable third-party firm.
- Bug-bounty programs and/or a coordinated vulnerability-disclosure process.
### Trust
You wouldn't trust your finances to someone with a fake identity, so why trust them with your internet data? We require our recommended providers to be public about their ownership or leadership. We also would like to see frequent transparency reports, especially in regard to how government requests are handled.
**Minimum to Qualify:**
- Public-facing leadership or ownership.
**Best Case:**
- Public-facing leadership.
- Frequent transparency reports.
### Marketing
With the VPN providers we recommend we like to see responsible marketing.
**Minimum to Qualify:**
- Must self-host analytics (i.e., no Google Analytics). The provider's site must also comply with [DNT (Do Not Track)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Not_Track) for people who want to opt-out.
Must not have any marketing which is irresponsible:
- Making guarantees of protecting anonymity 100%. When someone makes a claim that something is 100% it means there is no certainty for failure. We know people can quite easily deanonymize themselves in a number of ways, e.g.:
- Reusing personal information (e.g., email accounts, unique pseudonyms, etc) that they accessed without anonymity software (Tor, VPN, etc.)
- [Browser fingerprinting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_fingerprint#Browser_fingerprint)
- Claim that a single circuit VPN is "more anonymous" than Tor, which is a circuit of three or more hops that regularly changes.
- Use responsible language: i.e., it is okay to say that a VPN is "disconnected" or "not connected", however claiming that someone is "exposed", "vulnerable" or "compromised" is needless use of alarming language that may be incorrect. For example, that person might simply be on another VPN provider's service or using Tor.
**Best Case:**
Responsible marketing that is both educational and useful to the consumer could include:
- An accurate comparison to when [Tor](tor.md) should be used instead.
- Availability of the VPN provider's website over a [.onion service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion)
### Additional Functionality
While not strictly requirements, there are some factors we looked into when determining which providers to recommend. These include adblocking/tracker-blocking functionality, warrant canaries, multihop connections, excellent customer support, the number of allowed simultaneous connections, etc.