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---
hide:
- feedback
meta:
-
property: "robots"
content: "noindex, nofollow"
---
# 404 - Não Encontrado
Não conseguimos encontrar a página que procura! Talvez esteja à procura de alguma destas?
- [Introdução à Modelação de Ameaças](basics/threat-modeling.md)
- [Provedores de DNS Recomendados](dns.md)
- [Melhores Navegadores da Web para Computadores](desktop-browsers.md)
- [Melhores Provedores de VPN](vpn.md)
- [Fórum do Privacy Guides](https://discuss.privacyguides.net)
- [O Nosso Blogue](https://blog.privacyguides.org)

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# Community Code of Conduct
**We pledge** to make our community a harassment-free experience for everyone.
**We strive** to create a positive environment, using welcoming and inclusive language, and being respectful of the viewpoints of others.
**We do not allow** inappropriate or otherwise unacceptable behavior, such as sexualized language, trolling and insulting comments, or otherwise promoting intolerance or harassment.
## Community Standards
What we expect from members of our communities:
1. **Don't spread misinformation**
We are creating an evidence-based educational community around information privacy and security, not a home for conspiracy theories. For example, when making a claim that a certain piece of software is malicious or that certain telemetry data is privacy invasive, explain in detail what is collected and how it collected. Claims of this nature must be backed by technical evidence.
1. **Don't abuse our willingness to help**
Our community members are not your free tech support. We are happy to help you with specific steps on your privacy journey if you are willing to put in effort on your end. We are not willing to answer endlessly repeated questions about generic computer problems you could have answered yourself with a 30-second internet search. Don't be a [help vampire](https://slash7.com/2006/12/22/vampires/).
1. **Behave in a positive and constructive manner**
Examples of behavior that contributes to a positive environment for our community include:
- Demonstrating empathy and kindness toward other people
- Being respectful of differing opinions, viewpoints, and experiences
- Giving and gracefully accepting constructive feedback
- Accepting responsibility and apologizing to those affected by our mistakes, and learning from the experience
- Focusing on what is best not just for us as individuals, but for the overall community
### Unacceptable Behavior
The following behaviors are considered harassment and are unacceptable within our community:
- The use of sexualized language or imagery, and sexual attention or advances of any kind
- Trolling, insulting or derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
- Public or private harassment
- Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or email address, without their explicit permission
- Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a professional setting
## Scope
Our Code of Conduct applies within all project spaces, as well as when an individual is representing the Privacy Guides project in other communities.
We are responsible for clarifying the standards of our community, and have the right to remove or alter the comments of those participating within our community, as necessary and at our discretion.
### Contact
If you observe a problem on a platform like Matrix or Reddit, please contact our moderators on that platform in chat, via DM, or through any designated "Modmail" system.
If you have a problem elsewhere, or a problem our community moderators are unable to resolve, reach out to `jonah@privacyguides.org` and/or `dngray@privacyguides.org`.
All community leaders are obligated to respect the privacy and security of the reporter of any incident.

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title: General Criteria
---
!!! example "Work in Progress"
The following page is a work in progress, and does not reflect the full criteria for our recommendations at this time. Past discussion on this topic: [#24](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/discussions/24)
Below are some things that must apply to all submissions to Privacy Guides. Each category will have additional requirements for inclusion.
## Financial Disclosure
We do not make money from recommending certain products, we do not use affiliate links, and we do not provide special consideration to project donors.
## General Guidelines
We apply these priorities when considering new recommendations:
- **Secure**: Tools should follow security best-practices wherever applicable.
- **Source Availability**: Open source projects are generally preferred over equivalent proprietary alternatives.
- **Cross-Platform**: We typically prefer recommendations to be cross-platform, to avoid vendor lock-in.
- **Active Development**: The tools that we recommend should be actively developed, unmaintained projects will be removed in most cases.
- **Usability**: Tools should be accessible to most computer users, an overly technical background should not be required.
- **Documented**: Tools should have clear and extensive documentation for use.
## Developer Self-Submissions
We have these requirements in regard to developers which wish to submit their project or software for consideration.
- Must disclose affiliation, i.e. your position within the project being submitted.
- Must have a security whitepaper if it is a project that involves handling of sensitive information like a messenger, password manager, encrypted cloud storage etc.
- Third party audit status. We want to know if you have one, or have one planned. If possible please mention who will be conducting the audit.
- Must explain what the project brings to the table in regard to privacy.
- Does it solve any new problem?
- Why should anyone use it over the alternatives?
- Must state what the exact threat model is with their project.
- It should be clear to potential users what the project can provide, and what it cannot.

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---
title: Apoiar-nos
---
<!-- markdownlint-disable MD036 -->
São precisas muitas [pessoas](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/graphs/contributors) e muito [trabalho](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/pulse/monthly) para manter o Privacy Gudes atualizado e a divulgar informações sobre privacidade e vigilância em massa. If you like what we do, consider getting involved by [editing the site](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org) or [contributing translations](https://crowdin.com/project/privacyguides).
Se quiser apoiar-nos financeiramente, o método mais conveniente para nós são contribuições através do Open Collective, um website operado pelo nosso anfitrião fiscal. O Open Collective aceita pagamentos através de cartão de crédito/débito, PayPal e transferências bancárias.
[Doar no OpenCollective.com](https://opencollective.com/privacyguides/donate ""){.md-button.md-button--primary}
Donations made directly to us on Open Collective are generally tax-deductible in the US, because our fiscal host (the Open Collective Foundation) is a registered 501(c)3 organization. Irá receber um recibo da Open Collective Foundation após a doação. O Privacy Guides não fornece aconselhamento financeiro. Como tal, deverá consultar um contablista para determinar se está abrangido pelo regime.
Se já utiliza os patrocínios do GitHub, pode também patrocinar a nossa organização por lá.
[Patrocine-nos no GitHub](https://github.com/sponsors/privacyguides ""){.md-button}
## Contribuidores
Um agradecimento especial a todos aqueles que apoiam a nossa missão! :heart:
*Nota: Esta secção carrega um widget diretamente do Open Collective. Esta secção não reflete donativos feitos por fora do Open Collective e nós não temos controlo sobre os doadores específicos que são destacados nesta seção.*
<script src="https://opencollective.com/privacyguides/banner.js"></script>
## Como usamos os donativos
O Privacy Guides é uma organização **sem fins lucrativos**. Utilizamos os donativos que recebemos para uma variedade de propósitos, entre eles:
**Registos de Domínio**
:
Temos alguns domínios tais como o `privacyguides.org`, que nos custam aproximadamente 10 USD para manter o seu registo.
**Alojamento Web**
:
O tráfego para este website usa centenas de gigabytes de dados por mês. Nós usamos vários provedores de serviço para lidar com este tráfego.
**Serviços Online**
:
Nós alojamos [ serviços na internet ](https://privacyguides.net) para teste e demonstração de diferentes produtos de privacidade que gostamos e [recomendamos](../tools.md). Alguns deles são disponibilizados publicamente para uso da nossa comunidade (SearXNG, Tor, etc.) e alguns são para uso dos membros da nossa equipa (e-mail, etc.).
**Compras de Produtos**
:
Ocasionamente adquirimos produtos e serviços com o propósito de testar as nossas [ferramentas recomendadas](../tools.md).
Ainda estamos a trabalhar com o nosso anfitrião fiscal (a Open Collective Foundation) para receber donativos em criptomoeda, neste momento a contabilidade não é viável para muitas transacções mais pequenas, mas isso deverá mudar no futuro. Entretanto, se desejar fazer um donativo considerável em criptomoeda (> 100 USD), por favor contacte [jonah@privacyguides.org](mailto:jonah@privacyguides.org).

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---
title: "About Privacy Guides"
description: Privacy Guides is a socially motivated website that provides information for protecting your data security and privacy.
schema:
"@context": https://schema.org
"@type": Organization
"@id": https://www.privacyguides.org/
name: Privacy Guides
url: https://www.privacyguides.org/en/about/
logo: https://www.privacyguides.org/en/assets/brand/png/square/pg-yellow.png
sameAs:
- https://twitter.com/privacy_guides
- https://github.com/privacyguides
- https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111710163
- https://opencollective.com/privacyguides
- https://www.youtube.com/@privacyguides
- https://mastodon.neat.computer/@privacyguides
---
![Privacy Guides logo](../assets/brand/png/square/pg-yellow.png){ align=right }
**Privacy Guides** is a socially motivated website that provides [information](/kb) for protecting your data security and privacy. Our mission is to inform the public about the value of digital privacy, and global government initiatives which aim to monitor your online activity. We are a non-profit collective operated entirely by volunteer [team members](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/g/team) and contributors. Our website is free of advertisements and not affiliated with any of the listed providers.
[:octicons-home-16:](https://www.privacyguides.org/){ .card-link title=Homepage }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](donate.md){ .card-link title=Contribute }
> To find [privacy-focused alternative] apps, check out sites like Good Reports and **Privacy Guides**, which list privacy-focused apps in a variety of categories, notably including email providers (usually on paid plans) that aren’t run by the big tech companies.
— [New York Times](https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/guides/online-security-social-media-privacy/)
> If you're looking for a new VPN, you can go to the discount code of just about any podcast. If you are looking for a **good** VPN, you need professional help. The same goes for email clients, browsers, operating systems and password managers. How do you know which of these is the best, most privacy-friendly option? For that there is **Privacy Guides**, a platform on which a number of volunteers search day in, day out for the best privacy-friendly tools to use on the internet.
— [Tweakers.net](https://tweakers.net/reviews/10568/op-zoek-naar-privacyvriendelijke-tools-niek-de-wilde-van-privacy-guides.html) [Translated from Dutch]
Also featured on: [Ars Technica](https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/02/is-firefox-ok/), [Wirecutter](https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/guides/practical-guide-to-securing-windows-pc/) [[2](https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/guides/practical-guide-to-securing-your-mac/)], [NPO Radio 1](https://www.nporadio1.nl/nieuws/binnenland/8eaff3a2-8b29-4f63-9b74-36d2b28b1fe1/ooit-online-eens-wat-doms-geplaatst-ga-jezelf-eens-googlen-en-kijk-dan-wat-je-tegenkomt), and [Wired](https://www.wired.com/story/firefox-mozilla-2022/).
## History
Privacy Guides was launched in September 2021 as a continuation of the [defunct](privacytools.md) "PrivacyTools" open-source educational project. We recognized the importance of independent, criteria-focused product recommendations and general knowledge in the privacy space, which is why we needed to preserve the work that had been created by so many contributors since 2015 and make sure that information had a stable home on the web indefinitely.
In 2022, we completed the transition of our main website framework from Jekyll to MkDocs, using the `mkdocs-material` documentation software. This change made open-source contributions to our site significantly easier for outsiders, because instead of needing to know complicated syntax to write posts effectively, contributing is now as easy as writing a standard Markdown document.
We additionally launched our new discussion forum at [discuss.privacyguides.net](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/) as a community platform to share ideas and ask questions about our mission. This augments our existing community on Matrix, and replaced our previous GitHub Discussions platform, decreasing our reliance on proprietary discussion platforms.
So far in 2023 we've launched international translations of our website in [French](/fr/), [Hebrew](/he/), and [Dutch](/nl/), with more languages on the way, made possible by our excellent translation team on [Crowdin](https://crowdin.com/project/privacyguides). We plan to continue carrying forward our mission of outreach and education, and finding ways to more clearly highlight the dangers of a lack of privacy awareness in the modern digital age, and the prevalence and harms of security breaches across the technology industry.
## Our Team
Recomendamos armazenar uma chave de recuperação local em um local seguro, em vez de utilizar a recuperação do iCloud FileVault. person "@jonah"
- [:simple-discourse: Discourse](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/jonah)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/jonaharagon "@jonaharagon")
- [:simple-mastodon: Mastodon](https://mastodon.neat.computer/@jonah "@jonah@neat.computer"){rel=me}
- [:fontawesome-solid-house: Homepage](https://www.jonaharagon.com)
Recomendamos armazenar uma chave de recuperação local em um local seguro, em vez de utilizar a recuperação do iCloud FileVault. person "@niek-de-wilde"
- [:simple-discourse: Discourse](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/Niek-de-Wilde)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/blacklight447 "@blacklight447")
- [:simple-mastodon: Mastodon](https://mastodon.social/@blacklight447 "@blacklight447@mastodon.social"){rel=me}
Recomendamos armazenar uma chave de recuperação local em um local seguro, em vez de utilizar a recuperação do iCloud FileVault. person "@dngray"
- [:simple-discourse: Discourse](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/dngray)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/dngray "@dngray")
- [:simple-mastodon: Mastodon](https://mastodon.social/@dngray "@dngray@mastodon.social"){rel=me}
- [:fontawesome-solid-envelope: Email](mailto:dngray@privacyguides.org)
Recomendamos armazenar uma chave de recuperação local em um local seguro, em vez de utilizar a recuperação do iCloud FileVault. person "@freddy"
- [:simple-discourse: Discourse](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/freddy)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/freddy-m "@freddy-m")
- [:simple-mastodon: Mastodon](https://social.lol/@freddy "@freddy@social.lol"){rel=me}
- [:fontawesome-solid-envelope: Email](mailto:freddy@privacyguides.org)
- [:fontawesome-solid-house: Homepage](https://freddy.omg.lol)
Recomendamos armazenar uma chave de recuperação local em um local seguro, em vez de utilizar a recuperação do iCloud FileVault. person "@mfwmyfacewhen"
- [:simple-discourse: Discourse](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/mfwmyfacewhen)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/mfwmyfacewhen "@mfwmyfacewhen")
- [:fontawesome-solid-house: Homepage](https://mfw.omg.lol)
Recomendamos armazenar uma chave de recuperação local em um local seguro, em vez de utilizar a recuperação do iCloud FileVault. person "@olivia"
- [:simple-discourse: Discourse](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/olivia)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/hook9 "@hook9")
- [:simple-mastodon: Mastodon](https://mastodon.neat.computer/@oliviablob "@oliviablob@neat.computer"){rel=me}
Additionally, [many people](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/graphs/contributors) have made contributions to the project. You can too, we're open sourced on GitHub, and accepting translation suggestions on [Crowdin](https://crowdin.com/project/privacyguides).
Our team members review all changes made to the website and handle administrative duties such as web hosting and financials, however they do not personally profit from any contributions made to this site. Our financials are transparently hosted by the Open Collective Foundation 501(c)(3) at [opencollective.com/privacyguides](https://opencollective.com/privacyguides). Donations to Privacy Guides are generally tax-deductible in the United States.
## Site License
!!! danger ""
The following is a human-readable summary of (and not a substitute for) the [license](/license).
:fontawesome-brands-creative-commons: :fontawesome-brands-creative-commons-by: :fontawesome-brands-creative-commons-nd: Unless otherwise noted, the original content on this website is made available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/blob/main/LICENSE). This means that you are free to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially; as long as you give appropriate credit to `Privacy Guides (www.privacyguides.org)` and provide a link to the license. Você **não pode** utilizar a marca Privacy Guides no seu próprio projecto sem a aprovação expressa deste projecto. If you remix, transform, or build upon the content of this website, you may not distribute the modified material.
This license is in place to prevent people from sharing our work without giving proper credit, and to prevent people from modifying our work in a way that could be used to mislead people. If you find the terms of this license too restrictive for the project you're working on, please reach out to us at `jonah@privacyguides.org`. We are happy to provide alternative licensing options for well-intentioned projects in the privacy space!

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---
title: "Notices and Disclaimers"
---
## Aviso Legal
O Privacy Guides não é um escritório de advocacia. Como tal, o website Privacy Guides e os seus colaboradores não estão a prestar aconselhamento jurídico. O material e as recomendações do nosso website e guias não constituem aconselhamento legal nem contribuem para o website ou comunicam com Guias de Privacidade ou outros colaboradores sobre o nosso website criam uma relação advogado-cliente.
Gerir este website, como qualquer esforço humano, envolve incerteza e contrapartidas. Esperamos que este site ajude, mas ele pode incluir erros e não pode resolver todas as situações. Se você tiver alguma dúvida sobre sua situação, nós o encorajamos a fazer sua própria pesquisa, procurar outros especialistas e participar de discussões com a comunidade do Privacy Guides. Se você tiver alguma questão legal, você deve consultar seu próprio advogado antes de seguir adiante.
O Privacy Guides é um projeto de código aberto para o qual contribuíram sob licenças que incluem termos que, para a proteção do website e seus colaboradores, deixam claro que o projeto Privacy Guides e o website é oferecido "como está", sem garantia, e isentando-se de responsabilidade por danos resultantes da utilização do website ou de quaisquer recomendações contidas no mesmo. Os Guias de Privacidade não garantem ou fazem quaisquer declarações relativas à precisão, resultados prováveis ou fiabilidade do uso dos materiais no site ou de qualquer outra forma relacionados com tais materiais no site ou em quaisquer sites de terceiros ligados a este site.
Além disso, os Guias de Privacidade não garantem que este website esteja constantemente disponível, ou disponível de todo.
## Licensing Overview
!!! danger ""
The following is a human-readable summary of (and not a substitute for) the [license](/license).
Unless otherwise noted, all **content** on this website is made available under the terms of the [Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/blob/main/LICENSE). The underlying **source code** used to generate this website and display that content is released under the [MIT License](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/tree/main/LICENSE-CODE).
Isto não inclui código de terceiros embutido neste repositório, ou código onde uma licença substituta é de outra forma anotada. Os exemplos a seguir são notáveis, mas esta lista pode não incluir tudo:
* [MathJax](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/blob/main/theme/assets/javascripts/mathjax.js) is licensed under the [Apache License 2.0](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/blob/main/docs/assets/javascripts/LICENSE.mathjax.txt).
* The [Bagnard](https://github.com/privacyguides/brand/tree/main/WOFF/bagnard) heading font is licensed under the [SIL Open Font License 1.1](https://github.com/privacyguides/brand/blob/main/WOFF/bagnard/LICENSE.txt).
* The [Public Sans](https://github.com/privacyguides/brand/tree/main/WOFF/public_sans) font used for most text on the site is licensed under the terms detailed [here](https://github.com/privacyguides/brand/blob/main/WOFF/public_sans/LICENSE.txt).
* The [DM Mono](https://github.com/privacyguides/brand/tree/main/WOFF/dm_mono) font used for monospaced text on the site is licensed under the [SIL Open Font License 1.1](https://github.com/privacyguides/brand/blob/main/WOFF/dm_mono/LICENSE.txt).
Isto significa que você pode usar o conteúdo legível por humanos neste repositório para seu próprio projeto, de acordo com os termos descritos no CC0 1.0 Texto Universal. Você **não pode** utilizar a marca Privacy Guides no seu próprio projecto sem a aprovação expressa deste projecto. As marcas registradas da Privacy Guides incluem a palavra-chave "Privacy Guides" e o logotipo do escudo. Privacy Guides's brand trademarks include the "Privacy Guides" wordmark and shield logo.
Acreditamos que os logotipos e outras imagens em `activos` obtidos de fornecedores terceiros são de domínio público ou **uso justo**. Em resumo, legal [doutrina de uso justo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use) permite o uso de imagem protegida por direitos autorais, a fim de identificar o assunto para fins de comentário público. No entanto, estes logotipos e outras imagens podem ainda estar sujeitos às leis de marcas em uma ou mais jurisdições. Antes de usar este conteúdo, certifique-se de que ele é usado para identificar a entidade ou organização que possui a marca registrada e que você tem o direito de usá-lo sob as leis que se aplicam nas circunstâncias de seu uso pretendido. *Ao copiar conteúdo deste site, você é o único responsável por garantir que não infrinja a marca registrada ou os direitos autorais de outra pessoa.*
When you contribute to our website you are doing so under the above licenses, and you are granting Privacy Guides a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, transferable, royalty-free, irrevocable license with the right to sublicense such rights through multiple tiers of sublicensees, to reproduce, modify, display, perform and distribute your contribution as part of our project.
## Utilização aceitável
Você não pode usar este website de nenhuma forma que cause ou possa causar danos ao website ou prejudicar a disponibilidade ou acessibilidade dos Guias de Privacidade, ou de qualquer forma que seja ilegal, ilegal, fraudulenta, prejudicial, ou em conexão com qualquer propósito ou atividade ilegal, ilegal, fraudulenta, ou prejudicial.
Você não deve conduzir nenhuma atividade sistemática ou automatizada de coleta de dados neste website ou em relação a ele sem o consentimento expresso por escrito da Aragon Ventures LLC, incluindo:
* Varreduras Automatizadas Excessivas
* Ataques de Negação de Serviço
* Raspagem
* Mineração de dados
* "Enquadramento" (IFrames)
---
*Partes deste aviso em si foram adotadas de [opensource.guide](https://github.com/github/opensource.guide/blob/master/notices.md) no GitHub. That resource and this page itself are released under [CC-BY-4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).*

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---
title: "Política de Privacidade"
---
O Privacy Guides é um projeto comunitário operado por uma série de colaboradores voluntários ativos. A lista pública de membros da equipe [pode ser encontrada no GitHub](https://github.com/orgs/privacyguides/people).
## Quem são os Guias de Privacidade?
The privacy of our website visitors is important to us, so we do not track any individual people. As a visitor to our website:
- Quando você navega em um site, fórum ou outro serviço de Guias de Privacidade.
- No information such as cookies are stored in the browser
- Quando você postar, enviar mensagens privadas ou participar de qualquer outra forma de um serviço de Guias de Privacidade.
- No information is shared with advertising companies
- No information is mined and harvested for personal and behavioral trends
- No information is monetized
You can view the data we collect on our [statistics](statistics.md) page.
We run a self-hosted installation of [Plausible Analytics](https://plausible.io) to collect some anonymous usage data for statistical purposes. The goal is to track overall trends in our website traffic, it is not to track individual visitors. All the data is in aggregate only. No personal data is collected.
Data collected includes referral sources, top pages, visit duration, information from the devices (device type, operating system, country and browser) used during the visit and more. You can learn more about how Plausible works and collects information in a privacy-respecting manner [here](https://plausible.io/data-policy).
## Como é que os Guias de Privacidade recolhem dados sobre mim?
On some websites and services we provide, many features may require an account. For example, an account may be required to post and reply to topics on a forum platform.
Dados brutos como páginas visitadas, IPs de visitantes anonimizados e ações de visitantes serão retidos por 60 dias. Em circunstâncias especiais - tais como investigações prolongadas relativas a um ataque técnico - podemos preservar os dados registados por períodos mais longos para análise.
We use your account data to identify you on the website and to create pages specific to you, such as your profile page. We will also use your account data to publish a public profile for you on our services.
We use your email to:
- Que páginas você visita,
- O seu endereço IP anonimizado: Nós anonimizamos os últimos 3 bytes do seu IP, por exemplo 192.xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx.
- Contact you in special circumstances related to your account.
- Contact you about legal requests, such as DMCA takedown requests.
Usamos os dados da sua conta para identificá-lo no site e para criar páginas específicas para você, como a sua página de perfil. Também utilizaremos os dados da sua conta para publicar um perfil público para você em nossos serviços. This information is not required to use any of our services and can be erased at any time.
We will store your account data as long as your account remains open. After closing an account, we may retain some or all of your account data in the form of backups or archives for up to 90 days.
## Que dados você coleta e por quê?
The Privacy Guides team generally does not have access to personal data outside of limited access granted via some moderation panels. Inquiries regarding your personal information should be sent directly to:
```text
Jonah Aragon
Administrador de Serviços, Aragon Ventures LLC
jonah@privacyguides.org
```
For all other inquiries, you can contact any member of our team.
For complaints under GDPR more generally, you may lodge complaints with your local data protection supervisory authorities. In France it's the Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés which take care and handle the complaints. They provide a [template of complaint letter](https://www.cnil.fr/en/plaintes) to use.
## Com quem é que os meus dados são partilhados?
We will post any new versions of this statement [here](privacy-policy.md). We may change how we announce changes in future versions of this document. In the meantime we may update our contact information at any time without announcing a change. Please refer to the [Privacy Policy](privacy-policy.md) for the latest contact information at any time.
A full revision [history](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/commits/main/docs/about/privacy-policy.md) of this page can be found on GitHub.

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---
title: "PrivacyTools FAQ"
---
# Why we moved on from PrivacyTools
In September 2021, every active contributor unanimously agreed to move from PrivacyTools to work on this site: Privacy Guides. This decision was made because PrivacyTools’ founder and controller of the domain name had disappeared for an extended period of time and could not be contacted.
Having built a reputable site and set of services on PrivacyTools.io, this caused grave concerns for the future of PrivacyTools, as any future disruption could wipe out the entire organization with no recovery method. This transition was communicated to the PrivacyTools community many months in advance via a variety of channels including its blog, Twitter, Reddit, and Mastodon to ensure the entire process went as smoothly as possible. We did this to ensure nobody was kept in the dark, which has been our modus operandi since our team was created, and to make sure Privacy Guides was recognized as the same reliable organization that PrivacyTools was before the transition.
After the organizational move was completed, the founder of PrivacyTools returned and began to spread misinformation about the Privacy Guides project. They continue to spread misinformation in addition to operating a paid link farm on the PrivacyTools domain. We are creating this page to clear up any misconceptions.
## What is PrivacyTools?
PrivacyTools was created in 2015 by "BurungHantu," who wanted to make a privacy information resource - helpful tools following the Snowden revelations. The site grew into a flourishing open-source project with [many contributors](https://github.com/privacytools/privacytools.io/graphs/contributors), some eventually given various organizational responsibilities, such as operating online services like Matrix and Mastodon, managing and reviewing changes to the site on GitHub, finding sponsors for the project, writing blog posts and operating social media outreach platforms like Twitter, etc.
Beginning in 2019, BurungHantu grew more and more distant from the active development of the website and communities, and began delaying payments he was responsible for related to the servers we operated. To avoid having our system administrator pay server costs out of their own pocket, we changed the donation methods listed on the site from BurungHantu's personal PayPal and crypto accounts to a new OpenCollective page on [October 31, 2019](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729184557/https://blog.privacytools.io/privacytools-io-joins-the-open-collective-foundation/). This had the added benefits of making our finances completely transparent, a value we strongly believe in, and tax-deductible in the United States, because they were being held by the Open Collective Foundation 501(c)3. This change was unanimously agreed upon by the team and went uncontested.
## Why We Moved On
In 2020, BurungHantu's absence grew much more noticeable. At one point, we required the domain's nameservers to be changed to nameservers controlled by our system administrator to avoid future disruption, and this change was not completed for over a month after the initial request. He would disappear from the public chat and private team chat rooms on Matrix for months at a time, occasionally popping in to give some small feedback or promise to be more active before disappearing once again.
In October 2020, the PrivacyTools system administrator (Jonah) [left](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729190742/https://blog.privacytools.io/blacklight447-taking-over/) the project because of these difficulties, handing control to another long-time contributor. Jonah had been operating nearly every PrivacyTools service and acting as the *de facto* project lead for website development in BurungHantu's absence, thus his departure was a significant change to the organization. At the time, because of these significant organizational changes, BurungHantu promised the remaining team he would return to take control of the project going forward. ==The PrivacyTools team reached out via several communication methods over the following months, but did not receive any response.==
## Domain Name Reliance
At the beginning of 2021, the PrivacyTools team grew worried about the future of the project, because the domain name was set to expire on 1st March 2021. The domain was ultimately renewed by BurungHantu with no comment.
The team’s concerns were not addressed, and we realized this would be a problem every year: If the domain expired it would have allowed it to be stolen by squatters or spammers, thus ruining the organization's reputation. We also would have had trouble reaching the community to inform them of what took place.
Without being in any contact with BurungHantu, we decided the best course of action would be to move to a new domain name while we still had guaranteed control over the old domain name, sometime before March 2022. This way, we would be able to cleanly redirect all PrivacyTools resources to the new site without any interruption in service. This decision was made many months in advance and communicated to the entire team in the hopes that BurungHantu would reach out and assure his continued support for the project, because with a recognizable brand name and large communities online, moving away from "PrivacyTools" was the least desirable possible outcome.
In mid-2021 the PrivacyTools team reached out to Jonah, who agreed to rejoin the team to help with the transition.
## Community Call to Action
At the end of July 2021, we [informed](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729184422/https://blog.privacytools.io/the-future-of-privacytools/) the PrivacyTools community of our intention to choose a new name and continue the project on a new domain, to be [chosen](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729190935/https://aragon.cloud/apps/forms/cMPxG9KyopapBbcw) on 2nd August 2022. In the end, "Privacy Guides" was selected, with the `privacyguides.org` domain already owned by Jonah for a side-project from 2020 that went undeveloped.
## Control of r/privacytoolsIO
Simultaneously with the ongoing website issues at privacytools.io, the r/privacytoolsIO moderation team was facing challenges with managing the subreddit. The subreddit had always been operated mostly independently of the website's development, but BurungHantu was the primary moderator of the subreddit as well, and he was the only moderator granted "Full Control" privileges. u/trai_dep was the only active moderator at the time, and [posted](https://www.reddit.com/r/redditrequest/comments/o9tllh/requesting_rprivacytoolsio_im_only_active_mod_top/) a request to Reddit's administrators on June 28, 2021, asking to be granted the primary moderator position and full control privileges, in order to make necessary changes to the Subreddit.
Reddit requires that subreddits have active moderators. If the primary moderator is inactive for a lengthy period of time (such as a year) the primary moderation position can be re-appointed to the next moderator in line. For this request to have been granted, BurungHantu had to have been completely absent from all Reddit activity for a long period of time, which was consistent with his behaviors on other platforms.
> If you were removed as moderator from a subreddit through Reddit request it is because your lack of response and lack of activity qualified the subreddit for an r/redditrequest transfer.
>
> r/redditrequest is Reddit's way of making sure communities have active moderators and is part of the [Moderator Code of Conduct](https://www.redditinc.com/policies/moderator-code-of-conduct).
## Beginning the Transition
On September 14th, 2021, we [announced](https://www.privacyguides.org/blog/2021/09/14/welcome-to-privacy-guides/) the beginning of our migration to this new domain:
> [...] we found it necessary to make this switch sooner rather than later to ensure people would find out about this transition as soon as possible. This gives us adequate time to transition the domain name, which is currently redirecting to www.privacyguides.org, and it hopefully gives everyone enough time to notice the change, update bookmarks and websites, etc.
This change [entailed:](https://www.reddit.com/r/PrivacyGuides/comments/pnhn4a/rprivacyguides_privacyguidesorg_what_you_need_to/)
- Redirecting www.privacytools.io to [www.privacyguides.org](https://www.privacyguides.org).
- Archiving the source code on GitHub to preserve our past work and issue tracker, which we continued to use for months of future development of this site.
- Posting announcements to our subreddit and various other communities informing people of the official change.
- Formally closing privacytools.io services, like Matrix and Mastodon, and encouraging existing users to migrate as soon as possible.
Things appeared to be going smoothly, and most of our active community made the switch to our new project exactly as we hoped.
## Following Events
Roughly a week following the transition, BurungHantu returned online for the first time in nearly a year, however nobody on our team was willing to return to PrivacyTools because of his historic unreliability. Rather than apologize for his prolonged absence, he immediately went on the offensive and positioned the transition to Privacy Guides as an attack against him and his project. He subsequently [deleted](https://www.reddit.com/r/privacytoolsIO/comments/pp9yie/comment/hd49wbn) many of these posts when it was pointed out by the community that he had been absent and abandoned the project.
At this point, BurungHantu claimed he wanted to continue working on privacytools.io on his own and requested that we remove the redirect from www.privacytools.io to [www.privacyguides.org](https://www.privacyguides.org). We obliged and requested that he keep the subdomains for Matrix, Mastodon, and PeerTube active for us to run as a public service to our community for at least a few months, in order to allow users on those platforms to easily migrate to other accounts. Due to the federated nature of the services we provided, they were tied to specific domain names making it very difficult to migrate (and in some cases impossible).
Unfortunately, because control of the r/privacytoolsIO subreddit was not returned to BurungHantu at his demand (further information below), those subdomains were [cut off](https://www.reddit.com/r/PrivacyGuides/comments/pymthv/comment/hexwrps/) at the beginning of October, ending any migration possibilities to any users still using those services.
Following this, BurungHantu made false accusations about Jonah stealing donations from the project. BurungHantu had over a year since the alleged incident occurred, and yet he never made anyone aware of it until after the Privacy Guides migration. BurungHantu has been repeatedly asked for proof and to comment on the reason for his silence by the team [and the community](https://twitter.com/TommyTran732/status/1526153536962281474), and has not done so.
BurungHantu also made a [twitter post](https://twitter.com/privacytoolsIO/status/1510560676967710728) alleging that an "attorney" had reached out to him on Twitter and was providing advice, in another attempt to bully us into giving him control of our subreddit, and as part of his smear campaign to muddy the waters surrounding the launch of Privacy Guides while pretending to be a victim.
## PrivacyTools.io Now
As of September 25th 2022 we are seeing BurungHantu's overall plans come to fruition on privacytools.io, and this is the very reason we decided to create this explainer page today. The website he is operating appears to be a heavily SEO-optimized version of the site which recommends tools in exchange for financial compensation. Very recently, IVPN and Mullvad, two VPN providers near-universally [recommended](../vpn.md) by the privacy community and notable for their stance against affiliate programs were removed from PrivacyTools. In their place? NordVPN, Surfshark, ExpressVPN, and hide.me; Giant VPN corporations with untrustworthy platforms and business practices, notorious for their aggressive marketing and affiliate programs.
==**PrivacyTools has become exactly the type of site we [warned against](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729205249/https://blog.privacytools.io/the-trouble-with-vpn-and-privacy-reviews/) on the PrivacyTools blog in 2019.**== We've tried to keep our distance from PrivacyTools since the transition, but their continued harassment towards our project and now their absurd abuse of the credibility their brand gained over 6 years of open source contributions is extremely troubling to us. Those of us actually fighting for privacy are not fighting against each other, and are not getting our advice from the highest bidder.
## r/privacytoolsIO Now
After the launch of [r/PrivacyGuides](https://www.reddit.com/r/privacyguides), it was impractical for u/trai_dep to continue moderating both subreddits, and with the community on-board with the transition, r/privacytoolsIO was [made](https://www.reddit.com/r/privacytoolsIO/comments/qk7qrj/a_new_era_why_rptio_is_now_a_restricted_sub/) a restricted sub in a post on November 1st, 2021:
> [...] The growth of this Sub was the result of great effort, across several years, by the PrivacyGuides.org team. And by every one of you.
>
> A Subreddit is a great deal of work to administer and moderate. Like a garden, it requires patient tending and daily care. It’s not a task for dilettantes or commitment-challenged people. It can’t thrive under a gardener who abandons it for several years, then shows up demanding this year’s harvest as their tribute. It’s unfair to the team formed years ago. It’s unfair to you. [...]
Subreddits do not belong to anybody, and they especially do not belong to brand-holders. They belong to their communities, and the community and its moderators made the decision to support the move to r/PrivacyGuides.
In the months since, BurungHantu has threatened and begged for returning subreddit control to his account in [violation](https://www.reddit.com/r/redditrequest/wiki/top_mod_removal/) of Reddit rules:
> Retaliation from any moderator with regards to removal requests is disallowed.
For a community with many thousands of remaining subscribers, we feel that it would be incredibly disrespectful to return control of that massive platform to the person who abandoned it for over a year, and who now operates a website that we feel provides very low-quality information. Preserving the years of past discussions in that community is more important to us, and thus u/trai_dep and the rest of the subreddit moderation team has made the decision to keep r/privacytoolsIO as-is.
## OpenCollective Now
Our fundraising platform, OpenCollective, is another source of contention. Our position is that OpenCollective was put in place by our team and managed by our team to fund services we currently operate and which PrivacyTools no longer does. We [reached out](https://opencollective.com/privacyguides/updates/transitioning-to-privacy-guides) to all of our donors regarding our move to Privacy Guides, and we were unanimously supported by our sponsors and community.
Thus, the funds in OpenCollective belong to Privacy Guides, they were given to our project, and not the owner of a well known domain name. In the announcement made to donors on September 17th, 2021, we offered refunds to any donor who disagrees with the stance we took, but nobody has taken us up on this offer:
> If any sponsors or backers disagree with or feel misled by these recent events and would like to request a refund given these highly unusual circumstances, please get in touch with our project admin by emailing jonah@triplebit.net.
## Further Reading
This topic has been discussed extensively within our communities in various locations, and it seems likely that most people reading this page will already be familiar with the events leading up to the move to Privacy Guides. Some of our previous posts on the matter may have extra detail we omitted here for brevity. They have been linked below for the sake of completion.
- [June 28, 2021 request for control of r/privacytoolsIO](https://www.reddit.com/r/redditrequest/comments/o9tllh/requesting_rprivacytoolsio_im_only_active_mod_top/)
- [July 27, 2021 announcement of our intentions to move on the PrivacyTools blog, written by the team](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729184422/https://blog.privacytools.io/the-future-of-privacytools/)
- [Sept 13, 2021 announcement of the beginning of our transition to Privacy Guides on r/privacytoolsIO](https://www.reddit.com/r/privacytoolsIO/comments/pnql46/rprivacyguides_privacyguidesorg_what_you_need_to/)
- [Sept 17, 2021 announcement on OpenCollective from Jonah](https://opencollective.com/privacyguides/updates/transitioning-to-privacy-guides)
- [Sept 30, 2021 Twitter thread detailing most of the events now described on this page](https://twitter.com/privacy_guides/status/1443633412800225280)
- [Oct 1, 2021 post by u/dng99 noting subdomain failure](https://www.reddit.com/r/PrivacyGuides/comments/pymthv/comment/hexwrps/)
- [Apr 2, 2022 response by u/dng99 to PrivacyTools' accusatory blog post](https://www.reddit.com/comments/tuo7mm/comment/i35kw5a/)
- [May 16, 2022 response by @TommyTran732 on Twitter](https://twitter.com/TommyTran732/status/1526153497984618496)
- [Sep 3, 2022 post on Techlore's forum by @dngray](https://discuss.techlore.tech/t/has-anyone-seen-this-video-wondering-your-thoughts/792/20)

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# Privacy Guides Services
We run a number of web services to test out features and promote cool decentralized, federated, and/or open-source projects. Many of these services are available to the public and are detailed below.
[:material-comment-alert: Report an issue](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/c/services/2 ""){.md-button.md-button--primary}
## Discourse
- Domain: [discuss.privacyguides.net](https://discuss.privacyguides.net)
- Availability: Public
- Source: [github.com/discourse/discourse](https://github.com/discourse/discourse)
## Gitea
- Domain: [code.privacyguides.dev](https://code.privacyguides.dev)
- Availability: Invite-Only
Access may be granted upon request to any team working on *Privacy Guides*-related development or content.
- Source: [snapcraft.io/gitea](https://snapcraft.io/gitea)
## Matrix
- Domain: [matrix.privacyguides.org](https://matrix.privacyguides.org)
- Availability: Invite-Only
Access may be granted upon request to Privacy Guides team members, Matrix moderators, third-party Matrix community administrators, Matrix bot operators, and other individuals in need of a reliable Matrix presence.
- Source: [github.com/spantaleev/matrix-docker-ansible-deploy](https://github.com/spantaleev/matrix-docker-ansible-deploy)
## SearXNG
- Domain: [search.privacyguides.net](https://search.privacyguides.net)
- Availability: Public
- Source: [github.com/searxng/searxng-docker](https://github.com/searxng/searxng-docker)
## Invidious
- Domain: [invidious.privacyguides.net](https://invidious.privacyguides.net)
- Availability: Semi-Public
We host Invidious primarily to serve embedded YouTube videos on our website, this instance is not intended for general-purpose use and may be limited at any time.
- Source: [github.com/iv-org/invidious](https://github.com/iv-org/invidious)

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---
title: Traffic Statistics
---
## Website Statistics
<iframe plausible-embed src="https://stats.privacyguides.net/share/privacyguides.org?auth=IxTl2wRhi3uxF09rd1NSn&embed=true&theme=system&background=transparent" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" style="width: 1px; min-width: 100%; height: 1600px;" id="plausibleFrame"></iframe>
<div style="font-size: 14px; padding-bottom: 14px;">Stats powered by <a target="_blank" style="color: #4F46E5; text-decoration: underline;" href="https://plausible.io">Plausible Analytics</a></div>
<script async src="https://stats.privacyguides.net/js/embed.host.js"></script>
<script>
/* Set palette on initial load */
var palette = __md_get("__palette")
if (palette && typeof palette.color === "object") {
var theme = palette.color.scheme === "slate" ? "dark" : "light"
document.getElementById('plausibleFrame').src = 'https://stats.privacyguides.net/share/privacyguides.org?auth=IxTl2wRhi3uxF09rd1NSn&embed=true&theme=' + theme + '&background=transparent';
}
/* Register event handlers after documented loaded */
document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() {
var ref = document.querySelector("[data-md-component=palette]")
ref.addEventListener("change", function() {
var palette = __md_get("__palette")
if (palette && typeof palette.color === "object") {
var theme = palette.color.scheme === "slate" ? "dark" : "light"
document.getElementById('plausibleFrame').src = 'https://stats.privacyguides.net/share/privacyguides.org?auth=IxTl2wRhi3uxF09rd1NSn&embed=true&theme=' + theme + '&background=transparent';
}
})
})
</script>
## Blog Statistics
<iframe plausible-embed src="https://stats.privacyguides.net/share/blog.privacyguides.org?auth=onWV76WWcsDifUqlaHEAg&embed=true&theme=system&background=transparent" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" style="width: 1px; min-width: 100%; height: 1600px;" id="blogFrame"></iframe>
<div style="font-size: 14px; padding-bottom: 14px;">Stats powered by <a target="_blank" style="color: #4F46E5; text-decoration: underline;" href="https://plausible.io">Plausible Analytics</a></div>
<script async src="https://stats.privacyguides.net/js/embed.host.js"></script>
<script>
/* Set palette on initial load */
var palette = __md_get("__palette")
if (palette && typeof palette.color === "object") {
var theme = palette.color.scheme === "slate" ? "dark" : "light"
document.getElementById('blogFrame').src = 'https://stats.privacyguides.net/share/blog.privacyguides.org?auth=onWV76WWcsDifUqlaHEAg&embed=true&theme=' + theme + '&background=transparent';
}
/* Register event handlers after documented loaded */
document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() {
var ref = document.querySelector("[data-md-component=palette]")
ref.addEventListener("change", function() {
var palette = __md_get("__palette")
if (palette && typeof palette.color === "object") {
var theme = palette.color.scheme === "slate" ? "dark" : "light"
document.getElementById('blogFrame').src = 'https://stats.privacyguides.net/share/blog.privacyguides.org?auth=onWV76WWcsDifUqlaHEAg&embed=true&theme=' + theme + '&background=transparent';
}
})
})
</script>

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---
title: "Types of Communication Networks"
icon: 'material/transit-connection-variant'
description: An overview of several network architectures commonly used by instant messaging applications.
---
There are several network architectures commonly used to relay messages between people. These networks can provide different privacy guarantees, which is why it's worth considering your [threat model](../basics/threat-modeling.md) when deciding which app to use.
[Recommended Instant Messengers](../real-time-communication.md ""){.md-button}
## Centralized Networks
![Centralized networks diagram](../assets/img/layout/network-centralized.svg){ align=left }
Centralized messengers are those where all participants are on the same server or network of servers controlled by the same organization.
Some self-hosted messengers allow you to set up your own server. Self-hosting can provide additional privacy guarantees, such as no usage logs or limited access to metadata (data about who is talking to whom). Self-hosted centralized messengers are isolated and everyone must be on the same server to communicate.
**Advantages:**
- New features and changes can be implemented more quickly.
- Easier to get started with and to find contacts.
- Most mature and stable features ecosystems, as they are easier to program in a centralized software.
- Privacy issues may be reduced when you trust a server that you're self-hosting.
**Disadvantages:**
- Can include [restricted control or access](https://drewdevault.com/2018/08/08/Signal.html). This can include things like:
- Being [forbidden from connecting third-party clients](https://github.com/LibreSignal/LibreSignal/issues/37#issuecomment-217211165) to the centralized network that might provide for greater customization or a better experience. Often defined in Terms and Conditions of usage.
- Poor or no documentation for third-party developers.
- The [ownership](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729191953/https://blog.privacytools.io/delisting-wire/), privacy policy, and operations of the service can change easily when a single entity controls it, potentially compromising the service later on.
- Self-hosting requires effort and knowledge of how to set up a service.
## Federated Networks
![Federated networks diagram](../assets/img/layout/network-decentralized.svg){ align=left }
Federated messengers use multiple, independent, decentralized servers that are able to talk to each other (email is one example of a federated service). Federation allows system administrators to control their own server and still be a part of the larger communications network.
When self-hosted, members of a federated server can discover and communicate with members of other servers, although some servers may choose to remain private by being non-federated (e.g., work team server).
**Advantages:**
- Allows for greater control over your own data when running your own server.
- Allows you to choose whom to trust your data with by choosing between multiple "public" servers.
- Often allows for third-party clients which can provide a more native, customized, or accessible experience.
- Server software can be verified that it matches public source code, assuming you have access to the server or you trust the person who does (e.g., a family member).
**Disadvantages:**
- Adding new features is more complex because these features need to be standardized and tested to ensure they work with all servers on the network.
- Due to the previous point, features can be lacking, or incomplete or working in unexpected ways compared to centralized platforms, such as message relay when offline or message deletion.
- Some metadata may be available (e.g., information like "who is talking to whom," but not actual message content if E2EE is used).
- Federated servers generally require trusting your server's administrator. They may be a hobbyist or otherwise not a "security professional," and may not serve standard documents like a privacy policy or terms of service detailing how your data is used.
- Server administrators sometimes choose to block other servers, which are a source of unmoderated abuse or break general rules of accepted behavior. This will hinder your ability to communicate with members of those servers.
## Peer-to-Peer Networks
![P2P diagram](../assets/img/layout/network-distributed.svg){ align=left }
P2P messengers connect to a [distributed network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_networking) of nodes to relay a message to the recipient without a third-party server.
Clients (peers) usually find each other through the use of a [distributed computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing) network. Examples of this include [Distributed Hash Tables](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_hash_table) (DHT), used by [torrents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocol)) and [IPFS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPlanetary_File_System) for example. Another approach is proximity based networks, where a connection is established over WiFi or Bluetooth (for example, Briar or the [Scuttlebutt](https://www.scuttlebutt.nz) social network protocol).
Once a peer has found a route to its contact via any of these methods, a direct connection between them is made. Although messages are usually encrypted, an observer can still deduce the location and identity of the sender and recipient.
P2P networks do not use servers, as peers communicate directly between each other and hence cannot be self-hosted. However, some additional services may rely on centralized servers, such as user discovery or relaying offline messages, which can benefit from self-hosting.
**Advantages:**
- Minimal information is exposed to third-parties.
- Modern P2P platforms implement E2EE by default. There are no servers that could potentially intercept and decrypt your transmissions, unlike centralized and federated models.
**Disadvantages:**
- Reduced feature set:
- Messages can only be sent when both peers are online, however, your client may store messages locally to wait for the contact to return online.
- Generally increases battery usage on mobile devices, because the client must stay connected to the distributed network to learn about who is online.
- Some common messenger features may not be implemented or incompletely, such as message deletion.
- Your IP address and that of the contacts you're communicating with may be exposed if you do not use the software in conjunction with a [VPN](../vpn.md) or [Tor](../tor.md). Many countries have some form of mass surveillance and/or metadata retention.
## Anonymous Routing
![Anonymous routing diagram](../assets/img/layout/network-anonymous-routing.svg){ align=left }
A messenger using [anonymous routing](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5906-5_628) hides either the identity of the sender, the receiver, or evidence that they have been communicating. Ideally, a messenger should hide all three.
There are [many](https://doi.org/10.1145/3182658) different ways to implement anonymous routing. One of the most famous is [onion routing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion_routing) (i.e. [Tor](tor-overview.md)), which communicates encrypted messages through a virtual [overlay network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlay_network) that hides the location of each node as well as the recipient and sender of each message. The sender and recipient never interact directly and only meet through a secret rendezvous node so that there is no leak of IP addresses nor physical location. Nodes cannot decrypt messages, nor the final destination; only the recipient can. Each intermediary node can only decrypt a part that indicates where to send the still encrypted message next, until it arrives at the recipient who can fully decrypt it, hence the "onion layers."
Self-hosting a node in an anonymous routing network does not provide the hoster with additional privacy benefits, but rather contributes to the whole network's resilience against identification attacks for everyone's benefit.
**Advantages:**
- Minimal to no information is exposed to other parties.
- Messages can be relayed in a decentralized manner even if one of the parties is offline.
**Disadvantages:**
- Slow message propagation.
- Often limited to fewer media types, mostly text, since the network is slow.
- Less reliable if nodes are selected by randomized routing, some nodes may be very far from the sender and receiver, adding latency or even failing to transmit messages if one of the nodes goes offline.
- More complex to get started, as the creation and secured backup of a cryptographic private key is required.
- Just like other decentralized platforms, adding features is more complex for developers than on a centralized platform. Hence, features may be lacking or incompletely implemented, such as offline message relaying or message deletion.

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---
title: "DNS Overview"
icon: material/dns
description: The Domain Name System is the "phonebook of the internet," helping your browser find the website it's looking for.
---
O [Domain Name System (DNS)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System) é a 'lista telefónica da Internet'. DNS traduz nomes de domínio para [IP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol) endereços para que os navegadores e outros serviços possam carregar recursos da Internet, através de uma rede descentralizada de servidores.
## O que é DNS?
Quando você visita um site, um endereço numérico é devolvido. Por exemplo, quando você visita `privacyguides.org`, o endereço `192.98.54.105` é retornado.
O DNS existe desde o [dos primeiros dias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System#History) da Internet. Os pedidos DNS feitos para e dos servidores DNS são **não** geralmente encriptados. Em uma configuração residencial, um cliente recebe servidores pelo [ISP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider) via [Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol).
Os pedidos DNS não encriptados são capazes de ser facilmente **surveilled** e **modificados** em trânsito. Em algumas partes do mundo, os ISPs são solicitados a fazer [filtragem DNS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_blocking). Quando um usuário solicita o IP de um domínio que está bloqueado, o servidor pode não responder ou pode responder com um endereço IP diferente. Como o protocolo DNS não é criptografado, o ISP (ou qualquer operador de rede) pode usar [deep packet inspection (DPI)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_packet_inspection) para monitorar as solicitações. Os ISPs também podem bloquear pedidos com base em características comuns, independentemente do servidor DNS utilizado. DNS não encriptado usa sempre [port](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_(computer_networking)) 53 e usa sempre o [User Datagram Protocol (UDP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol).
Abaixo, discutimos e fornecemos um tutorial para provar o que um observador externo pode ver usando DNS regular não criptografado e [DNS criptografado](#what-is-encrypted-dns).
### DNS não criptografado
1. Usando [`tshark`](https://www.wireshark.org/docs/man-pages/tshark.html) (parte do [Wireshark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireshark) project) podemos monitorar e gravar o fluxo de pacotes da Internet. Este comando registra os pacotes que atendem às regras especificadas:
```bash
tshark -w /tmp/dns.pcap udp porto 53 e host 1.1.1.1 ou host 8.8.8.8
```
2. Podemos então usar [`dig`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dig_(command)) (Linux, MacOS etc) ou [`nslookup`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nslookup) (Windows) para enviar a pesquisa DNS para ambos os servidores. Software como navegadores web fazem estas pesquisas automaticamente, a menos que estejam configurados para usar [DNS encriptado](#what-is-encrypted-dns).
=== "Linux, macOS"
```
dig noall answer privacyguides.org @1.1.1.1.1
dig noall answer privacyguides.org @8.8.8.8
```
==== "Windows"
```
nslookup privacyguides.org 1.1.1.1
nslookup privacyguides.org 8.8.8.8
```
3. A seguir, queremos [analisar](https://www.wireshark.org/docs/wsug_html_chunked/ChapterIntroduction.html#ChIntroWhatIs) os resultados:
==== "Wireshark"
```
wireshark -r /tmp/dns.pcap
```
=== "tshark"
```
tshark -r /tmp/dns.pcap
```
Se você executar o comando Wireguard acima, o painel superior mostra o "[frames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_frame)", e o painel inferior mostra todos os dados sobre o frame selecionado. Soluções de filtragem e monitoramento empresarial (como as adquiridas pelos governos) podem fazer o processo automaticamente, sem interação humana, e podem agregar esses quadros para produzir dados estatísticos úteis para o observador da rede.
| Não. | Hora | Fonte | Destino | Protocolo | Comprimento | Informações |
| ---- | -------- | --------- | --------- | --------- | ----------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Consulta padrão 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT |
| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Resposta de consulta padrão 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT |
| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Consulta padrão 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT |
| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Resposta de consulta padrão 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT |
Um observador pode modificar qualquer um destes pacotes.
## O que é "DNS criptografado"?
DNS criptografado pode se referir a um de vários protocolos, sendo os mais comuns:
### DNSCrypt
[**DNSCrypt**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNSCrypt) foi um dos primeiros métodos de encriptação de consultas DNS. O [protocolo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNSCrypt#Protocol) opera em [porta 443](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-known_ports) e funciona tanto com o [TCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol) ou [UDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol) protocolos de transporte. DNSCrypt nunca foi submetido ao processo [Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force) nem foi submetido ao processo [Request for Comments (RFC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments) , portanto não tem sido usado amplamente fora de alguns [implementações](https://dnscrypt.info/implementations). Como resultado, foi amplamente substituído pelo mais popular [DNS sobre HTTPS (DoH)](#dns-over-https-doh).
### DNS sobre TLS (DoT)
[**DNS sobre TLS (DoT)**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_over_TLS) é outro método para encriptar a comunicação DNS que é definida em [RFC 7858](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7858). O suporte foi implementado inicialmente em [Android 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Pie), [iOS 14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_14), e no Linux em [systemd-resolved](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/resolved.conf.html#DNSOverTLS=) na versão 237. A preferência na indústria tem se afastado do DoT para [DNS sobre HTTPS](#dns-over-https-doh) nos últimos anos, pois o DoT é um [protocolo complexo](https://dnscrypt.info/faq/) e tem conformidade variável com a RFC nas implementações que existem. DoT também opera em uma porta dedicada 853 e que pode ser facilmente bloqueada por firewalls restritivos.
### DNS sobre HTTPS (DoH)
[**DNS sobre HTTPS**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_over_HTTPS) como definido em [RFC 8484](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8484) consultas de pacotes no protocolo [HTTP/2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2) e fornece segurança com [HTTPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTPS). O suporte foi adicionado pela primeira vez em navegadores web como [Firefox 60](https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/firefox-dns-over-https) e [Chrome 83](https://blog.chromium.org/2020/05/a-safer-and-more-private-browsing-DoH.html).
Native implementation of DoH showed up in iOS 14, macOS 11, Microsoft Windows, and Android 13 (however, it won't be enabled [by default](https://android-review.googlesource.com/c/platform/packages/modules/DnsResolver/+/1833144)). General Linux desktop support is waiting on the systemd [implementation](https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/8639) so [installing third-party software is still required](../dns.md#encrypted-dns-proxies).
## O que é que uma festa exterior pode ver?
Neste exemplo vamos registar o que acontece quando fazemos um pedido DoH:
1. Primeiro, iniciar `tshark`:
```bash
tshark -w /tmp/dns_doh.pcap -f "tcp port https e host 1.1.1.1"
```
2. Segundo, faça um pedido com `curl`:
```bash
curl -vI --doh-url https://1.1.1.1/dns-query https://privacyguides.org
```
3. Após fazer o pedido, podemos parar a captura de pacotes com <kbd>CTRL</kbd> <kbd>C</kbd>.
4. Analisar os resultados em Wireshark:
```bash
wireshark -r /tmp/dns_doh.pcap
```
Podemos ver o estabelecimento de conexão [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol#Connection_establishment) e [aperto de mão TLS](https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ssl/what-happens-in-a-tls-handshake/) que ocorre com qualquer conexão criptografada. Ao olhar para os pacotes de "dados de aplicação" que se seguem, nenhum deles contém o domínio que solicitamos ou o endereço IP devolvido.
## Porque **não deveria** Eu uso DNS encriptado?
In locations where there is internet filtering (or censorship), visiting forbidden resources may have its own consequences which you should consider in your [threat model](../basics/threat-modeling.md). Fazemos **não** sugerimos o uso de DNS criptografado para este fim. Use [Tor](https://torproject.org) or a [VPN](../vpn.md) instead. Se você estiver usando uma VPN, você deve usar os servidores DNS da sua VPN. Ao utilizar uma VPN, já está a confiar-lhes toda a sua actividade na rede.
Quando fazemos uma pesquisa DNS, geralmente é porque queremos aceder a um recurso. Abaixo, discutiremos alguns dos métodos que podem revelar as suas actividades de navegação mesmo quando utiliza DNS encriptado:
### Endereço IP
A maneira mais simples de determinar a atividade de navegação pode ser olhar para os endereços IP que seus dispositivos estão acessando. Por exemplo, se o observador sabe que `privacyguides.org` está em `198.98.54.105`, e o seu dispositivo está solicitando dados de `198.98.54.105`, há uma boa chance de você estar visitando os Guias de Privacidade.
Este método só é útil quando o endereço IP pertence a um servidor que só hospeda poucos sites. It's also not very useful if the site is hosted on a shared platform (e.g. Github Pages, Cloudflare Pages, Netlify, WordPress, Blogger, etc). Também não é muito útil se o servidor estiver hospedado atrás de um [reverse proxy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_proxy), o que é muito comum na Internet moderna.
### Indicação do nome do servidor (SNI)
A indicação do nome do servidor é normalmente usada quando um endereço IP hospeda muitos sites. Este pode ser um serviço como o Cloudflare, ou algum outro [ataque de negação de serviço](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack) protecção.
1. Comece a capturar novamente com `tshark`. Adicionamos um filtro com nosso endereço IP para que você não capture muitos pacotes:
```bash
tshark -w /tmp/pg.pcap porto 443 e host 198.98.54.105
```
2. Depois visitamos [https://privacyguides.org](https://privacyguides.org).
3. Depois de visitar o site, nós o que parar a captura de pacotes com <kbd>CTRL</kbd> <kbd>C</kbd>.
4. A seguir queremos analisar os resultados:
```bash
wireshark -r /tmp/pg.pcap
```
Veremos o [estabelecimento de conexão](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol#Connection_establishment), seguido pelo [aperto de mão TLS](https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ssl/what-happens-in-a-tls-handshake/) para o site Guias de Privacidade. Em redor da moldura 5. verás um "Olá Cliente".
5. Expandir o triângulo &#9656; ao lado de cada campo:
```text
▸ Transport Layer Security
▸ TLSv1.3 Record Layer: Protocolo de Aperto de Mãos: Cliente Olá
▸ Protocolo de Aperto de Mãos: Cliente Olá
▸ Extensão: Server_name (len=22)
▸ Server Name Indication extension
```
6. Podemos ver o [Server Name Indication (SNI)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication) valor que revela o site que estamos visitando. O comando `tshark` pode dar-lhe o valor directamente para todos os pacotes que contenham um valor SNI:
```bash
tshark -r /tmp/pg.pcap -Tfields -Y tls.handshake.extensions_server_name -e tls.handshake.extensions_server_name
```
Isto significa que mesmo que estejamos usando servidores DNS "Encriptados", o domínio provavelmente será divulgado através do SNI. O protocolo [TLS v1.3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security#TLS_1.3) traz consigo [Cliente Encriptado Olá](https://blog.cloudflare.com/encrypted-client-hello/), o que evita este tipo de fuga.
Governos, em particular [China](https://www.zdnet.com/article/china-is-now-blocking-all-encrypted-https-traffic-using-tls-1-3-and-esni/) e [Rússia](https://www.zdnet.com/article/russia-wants-to-ban-the-use-of-secure-protocols-such-as-tls-1-3-doh-dot-esni/), ou já [começaram a bloquear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication#Encrypted_Client_Hello) ou manifestaram o desejo de o fazer. Recently, Russia has [started blocking foreign websites](https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/108) that use the [HTTP/3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/3) standard. Isto porque o [QUIC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIC) protocolo que faz parte do HTTP/3 requer que `ClientHello` também seja criptografado.
### Protocolo de Status de Certificado Online (OCSP)
Outra forma do seu navegador poder divulgar suas atividades de navegação é com o [Online Certificate Status Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Certificate_Status_Protocol). When visiting an HTTPS website, the browser might check to see if the website's [certificate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_certificate) has been revoked. Isto geralmente é feito através do protocolo [HTTP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol) , significando que é **não** encriptado.
O pedido OCSP contém o certificado "[número de série](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_certificate#Common_fields)", que é único. Ele é enviado ao "OCSP respondedor" para verificar o seu estado.
Podemos simular o que um navegador faria usando o comando [`openssl`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSSL) .
1. Obtenha o certificado do servidor e use [`sed`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed) para manter apenas a parte importante e escrevê-la em um arquivo:
```bash
openssl s_client -connect privacyguides.org:443 < /dev/null 2>&1 |
sed -n '/^-*BEGIN/,/^-*END/p' > /tmp/pg_server.cert
```
2. Obter o certificado intermediário. [Autoridades Certificadoras (AC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_authority) normalmente não assinam um certificado diretamente; eles usam o que é conhecido como certificado "intermediário".
```bash
openssl s_client -showcerts -connect privacyguides.org:443 < /dev/null 2>&1 |
sed -n '/^-*BEGIN/,/^-*END/p' > /tmp/pg_and_intermediate.cert
```
3. O primeiro certificado em `pg_and_intermediate.cert` é na verdade o certificado do servidor do passo 1. Podemos usar `sed` novamente para apagar até a primeira instância de TERMINAR:
```bash
sed -n '/^-*END CERTIFICATE-*$/!d;:a n;p;ba' \
/tmp/pg_and_intermediate.cert > /tmp/intermediate_chain.cert
```
4. Obtenha o OCSP respondedor para o certificado do servidor:
```bash
openssl x509 -noout -ocsp_uri -in /tmp/pg_server.cert
```
O nosso certificado mostra o Lets Encrypt Responder ao certificado. Se quisermos ver todos os detalhes do certificado, podemos usar:
```bash
openssl x509 -text -noout -in /tmp/pg_server.cert
```
5. Comece a captura do pacote:
```bash
tshark -w /tmp/pg_ocsp.pcap -f "tcp port http
```
6. Faça o pedido OCSP:
```bash
openssl ocsp -issuer /tmp/intermediate_chain.cert \
-cert /tmp/pg_server.cert \
-text \
-url http://r3.o.lencr.org
```
7. Abra a captura:
```bash
wireshark -r /tmp/pg_ocsp.pcap
```
There will be two packets with the "OCSP" protocol: a "Request" and a "Response". Para o "Request" podemos ver o "serial number", expandindo o triângulo &#9656; ao lado de cada campo:
```bash
▸ Online Certificate Status Protocol
▸ tbsRequest
▸ requestList: 1 item
▸ request
▸ reqCert
serialNumber
```
Para a "Resposta" também podemos ver o "número de série":
```bash
▸ Online Certificate Status Protocol
▸ responseBytes
▸ BasicOCSPResponse
▸ tbsResponseData
▸ responses: 1 item
▸ Respostas Simples
▸ certID
serialNumber
```
8. Ou use `tshark` para filtrar os pacotes para o Número de Série:
```bash
tshark -r /tmp/pg_ocsp.pcap -Tfields -Y ocsp.serialNumber -e ocsp.serialNumber
```
Se o observador da rede tiver o certificado público, que está disponível publicamente, ele pode fazer corresponder o número de série com esse certificado e, portanto, determinar o site que você está visitando a partir daí. O processo pode ser automatizado e pode associar endereços IP com números de série. Também é possível verificar [Certificate Transparency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_Transparency) logs para o número de série.
## Devo utilizar DNS encriptado?
Nós fizemos este fluxograma para descrever quando você *deve* usar DNS criptografado:
``` mermaid
graph TB
Start[Start] --> anonymous{Trying to be<br> anonymous?}
anonymous--> | Yes | tor(Use Tor)
anonymous --> | No | censorship{Avoiding<br> censorship?}
censorship --> | Yes | vpnOrTor(Use<br> VPN ou Tor)
censorship --> | No | privacy{Want privacy<br> from ISP?}
privacidade --> | Yes | vpnOrTor
privacidade --> | No | obnoxious{ISP makes<br> obnoxious<br> redirecciona?}
obnóxio --> | Yes | encryptedDNS(Use<br> encrypted DNS<br> with 3rd party)
obnóxio --> | No | ispDNS{Does ISP support<br> encrypted DNS?}
ispDNS --> | Yes | useISP(Use<br> DNS encriptado<br> com ISP)
ispDNS --> | No | nothing(Do nothing)
```
Encrypted DNS with a third-party should only be used to get around redirects and basic [DNS blocking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_blocking) when you can be sure there won't be any consequences or you're interested in a provider that does some rudimentary filtering.
[Lista de servidores DNS recomendados](../dns.md ""){.md-button}
## What is DNSSEC?
[Domain Name System Security Extensions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions) (DNSSEC) is a feature of DNS that authenticates responses to domain name lookups. It does not provide privacy protections for those lookups, but rather prevents attackers from manipulating or poisoning the responses to DNS requests.
In other words, DNSSEC digitally signs data to help ensure its validity. In order to ensure a secure lookup, the signing occurs at every level in the DNS lookup process. As a result, all answers from DNS can be trusted.
The DNSSEC signing process is similar to someone signing a legal document with a pen; that person signs with a unique signature that no one else can create, and a court expert can look at that signature and verify that the document was signed by that person. These digital signatures ensure that data has not been tampered with.
DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS. For example, in the case of a `privacyguides.org` lookup, a root DNS server would sign a key for the `.org` nameserver, and the `.org` nameserver would then sign a key for `privacyguides.org`’s authoritative nameserver.
<small>Adapted from [DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) overview](https://cloud.google.com/dns/docs/dnssec) by Google and [DNSSEC: An Introduction](https://blog.cloudflare.com/dnssec-an-introduction/) by Cloudflare, both licensed under [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).</small>
## O que é a minimização do QNAME?
Um QNAME é um "nome qualificado", por exemplo `privacyguides.org`. A minimização do QNAME reduz a quantidade de informação enviada do servidor DNS para o [servidor de nomes autorizado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server).
Em vez de enviar o domínio inteiro `privacyguides.org`, a minimização do QNAME significa que o servidor DNS irá pedir todos os registos que terminem em `.org`. Descrição técnica adicional é definida em [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816).
## O que é a Sub-Rede do Cliente EDNS (ECS)?
O [subrede do cliente EDNS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDNS_Client_Subnet) é um método para um resolvedor DNS recursivo para especificar um [sub-rede](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnetwork) para o [host ou cliente](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(computing)) que está fazendo a consulta DNS.
O objectivo é "acelerar" a entrega de dados, dando ao cliente uma resposta que pertence a um servidor que lhes está próximo, tal como um [content delivery network (CDN)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network), que são frequentemente utilizados em streaming de vídeo e em aplicações web JavaScript.
Este recurso tem um custo de privacidade, pois informa ao servidor DNS algumas informações sobre a localização do cliente.

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---
title: Private Payments
icon: material/hand-coin
---
There's a reason data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately.
## Cash
For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangable.
Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Lower limits without ID such as $3,000 or less exist for exchanges and money transmission. Cash also contains serial numbers. These are almost never tracked by merchants, but they can be used by law enforcement in targeted investigations.
Despite this, it’s typically the best option.
## Prepaid Cards & Gift Cards
It’s relatively simple to purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout to reduce fraud.
Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (eg: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card.
Gift cards have the downside of being subject to merchant policies, which can have terrible terms and restrictions. For example, some merchants don’t accept payment in gift cards exclusively, or they may cancel the value of the card if they consider you to be a high-risk user. Once you have merchant credit, the merchant has a strong degree of control over this credit.
Prepaid cards don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps.
Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards can be useful for the savings they bring. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash.
### Online Marketplaces
If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered).
When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy, more on this below. Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero.
- [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces)
## Virtual Cards
Another way to protect your information from merchants online is to use virtual, single-use cards which mask your actual banking or billing information. This is primarily useful for protecting you from merchant data breaches, less sophisticated tracking or purchase correlation by marketing agencies, and online data theft. They do **not** assist you in making a purchase completely anonymously, nor do they hide any information from the banking institution themselves. Regular financial institutions which offer virtual cards are subject to "Know Your Customer" (KYC) laws, meaning they may require your ID or other identifying information.
- [Recommended Payment Masking Services :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#payment-masking-services)
These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while prepaid gift cards are preferred for one-time transactions.
## Cryptocurrency
Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.
!!! Isto permite-nos fornecer recomendações completamente objectivas.</strong> Desenvolvemos um conjunto claro de requisitos para qualquer provedor de VPN que deseje ser recomendado, incluindo criptografia forte, auditorias de segurança independentes, tecnologia moderna, e muito mais.
The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity.
Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust.
### Privacy Coins
There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy by making transactions anonymous. We recommend using one which provides transaction anonymity **by default** to avoid operational errors.
- [Recommended Cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#coins)
Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://www.forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance.
### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.)
The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons.
Anonymous transactions on a public blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, doing so requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical for nearly any enthusiast for many years.
==Your best option is to avoid these cryptocurrencies entirely and stick with one which provides privacy by default.== Attempting to use other cryptocurrency is outside the scope of this site and strongly discouraged.
### Wallet Custody
With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies.
### Acquisition
Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces like [LocalMonero](https://localmonero.co/), a platform which facilitates trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com/), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward.
If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall.
## Additional Considerations
When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself.
When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address.

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---
title: "Tor Overview"
icon: 'simple/torproject'
description: Tor is a free to use, decentralized network designed for using the internet with as much privacy as possible.
---
Tor is a free to use, decentralized network designed for using the internet with as much privacy as possible. If used properly, the network enables private and anonymous browsing and communications.
## Path Building to Clearnet Services
"Clearnet services" are websites which you can access with any browser, like [privacyguides.org](https://www.privacyguides.org). Tor lets you connect to these websites anonymously by routing your traffic through a network comprised of thousands of volunteer-run servers called nodes (or relays).
Every time you [connect to Tor](../tor.md), it will choose three nodes to build a path to the internet—this path is called a "circuit."
<figure markdown>
![Tor path showing your device connecting to an entry node, middle node, and exit node before reaching the destination website](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path.svg#only-light)
![Tor path showing your device connecting to an entry node, middle node, and exit node before reaching the destination website](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-dark.svg#only-dark)
<figcaption>Tor circuit pathway</figcaption>
</figure>
Each of these nodes has its own function:
### The Entry Node
The entry node, often called the guard node, is the first node to which your Tor client connects. The entry node is able to see your IP address, however it is unable to see what you are connecting to.
Unlike the other nodes, the Tor client will randomly select an entry node and stick with it for two to three months to protect you from certain attacks.[^1]
### The Middle Node
The middle node is the second node to which your Tor client connects. It can see which node the traffic came from—the entry node—and to which node it goes to next. The middle node cannot, see your IP address or the domain you are connecting to.
For each new circuit, the middle node is randomly selected out of all available Tor nodes.
### The Exit Node
The exit node is the point in which your web traffic leaves the Tor network and is forwarded to your desired destination. The exit node is unable to see your IP address, but it does know what site it's connecting to.
The exit node will be chosen at random from all available Tor nodes ran with an exit relay flag.[^2]
## Path Building to Onion Services
"Onion Services" (also commonly referred to as "hidden services") are websites which can only be accessed by the Tor browser. These websites have a long randomly generated domain name ending with `.onion`.
Connecting to an Onion Service in Tor works very similarly to connecting to a clearnet service, but your traffic is routed through a total of **six** nodes before reaching the destination server. Just like before however, only three of these nodes are contributing to *your* anonymity, the other three nodes protect *the Onion Service's* anonymity, hiding the website's true IP and location in the same manner that Tor Browser is hiding yours.
<figure style="width:100%" markdown>
![Tor path showing your traffic being routed through your three Tor nodes plus three additional Tor nodes which hide the website's identity](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-hidden-service.svg#only-light)
![Tor path showing your traffic being routed through your three Tor nodes plus three additional Tor nodes which hide the website's identity](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-hidden-service-dark.svg#only-dark)
<figcaption>Tor circuit pathway with Onion Services. Nodes in the <span class="pg-blue">blue</span> fence belong to your browser, while nodes in the <span class="pg-red">red</span> fence belong to the server, so their identity is hidden from you.</figcaption>
</figure>
## Encryption
Tor encrypts each packet (a block of transmitted data) three times with the keys from the exit, middle, and entry node—in that order.
Once Tor has built a circuit, data transmission is done as follows:
1. Firstly: when the packet arrives at the entry node, the first layer of encryption is removed. In this encrypted packet, the entry node will find another encrypted packet with the middle node’s address. The entry node will then forward the packet to the middle node.
2. Secondly: when the middle node receives the packet from the entry node, it too will remove a layer of encryption with its key, and this time finds an encrypted packet with the exit node's address. The middle node will then forward the packet to the exit node.
3. Lastly: when the exit node receives its packet, it will remove the last layer of encryption with its key. The exit node will see the destination address and forward the packet to that address.
Below is an alternative diagram showing the process. Each node removes its own layer of encryption, and when the destination server returns data, the same process happens entirely in reverse. For example, the exit node does not know who you are, but it does know which node it came from, and so it adds its own layer of encryption and sends it back.
<figure markdown>
![Tor encryption](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-encryption.svg#only-light)
![Tor encryption](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-encryption-dark.svg#only-dark)
<figcaption>Sending and receiving data through the Tor Network</figcaption>
</figure>
Tor allows us to connect to a server without any single party knowing the entire path. The entry node knows who you are, but not where you are going; the middle node doesn’t know who you are or where you are going; and the exit node knows where you are going, but not who you are. Because the exit node is what makes the final connection, the destination server will never know your IP address.
## Caveats
Though Tor does provide strong privacy guarantees, one must be aware that Tor is not perfect:
- Well-funded adversaries with the capability to passively watch most network traffic over the globe have a chance of deanonymizing Tor users by means of advanced traffic analysis. Nor does Tor protect you from exposing yourself by mistake, such as if you share too much information about your real identity.
- Tor exit nodes can also monitor traffic that passes through them. This means traffic which is not encrypted, such as plain HTTP traffic, can be recorded and monitored. If such traffic contains personally identifiable information, then it can deanonymize you to that exit node. Thus, we recommend using HTTPS over Tor where possible.
If you wish to use Tor for browsing the web, we only recommend the **official** Tor Browser—it is designed to prevent fingerprinting.
- [Tor Browser :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../tor.md#tor-browser)
## Recursos Adicionais
- [Tor Browser User Manual](https://tb-manual.torproject.org)
- [How Tor Works - Computerphile](https://invidious.privacyguides.net/embed/QRYzre4bf7I?local=true) <small>(YouTube)</small>
- [Tor Onion Services - Computerphile](https://invidious.privacyguides.net/embed/lVcbq_a5N9I?local=true) <small>(YouTube)</small>
[^1]: The first relay in your circuit is called an "entry guard" or "guard". It is a fast and stable relay that remains the first one in your circuit for 2-3 months in order to protect against a known anonymity-breaking attack. The rest of your circuit changes with every new website you visit, and all together these relays provide the full privacy protections of Tor. For more information on how guard relays work, see this [blog post](https://blog.torproject.org/improving-tors-anonymity-changing-guard-parameters) and [paper](https://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~hoppernj/single_guard.pdf) on entry guards. ([https://support.torproject.org/tbb/tbb-2/](https://support.torproject.org/tbb/tbb-2/))
[^2]: Relay flag: a special (dis-)qualification of relays for circuit positions (for example, "Guard", "Exit", "BadExit"), circuit properties (for example, "Fast", "Stable"), or roles (for example, "Authority", "HSDir"), as assigned by the directory authorities and further defined in the directory protocol specification. ([https://metrics.torproject.org/glossary.html](https://metrics.torproject.org/glossary.html))

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---
title: "Android"
icon: 'simple/android'
description: You can replace the operating system on your Android phone with these secure and privacy-respecting alternatives.
schema:
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
name: Private Android Operating Systems
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": CreativeWork
name: Android
image: /assets/img/android/android.svg
url: https://source.android.com/
sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": CreativeWork
name: GrapheneOS
image: /assets/img/android/grapheneos.svg
url: https://grapheneos.org/
sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GrapheneOS
subjectOf:
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": CreativeWork
name: Divest
image: /assets/img/android/divestos.svg
url: https://divestos.org/
sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DivestOS
subjectOf:
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": Product
name: Pixel
brand:
"@type": Brand
name: Google
image: /assets/img/android/google-pixel.png
sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pixel
review:
"@type": Review
author:
"@type": Organization
name: Privacy Guides
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": MobileApplication
name: Perfis de usuário
applicationCategory: Utilities
operatingSystem: Android
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": MobileApplication
name: Perfil de trabalho
applicationCategory: Utilities
operatingSystem: Android
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": MobileApplication
name: Bota Verificada
applicationCategory: Utilities
operatingSystem: Android
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": MobileApplication
name: VPN Killswitch
applicationCategory: Utilities
operatingSystem: Android
---
![Android logo](assets/img/android/android.svg){ align=right }
The **Android Open Source Project** is an open-source mobile operating system led by Google which powers the majority of the world's mobile devices. Most phones sold with Android are modified to include invasive integrations and apps such as Google Play Services, so you can significantly improve your privacy on your mobile device by replacing your phone's default installation with a version of Android without these invasive features.
[:octicons-home-16:](https://source.android.com/){ .card-link title=Homepage }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://source.android.com/docs){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
Notavelmente, o GrapheneOS suporta [Sandboxed Google Play](https://grapheneos.org/usage#sandboxed-google-play). Os Serviços Google Play podem ser executados como um aplicativo de usuário regular e contidos em um perfil de trabalho ou usuário [perfil](/android/#android-security-privacy) de sua escolha.
[General Android Overview :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](os/android-overview.md ""){.md-button}
[Why we recommend GrapheneOS over CalyxOS :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/04/21/grapheneos-or-calyxos/ ""){.md-button}
## Derivados AOSP
We recommend installing one of these custom Android operating systems on your device, listed in order of preference, depending on your device's compatibility with these operating systems.
!!! note
![GrapheneOS logo](/assets/img/android/grapheneos.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![GrapheneOS logo](/assets/img/android/grapheneos-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**GrapheneOS*** é a melhor escolha quando se trata de privacidade e segurança. GrapheneOS fornece [endurecimento adicional de segurança](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardening_(computação)) e melhorias na privacidade.
### GrapheneOS
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
Os dispositivos de "suporte estendido" da GrapheneOS não possuem patches de segurança completos (atualizações de firmware) devido à descontinuação do suporte por parte do fabricante do equipamento original (OEM).
Estes dispositivos não podem ser considerados completamente seguros. It has a [hardened memory allocator](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/hardened_malloc), network and sensor permissions, and various other [security features](https://grapheneos.org/features). GrapheneOS also comes with full firmware updates and signed builds, so verified boot is fully supported.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://grapheneos.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://grapheneos.org/faq#privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://grapheneos.org/faq){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://grapheneos.org/source){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://grapheneos.org/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
GrapheneOS supports [Sandboxed Google Play](https://grapheneos.org/usage#sandboxed-google-play), which runs [Google Play Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Services) fully sandboxed like any other regular app. This means you can take advantage of most Google Play Services, such as [push notifications](https://firebase.google.com/docs/cloud-messaging/), while giving you full control over their permissions and access, and while containing them to a specific [work profile](os/android-overview.md#work-profile) or [user profile](os/android-overview.md#user-profiles) of your choice.
Google Pixel phones are the only devices that currently meet GrapheneOS's [hardware security requirements](https://grapheneos.org/faq#device-support).
### CalyxOS
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logo CalyxOS](/assets/img/android/calyxos.svg){ align=right }
**CalyxOS*** é uma alternativa decente ao GrapheneOS.
Possui alguns recursos de privacidade no topo do AOSP, incluindo [Datura firewall](https://calyxos.org/docs/tech/datura-details), [Signal](https://signal.org) integração no aplicativo discador, e um botão de pânico embutido. CalyxOS também vem com atualizações de firmware e compilações assinadas, portanto [boot verificado](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot) é totalmente suportado.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://divestos.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](http://divestoseb5nncsydt7zzf5hrfg44md4bxqjs5ifcv4t7gt7u6ohjyyd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://divestos.org/index.php?page=privacy_policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://divestos.org/index.php?page=faq){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/divested-mobile){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://divested.dev/index.php?page=donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
DivestOS has automated kernel vulnerability ([CVE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures)) [patching](https://gitlab.com/divested-mobile/cve_checker), fewer proprietary blobs, and a custom [hosts](https://divested.dev/index.php?page=dnsbl) file. Its hardened WebView, [Mulch](https://gitlab.com/divested-mobile/mulch), enables [CFI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control-flow_integrity) for all architectures and [network state partitioning](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Privacy/State_Partitioning), and receives out-of-band updates. DivestOS also includes kernel patches from GrapheneOS and enables all available kernel security features via [defconfig hardening](https://github.com/Divested-Mobile/DivestOS-Build/blob/master/Scripts/Common/Functions.sh#L758). All kernels newer than version 3.4 include full page [sanitization](https://lwn.net/Articles/334747/) and all ~22 Clang-compiled kernels have [`-ftrivial-auto-var-init=zero`](https://reviews.llvm.org/D54604?id=174471) enabled.
DivestOS implements some system hardening patches originally developed for GrapheneOS. DivestOS 16.0 and higher implements GrapheneOS's [`INTERNET`](https://developer.android.com/training/basics/network-ops/connecting) and SENSORS permission toggle, [hardened memory allocator](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/hardened_malloc), [exec-spawning](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/04/21/grapheneos-or-calyxos/#additional-hardening), [JNI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface) [constification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Const_(computer_programming)), and partial [bionic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic_(software)) hardening patchsets. 17.1 and higher features GrapheneOS's per-network full [MAC randomization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address#Randomization) option, [`ptrace_scope`](https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/LSM/Yama.html) control, and automatic reboot/Wi-Fi/Bluetooth [timeout options](https://grapheneos.org/features).
DivestOS uses F-Droid as its default app store. Normally, we would recommend avoiding F-Droid due to its numerous [security issues](#f-droid). However, doing so on DivestOS isn't viable; the developers update their apps via their own F-Droid repositories ([DivestOS Official](https://divestos.org/fdroid/official/?fingerprint=E4BE8D6ABFA4D9D4FEEF03CDDA7FF62A73FD64B75566F6DD4E5E577550BE8467) and [DivestOS WebView](https://divestos.org/fdroid/webview/?fingerprint=FB426DA1750A53D7724C8A582B4D34174E64A84B38940E5D5A802E1DFF9A40D2)). We recommend disabling the official F-Droid app and using [Neo Store](https://github.com/NeoApplications/Neo-Store/) with the DivestOS repositories enabled to keep those components up to date. For other apps, our recommended methods of obtaining them still apply.
!!! Recomendamos que você verifique o [documentação](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) de Yubico sobre como configurar isso.
DivestOS firmware update [status](https://gitlab.com/divested-mobile/firmware-empty/-/blob/master/STATUS) and quality control varies across the devices it supports. We still recommend GrapheneOS depending on your device's compatibility. For other devices, DivestOS is a good alternative.
Not all of the supported devices have verified boot, and some perform it better than others.
## Recursos de segurança e privacidade do Android
When purchasing a device, we recommend getting one as new as possible. The software and firmware of mobile devices are only supported for a limited time, so buying new extends that lifespan as much as possible.
Avoid buying phones from mobile network operators. These often have a **locked bootloader** and do not support [OEM unlocking](https://source.android.com/devices/bootloader/locking_unlocking). These phone variants will prevent you from installing any kind of alternative Android distribution.
Be very **careful** about buying second hand phones from online marketplaces. Always check the reputation of the seller. If the device is stolen, there's a possibility of [IMEI blacklisting](https://www.gsma.com/security/resources/imei-blacklisting/). There is also a risk involved with you being associated with the activity of the previous owner.
A few more tips regarding Android devices and operating system compatibility:
- Do not buy devices that have reached or are near their end-of-life, additional firmware updates must be provided by the manufacturer.
- Do not buy preloaded LineageOS or /e/ OS phones or any Android phones without proper [Verified Boot](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot) support and firmware updates. These devices also have no way for you to check whether they've been tampered with.
- In short, if a device or Android distribution is not listed here, there is probably a good reason. Check out our [forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/) to find details!
### DivestOS
Google Pixel phones are the **only** devices we recommend for purchase. Pixel phones have stronger hardware security than any other Android devices currently on the market, due to proper AVB support for third-party operating systems and Google's custom [Titan](https://security.googleblog.com/2021/10/pixel-6-setting-new-standard-for-mobile.html) security chips acting as the Secure Element.
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![DivestOS logo](/assets/img/android/divestos.svg){ align=right }
**DivestOS** é um [soft-fork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_(software_development)#Forking_of_free_and_open-source_software) de [LineageOS](https://lineageos.org/).
DivestOS herda muitos [dispositivos suportados](https://divestos.org/index.php?page=devices&base=LineageOS) do LineageOS.
Ele assinou builds, tornando possível ter [boot verificado](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot) em alguns dispositivos não-Pixel.
Secure Elements like the Titan M2 are more limited than the processor's Trusted Execution Environment used by most other phones as they are only used for secrets storage, hardware attestation, and rate limiting, not for running "trusted" programs. Phones without a Secure Element have to use the TEE for *all* of those functions, resulting in a larger attack surface.
Google Pixel phones use a TEE OS called Trusty which is [open-source](https://source.android.com/security/trusty#whyTrusty), unlike many other phones.
The installation of GrapheneOS on a Pixel phone is easy with their [web installer](https://grapheneos.org/install/web). If you don't feel comfortable doing it yourself and are willing to spend a bit of extra money, check out the [NitroPhone](https://shop.nitrokey.com/shop) as they come preloaded with GrapheneOS from the reputable [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com/about) company.
A few more tips for purchasing a Google Pixel:
- If you're after a bargain on a Pixel device, we suggest buying an "**a**" model, just after the next flagship is released. Discounts are usually available because Google will be trying to clear their stock.
- Consider price beating options and specials offered at physical stores.
- Look at online community bargain sites in your country. These can alert you to good sales.
- Google provides a list showing the [support cycle](https://support.google.com/nexus/answer/4457705) for each one of their devices. The price per day for a device can be calculated as: $\text{Cost} \over \text {EOL Date}-\text{Current Date}$, meaning that the longer use of the device the lower cost per day.
## Aplicações recomendadas
We recommend a wide variety of Android apps throughout this site. The apps listed here are Android-exclusive and specifically enhance or replace key system functionality.
### Perfis de usuário
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
DivestOS atualização de firmware [status](https://gitlab.com/divested-mobile/firmware-empty/-/blob/master/STATUS) varia entre os dispositivos que suporta.
Para telefones Pixel, ainda recomendamos o uso de GrapheneOS ou CalyxOS.
Para outros dispositivos suportados, o DivestOS é uma boa alternativa. downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.typeblog.shelter)
!!! Recomendamos que você verifique o [documentação](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) de Yubico sobre como configurar isso.
![logo Orbot](/assets/img/android/orbot.svg){ align=right }
**Orbot** é um aplicativo proxy gratuito que roteia suas conexões através da Rede Tor.
[Visite orbot.app](https://orbot.app/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.torproject.android)
- [:pg-f-droid: F-Droid](https://guardianproject.info/fdroid)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: GitHub](https://github.com/guardianproject/orbot)
- [:fontawesome-brands-gitlab: GitLab](https://gitlab.com/guardianproject/orbot)
### Perfil de trabalho
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
Orbot está frequentemente desatualizado no [repositório F-Droid](https://guardianproject.info/fdroid) e [Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.torproject.android) do Projeto Guardian, então considere fazer o download diretamente do [repositório GitHub](https://github.com/guardianproject/orbot). Todas as versões são assinadas usando a mesma assinatura, portanto devem ser compatíveis umas com as outras.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://attestation.app){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://attestation.app/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://attestation.app/about){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://attestation.app/source){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://attestation.app/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=app.attestation.auditor.play)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Auditor/releases)
- [:material-cube-outline: GrapheneOS App Store](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Apps/releases)
Auditor performs attestation and intrusion detection by:
- Using a [Trust On First Use (TOFU)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_on_first_use) model between an *auditor* and *auditee*, the pair establish a private key in the [hardware-backed keystore](https://source.android.com/security/keystore/) of the *Auditor*.
- The *auditor* can either be another instance of the Auditor app or the [Remote Attestation Service](https://attestation.app).
- The *auditor* records the current state and configuration of the *auditee*.
- Should tampering with the operating system of the *auditee* happen after the pairing is complete, the auditor will be aware of the change in the device state and configurations.
- You will be alerted to the change.
No personally identifiable information is submitted to the attestation service. We recommend that you sign up with an anonymous account and enable remote attestation for continuous monitoring.
If your [threat model](basics/threat-modeling.md) requires privacy, you could consider using [Orbot](tor.md#orbot) or a VPN to hide your IP address from the attestation service. To make sure that your hardware and operating system is genuine, [perform local attestation](https://grapheneos.org/install/web#verifying-installation) immediately after the device has been installed and prior to any internet connection.
### Bota Verificada
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Logotipo do Abrigo](/assets/img/android/shelter.svg){ align=right }
**Shelter** é um aplicativo que ajuda você a aproveitar o perfil de trabalho do Android para isolar outros aplicativos. O Shelter suporta o bloqueio de busca de contatos entre perfis e compartilhamento de arquivos entre perfis através do gerenciador de arquivos padrão ([DocumentsUI](https://source.android.com/devices/architecture/modular-system/documentsui)).
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://grapheneos.org/usage#camera){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://grapheneos.org/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=app.grapheneos.camera.play)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera/releases)
- [:material-cube-outline: GrapheneOS App Store](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Apps/releases)
Main privacy features include:
- Auto removal of [Exif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif) metadata (enabled by default)
- Use of the new [Media](https://developer.android.com/training/data-storage/shared/media) API, therefore [storage permissions](https://developer.android.com/training/data-storage) are not required
- Microphone permission not required unless you want to record sound
!!! note
Como CalyxOS inclui um controlador de dispositivos, recomendamos o uso de seu perfil de trabalho embutido.
Recomenda-se um abrigo sobre [Insular](https://secure-system.gitlab.io/Insular/) e [Island](https://github.com/oasisfeng/island) pois suporta [bloqueio de busca de contatos](https://secure-system.gitlab.io/Insular/faq.html). If you enable location (in Secure Camera) that **won't** be deleted either. If you want to delete that later you will need to use an external app such as [ExifEraser](data-redaction.md#exiferaser).
### VPN Killswitch
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Logótipo do auditor](/assets/img/android/auditor.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Auditor logo](/assets/img/android/auditor-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Auditor** é um aplicativo que utiliza recursos de segurança de hardware para fornecer monitoramento de integridade de dispositivos para [dispositivos suportados](https://attestation.app/about#device-support). Atualmente trabalha com GrapheneOS e com o sistema operacional de estoque do dispositivo. [Visite attestation.app](https://attestation.app){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads:**
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=app.attestation.auditor)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: GitHub](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Auditor)
[Content-Security-Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Security_Policy) is used to enforce that the JavaScript and styling properties within the WebView are entirely static content.
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/PdfViewer){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/PdfViewer){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://grapheneos.org/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=app.grapheneos.pdfviewer.play)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/PdfViewer/releases)
- [:material-cube-outline: GrapheneOS App Store](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Apps/releases)
## Obtaining Applications
### Alternativas Globais
GrapheneOS's app store is available on [GitHub](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Apps/releases). It supports Android 12 and above and is capable of updating itself. The app store has standalone applications built by the GrapheneOS project such as the [Auditor](https://attestation.app/), [Camera](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera), and [PDF Viewer](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/PdfViewer). If you are looking for these applications, we highly recommend that you get them from GrapheneOS's app store instead of the Play Store, as the apps on their store are signed by the GrapheneOS's project own signature that Google does not have access to.
### Orbot
The Google Play Store requires a Google account to login which is not great for privacy. You can get around this by using an alternative client, such as Aurora Store.
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Secure camera logo](/assets/img/android/secure_camera.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Secure camera logo](/assets/img/android/secure_camera-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Secure Camera** é um aplicativo de câmera focado em privacidade e segurança que pode capturar imagens, vídeos e códigos QR.
As extensões do fornecedor CameraX (Portrait, HDR, Night Sight Sight, Face Retouch e Auto) também são suportadas nos dispositivos disponíveis. [Visite github.com](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads:**
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=app.grapheneos.camera.play)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: GitHub](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera/releases)
Aurora Store does not allow you to download paid apps with their anonymous account feature. You can optionally log in with your Google account with Aurora Store to download apps you have purchased, which does give access to the list of apps you've installed to Google, however you still benefit from not requiring the full Google Play client and Google Play Services or microG on your device.
### Abrigo
For apps that are released on platforms like GitHub and GitLab, you may be able to add an RSS feed to your [news aggregator](/news-aggregators) that will help you keep track of new releases.
![RSS APK](./assets/img/android/rss-apk-light.png#only-light) ![RSS APK](./assets/img/android/rss-apk-dark.png#only-dark) ![APK Changes](./assets/img/android/rss-changes-light.png#only-light) ![APK Changes](./assets/img/android/rss-changes-dark.png#only-dark)
#### Droid-ify
On GitHub, using [Secure Camera](#secure-camera) as an example, you would navigate to its [releases page](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera/releases) and append `.atom` to the URL:
`https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera/releases.atom`
#### GitLab
On GitLab, using [Aurora Store](#aurora-store) as an example, you would navigate to its [project repository](https://gitlab.com/AuroraOSS/AuroraStore) and append `/-/tags?format=atom` to the URL:
`https://gitlab.com/AuroraOSS/AuroraStore/-/tags?format=atom`
#### Verifying APK Fingerprints
If you download APK files to install manually, you can verify their signature with the [`apksigner`](https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/apksigner) tool, which is a part of Android [build-tools](https://developer.android.com/studio/releases/build-tools).
1. Install [Java JDK](https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads/).
2. Download the [Android Studio command line tools](https://developer.android.com/studio#command-tools).
3. Extract the downloaded archive:
```bash
unzip commandlinetools-*.zip
cd cmdline-tools
./bin/sdkmanager --sdk_root=./ "build-tools;29.0.3"
```
4. Run the signature verification command:
```bash
./build-tools/29.0.3/apksigner verify --print-certs ../Camera-37.apk
```
5. The resulting hashes can then be compared with another source. Some developers such as Signal [show the fingerprints](https://signal.org/android/apk/) on their website.
```bash
Signer #1 certificate DN: CN=GrapheneOS
Signer #1 certificate SHA-256 digest: 6436b155b917c2f9a9ed1d15c4993a5968ffabc94947c13f2aeee14b7b27ed59
Signer #1 certificate SHA-1 digest: 23e108677a2e1b1d6e6b056f3bb951df7ad5570c
Signer #1 certificate MD5 digest: dbbcd0cac71bd6fa2102a0297c6e0dd3
```
### Auditor
![F-Droid logo](assets/img/android/f-droid.svg){ align=right width=120px }
==We do **not** currently recommend F-Droid as a way to obtain apps.== F-Droid is often recommended as an alternative to Google Play, particularly in the privacy community. The option to add third-party repositories and not be confined to Google's walled garden has led to its popularity. F-Droid additionally has [reproducible builds](https://f-droid.org/en/docs/Reproducible_Builds/) for some applications and is dedicated to free and open-source software. However, there are [notable problems](https://privsec.dev/posts/android/f-droid-security-issues/) with the official F-Droid client, their quality control, and how they build, sign, and deliver packages.
Due to their process of building apps, apps in the official F-Droid repository often fall behind on updates. F-Droid maintainers also reuse package IDs while signing apps with their own keys, which is not ideal as it gives the F-Droid team ultimate trust.
Other popular third-party repositories such as [IzzyOnDroid](https://apt.izzysoft.de/fdroid/) alleviate some of these concerns. The IzzyOnDroid repository pulls builds directly from GitHub and is the next best thing to the developers' own repositories. However, it is not something that we can recommend, as apps are typically [removed](https://github.com/vfsfitvnm/ViMusic/issues/240#issuecomment-1225564446) from that respository when they make it to the main F-Droid repository. While that makes sense (since the goal of that particular repository is to host apps before they're accepted into the main F-Droid repository), it can leave you with installed apps which no longer receive updates.
That said, the [F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/) and [IzzyOnDroid](https://apt.izzysoft.de/fdroid/) repositories are home to countless apps, so they can be a useful tool to search for and discover open-source apps that you can then download through Play Store, Aurora Store, or by getting the APK directly from the developer. It is important to keep in mind that some apps in these repositories have not been updated in years and may rely on unsupported libraries, among other things, posing a potential security risk. You should use your best judgement when looking for new apps via this method.
!!! note
In some rare cases, the developer of an app will only distribute it through F-Droid ([Gadgetbridge](https://gadgetbridge.org/) is one example of this). If you really need an app like that, we recommend using [Neo Store](https://github.com/NeoApplications/Neo-Store/) instead of the official F-Droid app to obtain it.
## Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
### Software
- Must be open-source software.
- Must support bootloader locking with custom AVB key support.
- Must receive major Android updates within 0-1 months of release.
- Must receive Android feature updates (minor version) within 0-14 days of release.
- Must receive regular security patches within 0-5 days of release.
- Must **not** be "rooted" out of the box.
- Must **not** enable Google Play Services by default.
- Must **not** require system modification to support Google Play Services.
### Devices
- Must support at least one of our recommended custom operating systems.
- Must be currently sold new in stores.
- Must receive a minimum of 5 years of security updates.
- Must have dedicated secure element hardware.
### Applications
- Applications on this page must not be applicable to any other software category on the site.
- General applications should extend or replace core system functionality.
- Applications should receive regular updates and maintenance.

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---
title: "Account Creation"
icon: 'material/account-plus'
description: Creating accounts online is practically an internet necessity, take these steps to make sure you stay private.
---
Often people sign up for services without thinking. Maybe it's a streaming service so you can watch that new show everyone's talking about, or an account that gives you a discount for your favorite fast food place. Whatever the case may be, you should consider the implications for your data now and later on down the line.
There are risks associated with every new service that you use. Data breaches; disclosure of customer information to third parties; rogue employees accessing data; all are possibilities that must be considered when giving your information out. You need to be confident that you can trust the service, which is why we don't recommend storing valuable data on anything but the most mature and battle-tested products. That usually means services which provide E2EE and have undergone a cryptographic audit. An audit increases assurance that the product was designed without glaring security issues caused by an inexperienced developer.
It can also be difficult to delete the accounts on some services. Sometimes [overwriting data](account-deletion.md#overwriting-account-information) associated with an account can be possible, but in other cases the service will keep an entire history of changes to the account.
## Terms of Service & Privacy Policy
The ToS are the rules that you agree to follow when using the service. With larger services these rules are often enforced by automated systems. Sometimes these automated systems can make mistakes. For example, you may be banned or locked out of your account on some services for using a VPN or VOIP number. Appealing such bans is often difficult, and involves an automated process too, which isn't always successful. This would be one of the reasons why we wouldn't suggest using Gmail for email as an example. Email is crucial for access to other services you might have signed up for.
The Privacy Policy is how the service says they will use your data and it is worth reading so that you understand how your data will be used. A company or organization might not be legally obligated to follow everything contained in the policy (it depends on the jurisdiction). We would recommend having some idea what your local laws are and what they permit a provider to collect.
We recommend looking for particular terms such as "data collection", "data analysis", "cookies", "ads" or "3rd-party" services. Sometimes you will be able to opt-out from data collection or from sharing your data, but it is best to choose a service that respects your privacy from the start.
Keep in mind you're also placing your trust in the company or organization and that they will comply with their own privacy policy.
## Authentication methods
There are usually multiple ways to sign up for an account, each with their own benefits and drawbacks.
### Email and password
The most common way to create a new account is by an email address and password. When using this method, you should use a password manager and follow [best practices](passwords-overview.md) regarding passwords.
!!! aviso
Backup `BitLocker-Recovery-Key.txt` em um dispositivo de armazenamento separado.
You can use your password manager to organize other authentication methods too! Just add the new entry and fill the appropriate fields, you can add notes for things like security questions or a backup key.
You will be responsible for managing your login credentials. For added security, you can set up [MFA](multi-factor-authentication.md) on your accounts.
[Recommended password managers](../passwords.md ""){.md-button}
#### Email aliases
If you don't want to give your real email address to a service, you have the option to use an alias. We described them in more detail on our email services recommendation page. Essentially, alias services allow you to generate new email addresses that forward all emails to your main address. This can help prevent tracking across services and help you manage the marketing emails that sometimes come with the sign up process. Those can be filtered automatically based on the alias they are sent to.
Should a service get hacked, you might start receiving phishing or spam emails to the address you used to sign up. Using unique aliases for each service can assist in identifying exactly what service was hacked.
[Recommended email aliasing services](../email.md#email-aliasing-services ""){.md-button}
### Single sign-on
!!! note
We are discussing Single sign-on for personal use, not enterprise users.
Single sign-on (SSO) is an authentication method that allows you to register for a service without sharing much information, if any. Whenever you see something along the lines of "Sign-in with *provider name*" on a registration form it's SSO.
When you choose single sign-on in a website, it will prompt your SSO provider login page and after that your account will be connected. Your password won't be shared but some basic information will (you can review it during the login request). This process is needed every time you want to log in to the same account.
The main advantages are:
- **Security**: no risk of being involved in a [data breach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_breach) because the website does not store your credentials.
- **Ease of use**: multiple accounts are managed by a single login.
But there are disadvantages:
- **Privacy**: a SSO provider will know the services you use.
- **Centralization**: if your SSO account gets compromised or you aren't able to login to it, all other accounts connected to it are affected.
SSO can be especially useful in those situations where you could benefit from deeper integration between services. For example, one of those services may offer SSO for the others. Our recommendation is to limit SSO to only where you need it and protect the main account with [MFA](multi-factor-authentication.md).
All services that use SSO will be as secure as your SSO account. For example, if you want to secure an account with a hardware key but that service doesn't support hardware keys, you can secure your SSO account with a hardware key and now you essentially have hardware MFA on all your accounts. It is worth noting though that weak authentication on your SSO account means that any account tied to that login will also be weak.
### Phone number
We recommend avoiding services that require a phone number for sign up. A phone number can identity you across multiple services and depending on data sharing agreements this will make your usage easier to track, particularly if one of those services is breached as the phone number is often **not** encrypted.
You should avoid giving out your real phone number if you can. Some services will allow the use of VOIP numbers, however these often trigger fraud detection systems, causing an account to be locked down, so we don't recommend that for important accounts.
In many cases you will need to provide a number that you can receive SMS or calls from, particularly when shopping internationally, in case there is a problem with your order at border screening. It's common for services to use your number as a verification method; don't let yourself get locked out of an important account because you wanted to be clever and give a fake number!
### Username and password
Some services allow you to register without using an email address and only require you to set a username and password. These services may provide increased anonymity when combined with a VPN or Tor. Keep in mind that for these accounts there will most likely be **no way to recover your account** in the event you forget your username or password.

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---
title: "Account Deletion"
icon: 'material/account-remove'
description: It's easy to accumulate a large number of internet accounts, here are some tips on how to prune your collection.
---
Over time, it can be easy to accumulate a number of online accounts, many of which you may no longer use. Deleting these unused accounts is an important step in reclaiming your privacy, as dormant accounts are vulnerable to data breaches. A data breach is when a service's security is compromised and protected information is viewed, transmitted, or stolen by unauthorized actors. Data breaches are unfortunately all [too common](https://haveibeenpwned.com/PwnedWebsites) these days, and so practicing good digital hygiene is the best way to minimize the impact they have on your life. The goal of this guide then is to help navigate you through the irksome process of account deletion, often made difficult by [deceptive design](https://www.deceptive.design/), for the betterment of your online presence.
## Finding Old Accounts
### Password Manager
If you have a password manager that you've used for your entire digital life, this part will be very easy. Oftentimes, they include built-in functionality for detecting if your credentials were exposed in a data breach—such as Bitwarden's [Data Breach Report](https://bitwarden.com/blog/have-you-been-pwned/).
<figure markdown>
![Bitwarden's Data Breach Report feature](../assets/img/account-deletion/exposed_passwords.png)
</figure>
Even if you haven't explicitly used a password manager before, there's a chance you've used the one in your browser or your phone without even realizing it. For example: [Firefox Password Manager](https://support.mozilla.org/kb/password-manager-remember-delete-edit-logins), [Google Password Manager](https://passwords.google.com/intro) and [Edge Password Manager](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/save-or-forget-passwords-in-microsoft-edge-b4beecb0-f2a8-1ca0-f26f-9ec247a3f336).
Desktop platforms also often have a password manager which may help you recover passwords you've forgotten about:
- Windows [Credential Manager](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/accessing-credential-manager-1b5c916a-6a16-889f-8581-fc16e8165ac0)
- macOS [Passwords](https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT211145)
- iOS [Passwords](https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT211146)
- Linux, Gnome Keyring, which can be accessed through [Seahorse](https://help.gnome.org/users/seahorse/stable/passwords-view.html.en) or [KDE Wallet Manager](https://userbase.kde.org/KDE_Wallet_Manager)
### Provedores de VPN
If you didn't use a password manager in the past or you think you have accounts that were never added to your password manager, another option is to search the email account(s) that you believe you signed up on. On your email client, search for keywords such as "verify" or "welcome." Almost every time you make an online account, the service will send a verification link or an introductory message to your email. This can be a good way to find old, forgotten accounts.
## Deleting Old Accounts
### Log In
In order to delete your old accounts, you'll need to first make sure you can log in to them. Again, if the account was in your password manager, this step is easy. If not, you can try to guess your password. Failing that, there are typically options to regain access to your account, commonly available through a "forgot password" link on the login page. It may also be possible that accounts you've abandoned have already been deleted—sometimes services prune all old accounts.
When attempting to regain access, if the site returns an error message saying that email is not associated with an account, or you never receive a reset link after multiple attempts, then you do not have an account under that email address and should try a different one. If you can't figure out which email address you used, or you no longer have access to that email, you can try contacting the service's customer support. Unfortunately, there is no guarantee that you will be able to reclaim access your account.
### GDPR (EEA residents only)
Residents of the EEA have additional rights regarding data erasure specified in [Article 17](https://www.gdpr.org/regulation/article-17.html) of the GDPR. If it's applicable to you, read the privacy policy for any given service to find information on how to exercise your right to erasure. Reading the privacy policy can prove important, as some services have a "Delete Account" option that only disables your account and for real deletion you have to take additional action. Sometimes actual deletion may involve filling out surveys, emailing the data protection officer of the service or even proving your residence in the EEA. If you plan to go this way, do **not** overwrite account information—your identity as an EEA resident may be required. Note that the location of the service does not matter; GDPR applies to anyone serving European users. If the service does not respect your right to erasure, you can contact your national [Data Protection Authority](https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-topic/data-protection/reform/rights-citizens/redress/what-should-i-do-if-i-think-my-personal-data-protection-rights-havent-been-respected_en) and you may be entitled to monetary compensation.
### Overwriting Account information
In some situations where you plan to abandon an account, it may make sense to overwrite the account information with fake data. Once you've made sure you can log in, change all the information in your account to falsified information. The reason for this is that many sites will retain information you previously had even after account deletion. The hope is that they will overwrite the previous information with the newest data you entered. However, there is no guarantee that there won't be backups with the prior information.
For the account email, either create a new alternate email account via your provider of choice or create an alias using an [email aliasing service](../email.md#email-aliasing-services). You can then delete your alternate email address once you are done. We recommend against using temporary email providers, as oftentimes it is possible to reactivate temporary emails.
### Delete
You can check [JustDeleteMe](https://justdeleteme.xyz) for instructions on deleting the account for a specific service. Some sites will graciously have a "Delete Account" option, while others will go as far as to force you to speak with a support agent. The deletion process can vary from site to site, with account deletion being impossible on some.
For services that don't allow account deletion, the best thing to do is falsify all your information as previously mentioned and strengthen account security. To do so, enable [MFA](multi-factor-authentication.md) and any extra security features offered. As well, change the password to a randomly-generated one that is the maximum allowed size (a [password manager](../passwords.md) can be useful for this).
If you're satisfied that all information you care about is removed, you can safely forget about this account. If not, it might be a good idea to keep the credentials stored with your other passwords and occasionally re-login to reset the password.
Even when you are able to delete an account, there is no guarantee that all your information will be removed. In fact, some companies are required by law to keep certain information, particularly when related to financial transactions. It's mostly out of your control what happens to your data when it comes to websites and cloud services.
## Avoid New Accounts
As the old saying goes, "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure." Whenever you feel tempted to sign up for a new account, ask yourself, "Do I really need this? Can I accomplish what I need to without an account?" It can often be much harder to delete an account than to create one. And even after deleting or changing the info on your account, there might be a cached version from a third-party—like the [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/). Avoid the temptation when you're able to—your future self will thank you!

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---
title: "Common Misconceptions"
icon: 'material/robot-confused'
description: Privacy isn't a straightforward topic, and it's easy to get caught up in marketing claims and other disinformation.
schema:
-
"@context": https://schema.org
"@type": FAQPage
mainEntity:
-
"@type": Question
name: Is open source software inherently secure?
acceptedAnswer:
"@type": Answer
text: |
Whether the source code is available and how software is licensed does not inherently affect its security in any way. Open-source software has the potential to be more secure than proprietary software, but there is absolutely no guarantee this is the case. When you evaluate software, you should look at the reputation and security of each tool on an individual basis.
-
"@type": Question
name: Can shifting trust to another provider increase privacy?
acceptedAnswer:
"@type": Answer
text: |
We talk about "shifting trust" a lot when discussing solutions like VPNs (which shift the trust you place in your ISP to the VPN provider). While this protects your browsing data from your ISP specifically, the VPN provider you choose still has access to your browsing data: Your data isn't completely secured from all parties.
-
"@type": Question
name: Are privacy-focused solutions inherently trustworthy?
acceptedAnswer:
"@type": Answer
text: |
Focusing solely on the privacy policies and marketing of a tool or provider can blind you to its weaknesses. When you're looking for a more private solution, you should determine what the underlying problem is and find technical solutions to that problem. For example, you may want to avoid Google Drive, which gives Google access to all of your data. The underlying problem in this case is lack of E2EE, so you should make sure that the provider you switch to actually implements E2EE, or use a tool (like Cryptomator) which provides E2EE on any cloud provider. Switching to a "privacy-focused" provider (that doesn't implement E2EE) doesn't solve your problem: it just shifts trust from Google to that provider.
-
"@type": Question
name: How complicated should my threat model be?
acceptedAnswer:
"@type": Answer
text: |
We often see people describing privacy threat models that are overly complex. Often, these solutions include problems like many different email accounts or complicated setups with lots of moving parts and conditions. The replies are usually answers to "What is the best way to do X?"
Finding the "best" solution for yourself doesn't necessarily mean you are after an infallible solution with dozens of conditions—these solutions are often difficult to work with realistically. As we discussed previously, security often comes at the cost of convenience.
---
## "Open-source software is always secure" or "Proprietary software is more secure"
These myths stem from a number of prejudices, but whether the source code is available and how software is licensed does not inherently affect its security in any way. ==Open-source software has the *potential* to be more secure than proprietary software, but there is absolutely no guarantee this is the case.== When you evaluate software, you should look at the reputation and security of each tool on an individual basis.
Open-source software *can* be audited by third-parties, and is often more transparent about potential vulnerabilities than proprietary counterparts. It also allows you to review the code and disable any suspicious functionality you find yourself. However, *unless you do so*, there is no guarantee that code has ever been evaluated, especially with smaller software projects. The open development process has also sometimes been exploited to introduce new vulnerabilities into even large projects.[^1]
On the flip side, proprietary software is less transparent, but that doesn't imply that it's not secure. Major proprietary software projects can be audited internally and by third-party agencies, and independent security researchers can still find vulnerabilities with techniques like reverse engineering.
To avoid biased decisions, it's *vital* that you evaluate the privacy and security standards of the software you use.
## "Shifting trust can increase privacy"
We talk about "shifting trust" a lot when discussing solutions like VPNs (which shift the trust you place in your ISP to the VPN provider). While this protects your browsing data from your ISP *specifically*, the VPN provider you choose still has access to your browsing data: Your data isn't completely secured from all parties. This means that:
1. You must exercise caution when choosing a provider to shift trust to.
2. You should still use other techniques, like E2EE, to protect your data completely. Merely distrusting one provider to trust another is not securing your data.
## "Privacy-focused solutions are inherently trustworthy"
Focusing solely on the privacy policies and marketing of a tool or provider can blind you to its weaknesses. When you're looking for a more private solution, you should determine what the underlying problem is and find technical solutions to that problem. For example, you may want to avoid Google Drive, which gives Google access to all of your data. The underlying problem in this case is lack of E2EE, so you should make sure that the provider you switch to actually implements E2EE, or use a tool (like [Cryptomator](../encryption.md#cryptomator-cloud)) which provides E2EE on any cloud provider. Switching to a "privacy-focused" provider (that doesn't implement E2EE) doesn't solve your problem: it just shifts trust from Google to that provider.
The privacy policies and business practices of providers you choose are very important, but should be considered secondary to technical guarantees of your privacy: You shouldn't shift trust to another provider when trusting a provider isn't a requirement at all.
## "Complicated is better"
We often see people describing privacy threat models that are overly complex. Often, these solutions include problems like many different email accounts or complicated setups with lots of moving parts and conditions. The replies are usually answers to "What is the best way to do *X*?"
Finding the "best" solution for yourself doesn't necessarily mean you are after an infallible solution with dozens of conditions—these solutions are often difficult to work with realistically. As we discussed previously, security often comes at the cost of convenience. Below, we provide some tips:
1. ==Actions need to serve a particular purpose:== think about how to do what you want with the fewest actions.
2. ==Remove human failure points:== We fail, get tired, and forget things. To maintain security, avoid relying on manual conditions and processes that you have to remember.
3. ==Use the right level of protection for what you intend.== We often see recommendations of so-called law-enforcement or subpoena-proof solutions. These often require specialist knowledge and generally aren't what people want. There's no point in building an intricate threat model for anonymity if you can be easily de-anonymized by a simple oversight.
So, how might this look?
One of the clearest threat models is one where people *know who you are* and one where they do not. There will always be situations where you must declare your legal name and there are others where you don't need to.
1. **Known identity** - A known identity is used for things where you must declare your name. There are many legal documents and contracts where a legal identity is required. This could range from opening a bank account, signing a property lease, obtaining a passport, customs declarations when importing items, or otherwise dealing with your government. These things will usually lead to credentials such as credit cards, credit rating checks, account numbers, and possibly physical addresses.
We don't suggest using a VPN or Tor for any of these things, as your identity is already known through other means.
!!! aviso
Backup `BitLocker-Recovery-Key.txt` em um dispositivo de armazenamento separado.
When shopping online, the use of a [parcel locker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcel_locker) can help keep your physical address private.
2. **Unknown identity** - An unknown identity could be a stable pseudonym that you regularly use. It is not anonymous because it doesn't change. If you're part of an online community, you may wish to retain a persona that others know. This pseudonym isn't anonymous because—if monitored for long enough—details about the owner can reveal further information, such as the way they write, their general knowledge about topics of interest, etc.
You may wish to use a VPN for this, to mask your IP address. Financial transactions are more difficult to mask: You could consider using anonymous cryptocurrencies, such as [Monero](https://www.getmonero.org/). Employing altcoin shifting may also help to disguise where your currency originated. Typically, exchanges require KYC (know your customer) to be completed before they'll allow you to exchange fiat currency into any kind of cryptocurrency. Local meet-up options may also be a solution; however, those are often more expensive and sometimes also require KYC.
3. **Anonymous identity** - Even with experience, anonymous identities are difficult to maintain over long periods of time. They should be short-term and short-lived identities which are rotated regularly.
Using Tor can help with this. It is also worth noting that greater anonymity is possible through asynchronous communication: Real-time communication is vulnerable to analysis of typing patterns (i.e. more than a paragraph of text, distributed on a forum, via email, etc.)
[^1]: One notable example of this is the [2021 incident in which University of Minnesota researchers introduced three vulnerabilities into the Linux kernel development project](https://cse.umn.edu/cs/linux-incident).

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---
title: "Common Threats"
icon: 'material/eye-outline'
description: Your threat model is personal to you, but these are some of the things many visitors to this site care about.
---
Broadly speaking, we categorize our recommendations into the [threats](threat-modeling.md) or goals that apply to most people. ==You may be concerned with none, one, a few, or all of these possibilities==, and the tools and services you use depend on what your goals are. You may have specific threats outside of these categories as well, which is perfectly fine! The important part is developing an understanding of the benefits and shortcomings of the tools you choose to use, because virtually none of them will protect you from every threat.
- <span class="pg-purple">:material-incognito: Anonymity</span> - Shielding your online activity from your real identity, protecting you from people who are trying to uncover *your* identity specifically.
- <span class="pg-red">:material-target-account: Targeted Attacks</span> - Being protected from hackers or other malicious actors who are trying to gain access to *your* data or devices specifically.
- <span class="pg-orange">:material-bug-outline: Passive Attacks</span> - Being protected from things like malware, data breaches, and other attacks that are made against many people at once.
- <span class="pg-teal">:material-server-network: Service Providers</span> - Protecting your data from service providers (e.g. with E2EE, which renders your data unreadable to the server).
- <span class="pg-blue">:material-eye-outline: Mass Surveillance</span> - Protection from government agencies, organizations, websites, and services which work together to track your activities.
- <span class="pg-brown">:material-account-cash: Surveillance Capitalism</span> - Protecting yourself from big advertising networks, like Google and Facebook, as well as a myriad of other third-party data collectors.
- <span class="pg-green">:material-account-search: Public Exposure</span> - Limiting the information about you that is accessible online—to search engines or the general public.
- <span class="pg-blue-gray">:material-close-outline: Censorship</span> - Avoiding censored access to information or being censored yourself when speaking online.
Some of these threats may be more important to you than others, depending on your specific concerns. For example, a software developer with access to valuable or critical data may be primarily concerned with <span class="pg-red">:material-target-account: Targeted Attacks</span>, but they probably still want to protect their personal data from being swept up in <span class="pg-blue">:material-eye-outline: Mass Surveillance</span> programs. Similarly, many people may be primarily concerned with <span class="pg-green">:material-account-search: Public Exposure</span> of their personal data, but they should still be wary of security-focused issues, such as <span class="pg-orange">:material-bug-outline: Passive Attacks</span>—like malware affecting their devices.
## Anonymity vs. Privacy
<span class="pg-purple">:material-incognito: Anonymity</span>
Anonymity is often confused with privacy, but they're distinct concepts. While privacy is a set of choices you make about how your data is used and shared, anonymity is the complete disassociation of your online activities from your real identity.
Whistleblowers and journalists, for example, can have a much more extreme threat model which requires total anonymity. That's not only hiding what they do, what data they have, and not getting hacked by malicious actors or governments, but also hiding who they are entirely. They will often sacrifice any kind of convenience if it means protecting their anonymity, privacy, or security, because their lives could depend on it. Most people don't need to go so far.
## Security and Privacy
<span class="pg-orange">:material-bug-outline: Passive Attacks</span>
Security and privacy are also often confused, because you need security to obtain any semblance of privacy: Using tools—even if they're private by design—is futile if they could be easily exploited by attackers who later release your data. However, the inverse isn't necessarily true: The most secure service in the world *isn't necessarily* private. The best example of this is trusting data to Google who, given their scale, have had few security incidents by employing industry-leading security experts to secure their infrastructure. Even though Google provides very secure services, very few people would consider their data private in Google's free consumer products (Gmail, YouTube, etc.)
When it comes to application security, we generally don't (and sometimes can't) know if the software we use is malicious, or might one day become malicious. Even with the most trustworthy developers, there's generally no guarantee that their software doesn't have a serious vulnerability that could later be exploited.
To minimize the damage that a malicious piece of software *could* do, you should employ security by compartmentalization. For example, this could come in the form of using different computers for different jobs, using virtual machines to separate different groups of related applications, or using a secure operating system with a strong focus on application sandboxing and mandatory access control.
!!! aviso
Backup `BitLocker-Recovery-Key.txt` em um dispositivo de armazenamento separado.
Mobile operating systems generally have better application sandboxing than desktop operating systems: Apps can't obtain root access, and require permission for access to system resources.
Desktop operating systems generally lag behind on proper sandboxing. ChromeOS has similar sandboxing capabilities to Android, and macOS has full system permission control (and developers can opt-in to sandboxing for applications). However, these operating systems do transmit identifying information to their respective OEMs. Linux tends to not submit information to system vendors, but it has poor protection against exploits and malicious apps. This can be mitigated somewhat with specialized distributions which make significant use of virtual machines or containers, such as [Qubes OS](../../desktop/#qubes-os).
<span class="pg-red">:material-target-account: Targeted Attacks</span>
Targeted attacks against a specific person are more problematic to deal with. Common attacks include sending malicious documents via email, exploiting vulnerabilities (e.g. in browsers and operating systems), and physical attacks. If this is a concern for you, you should employ more advanced threat mitigation strategies.
!!! aviso
Backup `BitLocker-Recovery-Key.txt` em um dispositivo de armazenamento separado.
By design, **web browsers**, **email clients**, and **office applications** typically run untrusted code, sent to you from third parties. Running multiple virtual machines—to separate applications like these from your host system, as well as each other—is one technique you can use to mitigate the chance of an exploit in these applications compromising the rest of your system. For example, technologies like Qubes OS or Microsoft Defender Application Guard on Windows provide convenient methods to do this.
If you are concerned about **physical attacks** you should use an operating system with a secure verified boot implementation, such as Android, iOS, macOS, or [Windows (with TPM)](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/secure-the-windows-10-boot-process). You should also make sure that your drive is encrypted, and that the operating system uses a TPM or Secure [Enclave](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/secure-enclave-sec59b0b31ff/1/web/1) or [Element](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) to rate limit attempts to enter the encryption passphrase. You should avoid sharing your computer with people you don't trust, because most desktop operating systems don't encrypt data separately per-user.
## Privacy From Service Providers
<span class="pg-teal">:material-server-network: Service Providers</span>
We live in a world where almost everything is connected to the internet. Our "private" messages, emails, and social interactions are typically stored on a server, somewhere. Generally, when you send someone a message it's stored on a server, and when your friend wants to read the message the server will show it to them.
The obvious problem with this is that the service provider (or a hacker who has compromised the server) can access your conversations whenever and however they want, without you ever knowing. This applies to many common services, like SMS messaging, Telegram, and Discord.
Thankfully, E2EE can alleviate this issue by encrypting communications between you and your desired recipients before they are even sent to the server. The confidentiality of your messages is guaranteed, assuming the service provider doesn't have access to the private keys of either party.
!!! note "Note on Web-based Encryption"
In practice, the effectiveness of different E2EE implementations varies. Applications, such as [Signal](../real-time-communication.md#signal), run natively on your device, and every copy of the application is the same across different installations. If the service provider were to introduce a [backdoor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)) in their application—in an attempt to steal your private keys—it could later be detected with [reverse engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering).
On the other hand, web-based E2EE implementations, such as Proton Mail's webmail or Bitwarden's *Web Vault*, rely on the server dynamically serving JavaScript code to the browser to handle cryptography. A malicious server can target you and send you malicious JavaScript code to steal your encryption key (and it would be extremely hard to notice). Because the server can choose to serve different web clients to different people—even if you noticed the attack—it would be incredibly hard to prove the provider's guilt.
Therefore, you should use native applications over web clients whenever possible.
Even with E2EE, service providers can still profile you based on **metadata**, which typically isn't protected. While the service provider can't read your messages, they can still observe important things, such as who you're talking to, how often you message them, and when you're typically active. Protection of metadata is fairly uncommon, and—if it's within your [threat model](threat-modeling.md)—you should pay close attention to the technical documentation of the software you're using to see if there's any metadata minimization or protection at all.
## Mass Surveillance Programs
<span class="pg-blue">:material-eye-outline: Mass Surveillance</span>
Mass surveillance is the intricate effort to monitor the "behavior, many activities, or information" of an entire (or substantial fraction of a) population.[^1] It often refers to government programs, such as the ones [disclosed by Edward Snowden in 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)). However, it can also be carried out by corporations, either on behalf of government agencies or by their own initiative.
!!! abstract "Atlas of Surveillance"
If you want to learn more about surveillance methods and how they're implemented in your city you can also take a look at the [Atlas of Surveillance](https://atlasofsurveillance.org/) by the [Electronic Frontier Foundation](https://www.eff.org/).
In France you can take a look at the [Technolopolice website](https://technopolice.fr/villes/) maintained by the non-profit association La Quadrature du Net.
Governments often justify mass surveillance programs as necessary means to combat terrorism and prevent crime. However, breaching human rights, it's most often used to disproportionately target minority groups and political dissidents, among others.
!!! quote "ACLU: [*The Privacy Lesson of 9/11: Mass Surveillance is Not the Way Forward*](https://www.aclu.org/news/national-security/the-privacy-lesson-of-9-11-mass-surveillance-is-not-the-way-forward)"
In the face of [Edward Snowden's disclosures of government programs such as [PRISM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRISM) and [Upstream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_collection)], intelligence officials also admitted that the NSA had for years been secretly collecting records about virtually every American’s phone calls — who’s calling whom, when those calls are made, and how long they last. This kind of information, when amassed by the NSA day after day, can reveal incredibly sensitive details about people’s lives and associations, such as whether they have called a pastor, an abortion provider, an addiction counselor, or a suicide hotline.
Despite growing mass surveillance in the United States, the government has found that mass surveillance programs like Section 215 have had "little unique value" with respect to stopping actual crimes or terrorist plots, with efforts largely duplicating the FBI's own targeted surveillance programs.[^2]
Online, you can be tracked via a variety of methods:
- Your IP address
- Browser cookies
- The data you submit to websites
- Your browser or device fingerprint
- Payment method correlation
\[This list isn't exhaustive].
If you're concerned about mass surveillance programs, you can use strategues like compartmentalizing your online identities, blending in with other users, or, whenever possible, simply avoiding giving out identifying information.
<span class="pg-brown">:material-account-cash: Surveillance Capitalism</span>
> Surveillance capitalism is an economic system centered around the capture and commodification of personal data for the core purpose of profit-making.[^3]
For many people, tracking and surveillance by private corporations is a growing concern. Pervasive ad networks, such as those operated by Google and Facebook, span the internet far beyond just the sites they control, tracking your actions along the way. Using tools like content blockers to limit network requests to their servers, and reading the privacy policies of the services you use can help you avoid many basic adversaries (although it can't completely prevent tracking).[^4]
Additionally, even companies outside of the *AdTech* or tracking industry can share your information with [data brokers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_broker) (such as Cambridge Analytica, Experian, or Datalogix) or other parties. You can't automatically assume your data is safe just because the service you're using doesn't fall within the typical AdTech or tracking business model. The strongest protection against corporate data collection is to encrypt or obfuscate your data whenever possible, making it difficult for different providers to correlate data with each other and build a profile on you.
## Limiting Public Information
<span class="pg-green">:material-account-search: Public Exposure</span>
The best way to keep your data private is simply not making it public in the first place. Deleting unwanted information you find about yourself online is one of the best first steps you can take to regain your privacy.
- [View our guide on account deletion :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](account-deletion.md)
On sites where you do share information, checking the privacy settings of your account to limit how widely that data is spread is very important. For example, enable "private mode" on your accounts if given the option: This ensures that your account isn't being indexed by search engines, and that it can't be viewed without your permission.
If you've already submitted your real information to sites which shouldn't have it, consider using disinformation tactics, like submitting fictitious information related to that online identity. This makes your real information indistinguishable from the false information.
## Avoiding Censorship
<span class="pg-blue-gray">:material-close-outline: Censorship</span>
Censorship online can be carried out (to varying degrees) by actors including totalitarian governments, network administrators, and service providers. These efforts to control communication and restrict access to information will always be incompatible with the human right to Freedom of Expression.[^5]
Censorship on corporate platforms is increasingly common, as platforms like Twitter and Facebook give in to public demand, market pressures, and pressures from government agencies. Government pressures can be covert requests to businesses, such as the White House [requesting the takedown](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/17/technology/on-the-web-a-fine-line-on-free-speech-across-globe.html) of a provocative YouTube video, or overt, such as the Chinese government requiring companies to adhere to a strict regime of censorship.
People concerned with the threat of censorship can use technologies like [Tor](../advanced/tor-overview.md) to circumvent it, and support censorship-resistant communication platforms like [Matrix](../real-time-communication.md#element), which doesn't have a centralized account authority that can close accounts arbitrarily.
!!! aviso
Backup `BitLocker-Recovery-Key.txt` em um dispositivo de armazenamento separado.
While evading censorship itself can be easy, hiding the fact that you are doing it can be very problematic.
You should consider which aspects of the network your adversary can observe, and whether you have plausible deniability for your actions. For example, using [encrypted DNS](../advanced/dns-overview.md#what-is-encrypted-dns) can help you bypass rudimentary, DNS-based censorship systems, but it can't truly hide what you are visiting from your ISP. A VPN or Tor can help hide what you are visiting from network administrators, but can't hide that you're using those networks in the first place. Pluggable transports (such as Obfs4proxy, Meek, or Shadowsocks) can help you evade firewalls that block common VPN protocols or Tor, but your circumvention attempts can still be detected by methods like probing or [deep packet inspection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_packet_inspection).
You must always consider the risks of trying to bypass censorship, the potential consequences, and how sophisticated your adversary may be. You should be cautious with your software selection, and have a backup plan in case you are caught.
[^1]: Wikipedia: [*Mass Surveillance*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillance) and [*Surveillance*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance).
[^2]: United States Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board: [*Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf)
[^3]: Wikipedia: [*Surveillance capitalism*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
[^4]: "[Enumerating badness](https://www.ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb/)" (or, "listing all the bad things that we know about"), as many adblockers and antivirus programs do, fails to adequately protect you from new and unknown threats because they have not yet been added to the filter list. You should also employ other mitigation techniques.
[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

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---
title: Email Security
icon: material/email
description: Email is inherently insecure in many ways, and these are some of the reasons it isn't our top choice for secure communications.
---
Email is an insecure form of communication by default. You can improve your email security with tools such as OpenPGP, which add End-to-End Encryption to your messages, but OpenPGP still has a number of drawbacks compared to encryption in other messaging applications, and some email data can never be encrypted inherently due to how email is designed.
As a result, email is best used for receiving transactional emails (like notifications, verification emails, password resets, etc.) from the services you sign up for online, not for communicating with others.
## Email Encryption Overview
The standard way to add E2EE to emails between different email providers is by using OpenPGP. There are different implementations of the OpenPGP standard, the most common being [GnuPG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard) and [OpenPGP.js](https://openpgpjs.org).
There is another standard which is popular with business called [S/MIME](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S/MIME), however, it requires a certificate issued from a [Certificate Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_authority) (not all of them issue S/MIME certificates). It has support in [Google Workplace](https://support.google.com/a/topic/9061730?hl=en&ref_topic=9061731) and [Outlook for Web or Exchange Server 2016, 2019](https://support.office.com/en-us/article/encrypt-messages-by-using-s-mime-in-outlook-on-the-web-878c79fc-7088-4b39-966f-14512658f480).
Even if you use OpenPGP, it does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. This is why we recommend [instant messengers](../real-time-communication.md) which implement forward secrecy over email for person-to-person communications whenever possible.
### What Email Clients Support E2EE?
Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and SMTP can be used with any of the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md). Depending on the authentication method, this may lead to the decrease security if either the provider or the email client does not support OATH or a bridge application as [multi-factor authentication](multi-factor-authentication.md) is not possible with plain password authentication.
### How Do I Protect My Private Keys?
A smartcard (such as a [Yubikey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc) running an email/webmail client. The message is then decrypted by the smartcard and the decrypted content is sent back to the device.
It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard so as to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device.
## Email Metadata Overview
Email metadata is stored in the [message header](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email#Message_header) of the email message and includes some visible headers that you may have seen such as: `To`, `From`, `Cc`, `Date`, `Subject`. There are also a number of hidden headers included by many email clients and providers that can reveal information about your account.
Client software may use email metadata to show who a message is from and what time it was received. Servers may use it to determine where an email message must be sent, among [other purposes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email#Message_header) which are not always transparent.
### Who Can View Email Metadata?
Email metadata is protected from outside observers with [Opportunistic TLS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_TLS) protecting it from outside observers, but it is still able to be seen by your email client software (or webmail) and any servers relaying the message from you to any recipients including your email provider. Sometimes email servers will also use third-party services to protect against spam, which generally also have access to your messages.
### Why Can't Metadata be E2EE?
Email metadata is crucial to the most basic functionality of email (where it came from, and where it has to go). E2EE was not built into the email protocols originally, instead requiring add-on software like OpenPGP. Because OpenPGP messages still have to work with traditional email providers, it cannot encrypt email metadata, only the message body itself. That means that even when using OpenPGP, outside observers can see lots of information about your messages, such as who you're emailing, the subject lines, when you're emailing, etc.

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---
title: "Multi-Factor Authentication"
icon: 'O uso de AMF forte pode parar mais de 99% dos acessos não autorizados à conta, e é fácil de configurar nos serviços que você já usa.'
description: MFA is a critical security mechanism for securing your online accounts, but some methods are stronger than others.
---
**Multi-Factor Authentication** (**MFA**) is a security mechanism that requires additional steps beyond entering your username (or email) and password. The most common method is time limited codes you might receive from SMS or an app.
A idéia por trás do AMF é que mesmo que um hacker (ou adversário) seja capaz de descobrir sua senha (algo que você *sabe*), eles ainda precisarão de um dispositivo que você possui como o seu telefone (algo que você *tem*), a fim de gerar o código necessário para entrar na sua conta. Os métodos de AMF variam na segurança com base nesta premissa: quanto mais difícil for para um atacante ter acesso ao seu método AMF, melhor.
Receber códigos de **SMS** ou **email** são uma das formas mais fracas de proteger as suas contas com AMF. Examples of MFA methods (from weakest to strongest) include SMS, Email codes, app push notifications, TOTP, Yubico OTP and FIDO.
## Comparação do Método AMF
### SMS ou e-mail MFA
**Notificações Push** assume a forma de uma mensagem a ser enviada para um aplicativo no seu telefone pedindo-lhe para confirmar novos logins de conta. Este método é muito melhor que SMS ou e-mail, uma vez que um atacante normalmente não seria capaz de receber estas notificações push sem ter um dispositivo já conectado, o que significa que eles precisariam comprometer um dos seus outros dispositivos primeiro. If an unauthorized person gained access to your email, they would be able to use that access to both reset your password and receive the authentication code, giving them full access to your account.
### Notificações Push
Todos nós cometemos erros, e há o risco de que um usuário possa aceitar a tentativa de login por acidente. As autorizações de login de notificação push são normalmente enviadas para *todos* seus dispositivos de uma só vez, ampliando a disponibilidade do código MFA se você tiver muitos dispositivos.
A segurança da notificação push AMF depende tanto da qualidade do aplicativo, do componente servidor e da confiança do desenvolvedor que o produz. A instalação de um aplicativo também pode exigir que você aceite privilégios invasivos que concedam acesso a outros dados em seu dispositivo.
**TOTP** é uma das formas mais comuns de AMF disponível. Quando um usuário configura o TOTP, ele geralmente é obrigado a digitalizar um [QR Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_code) que estabelece um "segredo compartilhado" com o serviço que pretende utilizar. O segredo compartilhado é protegido dentro dos dados do aplicativo autenticador, e às vezes é protegido por uma senha.
### Palavra-passe única baseada no tempo (TOTP)
TOTP is one of the most common forms of MFA available. When you set up TOTP, you are generally required to scan a [QR Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_code) which establishes a "[shared secret](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_secret)" with the service that you intend to use. The shared secret is secured inside of the authenticator app's data, and is sometimes protected by a password.
Se você tem uma chave de segurança de hardware com suporte a TOTP (como uma YubiKey com [Yubico Authenticator](https://www.yubico.com/products/yubico-authenticator/)), recomendamos que você armazene os seus "segredos compartilhados" no hardware. As the code is only valid for a short time, without access to the shared secret, an adversary cannot generate new codes.
Ao contrário de [FIDO2 / U2F](#fido2-u2f), TOTP não oferece protecção contra [phishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing) ou ataques de reutilização. Se um adversário obtém um código válido de você, ele pode usá-lo quantas vezes quiser até que expire (geralmente 60 segundos). A YubiKey is also not connected to the Internet, unlike a phone with a TOTP app.
Um adversário poderia criar um site para imitar um serviço oficial, numa tentativa de enganá-lo para dar o seu nome de usuário, senha e código TOTP atual. If an adversary obtains a valid code from you, they may use it as many times as they like until it expires (generally 60 seconds).
An adversary could set up a website to imitate an official service in an attempt to trick you into giving out your username, password and current TOTP code. If the adversary then uses those recorded credentials they may be able to log into the real service and hijack the account.
Although not perfect, TOTP is secure enough for most people, and when [hardware security keys](../multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys) are not supported [authenticator apps](../multi-factor-authentication.md#authenticator-apps) are still a good option.
### Chaves de segurança do hardware
The YubiKey stores data on a tamper-resistant solid-state chip which is [impossible to access](https://security.stackexchange.com/a/245772) non-destructively without an expensive process and a forensics laboratory.
Yubico OTP é um protocolo de autenticação tipicamente implementado em chaves de segurança de hardware. Quando um utilizador decide utilizar o Yubico OTP, a chave irá gerar um ID público, um ID privado e uma Chave Secreta que é depois carregada para o servidor Yubico OTP.
#### Yubico OTP
Ao entrar em um site, tudo o que um usuário precisa fazer é tocar fisicamente a chave de segurança. A chave de segurança irá emular um teclado e imprimir uma senha única no campo da senha.
O serviço irá então reencaminhar a senha única para o servidor OTP Yubico para validação. Um contador é incrementado tanto na chave como no servidor de validação do Yubico.
The service will then forward the one-time password to the Yubico OTP server for validation. A counter is incremented both on the key and Yubico's validation server. The OTP can only be used once, and when a successful authentication occurs, the counter is increased which prevents reuse of the OTP. Yubico provides a [detailed document](https://developers.yubico.com/OTP/OTPs_Explained.html) about the process.
<figure markdown>
![Yubico OTP](/assets/img/multi-factor-autenticação/yubico-otp.png)
</figure>
There are some benefits and disadvantages to using Yubico OTP when compared to TOTP.
The Yubico validation server is a cloud based service, and you're placing trust in Yubico that they are storing data securely and not profiling you. The public ID associated with Yubico OTP is reused on every website and could be another avenue for third-parties to profile you. Like TOTP, Yubico OTP does not provide phishing resistance.
If your threat model requires you to have different identities on different websites, **do not** use Yubico OTP with the same hardware security key across those websites as public ID is unique to each security key.
#### FIDO2 / U2F
[FIDO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDO_Alliance) includes a number of standards, first there was U2F and then later [FIDO2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDO2_Project) which includes the web standard [WebAuthn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn).
U2F and FIDO2 refer to the [Client to Authenticator Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_to_Authenticator_Protocol), which is the protocol between the security key and the computer, such as a laptop or phone. It complements WebAuthn which is the component used to authenticate with the website (the "Relying Party") you're trying to log in on.
WebAuthn is the most secure and private form of second factor authentication. While the authentication experience is similar to Yubico OTP, the key does not print out a one-time password and validate with a third-party server. Instead, it uses [public key cryptography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography) for authentication.
<figure markdown>
![FIDO](../assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/fido.png)
</figure>
When you create an account, the public key is sent to the service, then when you log in, the service will require you to "sign" some data with your private key. Ele usa autenticação de chave pública e é mais seguro que os segredos compartilhados usados nos métodos Yubico OTP e TOTP, pois inclui o nome de origem (geralmente, o nome do domínio) durante a autenticação.
This presentation discusses the history of password authentication, the pitfalls (such as password reuse), and discussion of FIDO2 and [WebAuthn](https://webauthn.guide) standards.
<div class="yt-embed">
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://invidious.privacyguides.net/embed/aMo4ZlWznao?local=true" title="Como o FIDO2 e a WebAuthn Stop Account Takeovers" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div>
Se um site ou serviço suportar FIDO2 / U2F para a autenticação, é altamente recomendável que o utilize em relação a qualquer outra forma de AMF.
Typically for web services it is used with WebAuthn which is a part of the [W3C recommendations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium#W3C_recommendation_(REC)). It uses public key authentication and is more secure than shared secrets used in Yubico OTP and TOTP methods, as it includes the origin name (usually, the domain name) during authentication. Attestation is provided to protect you from phishing attacks, as it helps you to determine that you are using the authentic service and not a fake copy.
Ao configurar o seu método AMF, tenha em mente que ele é apenas tão seguro quanto o seu método de autenticação mais fraco que você usa. It also does not use any third-party cloud server for authentication. Por exemplo, se você já estiver usando TOTP, você deve desativar o e-mail e SMS MFA. Se já estiver a utilizar o FIDO2 / U2F, não deve utilizar o Yubico OTP ou TOTP na sua conta.
If a website or service supports WebAuthn for the authentication, it is highly recommended that you use it over any other form of MFA.
## Recomendações Gerais
Ao usar TOTP com um aplicativo autenticador, certifique-se de fazer backup das chaves de recuperação, do próprio aplicativo ou copie os "segredos compartilhados" para outra instância do aplicativo em um telefone diferente ou em um container criptografado (por exemplo [VeraCrypt](/encryption/#veracrypt)).
### Qual o método a utilizar?
Ao comprar uma chave de segurança, é importante que você altere as credenciais padrão, configure a proteção por senha para a chave e ative a confirmação por toque se a sua chave suportar tal recurso. Produtos como o [YubiKey](#yubikey) têm múltiplas interfaces com credenciais separadas para cada uma delas, portanto você deve passar por cima de cada interface e configurar a proteção também. For instance, if you are already using TOTP, you should disable email and SMS MFA. If you are already using FIDO2/WebAuthn, you should not be using Yubico OTP or TOTP on your account.
### Cópias de segurança
You should always have backups for your MFA method. Hardware security keys can get lost, stolen or simply stop working over time. It is recommended that you have a pair of hardware security keys with the same access to your accounts instead of just one.
When using TOTP with an authenticator app, be sure to back up your recovery keys or the app itself, or copy the "shared secrets" to another instance of the app on a different phone or to an encrypted container (e.g. [VeraCrypt](../encryption.md#veracrypt)).
### Configuração inicial
When buying a security key, it is important that you change the default credentials, set up password protection for the key, and enable touch confirmation if your key supports it. Products such as the YubiKey have multiple interfaces with separate credentials for each one of them, so you should go over each interface and set up protection as well.
### Email e SMS
Além de proteger apenas os logins do seu site, a autenticação multi-factor pode ser usada para proteger os seus logins locais, chaves ssh ou mesmo bases de dados de senhas também.
If you use SMS MFA, use a carrier who will not switch your phone number to a new SIM card without account access, or use a dedicated VoIP number from a provider with similar security to avoid a [SIM swap attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_swap_scam).
[MFA tools we recommend](../multi-factor-authentication.md ""){.md-button}
## Mais lugares para configurar o AMF
Yubico tem um guia [Usando o seu YubiKey como Smart Card em macOS](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360016649059) que o pode ajudar a configurar o seu YubiKey em macOS.
### Windows
Yubico has a dedicated [Credential Provider](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/secauthn/credential-providers-in-windows) that adds Challenge-Response authentication for the username + password login flow for local Windows accounts. If you have a YubiKey with Challenge-Response authentication support, take a look at the [Yubico Login for Windows Configuration Guide](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013708460-Yubico-Login-for-Windows-Configuration-Guide), which will allow you to set up MFA on your Windows computer.
### macOS
macOS has [native support](https://support.apple.com/guide/deployment/intro-to-smart-card-integration-depd0b888248/web) for authentication with smart cards (PIV). If you have a smartcard or a hardware security key that supports the PIV interface such as the YubiKey, we recommend that you follow your smartcard/hardware security vendor's documentation and set up second factor authentication for your macOS computer.
Yubico have a guide [Using Your YubiKey as a Smart Card in macOS](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360016649059) which can help you set up your YubiKey on macOS.
After your smartcard/security key is set up, we recommend running this command in the Terminal:
```text
sudo defaults write /Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow DisableFDEAutoLogin -bool SIM
```
The command will prevent an adversary from bypassing MFA when the computer boots.
### Linux
!!! Recomendamos que você verifique o [documentação](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) de Yubico sobre como configurar isso.
If the hostname of your system changes (such as due to DHCP), you would be unable to login. It is vital that you set up a proper hostname for your computer before following this guide.
The `pam_u2f` module on Linux can provide two-factor authentication for logging in on most popular Linux distributions. A maioria das coisas deve ser a mesma independentemente da distribuição, no entanto os comandos do gerenciador de pacotes, como "apt-get" e nomes de pacotes podem ser diferentes. Yubico has a guide [Ubuntu Linux Login Guide - U2F](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360016649099-Ubuntu-Linux-Login-Guide-U2F) which should work on any distribution. The package manager commands—such as `apt-get`—and package names may however differ. This guide does **not** apply to Qubes OS.
### SO Qubes
As bases de dados KeePass e KeePassXC podem ser protegidas usando Challenge-Response ou HOTP como um segundo factor de autenticação. Yubico forneceu um documennt para KeePass [Usando a sua YubiKey com KeePass](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013779759-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-KeePass) e também existe um no website [KeePassXC](https://keepassxc.org/docs/#faq-yubikey-2fa) .
### SSH
#### Chaves de Segurança de Hardware
SSH MFA could be set up using multiple different authentication methods that are popular with hardware security keys. We recommend that you check out Yubico's [documentation](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) on how to set this up.
#### Palavra-passe única baseada no tempo (TOTP)
SSH MFA can also be set up using TOTP. DigitalOcean has provided a tutorial [How To Set Up Multi-Factor Authentication for SSH on Ubuntu 20.04](https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-multi-factor-authentication-for-ssh-on-ubuntu-20-04). Most things should be the same regardless of distribution, however the package manager commands—such as `apt-get`—and package names may differ.
### KeePass (e KeePassXC)
KeePass and KeePassXC databases can be secured using Challenge-Response or HOTP as a second-factor authentication. Yubico has provided a document for KeePass [Using Your YubiKey with KeePass](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013779759-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-KeePass) and there is also one on the [KeePassXC](https://keepassxc.org/docs/#faq-yubikey-2fa) website.

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---
title: "Introduction to Passwords"
icon: 'material/form-textbox-password'
description: These are some tips and tricks on how to create the strongest passwords and keep your accounts secure.
---
Passwords are an essential part of our everyday digital lives. We use them to protect our accounts, our devices and our secrets. Despite often being the only thing between us and an adversary who's after our private information, not a lot of thought is put into them, which often leads to people using passwords that can be easily guessed or brute-forced.
## Best Practices
### Use unique passwords for every service
Imagine this; you sign up for an account with the same e-mail and password on multiple online services. If one of those service providers is malicious, or their service has a data breach that exposes your password in an unencrypted format, all a bad actor would have to do is try that e-mail and password combination across multiple popular services until they get a hit. It doesn't matter how strong that one password is, because they already have it.
This is called [credential stuffing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credential_stuffing), and it is one of the most common ways that your accounts can be compromised by bad actors. To avoid this, make sure that you never re-use your passwords.
### Use randomly generated passwords
==You should **never** rely on yourself to come up with a good password.== We recommend using [randomly generated passwords](#passwords) or [diceware passphrases](#diceware-passphrases) with sufficient entropy to protect your accounts and devices.
All of our [recommended password managers](../passwords.md) include a built-in password generator that you can use.
### Rotating Passwords
You should avoid changing passwords that you have to remember (such as your password manager's master password) too often unless you have reason to believe it has been compromised, as changing it too often exposes you to the risk of forgetting it.
When it comes to passwords that you don't have to remember (such as passwords stored inside your password manager), if your [threat model](threat-modeling.md) calls for it, we recommend going through important accounts (especially accounts that don't use multi-factor authentication) and changing their password every couple of months, in case they have been compromised in a data breach that hasn't become public yet. Most password managers allow you to set an expiry date for your password to make this easier to manage.
!!! tip "Checking for data breaches"
If your password manager lets you check for compromised passwords, make sure to do so and promptly change any password that may have been exposed in a data breach. Alternatively, you could follow [Have I Been Pwned's Latest Breaches feed](https://feeds.feedburner.com/HaveIBeenPwnedLatestBreaches) with the help of a [news aggregator](../news-aggregators.md).
## Creating strong passwords
### Passwords
A lot of services impose certain criteria when it comes to passwords, including a minimum or maximum length, as well as which special characters, if any, can be used. You should use your password manager's built-in password generator to create passwords that are as long and complex as the service will allow by including capitalized and lowercase letters, numbers and special characters.
If you need a password you can memorize, we recommend a [diceware passphrase](#diceware-passphrases).
### Diceware Passphrases
Diceware is a method for creating passphrases which are easy to remember, but hard to guess.
Diceware passphrases are a great option when you need to memorize or manually input your credentials, such as for your password manager's master password or your device's encryption password.
An example of a diceware passphrase is `viewable fastness reluctant squishy seventeen shown pencil`.
To generate a diceware passphrase using real dice, follow these steps:
!!! note
These instructions assume that you are using [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) to generate the passphrase, which requires five dice rolls per word. Other wordlists may require more or less rolls per word, and may require a different amount of words to achieve the same entropy.
1. Roll a six-sided die five times, noting down the number after each roll.
2. As an example, let's say you rolled `2-5-2-6-6`. Look through the [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) for the word that corresponds to `25266`.
3. You will find the word `encrypt`. Write that word down.
4. Repeat this process until your passphrase has as many words as you need, which you should separate with a space.
!!! warning "Important"
You should **not** re-roll words until you get a combination of words that appeal to you. The process should be completely random.
If you don't have access to or would prefer to not use real dice, you can use your password manager's built-in password generator, as most of them have the option to generate diceware passphrases in addition to regular passwords.
We recommend using [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) to generate your diceware passphrases, as it offers the exact same security as the original list, while containing words that are easier to memorize. There are also [other wordlists in different languages](https://theworld.com/~reinhold/diceware.html#Diceware%20in%20Other%20Languages|outline), if you do not want your passphrase to be in English.
Recomendamos armazenar uma chave de recuperação local em um local seguro, em vez de utilizar a recuperação do iCloud FileVault. note "Explanation of entropy and strength of diceware passphrases"
To demonstrate how strong diceware passphrases are, we'll use the aforementioned seven word passphrase (`viewable fastness reluctant squishy seventeen shown pencil`) and [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) as an example.
One metric to determine the strength of a diceware passphrase is how much entropy it has. The entropy per word in a diceware passphrase is calculated as $\text{log}_2(\text{WordsInList})$ and the overall entropy of the passphrase is calculated as $\text{log}_2(\text{WordsInList}^\text{WordsInPhrase})$.
Therefore, each word in the aforementioned list results in ~12.9 bits of entropy ($\text{log}_2(7776)$), and a seven word passphrase derived from it has ~90.47 bits of entropy ($\text{log}_2(7776^7)$).
The [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) contains 7776 unique words. To calculate the amount of possible passphrases, all we have to do is $\text{WordsInList}^\text{WordsInPhrase}$, or in our case, $7776^7$.
Let's put all of this in perspective: A seven word passphrase using [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) is one of ~1,719,070,799,748,422,500,000,000,000 possible passphrases.
On average, it takes trying 50% of all the possible combinations to guess your phrase. With that in mind, even if your adversary is capable of ~1,000,000,000,000 guesses per second, it would still take them ~27,255,689 years to guess your passphrase. That is the case even if the following things are true:
- Your adversary knows that you used the diceware method.
- Your adversary knows the specific wordlist that you used.
- Your adversary knows how many words your passphrase contains.
To sum it up, diceware passphrases are your best option when you need something that is both easy to remember *and* exceptionally strong.
## Storing Passwords
### Redes Auto-Contidas
The best way to store your passwords is by using a password manager. They allow you to store your passwords in a file or in the cloud and protect them with a single master password. That way, you will only have to remember one strong password, which lets you access the rest of them.
There are many good options to choose from, both cloud-based and local. Choose one of our recommended password managers and use it to establish strong passwords across all of your accounts. We recommend securing your password manager with a [diceware passphrase](#diceware-passphrases) comprised of at least seven words.
[List of recommended password managers](../passwords.md ""){.md-button}
!!! warning "Don't place your passwords and TOTP tokens inside the same password manager"
When using TOTP codes as [multi-factor authentication](../multi-factor-authentication.md), the best security practice is to keep your TOTP codes in a [separate app](../multi-factor-authentication.md#authenticator-apps).
Storing your TOTP tokens in the same place as your passwords, while convenient, reduces the accounts to a single factor in the event that an adversary gains access to your password manager.
Furthermore, we do not recommend storing single-use recovery codes in your password manager. Those should be stored separately such as in an encrypted container on an offline storage device.
### Cópias de segurança
You should store an [encrypted](../encryption.md) backup of your passwords on multiple storage devices or a cloud storage provider. This can help you access your passwords if something happens to your primary device or the service you are using.

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---
title: "evergreen"
icon: 'O que são modelos de ameaça?'
description: Equilibrar segurança, privacidade e usabilidade é uma das primeiras e mais difíceis tarefas que você enfrentará na sua jornada de privacidade.
---
Equilibrar segurança, privacidade e usabilidade é uma das primeiras e mais difíceis tarefas que você enfrentará na sua jornada de privacidade. Everything is a trade-off: The more secure something is, the more restricting or inconvenient it generally is, etc. Often, people find that the problem with the tools they see recommended is that they're just too hard to start using!
Se você quisesse usar o **mais** ferramentas seguras disponíveis, você teria que sacrificar *muito* de usabilidade. And, even then, ==nothing is ever fully secure.== There's **high** security, but never **full** security. É por isso que os modelos de ameaça são importantes.
**So, what are these threat models, anyway?**
==A threat model is a list of the most probable threats to your security and privacy endeavors.== Since it's impossible to protect yourself against **every** attack(er), you should focus on the **most probable** threats. In computer security, a threat is an event that could undermine your efforts to stay private and secure.
Focusing on the threats that matter to you narrows down your thinking about the protection you need, so you can choose the tools that are right for the job.
## Creating Your Threat Model
To identify what could happen to the things you value and determine from whom you need to protect them, you should answer these five questions:
1. O que é que eu quero proteger?
2. De quem eu quero protegê-lo?
3. Qual é a probabilidade de eu precisar de o proteger?
4. Quão más são as consequências se eu falhar?
5. Quantos problemas estou disposto a enfrentar para tentar evitar possíveis consequências?
### O que é que eu quero proteger?
Um "bem" é algo que você valoriza e quer proteger. In the context of digital security, ==an asset is usually some kind of information.== For example, your emails, contact lists, instant messages, location, and files are all possible assets. Os seus próprios dispositivos também podem ser bens.
*Faça uma lista dos seus bens: dados que você guarda, onde são guardados, quem tem acesso a eles e o que impede outros de acederem a eles.*
### De quem eu quero protegê-lo?
Para responder a esta pergunta, é importante identificar quem pode querer ter como alvo você ou suas informações. ==A person or entity that poses a threat to your assets is an “adversary”.== Examples of potential adversaries are your boss, your former partner, your business competition, your government, or a hacker on a public network.
*Make a list of your adversaries or those who might want to get ahold of your assets. A sua lista pode incluir indivíduos, uma agência governamental ou corporações.*
Depending on who your adversaries are, under some circumstances, this list might be something you want to destroy after you're done security planning.
### Qual é a probabilidade de eu precisar de o proteger?
==Risk is the likelihood that a particular threat against a particular asset will actually occur.== It goes hand-in-hand with capability. Embora a sua operadora de celular tenha a capacidade de acessar todos os seus dados, o risco de que eles coloquem seus dados particulares online para prejudicar sua reputação é baixo.
É importante distinguir entre o que pode acontecer e a probabilidade de acontecer. Por exemplo, há uma ameaça de colapso do seu edifício, mas o risco de isso acontecer é muito maior em São Francisco (onde os terremotos são comuns) do que em Estocolmo (onde eles não são).
Assessing risks is both a personal and subjective process. Many people find certain threats unacceptable, no matter the likelihood they will occur, because the mere presence of the threat is not worth the cost. Em outros casos, as pessoas desconsideram os altos riscos porque não vêem a ameaça como um problema.
*Escreva quais ameaças você vai levar a sério, e quais podem ser muito raras ou inofensivas (ou muito difíceis de combater) para se preocupar.*
### Quão más são as consequências se eu falhar?
Há muitas maneiras de um adversário poder ter acesso aos seus dados. Por exemplo, um adversário pode ler suas comunicações privadas enquanto elas passam pela rede, ou podem apagar ou corromper seus dados.
==The motives of adversaries differ widely, as do their tactics.== A government trying to prevent the spread of a video showing police violence may be content to simply delete or reduce the availability of that video. Em contraste, um adversário político pode desejar ter acesso a conteúdo secreto e publicar esse conteúdo sem que você saiba.
O planejamento de segurança envolve compreender quão ruins podem ser as conseqüências se um adversário conseguir ter acesso a um de seus ativos. Para determinar isso, você deve considerar a capacidade do seu adversário. For example, your mobile phone provider has access to all of your phone records. Um hacker em uma rede Wi-Fi aberta pode acessar suas comunicações não criptografadas. O seu governo pode ter capacidades mais fortes.
*Escreva o que o seu adversário pode querer fazer com os seus dados privados.*
### Quantos problemas estou disposto a enfrentar para tentar evitar possíveis consequências?
==There is no perfect option for security.== Not everyone has the same priorities, concerns, or access to resources. Sua avaliação de risco lhe permitirá planejar a estratégia certa para você, equilibrando conveniência, custo e privacidade.
Por exemplo, um advogado que representa um cliente em um caso de segurança nacional pode estar disposto a ir mais longe para proteger as comunicações sobre esse caso, como o uso de e-mail criptografado, do que uma mãe que envia regularmente e-mails com vídeos engraçados de gatos para sua filha.
*Escreva as opções que você tem disponíveis para ajudar a mitigar suas ameaças únicas. Observe se você tem alguma restrição financeira, técnica ou social.*
### Try it yourself: Protecting Your Belongings
These questions can apply to a wide variety of situations, online and offline. As a generic demonstration of how these questions work, let's build a plan to keep your house and possessions safe.
**O que você quer proteger? (Ou, *o que é que você tem que vale a pena proteger?*)**
:
Seus bens podem incluir jóias, eletrônicos, documentos importantes ou fotos.
**De quem você quer protegê-lo?**
:
Os seus adversários podem incluir assaltantes, companheiros de quarto ou convidados.
**Qual é a probabilidade de precisar de o proteger?**
:
O seu bairro tem um histórico de assaltos? How trustworthy are your roommates or guests? Quais são as capacidades dos seus adversários? Quais são os riscos que você deve considerar?
**Quão más são as consequências se falhar?**
:
Tem alguma coisa na sua casa que não possa substituir? Do you have the time or money to replace those things? Você tem um seguro que cobre bens roubados de sua casa?
**Quantos problemas você está disposto a passar para evitar essas consequências?**
:
Você está disposto a comprar um cofre para documentos sensíveis? Tem dinheiro para comprar um cadeado de alta qualidade? Tem tempo para abrir uma caixa de segurança no seu banco local e guardar lá os seus valores?
Só depois de se ter feito estas perguntas é que estará em condições de avaliar que medidas tomar. Se os seus bens são valiosos, mas a probabilidade de um arrombamento é baixa, então você pode não querer investir muito dinheiro numa fechadura. But, if the probability of a break-in is high, you'll want to get the best lock on the market and consider adding a security system.
Fazer um plano de segurança o ajudará a entender as ameaças que são únicas para você e a avaliar seus ativos, seus adversários e as capacidades de seus adversários, juntamente com a probabilidade de riscos que você enfrenta.
## Further Reading
For people looking to increase their privacy and security online, we've compiled a list of common threats our visitors face or goals our visitors have, to give you some inspiration and demonstrate the basis of our recommendations.
- [Common Goals and Threats :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](common-threats.md)
## Fontes
- [Autodefesa de Vigilância EFF: Seu Plano de Segurança](https://ssd.eff.org/en/module/your-security-plan)

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---
title: VPN Overview
icon: material/vpn
description: Virtual Private Networks shift risk away from your ISP to a third-party you trust. You should keep these things in mind.
---
Virtual Private Networks are a way of extending the end of your network to exit somewhere else in the world. An ISP can see the flow of internet traffic entering and exiting your network termination device (i.e. modem).
Encryption protocols such as HTTPS are commonly used on the internet, so they may not be able to see exactly what you're posting or reading, but they can get an idea of the [domains you request](../advanced/dns-overview.md#why-shouldnt-i-use-encrypted-dns).
A VPN can help as it can shift trust to a server somewhere else in the world. As a result, the ISP then only sees that you are connected to a VPN and nothing about the activity that you're passing into it.
## Should I use a VPN?
**Yes**, unless you are already using Tor. A VPN does two things: shifting the risks from your Internet Service Provider to itself and hiding your IP from a third-party service.
VPNs cannot encrypt data outside of the connection between your device and the VPN server. VPN providers can see and modify your traffic the same way your ISP could. And there is no way to verify a VPN provider's "no logging" policies in any way.
However, they do hide your actual IP from a third-party service, provided that there are no IP leaks. They help you blend in with others and mitigate IP based tracking.
## When shouldn't I use a VPN?
Using a VPN in cases where you're using your [known identity](common-threats.md#common-misconceptions) is unlikely be useful.
Doing so may trigger spam and fraud detection systems, such as if you were to log into your bank's website.
## What about encryption?
Encryption offered by VPN providers are between your devices and their servers. It guarantees that this specific link is secure. This is a step up from using unencrypted proxies where an adversary on the network can intercept the communications between your devices and said proxies and modify them. However, encryption between your apps or browsers with the service providers are not handled by this encryption.
In order to keep what you actually do on the websites you visit private and secure, you must use HTTPS. This will keep your passwords, session tokens, and queries safe from the VPN provider. Consider enabling "HTTPS everywhere" in your browser to mitigate downgrade attacks like [SSL Strip](https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-dc-09/Marlinspike/BlackHat-DC-09-Marlinspike-Defeating-SSL.pdf).
## Should I use encrypted DNS with a VPN?
Unless your VPN provider hosts the encrypted DNS servers, **no**. Using DOH/DOT (or any other form of encrypted DNS) with third-party servers will simply add more entities to trust and does **absolutely nothing** to improve your privacy/security. Your VPN provider can still see which websites you visit based on the IP addresses and other methods. Instead of just trusting your VPN provider, you are now trusting both the VPN provider and the DNS provider.
A common reason to recommend encrypted DNS is that it helps against DNS spoofing. However, your browser should already be checking for [TLS certificates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security#Digital_certificates) with **HTTPS** and warn you about it. If you are not using **HTTPS**, then an adversary can still just modify anything other than your DNS queries and the end result will be little different.
Needless to say, **you shouldn't use encrypted DNS with Tor**. This would direct all of your DNS requests through a single circuit and would allow the encrypted DNS provider to deanonymize you.
## Should I use Tor *and* a VPN?
By using a VPN with Tor, you're creating essentially a permanent entry node, often with a money trail attached. This provides zero additional benefits to you, while increasing the attack surface of your connection dramatically. If you wish to hide your Tor usage from your ISP or your government, Tor has a built-in solution for that: Tor bridges. [Read more about Tor bridges and why using a VPN is not necessary](../advanced/tor-overview.md).
## What if I need anonymity?
VPNs cannot provide anonymity. Your VPN provider will still see your real IP address, and often has a money trail that can be linked directly back to you. You cannot rely on "no logging" policies to protect your data. Use [Tor](https://www.torproject.org/) instead.
## What about VPN providers that provide Tor nodes?
Do not use that feature. The point of using Tor is that you do not trust your VPN provider. Currently Tor only supports the [TCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol) protocol. [UDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol) (used in [WebRTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebRTC) for voice and video sharing, the new [HTTP3/QUIC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/3) protocol, etc), [ICMP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol) and other packets will be dropped. To compensate for this, VPN providers typically will route all non-TCP packets through their VPN server (your first hop). This is the case with [ProtonVPN](https://protonvpn.com/support/tor-vpn/). Additionally, when using this Tor over VPN setup, you do not have control over other important Tor features such as [Isolated Destination Address](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Stream_Isolation) (using a different Tor circuit for every domain you visit).
The feature should be viewed as a convenient way to access the Tor Network, not to stay anonymous. For proper anonymity, use the Tor Browser, TorSocks, or a Tor gateway.
## When are VPNs useful?
A VPN may still be useful to you in a variety of scenarios, such as:
1. Hiding your traffic from **only** your Internet Service Provider.
1. Hiding your downloads (such as torrents) from your ISP and anti-piracy organizations.
1. Hiding your IP from third-party websites and services, preventing IP based tracking.
For situations like these, or if you have another compelling reason, the VPN providers we listed above are who we think are the most trustworthy. However, using a VPN provider still means you're *trusting* the provider. In pretty much any other scenario you should be using a secure**-by-design** tool such as Tor.
## Sources and Further Reading
1. [VPN - a Very Precarious Narrative](https://schub.io/blog/2019/04/08/very-precarious-narrative.html) by Dennis Schubert
1. [Tor Network Overview](../advanced/tor-overview.md)
1. [IVPN Privacy Guides](https://www.ivpn.net/privacy-guides)
1. ["Do I need a VPN?"](https://www.doineedavpn.com), a tool developed by IVPN to challenge aggressive VPN marketing by helping individuals decide if a VPN is right for them.
## Related VPN Information
- [The Trouble with VPN and Privacy Review Sites](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2019/11/20/the-trouble-with-vpn-and-privacy-review-sites/)
- [Free VPN App Investigation](https://www.top10vpn.com/free-vpn-app-investigation/)
- [Hidden VPN owners unveiled: 101 VPN products run by just 23 companies](https://vpnpro.com/blog/hidden-vpn-owners-unveiled-97-vpns-23-companies/)
- [This Chinese company is secretly behind 24 popular apps seeking dangerous permissions](https://vpnpro.com/blog/chinese-company-secretly-behind-popular-apps-seeking-dangerous-permissions/)

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---
title: "Clientes de e-mail"
icon: material/calendar
description: Calendars contain some of your most sensitive data; use products that implement encryption at rest.
---
Calendars contain some of your most sensitive data; use products that implement E2EE at rest to prevent a provider from reading them.
## Software como um serviço (SaaS) apenas
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Tutanota logo](assets/img/calendar/tutanota.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Tutanota logo](assets/img/calendar/tutanota-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Tutanota** offers a free and encrypted calendar across their supported platforms. [Visite tutanota.com](https://tutanota.com/calendar){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://tutanota.com/privacy){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/desktop-clients/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-apple: macOS](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/desktop-clients/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-linux: Linux](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/desktop-clients/)
- [:pg-flathub: Flatpak](https://flathub.org/apps/details/com.tutanota.Tutanota)
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.tutao.tutanota)
- [:pg-f-droid: F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/de.tutao.tutanota)
- [:fontawesome-brands-app-store-ios: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/tutanota/id922429609)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Source](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota)
Multiple calendars and extended sharing functionality is limited to paid subscribers.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://tutanota.com/calendar){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://tutanota.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://tutanota.com/faq){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://tutanota.com/community/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.tutao.tutanota)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/tutanota/id922429609)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/desktop-clients/)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/desktop-clients/)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/desktop-clients/)
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/com.tutanota.Tutanota)
- [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://mail.tutanota.com/)
## Auto-hospedagem
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Proton](assets/img/calendar/proton-calendar.svg){ align=right }
**Proton Calendar** is an encrypted calendar service available to Proton members via web or mobile clients. Todos os dados armazenados dentro dele são encriptados de ponta a ponta quando armazenados nos servidores do ProtonMail. [Visite calendar.protonmail.com](https://calendar.protonmail.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://protonmail.com/privacy-policy){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=me.proton.android.calendar)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Fonte](https://github.com/ProtonMail/WebClients) Extended sharing functionality is also limited to paid subscribers.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/calendar){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/legal/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://proton.me/support/proton-calendar-guide){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/ProtonMail/WebClients){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=me.proton.android.calendar)
- [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://calendar.proton.me)
## Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
### Minimum Qualifications
- Must sync and store information with E2EE to ensure data is not visible to the service provider.
### Best-Case
Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page.
- Should integrate with native OS calendar and contact management apps if applicable.

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---
title: "Email"
icon: material/file-cloud
description: Many cloud storage providers require your trust that they will not look at your files. These are private alternatives!
---
Many cloud storage providers require your full trust that they will not look at your files. The alternatives listed below eliminate the need for trust by implementing secure E2EE.
If these alternatives do not fit your needs, we suggest you look into using encryption software like [Cryptomator](encryption.md#cryptomator-cloud) with another cloud provider. Using Cryptomator in conjunction with **any** cloud provider (including these) may be a good idea to reduce the risk of encryption flaws in a provider's native clients.
Recomendamos armazenar uma chave de recuperação local em um local seguro, em vez de utilizar a recuperação do iCloud FileVault. question "Looking for Nextcloud?"
Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](productivity.md) for self-hosting a file management suite, however we do not recommend third-party Nextcloud storage providers at the moment, because we do [not recommend](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/t/dont-recommend-nextcloud-e2ee/10352/29) Nextcloud's built-in E2EE functionality for home users.
## Proton Drive
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right }
**Proton Drive** is a Swiss encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail).
[Visite drive.protonmail.com](https://drive.protonmail.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://protonmail.com/privacy-policy){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Fonte](https://github.com/ProtonMail/WebClients) downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=me.proton.android.drive)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1509667851)
The Proton Drive web application has been independently audited by Securitum in [2021](https://proton.me/blog/security-audit-all-proton-apps), full details were not made available, but Securitum's letter of attestation states:
> Auditors identified two low-severity vulnerabilities. Additionally, five general recommendations were reported. At the same time, we confirm that no important security issues were identified during the pentest.
Proton Drive's brand new mobile clients have not yet been publicly audited by a third-party.
## Tresorit
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Tresorit logo](assets/img/cloud/tresorit.svg){ align=right }
**Tresorit** is a Hungarian encrypted cloud storage provider founded in 2011. Tresorit is owned by the Swiss Post, the national postal service of Switzerland.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://tresorit.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://tresorit.com/legal/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.tresorit.com/hc/en-us){ .card-link title=Documentation}
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.tresorit.mobile)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id722163232)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://tresorit.com/download)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://tresorit.com/download)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://tresorit.com/download)
Tresorit has received a number of independent security audits:
- [2022](https://tresorit.com/blog/tresorit-receives-iso-27001-certification/): ISO/IEC 27001:2013[^1] Compliance [Certification](https://www.certipedia.com/quality_marks/9108644476) by TÜV Rheinland InterCert Kft
- [2021](https://tresorit.com/blog/fresh-penetration-testing-confirms-tresorit-security/): Penetration Testing by Computest
- This review assessed the security of the Tresorit web client, Android app, Windows app, and associated infrastructure.
- Computest discovered two vulnerabilities which have been resolved.
- [2019](https://tresorit.com/blog/ernst-young-review-verifies-tresorits-security-architecture/): Penetration Testing by Ernst & Young.
- This review analyzed the full source code of Tresorit and validated that the implementation matches the concepts described in Tresorit's [white paper](https://prodfrontendcdn.azureedge.net/202208011608/tresorit-encryption-whitepaper.pdf).
- Ernst & Young additionally tested the web, mobile, and desktop clients: "Test results found no deviation from Tresorit’s data confidentiality claims."
They have also received the Digital Trust Label, a certification from the [Swiss Digital Initiative](https://www.swiss-digital-initiative.org/digital-trust-label/) which requires passing [35 criteria](https://digitaltrust-label.swiss/criteria/) related to security, privacy, and reliability.
## Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
### Minimum Requirements
- Must enforce end-to-end encryption.
- Must offer a free plan or trial period for testing.
- Must support TOTP or FIDO2 multi-factor authentication, or Passkey logins.
- Must offer a web interface which supports basic file management functionality.
- Must allow for easy exports of all files/documents.
- Must use standard, audited encryption.
### Best-Case
Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page.
- Clients should be open-source.
- Clients should be audited in their entirety by an independent third-party.
- Should offer native clients for Linux, Android, Windows, macOS, and iOS.
- These clients should integrate with native OS tools for cloud storage providers, such as Files app integration on iOS, or DocumentsProvider functionality on Android.
- Should support easy file-sharing with other users.
- Should offer at least basic file preview and editing functionality on the web interface.
[^1]: [ISO/IEC 27001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001):2013 compliance relates to the company's [information security management system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_security_management) and covers the sales, development, maintenance and support of their cloud services.

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---
title: Cryptocurrency
icon: material/bank-circle
---
Making payments online is one of the biggest challenges to privacy. These cryptocurrencies provide transaction privacy by default (something which is **not** guaranteed by the majority of cryptocurrencies), provided you have a strong understanding of how to make private payments effectively. We strongly encourage you first read our payments overview article before making any purchases:
[Making Private Payments :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](advanced/payments.md ""){.md-button}
!!! Isto permite-nos fornecer recomendações completamente objectivas.</strong> Desenvolvemos um conjunto claro de requisitos para qualquer provedor de VPN que deseje ser recomendado, incluindo criptografia forte, auditorias de segurança independentes, tecnologia moderna, e muito mais.
Many if not most cryptocurrency projects are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust.
## Monero
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Monero logo](assets/img/cryptocurrency/monero.svg){ align=right }
**Monero** uses a blockchain with privacy-enhancing technologies that obfuscate transactions to achieve anonymity. Every Monero transaction hides the transaction amount, sending and receiving addresses, and source of funds without any hoops to jump through, making it an ideal choice for cryptocurrency novices.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.getmonero.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/user-guides/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/monero-project/monero){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.getmonero.org/get-started/contributing/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
With Monero, outside observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories.
For optimal privacy, make sure to use a noncustodial wallet where the view key stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include:
- [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop)
- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com/) (iOS, Android)
- Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com/).
- [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org/) (Desktop)
- [Monerujo](https://www.monerujo.io/) (Android)
For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or i2p.
In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ciphertrace-announces-enhanced-monero-tracing-160000275.html) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022.
Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://www.wired.com/story/monero-privacy/) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations.
Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy.
## Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
- Cryptocurrency must provide private/untraceable transactions by default.

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---
title: "Ferramentas de encriptação"
icon: material/tag-remove
description: Use these tools to remove metadata like GPS location and other identifying information from photos and files you share.
---
Ao partilhar ficheiros, certifique-se de que remove os metadados associados. Os arquivos de imagem geralmente incluem [EXIF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif) dados. As fotos às vezes até incluem [GPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System) coordenadas nos metadados do arquivo.
## Desktop
### ExifCleaner
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![MAT2 logo](assets/img/data-redaction/mat2.svg){ align=right }
**MAT2** is free software, which allows the metadata to be removed from image, audio, torrent, and document file types. Ele suporta processamento em lote de vários núcleos e modo escuro.
[Visite exifcleaner.com](https://exifcleaner.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://github.com/szTheory/exifcleaner/releases)
- [:fontawesome-brands-apple: macOS](https://github.com/szTheory/exifcleaner/releases)
- [:fontawesome-brands-linux: Linux](https://github.com/szTheory/exifcleaner/releases)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Source](https://github.com/szTheory/exifcleaner)
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://0xacab.org/jvoisin/mat2){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://0xacab.org/jvoisin/mat2/-/blob/master/README.md){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://0xacab.org/jvoisin/mat2){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://pypi.org/project/mat2)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://0xacab.org/jvoisin/mat2#requirements-setup-on-macos-os-x-using-homebrew)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://pypi.org/project/mat2)
- [:octicons-globe-16: Web](https://0xacab.org/jvoisin/mat2#web-interface)
## Mobile
### Exif Scrambled Exif
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![ExifEraser logo](assets/img/data-redaction/exiferaser.svg){ align=right }
**ExifEraser** is a modern, permissionless image metadata erasing application for Android.
Pode remover dados [EXIF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif) para muitos formatos de arquivo e foi traduzido para [many](https://gitlab.com/juanitobananas/scrambled-exif/-/tree/master/app/src/main/res) idiomas.
[Visite gitlab.com](https://gitlab.com/juanitobananas/scrambled-exif){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jarsilio.android.scrambledeggsif)
- [:pg-f-droid: F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.jarsilio.android.scrambledeggsif)
- [:fontawesome-brands-gitlab: Source](https://gitlab.com/juanitobananas/scrambled-exif) downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.none.tom.exiferaser)
- [:octicons-moon-16: Accrescent](https://accrescent.app/app/com.none.tom.exiferaser)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/Tommy-Geenexus/exif-eraser/releases)
The metadata that is erased depends on the image's file type:
* **JPEG**: ICC Profile, Exif, Photoshop Image Resources and XMP/ExtendedXMP metadata will be erased if it exists.
* **PNG**: ICC Profile, Exif and XMP metadata will be erased if it exists.
* **WebP**: ICC Profile, Exif and XMP metadata will be erased if it exists.
After processing the images, ExifEraser provides you with a full report about what exactly was removed from each image.
The app offers multiple ways to erase metadata from images. 17.1 e 18.1 característica GrapheneOS por rede completa [randomização MAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address#Randomization) opção, e [`ptrace_scope`](https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/LSM/Yama.html) controlo, e reinicialização automática/Wi-Fi/Bluetooth [opções de timeout](https://grapheneos.org/features).
* You can share an image from another application with ExifEraser.
* Through the app itself, you can select a single image, multiple images at once, or even an entire directory.
* It features a "Camera" option, which uses your operating system's camera app to take a photo, and then it removes the metadata from it.
* It allows you to drag photos from another app into ExifEraser when they are both open in split-screen mode.
* Lastly, it allows you to paste an image from your clipboard.
### Imagepipe
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Metapho logo](assets/img/data-redaction/metapho.jpg){ align=right }
**Metapho** is a simple and clean viewer for photo metadata such as date, file name, size, camera model, shutter speed, and location.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://zininworks.com/metapho){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://zininworks.com/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/metapho/id914457352)
### PrivacyBlur
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![PrivacyBlur logo](assets/img/data-redaction/privacyblur.svg){ align=right }
**PrivacyBlur** is a free app which can blur sensitive portions of pictures before sharing them online.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://privacyblur.app/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://privacyblur.app/privacy.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/MATHEMA-GmbH/privacyblur#readme){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/MATHEMA-GmbH/privacyblur){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? Isto significa que não requer permissão para aceder directamente a conteúdos ou ficheiros.
!!! Recomendamos que você verifique o [documentação](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) de Yubico sobre como configurar isso.
![logotipo PrivacyBlur](/assets/img/android/privacyblur.svg){ align=right }
**PrivacyBlur*** é uma aplicação gratuita que pode desfocar porções sensíveis de imagens antes de as partilhar online. [Visite privacyblur.app](https://privacyblur.app/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads:**
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.mathema.privacyblur)
- [:pg-f-droid: F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/de.mathema.privacyblur/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: GitHub](https://github.com/MATHEMA-GmbH/privacyblur) For this, we suggest apps like [Pocket Paint](https://github.com/Catrobat/Paintroid).
## Linha de comando
### Metapho
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![ExifTool logo](assets/img/data-redaction/exiftool.png){ align=right }
**ExifTool** is the original perl library and command-line application for reading, writing, and editing meta information (Exif, IPTC, XMP, and more) in a wide variety of file formats (JPEG, TIFF, PNG, PDF, RAW, and more).
Foi traduzido para [many](https://codeberg.org/Starfish/Imagepipe#translations) idiomas.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://exiftool.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://exiftool.org/faq.html){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/exiftool/exiftool){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://exiftool.org/#donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://exiftool.org)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://exiftool.org)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://exiftool.org)
!!! example "Deleting data from a directory of files"
```bash
exiftool -all= *.file_extension
```
## Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
- Apps developed for open-source operating systems must be open-source.
- Apps must be free and should not include ads or other limitations.

359
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---
title: "Desktop Browsers"
icon: material/laptop
description: These web browsers provide stronger privacy protections than Google Chrome.
schema:
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
name: Private Desktop Browser Recommendations
url: "./"
relatedLink: "../mobile-browsers/"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": SoftwareApplication
name: Mullvad Browser
image: /assets/img/browsers/mullvad_browser.svg
url: https://mullvad.net/en/browser
applicationCategory: Web Browser
operatingSystem:
- Windows
- macOS
- Linux
subjectOf:
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": SoftwareApplication
name: Firefox
image: /assets/img/browsers/firefox.svg
url: https://firefox.com
sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox
applicationCategory: Web Browser
operatingSystem:
- Windows
- macOS
- Linux
subjectOf:
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": SoftwareApplication
name: Bromite
image: /assets/img/browsers/brave.svg
url: https://brave.com
sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_(web_browser)
applicationCategory: Web Browser
operatingSystem:
- Windows
- macOS
- Linux
subjectOf:
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
---
These are our currently recommended desktop web browsers and configurations for standard/non-anonymous browsing. We recommend [Mullvad Browser](#mullvad-browser) if you are focused on strong privacy protections and anti-fingerprinting out of the box, [Firefox](#firefox) for casual internet browsers looking for a good alternative to Google Chrome, and [Brave](#brave) if you need Chromium browser compatibility.
If you need to browse the internet anonymously, you should use [Tor](tor.md) instead. We make some configuration recommendations on this page, but all browsers other than Tor Browser will be traceable by *somebody* in some manner or another.
## Mullvad Browser
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Mullvad Browser logo](assets/img/browsers/mullvad_browser.svg){ align=right }
**Mullvad Browser** is a version of [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser) with Tor network integrations removed, aimed at providing Tor Browser's anti-fingerprinting browser technologies to VPN users. It is developed by the Tor Project and distributed by [Mullvad](vpn.md#mullvad), and does **not** require the use of Mullvad's VPN.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://mullvad.net/en/browser){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://mullvad.net/en/help/privacy-policy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://mullvad.net/en/help/tag/mullvad-browser/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitlab.torproject.org/tpo/applications/mullvad-browser){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://mullvad.net/en/download/browser/windows)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://mullvad.net/en/download/browser/macos)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://mullvad.net/en/download/browser/linux)
Like [Tor Browser](tor.md), Mullvad Browser is designed to prevent fingerprinting by making your browser fingerprint identical to all other Mullvad Browser users, and it includes default settings and extensions that are automatically configured by the default security levels: *Standard*, *Safer* and *Safest*. Therefore, it is imperative that you do not modify the browser at all outside adjusting the default [security levels](https://tb-manual.torproject.org/security-settings/). Other modifications would make your fingerprint unique, defeating the purpose of using this browser. If you want to configure your browser more heavily and fingerprinting is not a concern for you, we recommend [Firefox](#firefox) instead.
### Anti-Fingerprinting
**Without** using a [VPN](vpn.md), Mullvad Browser provides the same protections against [naive fingerprinting scripts](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js/wiki/3.3-Overrides-%5BTo-RFP-or-Not%5D#-fingerprinting) as other private browsers like Firefox+[Arkenfox](#arkenfox-advanced) or [Brave](#brave). Mullvad Browser provides these protections out of the box, at the expense of some flexibility and convenience that other private browsers can provide.
==For the strongest anti-fingerprinting protection, we recommend using Mullvad Browser in conjunction **with** a VPN==, whether that is Mullvad or another recommended VPN provider. When using a VPN with Mullvad Browser, you will share a fingerprint and a pool of IP addresses with many other users, giving you a "crowd" to blend in with. This strategy is the only way to thwart advanced tracking scripts, and is the same anti-fingerprinting technique used by Tor Browser.
Note that while you can use Mullvad Browser with any VPN provider, other people on that VPN must also be using Mullvad Browser for this "crowd" to exist, something which is more likely on Mullvad VPN compared to other providers, particularly this close to the launch of Mullvad Browser. Mullvad Browser does not have built-in VPN connectivity, nor does it check whether you are using a VPN before browsing; your VPN connection has to be configured and managed separately.
Mullvad Browser comes with the *uBlock Origin* and *NoScript* browser extensions pre-installed. While we typically [don't recommend](#extensions) adding *additional* browser extensions, these extensions that come pre-installed with the browser should **not** be removed or configured outside their default values, because doing so would noticeably make your browser fingerprint distinct from other Mullvad Browser users. It also comes pre-installed with the Mullvad Browser Extension, which *can* be safely removed without impacting your browser fingerprint if you would like, but is also safe to keep even if you don't use Mullvad VPN.
### Private Browsing Mode
Mullvad Browser operates in permanent private browsing mode, meaning your history, cookies, and other site data will always be cleared every time the browser is closed. Your bookmarks, browser settings, and extension settings will still be preserved.
This is required to prevent advanced forms of tracking, but does come at the cost of convenience and some Firefox features, such as Multi-Account Containers. Remember you can always use multiple browsers, for example, you could consider using Firefox+Arkenfox for a few sites that you want to stay logged in on or otherwise don't work properly in Mullvad Browser, and Mullvad Browser for general browsing.
### Mullvad Leta
Mullvad Browser comes with DuckDuckGo set as the default [search engine](search-engines.md), but it also comes preinstalled with **Mullvad Leta**, a search engine which requires an active Mullvad VPN subscription to access. Mullvad Leta queries Google's paid search API directly (which is why it is limited to paying subscribers), however because of this limitation it is possible for Mullvad to correlate search queries and Mullvad VPN accounts. For this reason we discourage the use of Mullvad Leta, even though Mullvad collects very little information about their VPN subscribers.
## Firefox
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logotipo Bromite](/assets/img/browsers/bromite.svg){ align=right }
**Bromite** é um navegador [Chromium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser))- com melhorias de privacidade e segurança, bloqueio de anúncios incorporado e algumas impressões digitais aleatórias.
[Visite bromite.org](https://www.bromite.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://www.bromite.org/privacy){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-android: Android](https://www.bromite.org/fdroid)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Fonte](https://github.com/bromite/bromite) downloads
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.mozilla.org/firefox/windows)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.mozilla.org/firefox/mac)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.mozilla.org/firefox/linux)
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.mozilla.firefox)
!!! warning
Firefox includes a unique [download token](https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1677497#c0) in downloads from Mozilla's website and uses telemetry in Firefox to send the token. The token is **not** included in releases from the [Mozilla FTP](https://ftp.mozilla.org/pub/firefox/releases/).
### Firefox
Estas opções podem ser encontradas na página *Privacidade & Segurança* configurações ( ≡ → Configurações → Privacidade & Segurança).
##### Enhanced Tracking Protection
- Selecione: "Restrito".
This protects you by blocking social media trackers, fingerprinting scripts (note that this does not protect you from *all* fingerprinting), cryptominers, cross-site tracking cookies, and some other tracking content. ETP protects against many common threats, but it does not block all tracking avenues because it is designed to have minimal to no impact on site usability.
##### Sanitize on Close
If you want to stay logged in to particular sites, you can allow exceptions in **Cookies and Site Data** → **Manage Exceptions...**
- Desligue: "Sugestões da web"
This protects you from persistent cookies, but does not protect you against cookies acquired during any one browsing session. When this is enabled, it becomes possible to easily cleanse your browser cookies by simply restarting Firefox. You can set exceptions on a per-site basis, if you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often.
##### Search Suggestions
- [ ] Uncheck **Provide search suggestions**
Search suggestion features may not be available in your region.
Search suggestions send everything you type in the address bar to the default search engine, regardless of whether you submit an actual search. Disabling search suggestions allows you to more precisely control what data you send to your search engine provider.
##### Telemetry
- Selecione: "Activar o modo HTTPS-Only em todas as janelas".
- [ ] Uncheck **Allow Firefox to install and run studies**
- [ ] Uncheck **Allow Firefox to send backlogged crash reports on your behalf**
> Firefox sends data about your Firefox version and language; device operating system and hardware configuration; memory, basic information about crashes and errors; outcome of automated processes like updates, safebrowsing, and activation to us. When Firefox sends data to us, your IP address is temporarily collected as part of our server logs.
Additionally, the Firefox Accounts service collects [some technical data](https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/privacy/firefox/#firefox-accounts). If you use a Firefox Account you can opt-out:
1. Open your [profile settings on accounts.firefox.com](https://accounts.firefox.com/settings#data-collection)
2. Uncheck **Data Collection and Use** > **Help improve Firefox Accounts**
##### HTTPS-Only Mode
- Selecione: Use sempre ligações seguras.
This prevents you from unintentionally connecting to a website in plain-text HTTP. Sites without HTTPS are uncommon nowadays, so this should have little to no impact on your day to day browsing.
### Firefox Sync
[Firefox Sync](https://hacks.mozilla.org/2018/11/firefox-sync-privacy/) allows your browsing data (history, bookmarks, etc.) to be accessible on all your devices and protects it with E2EE.
### Extensões
!!! tip "Use Mullvad Browser for advanced anti-fingerprinting"
[Mullvad Browser](#mullvad-browser) provides the same anti-fingerprinting protections as Arkenfox out of the box, and does not require the use of Mullvad's VPN to benefit from these protections. Coupled with a VPN, Mullvad Browser can thwart more advanced tracking scripts which Arkenfox cannot. Arkenfox still has the advantage of being much more flexible, and allowing per-site exceptions for websites which you need to stay logged in to.
The [Arkenfox project](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js) provides a set of carefully considered options for Firefox. If you [decide](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js/wiki/1.1-To-Arkenfox-or-Not) to use Arkenfox, a [few options](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js/wiki/3.2-Overrides-[Common]) are subjectively strict and/or may cause some websites to not work properly - [which you can easily change](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js/wiki/3.1-Overrides) to suit your needs. We **strongly recommend** reading through their full [wiki](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js/wiki). Arkenfox also enables [container](https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/containers#w_for-advanced-users) support.
Arkenfox only aims to thwart basic or naive tracking scripts through canvas randomization and Firefox's built-in fingerprint resistance configuration settings. It does not aim to make your browser blend in with a large crowd of other Arkenfox users in the same way Mullvad Browser or Tor Browser do, which is the only way to thwart advanced fingerprint tracking scripts. Remember you can always use multiple browsers, for example, you could consider using Firefox+Arkenfox for a few sites that you want to stay logged in on or otherwise trust, and Mullvad Browser for general browsing.
## Bromite
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logotipo Safari](/assets/img/browsers/safari.svg){ align=right }
**Safari** é o navegador padrão no iOS.
Inclui [características de privacidade](https://support.apple.com/guide/iphone/browse-the-web-privately-iphb01fc3c85/15.0/ios/15.0), tais como Proteção de Rastreamento Inteligente, Relatório de Privacidade, abas isoladas de Navegação Privada, iCloud Private Relay, e atualizações automáticas de HTTPS.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://brave.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](https://brave4u7jddbv7cyviptqjc7jusxh72uik7zt6adtckl5f4nwy2v72qd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://brave.com/privacy/browser/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.brave.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads annotate
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://brave.com/download/)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://brave.com/download/)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://brave.com/linux/) (1)
1. We advise against using the Flatpak version of Brave, as it replaces Chromium's sandbox with Flatpak's, which is less effective. Additionally, the package is not maintained by Brave Software, Inc.
### Firefox
These options can be found in :material-menu: → **Settings**.
##### Shields
Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields-) feature. We suggest configuring these options [globally](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings-) across all pages that you visit.
Shields' options can be downgraded on a per-site basis as needed, but by default we recommend setting the following:
<div class="annotate" markdown>
- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
- [x] Select **Aggressive** under Trackers & ads blocking
??? warning "Use default filter lists"
Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave://adblock` page. We advise against using this feature; instead, keep the default filter lists. Using extra lists will make you stand out from other Brave users and may also increase attack surface if there is an exploit in Brave and a malicious rule is added to one of the lists you use.
- [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
- [x] Select **Strict, may break sites** under Block fingerprinting
</div>
1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode) or the [NoScript](https://noscript.net/) extension.
##### Social media blocking
- Selecione: "Abrir links em abas incógnitas sempre".
##### Privacy and security
<div class="annotate" markdown>
- [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings-#webrtc)
- [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
- [x] Select **Always use secure connections** in the **Security** menu
- [ ] Uncheck **Private window with Tor** (1)
!!! tip "Sanitizing on Close"
- [x] Select **Clear cookies and site data when you close all windows** in the *Cookies and other site data* menu
If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
</div>
1. Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. Where [strong anonymity is required](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity-) use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
##### Extensões
Disable built-in extensions you do not use in **Extensions**
- [ ] Uncheck **Hangouts**
- [ ] Uncheck **WebTorrent**
##### Web3
<div class="annotate" markdown>
- [x] Select **Disabled** on Method to resolve IPFS resources (1)
</div>
1. InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) is a decentralized, peer-to-peer network for storing and sharing data in a distributed filesystem. Unless you use the feature, disable it.
##### Additional settings
Under the *System* menu
<div class="annotate" markdown>
- [ ] Uncheck **Continue running apps when Brave is closed** to disable background apps (1)
</div>
1. This option is not present on all platforms.
### Brave Sync
[Brave Sync](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360059793111-Understanding-Brave-Sync) allows your browsing data (history, bookmarks, etc.) to be accessible on all your devices without requiring an account and protects it with E2EE.
## Recursos Adicionais
In general, we recommend keeping your browser extensions to a minimum to decrease your attack surface; they have privileged access within your browser, require you to trust the developer, can make you [stand out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_fingerprint#Browser_fingerprint), and [weaken](https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/g/chromium-extensions/c/0ei-UCHNm34/m/lDaXwQhzBAAJ) site isolation. However, uBlock Origin may prove useful if you value content blocking functionality.
### AdGuard para Safari
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
Não recomendamos a instalação do ToS;DR como uma extensão do navegador.
A mesma informação é fornecida no site deles. downloads
- [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/ublock-origin/)
- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/ublock-origin/cjpalhdlnbpafiamejdnhcphjbkeiagm)
- [:simple-microsoftedge: Edge](https://microsoftedge.microsoft.com/addons/detail/ublock-origin/odfafepnkmbhccpbejgmiehpchacaeak)
We suggest following the [developer's documentation](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode) and picking one of the "modes". Additional filter lists can impact performance and [may increase attack surface](https://portswigger.net/research/ublock-i-exfiltrate-exploiting-ad-blockers-with-css).
##### Other lists
These are some other [filter lists](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Dashboard:-Filter-lists) that you may want to consider adding:
- [x] Check **Privacy** > **AdGuard URL Tracking Protection**
- Add [Actually Legitimate URL Shortener Tool](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DandelionSprout/adfilt/master/LegitimateURLShortener.txt)
## Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
### Minimum Requirements
- Must be open-source software.
- Supports automatic updates.
- Receives engine updates in 0-1 days from upstream release.
- Available on Linux, macOS, and Windows.
- Any changes required to make the browser more privacy-respecting should not negatively impact user experience.
- Blocks third-party cookies by default.
- Supports [state partitioning](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Privacy/State_Partitioning) to mitigate cross-site tracking.[^1]
### Best-Case
Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page.
- Includes built-in content blocking functionality.
- Supports cookie compartmentalization (à la [Multi-Account Containers](https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/containers)).
- Supports Progressive Web Apps.
PWAs enable you to install certain websites as if they were native apps on your computer. This can have advantages over installing Electron-based apps, because you benefit from your browser's regular security updates.
- Does not include add-on functionality (bloatware) that does not impact user privacy.
- Does not collect telemetry by default.
- Provides open-source sync server implementation.
- Defaults to a [private search engine](search-engines.md).
### Extension Criteria
- Must not replicate built-in browser or OS functionality.
- Must directly impact user privacy, i.e. must not simply provide information.
[^1]: Brave's implementation is detailed at [Brave Privacy Updates: Partitioning network-state for privacy](https://brave.com/privacy-updates/14-partitioning-network-state/).

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---
title: "Armazenamento em nuvem"
icon: fontawesome/brands/linux
description: Linux distributions are commonly recommended for privacy protection and software freedom.
---
Linux distributions are commonly recommended for privacy protection and software freedom. If you don't already use Linux, below are some distributions we suggest trying out, as well as some general privacy and security improvement tips that are applicable to many Linux distributions.
- [General Linux Overview :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](os/linux-overview.md)
## Distribuições Tradicionais
### Estação de Trabalho Fedora
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logotipo Fedora](/assets/img/linux-desktop/fedora-workstation.svg){ align=right }
**Fedora Workstation** é a nossa distribuição recomendada para usuários novos no Linux. A Fedora geralmente adota novas tecnologias antes de outras distribuições, por exemplo, [Wayland](https://wayland.freedesktop.org/), [PipeWire](https://pipewire.org), e em breve, [FS-Verity](https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/FsVerityRPM). Estas novas tecnologias muitas vezes vêm com melhorias na segurança, privacidade e usabilidade em geral.
[Visite getfedora.org](https://getfedora.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
Fedora has a semi-rolling release cycle. While some packages like [GNOME](https://www.gnome.org) are frozen until the next Fedora release, most packages (including the kernel) are updated frequently throughout the lifespan of the release. Each Fedora release is supported for one year, with a new version released every 6 months.
### openSUSE Tumbleweed
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logotipo do openSUSE Tumbleweed](/assets/img/linux-desktop/opensuse-tumbleweed.svg){ align=right }
**openSUSE Tumbleweed** é uma distribuição estável [lançamento rolante](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_release).
O openSUSE Tumbleweed tem um sistema [transactional update](https://kubic.opensuse.org/blog/2018-04-04-transactionalupdates/) que usa [Btrfs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs) e [Snapper](https://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Snapper_Tutorial) para garantir que os instantâneos possam ser rolados de volta caso haja algum problema.
[Visite get.opensuse.org](https://get.opensuse.org/tumbleweed/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
Tumbleweed follows a rolling release model where each update is released as a snapshot of the distribution. When you upgrade your system, a new snapshot is downloaded. Each snapshot is run through a series of automated tests by [openQA](https://openqa.opensuse.org) to ensure its quality.
### Arco Linux
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Arch logo](/assets/img/linux-desktop/archlinux.svg){ align=right }
**Arch Linux** é uma distribuição leve, faça-você-mesmo (faça você mesmo), o que significa que você só recebe o que você instala. Para mais informações consulte o seu [FAQ](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Frequently_asked_questions).
[Visite archlinux.org](https://archlinux.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
Sendo uma distribuição DIY, o usuário é [esperado para configurar e manter](/linux-desktop/#arch-based-distributions) seu sistema. Arch tem um [instalador oficial](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Archinstall) para tornar o processo de instalação um pouco mais fácil.
Being a DIY distribution, you are [expected to set up and maintain](os/linux-overview.md#arch-based-distributions) your system on your own. Arch has an [official installer](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Archinstall) to make the installation process a little easier.
A large portion of [Arch Linux’s packages](https://reproducible.archlinux.org) are [reproducible](https://reproducible-builds.org).
## Distribuições imutáveis
### Fedora Silverblue
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logotipo Fedora Silverblue](/assets/img/linux-desktop/fedora-silverblue.svg){ align=right }
**Fedora Silverblue** e **Fedora Kinoite*** são variantes imutáveis do Fedora com um forte foco nos fluxos de trabalho dos contentores. Silverblue vem com o ambiente de trabalho [GNOME](https://www.gnome.org/) enquanto que a Kinoite vem com [KDE](https://kde.org/). Silverblue e Kinoite seguem o mesmo calendário de lançamento da Estação de Trabalho Fedora, beneficiando das mesmas atualizações rápidas e ficando muito perto do upstream.
[Visite silverblue.fedoraproject.org](https://silverblue.fedoraproject.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
Após a atualização estar completa, o usuário reiniciará o sistema para a nova implantação. `rpm-ostree` mantém duas implantações do sistema para que um usuário possa facilmente reverter se algo quebrar na nova implantação. Há também a opção de fixar mais implantações conforme necessário.
After the update is complete you will reboot the system into the new deployment. `rpm-ostree` keeps two deployments of the system so that you can easily rollback if something breaks in the new deployment. There is also the option to pin more deployments as needed.
Como alternativa aos Flatpaks, existe a opção de [Toolbox](https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora-silverblue/toolbox/) para criar [Podman](https://podman.io) containers com um diretório home compartilhado com o sistema operacional host e imitar um ambiente Fedora tradicional, que é um [recurso útil](https://containertoolbx.org) para o desenvolvedor perspicaz.
As an alternative to Flatpaks, there is the option of [Toolbox](https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora-silverblue/toolbox/) to create [Podman](https://podman.io) containers with a shared home directory with the host operating system and mimic a traditional Fedora environment, which is a [useful feature](https://containertoolbx.org) for the discerning developer.
### NixOS
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logo NixOS](/assets/img/linux-desktop/nixos.svg){ align=right }
NixOS é uma distribuição independente baseada no gerenciador de pacotes Nix com foco na reprodutibilidade e confiabilidade.
[Visite nixos.org](https://nixos.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
O NixOS também fornece atualizações atômicas; primeiro ele baixa (ou constrói) os pacotes e arquivos para a nova geração do sistema e depois muda para ele. Existem diferentes maneiras de mudar para uma nova geração; você pode dizer ao NixOS para ativá-lo após o reinício ou você pode mudar para ele em tempo de execução. Você também pode *testar* a nova geração mudando para ela em tempo de execução, mas não definindo-a como a geração atual do sistema.
NixOS also provides atomic updates; first it downloads (or builds) the packages and files for the new system generation and then switches to it. There are different ways to switch to a new generation; you can tell NixOS to activate it after reboot or you can switch to it at runtime. You can also *test* the new generation by switching to it at runtime, but not setting it as the current system generation. If something in the update process breaks, you can just reboot and automatically and return to a working version of your system.
Nix the package manager uses a purely functional language - which is also called Nix - to define packages.
Nix é um gerenciador de pacotes baseado no código fonte; se não houver um pré-cache binário disponível, Nix irá apenas construir o pacote a partir do código fonte usando sua definição. Ele constrói cada pacote em um ambiente sandboxed *puro* , que é o mais independente possível do sistema hospedeiro, tornando assim os binários reprodutíveis.
Nix is a source-based package manager; if there’s no pre-built available in the binary cache, Nix will just build the package from source using its definition. It builds each package in a sandboxed *pure* environment, which is as independent of the host system as possible, thus making binaries reproducible.
## Distribuições Anónimas-Focusadas
### Whonix
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Whonix logo](/assets/img/linux-desktop/whonix.svg){ align=right }
**Whonix** é baseado em [Kicksecure](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Kicksecure), um garfo focado na segurança do Debian. O seu objectivo é proporcionar privacidade, segurança e anonimato na Internet. Whonix is best used in conjunction with [Qubes OS](#qubes-os).
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.whonix.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](http://www.dds6qkxpwdeubwucdiaord2xgbbeyds25rbsgr73tbfpqpt4a6vjwsyd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Documentation){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
Whonix is meant to run as two virtual machines: a “Workstation” and a Tor “Gateway.” All communications from the Workstation must go through the Tor gateway. This means that even if the Workstation is compromised by malware of some kind, the true IP address remains hidden.
As futuras versões da Whonix provavelmente incluirão [políticas completas do sistema Apparmor](https://github.com/Whonix/apparmor-profile-everything) e um [lançador de aplicativos sandbox](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Sandbox-app-launcher) para confinar totalmente todos os processos no sistema.
Whonix é melhor usado [em conjunto com Qubes](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Qubes/Why_use_Qubes_over_other_Virtualizers).
Whonix is best used [in conjunction with Qubes](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Qubes/Why_use_Qubes_over_other_Virtualizers), Qubes-Whonix has various [disadvantages](https://forums.whonix.org/t/qubes-whonix-security-disadvantages-help-wanted/8581) when compared to other hypervisors.
### Caudas
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
!(/assets/img/linux-desktop/tails.svg){ align=right }
**Tails** é um sistema operacional live baseado no Debian que roteia todas as comunicações através do Tor. Pode arrancar em quase qualquer computador a partir de um DVD, pen USB ou sdcard.
O seu objectivo é preservar a privacidade e o anonimato, contornando a censura e não deixando qualquer vestígio de si no computador em que é utilizado.
Acredita-se frequentemente que [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software) software é intrinsecamente seguro porque o código fonte está disponível. Há uma expectativa de que a verificação da comunidade ocorra regularmente; no entanto, isto nem sempre é [o caso](https://seirdy.one/2022/02/02/floss-security.html). A Tails system that is compromised by malware may potentially bypass the transparent proxy allowing for the user to be deanonymized.
Tails includes [uBlock Origin](desktop-browsers.md#ublock-origin) in Tor Browser by default, which may potentially make it easier for adversaries to fingerprint Tails users. [Whonix](desktop.md#whonix) virtual machines may be more leak-proof, however they are not amnesic, meaning data may be recovered from your storage device.
By design, Tails is meant to completely reset itself after each reboot. Encrypted [persistent storage](https://tails.boum.org/doc/persistent_storage/index.en.html) can be configured to store some data between reboots.
## Security-focused Distributions
### SO Qubes
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logótipo do SO Qubes](/assets/img/qubes/qubes_os.svg){ align=right }
**Qubes*** é um sistema operacional open-source projetado para fornecer uma forte segurança para a computação desktop. Qubes é baseado no Xen, o Sistema X Window e Linux, e pode executar a maioria das aplicações Linux e utilizar a maioria dos drivers Linux.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.qubes-os.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:material-arrow-right-drop-circle: Overview](os/qubes-overview.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](http://qubesosfasa4zl44o4tws22di6kepyzfeqv3tg4e3ztknltfxqrymdad.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.qubes-os.org/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/){ .card-link title=Documentation }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/QubesOS/){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.qubes-os.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
Qubes OS is a Xen-based operating system meant to provide strong security for desktop computing through secure virtual machines (VMs), also known as *Qubes*.
The Qubes OS operating system secures the computer by isolating subsystems (e.g., networking, USB, etc.) and applications in separate VMs. Should one part of the system be compromised, the extra isolation is likely to protect the rest of the system. For further details see the Qubes [FAQ](https://www.qubes-os.org/faq/).
## Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
Our recommended operating systems:
- Must be open-source.
- Must receive regular software and Linux kernel updates.
- Linux distributions must support [Wayland](os/linux-overview.md#Wayland).
- Must support full-disk encryption during installation.
- Must not freeze regular releases for more than 1 year. We [do not recommend](os/linux-overview.md#release-cycle) "Long Term Support" or "stable" distro releases for desktop usage.
- Must support a wide variety of hardware.

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---
title: "Introdução ao DNS"
icon: material/dns
description: These are some encrypted DNS providers we recommend switching to, to replace your ISP's default configuration.
---
Encrypted DNS with third-party servers should only be used to get around basic [DNS blocking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_blocking) when you can be sure there won't be any consequences. DNS criptografado não o ajudará a ocultar qualquer atividade de navegação.
[Learn more about DNS :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](advanced/dns-overview.md ""){.md-button}
## Provedores recomendados
| DNS | Política de Privacidade | Protocolo | Protocolos | Logging | ECS |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------- | ----------------------------------------------------------- | ------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| [**AdGuard**](https://adguard.com/en/adguard-dns/overview.html) | [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://adguard.com/en/privacy/dns.html) | Comercial | Cleartext <br> DoH <br> DoT <br> DNSCrypt | 4 | Não Filter list being used can be found here. [**DNS sobre HTTPS**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_over_HTTPS) como definido em [RFC 8484](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8484) consultas de pacotes no protocolo [HTTP/2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2) e fornece segurança com [HTTPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTPS). |
| [**Cloudflare**](https://developers.cloudflare.com/1.1.1.1/setting-up-1.1.1.1/) | [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://developers.cloudflare.com/1.1.1.1/privacy/public-dns-resolver/) | Comercial | Cleartext <br> DoH <br> DoT | 4 | Não |
| [**ControlID**](https://controld.com/free-dns) | [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://controld.com/privacy) | Comercial | Cleartext <br> DoH <br> DoT | 4 | Não |
| [**IVPN**](https://mullvad.net/en/help/dns-over-https-and-dns-over-tls) | [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://mullvad.net/en/help/no-logging-data-policy/) | Comercial | DoH <br> DoT | 4 | Não Filter list being used can be found here. [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://github.com/mullvad/dns-adblock) |
| [**PróximoDNS**](https://www.nextdns.io) | [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://www.nextdns.io/privacy) | Comercial | Cleartext <br> DoH <br> DoT <br> DNSCrypt | Opcional[^5] | Não |
| [**Quad9**](https://quad9.net) | [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://quad9.net/privacy/policy/) | Comercial | Some[^6] | Opcional[^5] | Based on server choice, Malware blocking by default. |
## Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
- Deve suportar [DNSSEC](technology/dns.md#what-is-dnssec-and-when-is-it-used)
- [QNAME Minimization](advanced/dns-overview.md#what-is-qname-minimization).
- Allow for [ECS](advanced/dns-overview.md#what-is-edns-client-subnet-ecs) to be disabled.
- Prefer [anycast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anycast#Addressing_methods) support or geo-steering support.
## DNS não criptografado
### Android
As últimas versões do iOS, iPadOS, tvOS e macOS, suportam tanto DoT como DoH. Ambos os protocolos são suportados nativamente através de [perfis de configuração](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/configuration-profile-enforcement-secf6fb9f053/web) ou através de [DNS Settings API](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/networkextension/dns_settings).
### Dispositivos Apple
Após a instalação de um perfil de configuração ou de um aplicativo que utiliza a API de configurações DNS, a configuração DNS pode ser selecionada. Se uma VPN estiver activa, a resolução dentro do túnel VPN utilizará as definições DNS da VPN e não as definições de todo o seu sistema.
A Apple não fornece uma interface nativa para a criação de perfis DNS criptografados. [Criador de perfil DNS seguro](https://dns.notjakob.com/tool.html) é uma ferramenta não oficial para criar os seus próprios perfis DNS encriptados, no entanto eles não serão assinados.
#### Signed Profiles
Apple does not provide a native interface for creating encrypted DNS profiles. Informações Signed profiles are preferred; signing validates a profile's origin and helps to ensure the integrity of the profiles. A green "Verified" label is given to signed configuration profiles. For more information on code signing, see [About Code Signing](https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Security/Conceptual/CodeSigningGuide/Introduction/Introduction.html). **Signed profiles** are offered by [AdGuard](https://adguard.com/en/blog/encrypted-dns-ios-14.html), [NextDNS](https://apple.nextdns.io), and [Quad9](https://www.quad9.net/news/blog/ios-mobile-provisioning-profiles/).
!!! info
![logótipo DNSCloak](/assets/img/ios/dnscloak.png){ align=right }
**DNSCloak** é um cliente iOS de código aberto que suporta [DNS-over-HTTPS](/dns/#dns-over-https-doh), [DNSCrypt](/dns/#dnscrypt), e [dnscrypt-proxy](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy/wiki) opções como respostas DNS em cache, consultas DNS de registo local, e listas de blocos personalizadas. Os usuários podem [adicionar resolvedores personalizados por carimbo DNS](https://medium.com/privacyguides/adding-custom-dns-over-https-resolvers-to-dnscloak-20ff5845f4b5).
## Encrypted DNS Proxies
Encrypted DNS proxy software provides a local proxy for the [unencrypted DNS](advanced/dns-overview.md#unencrypted-dns) resolver to forward to. Typically it is used on platforms that don't natively support [encrypted DNS](advanced/dns-overview.md#what-is-encrypted-dns).
### DNS
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logo dnscrypt-proxy](/assets/img/dns/dnscrypt-proxy.svg){ align=right }
**dnscrypt-proxy** é um proxy DNS com suporte para [DNSCrypt](/dns/#dnscrypt), [DNS-over-HTTPS](/dns/#dns-over-https-doh), e [DNS anonimizado](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy/wiki/Anonymized-DNS).
[Visite github.com](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy/wiki){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://www.libreoffice.org/about-us/privacy/privacy-policy-en/){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Fonte](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy) downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.celzero.bravedns)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/celzero/rethink-app/releases)
### DNSCrypt
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![dnscrypt-proxy logo](assets/img/dns/dnscrypt-proxy.svg){ align=right }
**dnscrypt-proxy** is a DNS proxy with support for [DNSCrypt](advanced/dns-overview.md#dnscrypt), [DNS-over-HTTPS](advanced/dns-overview.md#dns-over-https-doh), and [Anonymized DNS](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy/wiki/Anonymized-DNS).
!!! warning "The anonymized DNS feature does [**not**](advanced/dns-overview.md#why-shouldnt-i-use-encrypted-dns) anonymize other network traffic."
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://opencollective.com/dnscrypt/contribute){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy/wiki/Installation-Windows)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy/wiki/Installation-macOS)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy/wiki/Installation-linux)
## Self-hosted Solutions
A self-hosted DNS solution is useful for providing filtering on controlled platforms, such as Smart TVs and other IoT devices, as no client-side software is needed.
### RethinkDNS
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![AdGuard Home logo](assets/img/dns/adguard-home.svg){ align=right }
**AdGuard Home** is an open-source [DNS-sinkhole](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_sinkhole) which uses [DNS filtering](https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/access-management/what-is-dns-filtering/) to block unwanted web content, such as advertisements.
AdGuard Home features a polished web interface to view insights and manage blocked content.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://adguard.com/adguard-home/overview.html){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://adguard.com/privacy/home.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/AdguardTeam/AdGuardHome/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/AdguardTeam/AdGuardHome){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
### DNSCloak
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Pi-hole logo](assets/img/dns/pi-hole.svg){ align=right }
**Pi-hole** is an open-source [DNS-sinkhole](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_sinkhole) which uses [DNS filtering](https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/access-management/what-is-dns-filtering/) to block unwanted web content, such as advertisements.
Pi-hole is designed to be hosted on a Raspberry Pi, but it is not limited to such hardware. The software features a friendly web interface to view insights and manage blocked content.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://pi-hole.net/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://pi-hole.net/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.pi-hole.net/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/pi-hole/pi-hole){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://pi-hole.net/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
[^1]: Armazenamos métricas agregadas de desempenho do nosso servidor DNS, nomeadamente o número de pedidos completos para um determinado servidor, o número de pedidos bloqueados, a velocidade de processamento dos pedidos. Nós mantemos e armazenamos a base de dados de domínios solicitados nas últimas 24 horas. Precisamos dessas informações para identificar e bloquear novos rastreadores e ameaças. Também registramos quantas vezes este ou aquele rastreador foi bloqueado. Precisamos desta informação para remover regras desactualizadas dos nossos filtros.[https://adguard.com/en/privacy/dns.html](https://adguard.com/en/privacy/dns.html)
[^2]: O Cloudflare recolhe e armazena apenas os dados limitados da consulta DNS que são enviados para o resolvedor 1.1.1.1. O serviço resolver 1.1.1.1 não registra dados pessoais, e a maior parte dos dados de consulta limitados não identificáveis pessoalmente é armazenada apenas por 25 horas.[https://developers.cloudflare.com/1.1.1.1/privacy/public-dns-resolver/](https://developers.cloudflare.com/1.1.1.1/privacy/public-dns-resolver/)
[^3]: Control D only logs for Premium resolvers with custom DNS profiles. Free resolvers do not log data. [https://controld.com/privacy](https://controld.com/privacy)
[^4]: Mullvad's DNS service is available to both subscribers and non-subscribers of Mullvad VPN. Their privacy policy explicitly claims they do not log DNS requests in any way. [https://mullvad.net/en/help/no-logging-data-policy/](https://mullvad.net/en/help/no-logging-data-policy/)
[^5]: NextDNS can provide insights and logging features on an opt-in basis. You can choose retention times and log storage locations for any logs you choose to keep. If it's not specifically requested, no data is logged. [https://nextdns.io/privacy](https://nextdns.io/privacy)
[^6]: Quad9 collects some data for the purposes of threat monitoring and response. That data may then be remixed and shared, such as for the purpose of security research. Quad9 does not collect or record IP addresses or other data they deem personally identifiable. [https://www.quad9.net/privacy/policy/](https://www.quad9.net/privacy/policy/)

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---
title: "Partilha de ficheiros"
icon: material/email-open
description: These email clients are privacy-respecting and support OpenPGP email encryption.
---
Nossa lista de recomendações contém clientes de e-mail que suportam tanto [OpenPGP](/encryption/#openpgp) e autenticação forte como [Open Authorization (OAuth)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OAuth). OAuth permite-lhe utilizar [Multi-Factor Authentication](/multi-factor-authentication) e prevenir o roubo de contas.
Recomendamos armazenar uma chave de recuperação local em um local seguro, em vez de utilizar a recuperação do iCloud FileVault. warning "Email does not provide forward secrecy"
When using end-to-end encryption (E2EE) technology like OpenPGP, email will still have [some metadata](email.md#email-metadata-overview) that is not encrypted in the header of the email.
OpenPGP also does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed: [How do I protect my private keys?](basics/email-security.md) Consider using a medium that provides forward secrecy:
[Real-time Communication](real-time-communication.md){ .md-button }
## Cross-Platform
### Thunderbird
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logótipo Thunderbird](/assets/img/email-clients/thunderbird.svg){ align=right }
**Thunderbird** é um cliente gratuito, de código aberto, email multiplataforma, newsgroup, news feed, e chat (XMPP, IRC, Twitter) desenvolvido pela comunidade Thunderbird, e anteriormente pela Fundação Mozilla.
[Visite thunderbird.net](https://www.thunderbird.net){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://www.mozilla.org/privacy/thunderbird){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://www.thunderbird.net)
- [:fontawesome-brands-apple: macOS](https://www.thunderbird.net)
- [:fontawesome-brands-linux: Linux](https://www.thunderbird.net)
- [:pg-flathub: Flatpak](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.mozilla.Thunderbird)
- [:fontawesome-brands-git: Source](https://hg.mozilla.org/comm-central) downloads
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.thunderbird.net)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.thunderbird.net)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.thunderbird.net)
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.mozilla.Thunderbird)
#### Firefox
We recommend changing some of these settings to make Thunderbird a little more private.
Estas opções podem ser encontradas na página *Privacidade & Segurança* configurações ( ≡ → Configurações → Privacidade & Segurança).
##### Web Content
- [ ] Uncheck **Remember websites and links I've visited**
- [ ] Uncheck **Accept cookies from sites**
##### Telemetry
- [ ] Uncheck **Allow Thunderbird to send technical and interaction data to Mozilla**
#### Thunderbird-user.js (advanced)
[`thunderbird-user.js`](https://github.com/HorlogeSkynet/thunderbird-user.js), is a set of configurations options that aims to disable as many of the web-browsing features within Thunderbird as possible in order to reduce surface area and maintain privacy. Some of the changes are backported from the [Arkenfox project](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js).
## Platform Specific
### Apple Mail (macOS)
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Apple Mail logo](assets/img/email-clients/applemail.png){ align=right }
**Apple Mail** is included in macOS and can be extended to have OpenPGP support with [GPG Suite](encryption.md#gpg-suite), which adds the ability to send PGP-encrypted email.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://support.apple.com/guide/mail/welcome/mac){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.apple.com/legal/privacy/en-ww/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.apple.com/guide/mail/toc){ .card-link title=Documentation}
### Canary Mail (iOS)
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Canary Mail logo](assets/img/email-clients/canarymail.svg){ align=right }
**Canary Mail** is a paid email client designed to make end-to-end encryption seamless with security features such as a biometric app lock.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://canarymail.io){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://canarymail.io/privacy.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://canarymail.zendesk.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.canarymail.android)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1236045954)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://canarymail.io/downloads.html)
!!! Recomendamos que você verifique o [documentação](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) de Yubico sobre como configurar isso.
Canary Mail only recently released a Windows and Android client, though we don't believe they are as stable as their iOS and Mac counterparts.
Canary Mail is closed-source. We recommend it due to the few choices there are for email clients on iOS that support PGP E2EE.
### FairEmail (Android)
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logotipo do Mailvelope](/assets/img/email-clients/mailvelope.svg){ align=right }
**Mailvelope** é uma extensão do navegador que permite a troca de e-mails criptografados seguindo o padrão de criptografia OpenPGP.
[Visite mailvelope.com](https://www.mailvelope.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://www.mailvelope.com/en/privacy-policy){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-firefox: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/mailvelope)
- [:fontawesome-brands-chrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/mailvelope/kajibbejlbohfaggdiogboambcijhkke)
- [:fontawesome-brands-edge: Edge](https://microsoftedge.microsoft.com/addons/detail/mailvelope/dgcbddhdhjppfdfjpciagmmibadmoapc)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Source](https://github.com/mailvelope/mailvelope) downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=eu.faircode.email)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/M66B/FairEmail/releases)
### GNOME Evolution (GNOME)
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![K-9 Logotipo do correio](/assets/img/email-clients/k9mail.svg){ align=right }
**K-9 Mail*** é uma aplicação de correio independente que suporta tanto caixas de correio POP3 como IMAP, mas só suporta push mail para IMAP. [Visite k9mail.app](https://k9mail.app){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://k9mail.app/privacy){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.fsck.k9)
- [:pg-f-droid: F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/packages/com.fsck.k9)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Source](https://github.com/k9mail)
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Evolution){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Evolution/PrivacyPolicy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://help.gnome.org/users/evolution/stable/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/evolution/){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.gnome.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.gnome.Evolution)
### K-9 Mail (Android)
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logotipo FairEmail](/assets/img/email-clients/fairemail.svg){ align=right }
**FairEmail** é uma aplicação de e-mail de código aberto mínima, utilizando padrões abertos (IMAP, SMTP, OpenPGP) com um baixo consumo de dados e bateria.
[Visite email.faircode.eu](https://email.faircode.eu){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://github.com/M66B/FairEmail/blob/master/PRIVACY.md){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=eu.faircode.email)
- [:pg-f-droid: F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/packages/eu.faircode.email/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Source](https://github.com/M66B/FairEmail)
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://k9mail.app){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://k9mail.app/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.k9mail.app/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/k9mail/k-9){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://k9mail.app/contribute){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.fsck.k9)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/k9mail/k-9/releases)
!!! Recomendamos que você verifique o [documentação](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) de Yubico sobre como configurar isso.
![logo Canary Mail](/assets/img/email-clients/canarymail.svg){ align=right }
**Canary Mail** é um cliente de e-mail pago concebido para tornar a encriptação end-to-end sem falhas com funcionalidades de segurança, tais como um bloqueio biométrico da aplicação. [Visite canarymail.io](https://canarymail.io){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://canarymail.io/privacy.html){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://download.canarymail.io/get_windows)
- [:fontawesome-brands-app-store: Mac App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1236045954)
- [:fontawesome-brands-app-store-ios: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1236045954)
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.canarymail.android)
### Kontact (KDE)
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Kontact logo](assets/img/email-clients/kontact.svg){ align=right }
**Kontact** is a personal information manager (PIM) application from the [KDE](https://kde.org) project. It provides a mail client, address book, organizer and RSS client.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://kontact.kde.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://kde.org/privacypolicy-apps){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://kontact.kde.org/users/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://invent.kde.org/pim/kmail){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://kde.org/community/donations/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://kontact.kde.org/download)
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.kde.kontact)
### Mailvelope (Browser)
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Mailvelope logo](assets/img/email-clients/mailvelope.svg){ align=right }
**Mailvelope** is a browser extension that enables the exchange of encrypted emails following the OpenPGP encryption standard.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.mailvelope.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.mailvelope.com/en/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://mailvelope.com/faq){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/mailvelope/mailvelope){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/mailvelope)
- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/mailvelope/kajibbejlbohfaggdiogboambcijhkke)
- [:simple-microsoftedge: Edge](https://microsoftedge.microsoft.com/addons/detail/mailvelope/dgcbddhdhjppfdfjpciagmmibadmoapc)
### NeoMutt (CLI)
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![NeoMutt logo](assets/img/email-clients/mutt.svg){ align=right }
**NeoMutt** is an open-source command line mail reader (or MUA) for Linux and BSD. It's a fork of [Mutt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutt_(email_client)) with added features.
NeoMutt is a text-based client that has a steep learning curve. It is however, very customizable.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://neomutt.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://neomutt.org/guide/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/neomutt/neomutt){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/russon/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://neomutt.org/distro)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://neomutt.org/distro)
## Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
### Minimum Qualifications
- Apps developed for open-source operating systems must be open-source.
- Must not collect telemetry, or have an easy way to disable all telemetry.
- Must support OpenPGP message encryption.
### Best-Case
Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page.
- Should be open-source.
- Should be cross-platform.
- Should not collect any telemetry by default.
- Should support OpenPGP natively, i.e. without extensions.
- Should support storing OpenPGP encrypted emails locally.

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@@ -0,0 +1,500 @@
---
title: "Email Services"
icon: material/email
description: These email providers offer a great place to store your emails securely, and many offer interoperable OpenPGP encryption with other providers.
---
Encontre um provedor de e-mail seguro que manterá sua privacidade em mente. Não se contente com plataformas suportadas por anúncios.
[Recommended Instant Messengers](real-time-communication.md ""){.md-button}
Para tudo o resto, recomendamos uma variedade de fornecedores de e-mail baseados em modelos de negócio sustentáveis e que incorporem funcionalidades de segurança e de privacidade.
- [OpenPGP-Compatible Email Providers :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](#openpgp-compatible-services)
- [Other Encrypted Providers :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](#more-providers)
- [Email Aliasing Services :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](#email-aliasing-services)
- [Self-Hosted Options :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](#self-hosting-email)
## Serviços de e-mail recomendados
These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the Web Key Directory (WKD) standard, allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it.
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Proton Mail logo](assets/img/email/protonmail.svg){ .twemoji } [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail)
- ![Mailbox.org logo](assets/img/email/mailboxorg.svg){ .twemoji } [Mailbox.org](email.md#mailboxorg)
</div>
!!! Recomendamos que você verifique o [documentação](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) de Yubico sobre como configurar isso.
Ao utilizar tecnologia de criptografia de ponta a ponta (E2EE) como o OpenPGP, o e-mail ainda terá alguns metadados que não são criptografados no cabeçalho do e-mail. Leia mais sobre os metadados de e-mail.
O OpenPGP também não suporta Forward secrecy, o que significa que se a sua chave privada ou a do destinatário for roubada, todas as mensagens anteriores criptografadas com ela serão expostas. Como posso proteger as minhas chaves privadas?
### ProtonMail
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
Ao invés de usar o e-mail para conversas prolongadas, considere a possibilidade de usar um meio que suporte o sigilo do Forward. [Mensageiros Instantâneos Recomendados](real-time-communication.md){ .md-button } Proton AG is based in Genève, Switzerland. Accounts start with 500 MB storage with their free plan.
As contas gratuitas têm algumas limitações, tais como não ser capaz de procurar no corpo do texto e não ter acesso à [ProtonMail Bridge](https://protonmail.com/bridge), que requer um [cliente de e-mail recomendado](e-mail-clients.md) (por exemplo, Thunderbird). downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ch.protonmail.android)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id979659905)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/ProtonMail/proton-mail-android/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://proton.me/mail/bridge#download)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://proton.me/mail/bridge#download)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://proton.me/mail/bridge#download)
- [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://mail.proton.me)
Free accounts have some limitations, such as not being able to search body text and not having access to [Proton Mail Bridge](https://proton.me/mail/bridge), which is required to use a [recommended desktop email client](email-clients.md) (e.g. Thunderbird). verificar "Segurança da Conta". A [letter of attestation](https://proton.me/blog/security-audit-all-proton-apps) was provided for Proton Mail's apps on 9th November 2021 by [Securitum](https://research.securitum.com).
If you have the Proton Unlimited, Business, or Visionary Plan, you also get [SimpleLogin](#simplelogin) Premium for free.
Proton Mail has internal crash reports that they **do not** share with third parties. Verifique "Criptografia de E-mail".
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Custom Domains and Aliases
Paid Proton Mail subscribers can use their own domain with the service or a [catch-all](https://proton.me/support/catch-all) address. Proton Mail also supports [subaddressing](https://proton.me/support/creating-aliases), which is useful for people who don't want to purchase a domain.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Private Payment Methods
Proton Mail [accepts](https://proton.me/support/payment-options) cash by mail in addition to standard credit/debit card, [Bitcoin](advanced/payments.md#other-coins-bitcoin-ethereum-etc), and PayPal payments.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Account Security
Proton Mail supports TOTP [two factor authentication](https://proton.me/support/two-factor-authentication-2fa) and [hardware security keys](https://proton.me/support/2fa-security-key) using FIDO2 or U2F standards. The use of a hardware security key requires setting up TOTP two factor authentication first.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Data Security
Proton Mail has [zero-access encryption](https://proton.me/blog/zero-access-encryption) at rest for your emails and [calendars](https://proton.me/news/protoncalendar-security-model). O uso de uma chave de segurança \[U2F\](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_2nd_Factor) ainda não é suportado.
Certain information stored in [Proton Contacts](https://proton.me/support/proton-contacts), such as display names and email addresses, are not secured with zero-access encryption. Contact fields that support zero-access encryption, such as phone numbers, are indicated with a padlock icon.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Email Encryption
Proton Mail has [integrated OpenPGP encryption](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) in their webmail. Isto significa que as mensagens e outros dados armazenados na sua conta só são legíveis por si. They also allow you to [encrypt messages to non-Proton Mail addresses](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) without the need for them to sign up for a Proton Mail account or use software like OpenPGP.
Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination
If you have a paid account and your [bill is unpaid](https://proton.me/support/delinquency) after 14 days, you won't be able to access your data. After 30 days, your account will become delinquent and won't receive incoming mail. You will continue to be billed during this period.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality
Proton Mail offers an "Unlimited" account for €9.99/Month, which also enables access to Proton VPN in addition to providing multiple accounts, domains, aliases, and 500GB of storage.
Proton Mail doesn't offer a digital legacy feature.
### Mailbox.org
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Mailbox.org logo](assets/img/email/mailboxorg.svg){ align=right }
**Mailbox.org** is an email service with a focus on being secure, ad-free, and privately powered by 100% eco-friendly energy. They have been in operation since 2014. Mailbox.org is based in Berlin, Germany. Accounts start with 2 GB of storage, which can be upgraded as needed.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://mailbox.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://mailbox.org/en/data-protection-privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private){ .card-link title=Documentation}
??? downloads
- [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://login.mailbox.org)
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Custom Domains and Aliases
Mailbox.org lets you use your own domain, and they support [catch-all](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Using+catch-all+alias+with+own+domain) addresses. Mailbox.org also supports [subaddressing](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/BMBOKBEN/What+is+an+alias+and+how+do+I+use+it), which is useful if you don't want to purchase a domain.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Private Payment Methods
Mailbox.org doesn't accept any cryptocurrencies as a result of their payment processor BitPay suspending operations in Germany. No entanto, eles aceitam dinheiro pelo correio, pagamento em dinheiro para conta bancária, transferência bancária, cartão de crédito, PayPal e alguns processadores específicos da Alemanha: paydirekt e Sofortüberweisung.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Account Security
Mailbox.org supports [two factor authentication](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/How+to+use+two-factor+authentication+-+2FA) for their webmail only. You can use either TOTP or a [Yubikey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YubiKey) via the [Yubicloud](https://www.yubico.com/products/services-software/yubicloud). Web standards such as [WebAuthn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn) are not yet supported.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Data Security
Mailbox.org allows for encryption of incoming mail using their [encrypted mailbox](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/The+Encrypted+Mailbox). New messages that you receive will then be immediately encrypted with your public key.
However, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), the software platform used by Mailbox.org, [does not support](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/BMBOKBEN/Encryption+of+calendar+and+address+book) the encryption of your address book and calendar. A [standalone option](calendar.md) may be more appropriate for that information.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Email Encryption
Mailbox.org has [integrated encryption](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) in their webmail, which simplifies sending messages to people with public OpenPGP keys. They also allow [remote recipients to decrypt an email](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) on Mailbox.org's servers. Esta funcionalidade é útil quando o destinatário remoto não tem o OpenPGP e não consegue desencriptar uma cópia do e-mail na sua própria caixa de correio.
Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination
Your account will be set to a restricted user account when your contract ends, after [30 days it will be irrevocably deleted](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/payment-article/what-happens-at-the-end-of-my-contract).
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality
You can access your Mailbox.org account via IMAP/SMTP using their [.onion service](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/The+Tor+exit+node+of+mailbox.org). O serviço é mantido por voluntários e sua comunidade.
All accounts come with limited cloud storage that [can be encrypted](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Encrypt+files+on+your+Drive). Mailbox.org also offers the alias [@secure.mailbox.org](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Ensuring+E-Mails+are+Sent+Securely), which enforces the TLS encryption on the connection between mail servers, otherwise the message will not be sent at all. Mailbox.org also supports [Exchange ActiveSync](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_ActiveSync) in addition to standard access protocols like IMAP and POP3.
Você pode acessar sua conta Mailbox.org via IMAP/SMTP usando seu \[.onion service\](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/The Tor exit node of mailbox.org). No entanto, a sua interface de webmail não pode ser acessada através do seu serviço .onion, e os usuários podem experimentar erros no certificado TLS. Alternatively, you can nominate a person by name and address.
## More Providers
These providers store your emails with zero-knowledge encryption, making them great options for keeping your stored emails secure. aviso "Criptografia de e-mail".
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![StartMail logo](assets/img/email/startmail.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![StartMail logo](assets/img/email/startmail-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [StartMail](email.md#startmail)
- ![Tutanota logo](assets/img/email/tutanota.svg){ .twemoji } [Tutanota](email.md#tutanota)
</div>
### Desarraigar
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
Disroot permite que os utilizadores utilizem o seu próprio domínio. Eles têm pseudônimos, porém você deve [aplicar manualmente](https://disroot.org/en/forms/alias-request-form) para eles. Accounts start with 10GB. They offer a 30-day trial.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.startmail.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.startmail.com/en/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.startmail.com){ .card-link title=Documentation}
??? downloads
- [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://mail.startmail.com/login)
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Custom Domains and Aliases
Personal accounts can use [Custom or Quick](https://support.startmail.com/hc/en-us/articles/360007297457-Aliases) aliases. [Custom domains](https://support.startmail.com/hc/en-us/articles/4403911432209-Setup-a-custom-domain) are also available.
#### :material-alert-outline:{ .pg-orange } Private Payment Methods
Disroot suporta \[TOTP\](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-based_One-time_Password_Algorithm) autenticação de dois fatores apenas para webmail. StartMail also has other [payment options](https://support.startmail.com/hc/en-us/articles/360006620637-Payment-methods) such as [Bitcoin](advanced/payments.md#other-coins-bitcoin-ethereum-etc) (currently only for Personal accounts) and SEPA Direct Debit for accounts older than a year.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Account Security
StartMail supports TOTP two factor authentication [for webmail only](https://support.startmail.com/hc/en-us/articles/360006682158-Two-factor-authentication-2FA). No entanto, não parece ser "acesso zero", o que significa que é tecnicamente possível para eles descriptografar os dados que têm se não forem adicionalmente encriptados com uma ferramenta como OpenPGP.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Data Security
StartMail has [zero access encryption at rest](https://www.startmail.com/en/whitepaper/#_Toc458527835), using their "user vault" system. No entanto, Disroot não integrou um Web Key Directory (WKD) para os utilizadores na sua plataforma.
StartMail supports importing [contacts](https://support.startmail.com/hc/en-us/articles/360006495557-Import-contacts) however, they are only accessible in the webmail and not through protocols such as [CalDAV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CalDAV). Contacts are also not stored using zero knowledge encryption.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Email Encryption
StartMail has [integrated encryption](https://support.startmail.com/hc/en-us/sections/360001889078-Encryption) in their webmail, which simplifies sending encrypted messages with public OpenPGP keys. However, they do not support the Web Key Directory standard, making the discovery of a Startmail mailbox's public key more challenging for other email providers or clients.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination
On account expiration, StartMail will permanently delete your account after [6 months in 3 phases](https://support.startmail.com/hc/en-us/articles/360006794398-Account-expiration).
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality
StartMail allows for proxying of images within emails. If you allow the remote image to be loaded, the sender won't know what your IP address is.
StartMail does not offer a digital legacy feature.
### Software como um serviço (SaaS) apenas
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Tutanota logo](assets/img/email/tutanota.svg){ align=right }
**Tutanota** is an email service with a focus on security and privacy through the use of encryption. Tutanota has been in operation since **2011** and is based in Hanover, Germany. Accounts start with 1GB storage with their free plan.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://tutanota.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://tutanota.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://tutanota.com/faq){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://tutanota.com/community/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.tutao.tutanota)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/tutanota/id922429609)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://tutanota.com/#download)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://tutanota.com/#download)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://tutanota.com/#download)
- [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://mail.tutanota.com/)
Tutanota doesn't support the [IMAP protocol](https://tutanota.com/faq/#imap) or the use of third-party [email clients](email-clients.md), and you also won't be able to add [external email accounts](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/issues/544#issuecomment-670473647) to the Tutanota app. Neither [Email import](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/issues/630) or [subfolders](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/issues/927) are currently supported, though this is [due to be changed](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/kickoff-import). Emails can be exported [individually or by bulk selection](https://tutanota.com/howto#generalMail) per folder, which may be inconvenient if you have many folders.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Custom Domains and Aliases
Paid Tutanota accounts can use up to 5 [aliases](https://tutanota.com/faq#alias) and [custom domains](https://tutanota.com/faq#custom-domain). Tutanota doesn't allow for [subaddressing (plus addresses)](https://tutanota.com/faq#plus), but you can use a [catch-all](https://tutanota.com/howto#settings-global) with a custom domain.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Private Payment Methods
Tutanota only directly accepts credit cards and PayPal, however [cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md) can be used to purchase gift cards via their [partnership](https://tutanota.com/faq/#cryptocurrency) with Proxystore.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Account Security
Tutanota supports [two factor authentication](https://tutanota.com/faq#2fa) with either TOTP or U2F.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Data Security
Tutanota has [zero access encryption at rest](https://tutanota.com/faq#what-encrypted) for your emails, [address book contacts](https://tutanota.com/faq#encrypted-address-book), and [calendars](https://tutanota.com/faq#calendar). O serviço é mantido por voluntários e sua comunidade.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Email Encryption
Tutanota [does not use OpenPGP](https://www.tutanota.com/faq/#pgp). Tutanota accounts can only receive encrypted emails from non-Tutanota email accounts when sent via a [temporary Tutanota mailbox](https://www.tutanota.com/howto/#encrypted-email-external).
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination
Tutanota will [delete inactive free accounts](https://tutanota.com/faq#inactive-accounts) after six months. You can reuse a deactivated free account if you pay.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality
Tutanota offers the business version of [Tutanota to non-profit organizations](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/secure-email-for-non-profit) for free or with a heavy discount.
Tutanota also has a business feature called [Secure Connect](https://tutanota.com/secure-connect/). This ensures customer contact to the business uses E2EE. The feature costs €240/y.
Tutanota doesn't offer a digital legacy feature.
## Visão Geral da Criptografia de E-mail
An email aliasing service allows you to easily generate a new email address for every website you register for. The email aliases you generate are then forwarded to an email address of your choosing, hiding both your "main" email address and the identity of your email provider. True email aliasing is better than plus addressing commonly used and supported by many providers, which allows you to create aliases like yourname+[anythinghere]@example.com, because websites, advertisers, and tracking networks can trivially remove anything after the + sign to know your true email address.
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Joplin logo](/assets/img/notebooks/joplin.svg){ .twemoji } [Joplin](https://joplinapp.org/)
- ![Standard Notes logo](/assets/img/notebooks/standard-notes.svg){ .twemoji } [Standard Notes](https://standardnotes.org/)
</div>
Email aliasing can act as a safeguard in case your email provider ever ceases operation. In that scenario, you can easily re-route your aliases to a new email address. In turn, however, you are placing trust in the aliasing service to continue functioning.
Using a dedicated email aliasing service also has a number of benefits over a catch-all alias on a custom domain:
- Aliases can be turned on and off individually when you need them, preventing websites from emailing you randomly.
- Replies are sent from the alias address, shielding your real email address.
They also have a number of benefits over "temporary email" services:
- Aliases are permanent and can be turned on again if you need to receive something like a password reset.
- Emails are sent to your trusted mailbox rather than stored by the alias provider.
- Temporary email services typically have public mailboxes which can be accessed by anyone who knows the address, aliases are private to you.
Our email aliasing recommendations are providers that allow you to create aliases on domains they control, as well as your own custom domain(s) for a modest yearly fee. They can also be self-hosted if you want maximum control. However, using a custom domain can have privacy-related drawbacks: If you are the only person using your custom domain, your actions can be easily tracked across websites simply by looking at the domain name in the email address and ignoring everything before the at (@) sign.
Using an aliasing service requires trusting both your email provider and your aliasing provider with your unencrypted messages. Some providers mitigate this slightly with automatic PGP encryption, which reduces the number of parties you need to trust from two to one by encrypting incoming emails before they are delivered to your final mailbox provider.
### StartMail
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![AnonAddy logo](assets/img/email/anonaddy.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![AnonAddy logo](assets/img/email/anonaddy-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**AnonAddy** lets you create 20 domain aliases on a shared domain for free, or unlimited "standard" aliases which are less anonymous.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://anonaddy.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://anonaddy.com/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://app.anonaddy.com/docs/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/anonaddy){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://anonaddy.com/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-android: Android](https://anonaddy.com/faq/#is-there-an-android-app)
- [:material-apple-ios: iOS](https://anonaddy.com/faq/#is-there-an-ios-app)
- [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-GB/firefox/addon/anonaddy/)
- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/anonaddy-anonymous-email/iadbdpnoknmbdeolbapdackdcogdmjpe)
The number of shared aliases (which end in a shared domain like @anonaddy.me) that you can create is limited to 20 on AnonAddy's free plan and 50 on their $12/year plan. You can create unlimited standard aliases (which end in a domain like @[username].anonaddy.com or a custom domain on paid plans), however, as previously mentioned, this can be detrimental to privacy because people can trivially tie your standard aliases together based on the domain name alone. Unlimited shared aliases are available for $36/year.
Notable free features:
- Criptografa os dados da conta em repouso.
- A criptografia integrada do webmail proporciona conveniência aos usuários que desejam melhorar ao não ter [E2EE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-to-end_encryption) criptografia.
- [ ] No Outgoing Replies
- [x] 2 Recipient Mailboxes
- [x] Automatic PGP Encryption
### CTemplar
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Simplelogin logo](assets/img/email/simplelogin.svg){ align=right }
**SimpleLogin** is a free service which provides email aliases on a variety of shared domain names, and optionally provides paid features like unlimited aliases and custom domains.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://simplelogin.io){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://simplelogin.io/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://simplelogin.io/docs/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/simple-login){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.simplelogin.android)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1494359858)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/simple-login/Simple-Login-Android/releases)
- [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/simplelogin/)
- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/dphilobhebphkdjbpfohgikllaljmgbn)
- [:simple-microsoftedge: Edge](https://microsoftedge.microsoft.com/addons/detail/simpleloginreceive-sen/diacfpipniklenphgljfkmhinphjlfff)
- [:simple-safari: Safari](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1494051017)
SimpleLogin was [acquired by Proton AG](https://proton.me/news/proton-and-simplelogin-join-forces) as of April 8, 2022. If you use Proton Mail for your primary mailbox, SimpleLogin is a great choice. As both products are now owned by the same company you now only have to trust a single entity. We also expect that SimpleLogin will be more tightly integrated with Proton's offerings in the future. SimpleLogin continues to support forwarding to any email provider of your choosing. Securitum [audited](https://simplelogin.io/blog/security-audit/) SimpleLogin in early 2022 and all issues [were addressed](https://simplelogin.io/audit2022/web.pdf).
You can link your SimpleLogin account in the settings with your Proton account. If you have the Proton Unlimited, Business, or Visionary Plan, you will have SimpleLogin Premium for free.
Notable free features:
- Criptografa os dados da conta em repouso com criptografia de acesso zero.
- [x] Unlimited Replies
- [x] 1 Recipient Mailbox
## Visão Geral dos Metadados de Email
Advanced system administrators may consider setting up their own email server. Mail servers require attention and continuous maintenance in order to keep things secure and mail delivery reliable.
### Combined software solutions
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Mailcow logo](assets/img/email/mailcow.svg){ align=right }
**Mailcow** is a more advanced mail server perfect for those with a bit more Linux experience. It has everything you need in a Docker container: A mail server with DKIM support, antivirus and spam monitoring, webmail and ActiveSync with SOGo, and web-based administration with 2FA support.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://mailcow.email){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://mailcow.github.io/mailcow-dockerized-docs/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/mailcow/mailcow-dockerized){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.servercow.de/mailcow?lang=en#sal){ .card-link title=Contribute }
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Mail-in-a-Box logo](assets/img/email/mail-in-a-box.svg){ align=right }
**Mail-in-a-Box** is an automated setup script for deploying a mail server on Ubuntu. Its goal is to make it easier for people to set up their own mail server.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://mailinabox.email){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://mailinabox.email/guide.html){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/mail-in-a-box/mailinabox){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
For a more manual approach we've picked out these two articles:
- [Setting up a mail server with OpenSMTPD, Dovecot and Rspamd](https://poolp.org/posts/2019-09-14/setting-up-a-mail-server-with-opensmtpd-dovecot-and-rspamd/) (2019)
- [How To Run Your Own Mail Server](https://www.c0ffee.net/blog/mail-server-guide/) (August 2017)
## Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the providers we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements for any Email provider wishing to be recommended, including implementing industry best practices, modern technology and more. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing an Email provider, and conduct your own research to ensure the Email provider you choose is the right choice for you.
### Jurisdição
We regard these features as important in order to provide a safe and optimal service. You should consider whether the provider which has the features you require.
**O melhor caso:**
- Operando fora dos EUA ou de outros países da Five Eyes.
- Export capability as [Mbox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbox) or individual .eml with [RFC5322](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc5322/) standard.
- Allow users to use their own [domain name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name). Custom domain names are important to users because it allows them to maintain their agency from the service, should it turn bad or be acquired by another company which doesn't prioritize privacy.
- Operates on owned infrastructure, i.e. not built upon third-party email service providers.
**Best Case:**
- Protecção do webmail com [autenticação de dois factores (2FA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication), tal como [TOTP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-based_One-time_Password_algorithm).
- Integrated webmail E2EE/PGP encryption provided as a convenience.
- Support for [WKD](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) to allow improved discovery of public OpenPGP keys via HTTP. GnuPG users can get a key by typing: `gpg --locate-key example_user@example.com`
- Support for a temporary mailbox for external users. This is useful when you want to send an encrypted email, without sending an actual copy to your recipient. These emails usually have a limited lifespan and then are automatically deleted. They also don't require the recipient to configure any cryptography like OpenPGP.
- Availability of the email provider's services via an [onion service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion).
- [Subaddressing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_address#Subaddressing) support.
- Catch-all or alias functionality for those who own their own domains.
- Use of standard email access protocols such as IMAP, SMTP or [JMAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON_Meta_Application_Protocol). Standard access protocols ensure customers can easily download all of their email, should they want to switch to another provider.
### Tecnologia
We prefer our recommended providers to collect as little data as possible.
**O melhor caso:**
- Protect sender's IP address. Filter it from showing in the `Received` header field.
- Don't require personally identifiable information (PII) besides a username and a password.
- Privacy policy that meets the requirements defined by the GDPR
- Must not be hosted in the US due to [ECPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Privacy_Act#Criticism) which has [yet to be reformed](https://epic.org/ecpa/).
**Best Case:**
- Accepts [anonymous payment options](advanced/payments.md) ([cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md), cash, gift cards, etc.)
### Privacidade
Email servers deal with a lot of very sensitive data. We expect that providers will adopt best industry practices in order to protect their members.
**O melhor caso:**
- Protection of webmail with 2FA, such as TOTP.
- Zero access encryption, builds on encryption at rest. The provider does not have the decryption keys to the data they hold. This prevents a rogue employee leaking data they have access to or remote adversary from releasing data they have stolen by gaining unauthorized access to the server.
- [DNSSEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions) support.
- No TLS errors or vulnerabilities when being profiled by tools such as [Hardenize](https://www.hardenize.com/), [testssl.sh](https://testssl.sh/), or [Qualys SSL Labs](https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest); this includes certificate related errors and weak DH parameters, such as those that led to [Logjam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logjam_(computer_security)).
- A server suite preference (optional on TLSv1.3) for strong cipher suites which support forward secrecy and authenticated encryption.
- A valid [MTA-STS](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8461) and [TLS-RPT](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8460) policy.
- Valid [DANE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS-based_Authentication_of_Named_Entities) records.
- Valid [SPF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sender_Policy_Framework) and [DKIM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DomainKeys_Identified_Mail) records.
- Have a proper [DMARC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMARC) record and policy or use [ARC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticated_Received_Chain) for authentication. If DMARC authentication is being used, the policy must be set to `reject` or `quarantine`.
- A server suite preference of TLS 1.2 or later and a plan for [RFC8996](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc8996/).
- [SMTPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTPS) submission, assuming SMTP is used.
- Website security standards such as:
- [HTTP Strict Transport Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security)
- [Subresource Integrity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subresource_Integrity) if loading things from external domains.
- Must support viewing of [Message headers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email#Message_header), as it is a crucial forensic feature to determine if an email is a phishing attempt.
**Best Case:**
- Support for hardware authentication, i.e. U2F and [WebAuthn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn). U2F and WebAuthn are more secure as they use a private key stored on a client-side hardware device to authenticate people, as opposed to a shared secret that is stored on the web server and on the client side when using TOTP. Furthermore, U2F and WebAuthn are more resistant to phishing as their authentication response is based on the authenticated [domain name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name).
- [DNS Certification Authority Authorization (CAA) Resource Record](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6844) in addition to DANE support.
- Implementation of [Authenticated Received Chain (ARC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticated_Received_Chain), this is useful for people who post to mailing lists [RFC8617](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8617).
- Programas de recompensa de bugs e/ou um processo coordenado de divulgação de vulnerabilidades.
- Website security standards such as:
- [Content Security Policy (CSP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Security_Policy)
- [RFC9163 Expect-CT](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc9163/)
### Segurança
You wouldn't trust your finances to someone with a fake identity, so why trust them with your email? We require our recommended providers to be public about their ownership or leadership. We also would like to see frequent transparency reports, especially in regard to how government requests are handled.
**O melhor caso:**
- Esquemas de Criptografia Fortes: OpenVPN com autenticação SHA-256; RSA-2048 ou melhor aperto de mão; AES-256-GCM ou AES-256-CBC encriptação de dados.
**Best Case:**
- A Encriptação mais forte: RSA-4096.
- Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS).
### Confiança
With the email providers we recommend we like to see responsible marketing.
**O melhor caso:**
- Deve auto-instalar análises (sem Google Analytics, etc.). The provider's site must also comply with [DNT (Do Not Track)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Not_Track) for those who wish to opt-out.
Must not have any marketing which is irresponsible:
- Claims of "unbreakable encryption." Encryption should be used with the intention that it may not be secret in the future when the technology exists to crack it.
- Fazer garantias de protecção do anonimato a 100%. Quando alguém afirma que algo é 100%, significa que não há certeza de fracasso. We know people can quite easily deanonymize themselves in a number of ways, e.g.:
- Reusing personal information e.g. (email accounts, unique pseudonyms, etc) that they accessed without anonymity software (Tor, VPN, etc)
- [Impressão digital do navegador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_fingerprint#Browser_fingerprint)
**Best Case:**
- Deve auto-instalar análises (sem Google Analytics, etc.). This includes things like, setting up 2FA, email clients, OpenPGP, etc.
### Marketing
While not strictly requirements, there are some other convenience or privacy factors we looked into when determining which providers to recommend.

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---
title: "Software de encriptação"
icon: material/file-lock
description: A encriptação de dados é a única forma de controlar quem pode acessá-los. These tools allow you to encrypt your emails and any other files.
---
A encriptação de dados é a única forma de controlar quem pode acessá-los. Se você não estiver usando software de criptografia para o seu disco rígido, e-mails ou arquivos, você deve escolher uma opção aqui.
## Multi-plataforma
As opções listadas aqui são multi-plataforma e excelentes para criar backups criptografados dos seus dados.
### VeraCrypt
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logo VeraCrypt](/assets/img/encryption-software/veracrypt.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![VeraCrypt logo](/assets/img/encryption-software/veracrypt-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**VeraCrypt** é um utilitário freeware disponível na fonte, utilizado para encriptação on-the-fly. Ele pode criar um disco virtual encriptado dentro de um ficheiro, encriptar uma partição ou encriptar todo o dispositivo de armazenamento com autenticação pré-boot.
[Visite veracrypt.fr](https://veracrypt.fr){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://www.veracrypt.fr/en/Downloads.html)
- [:fontawesome-brands-apple: macOS](https://www.veracrypt.fr/pt/Downloads.html)
- [:fontawesome-brands-linux: Linux](https://www.veracrypt.fr/en/Downloads.html)
- [:fontawesome-brands-git: Source](https://www.veracrypt.fr/code) downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.cryptomator)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cryptomator-2/id1560822163)
- [:simple-android: Android](https://cryptomator.org/android)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://cryptomator.org/downloads)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://cryptomator.org/downloads)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://cryptomator.org/downloads)
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.cryptomator.Cryptomator)
O VeraCrypt é um garfo do projeto TrueCrypt descontinuado. De acordo com seus desenvolvedores, melhorias de segurança foram implementadas e questões levantadas pela auditoria inicial do código TrueCrypt foram abordadas.
Ao encriptar com VeraCrypt, o utilizador tem a opção de seleccionar de diferentes [funções hash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VeraCrypt#Encryption_scheme). Sugerimos aos utilizadores **apenas** seleccione [SHA-512](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-512) e deve ficar com o [AES](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard) cifra de bloco. The audit did not extend to [cryptolib-swift](https://github.com/cryptomator/cryptolib-swift), which is a library used by Cryptomator for iOS.
Truecrypt foi [auditada várias vezes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueCrypt#Security_audits) e VeraCrypt também foi [auditada separadamente](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VeraCrypt#VeraCrypt_audit).
### Criptomador
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logo do criptomator](/assets/img/encryption-software/cryptomator.svg){ align=right }
**Cryptomator** facilita o carregamento de ficheiros para a nuvem num sistema de ficheiros virtual encriptado. [Visite cryptomator.org](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://cryptomator.org/downloads)
- [:fontawesome-brands-apple: macOS](https://cryptomator.org/downloads)
- [:fontawesome-brands-linux: Linux](https://cryptomator.org/downloads)
- [:pg-flathub: Flatpak](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.cryptomator.cryptomator)
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.cryptomator)
- [:fontawesome-brands-android: F-Droid repo](https://cryptomator.org/android)
- [:fontawesome-brands-app-store-ios: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cryptomator-2/id1560822163)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Source](https://github.com/cryptomator) It uses Go's standard x/crypto modules for its encryption features.
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://opencollective.com/picocrypt){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt/releases)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt/releases)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt/releases)
### Picocrypt
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logotipo Picocrypt](/assets/img/encryption-software/picocrypt.svg){ align=right }
**Picocrypt** é uma pequena e simples ferramenta de encriptação que fornece uma encriptação moderna. Picocrypt usa a cifra segura XChaCha20 e a função de derivação da chave Argon2id para proporcionar um alto nível de segurança.
Ele usa os módulos x/crypto padrão da Go para suas funcionalidades de criptografia. [Visite github.com](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt/releases)
- [:fontawesome-brands-apple: macOS](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt/releases)
- [:fontawesome-brands-linux: Linux](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt/releases)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Source](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt)
VeraCrypt is a fork of the discontinued TrueCrypt project. According to its developers, security improvements have been implemented and issues raised by the initial TrueCrypt code audit have been addressed.
When encrypting with VeraCrypt, you have the option to select from different [hash functions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VeraCrypt#Encryption_scheme). We suggest you **only** select [SHA-512](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-512) and stick to the [AES](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard) block cipher.
Truecrypt has been [audited a number of times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueCrypt#Security_audits), and VeraCrypt has also been [audited separately](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VeraCrypt#VeraCrypt_audit).
## Sistema operacional incluído Criptografia de disco completo (FDE)
Modern operating systems include [FDE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_encryption) and will have a [secure cryptoprocessor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_cryptoprocessor).
### BitLocker
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![BitLocker logo](/assets/img/encryption-software/bitlocker.png){ align=right }
**BitLocker** é a solução de encriptação de volume completo, em conjunto com o Microsoft Windows. O principal motivo pelo qual o recomendamos é devido ao seu [uso do TPM](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/tpm/how-windows-uses-the-tpm). [ElcomSoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElcomSoft), uma empresa forense, escreveu sobre isso em [Understanding BitLocker TPM Protection](https://blog.elcomsoft.com/2021/01/understanding-BitLocker-tpm-protection/).
[Visite microsoft.com](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/BitLocker/BitLocker-overview){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
BitLocker is [only supported](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/turn-on-device-encryption-0c453637-bc88-5f74-5105-741561aae838) on Pro, Enterprise and Education editions of Windows. It can be enabled on Home editions provided that they meet the prerequisites.
Recomendamos armazenar uma chave de recuperação local em um local seguro, em vez de utilizar a recuperação do iCloud FileVault. Também, FileVault deve ser habilitado **após** uma instalação macOS completa como mais gerador de números pseudorandomais ([PRNG](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/random-number-generation-seca0c73a75b/web)) [entropia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_(computing)) estará disponível.
Para habilitar o BitLocker nas edições "Home" do Windows, você deve ter partições formatadas com um módulo [GUID Partition Table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table) e ter um [TPM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module) (v1.2, 2.0 ) dedicado.
1. Open a command prompt and check your drive's partition table format with the following command. You should see "**GPT**" listed under "Partition Style":
```
powershell Get-Disk
```
2. Run this command (in an admin command prompt) to check your TPM version. You should see `2.0` or `1.2` listed next to `SpecVersion`:
```
powerhell Get-Disk 0 | findstr GPT && echo Este é um disco do sistema GPT!
```
3. Access [Advanced Startup Options](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/advanced-startup-options-including-safe-mode-b90e7808-80b5-a291-d4b8-1a1af602b617). You need to reboot while pressing the F8 key before Windows starts and go into the *command prompt* in **Troubleshoot** → **Advanced Options** → **Command Prompt**.
4. Login with your admin account and type this in the command prompt to start encryption:
```
manage-bde -on c: -used
```
5. Close the command prompt and continue booting to regular Windows.
6. Feche o prompt de comando, e entre no PowerShell:
```
manage-bde c: -protectores -add -rp -tpm
manage-bde -protectores -enable c:
manage-bde -protectors -get c: > %UserProfile%\Desktop\BitLocker-Recovery-Key.txt
```
!!! aviso
Backup `BitLocker-Recovery-Key.txt` em um dispositivo de armazenamento separado.
Backup `BitLocker-Recovery-Key.txt` on your Desktop to a separate storage device. Loss of this recovery code may result in loss of data.
### FileVault
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![FileVault logo](/assets/img/encryption-software/filevault.png){ align=right }
**FileVault** é a solução de encriptação de volume on-the-fly integrada em macOS. FileVault é recomendado porque [leverages](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/volume-encryption-with-filevault-sec4c6dc1b6e/web) recursos de segurança de hardware presentes em um SoC de silício Apple ou Chip de Segurança T2.
[Visite support.apple.com](https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204837){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
We recommend storing a local recovery key in a secure place as opposed to using your iCloud account for recovery.
### Configuração da Chave Unificada Linux (LUKS)
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![LUKS logo](/assets/img/encryption-software/luks.png){ align=right }
**LUKS*** é o método padrão de criptografia de disco completo para Linux. Ele pode ser usado para criptografar volumes completos, partições ou criar containers criptografados.
[Visite gitlab.com](https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
Recomendamos armazenar uma chave de recuperação local em um local seguro, em vez de utilizar a recuperação do iCloud FileVault. example "Creating and opening encrypted containers"
```
dd if=/dev/urandom of=/path-to-file bs=1M count=1024 status=progress
sudo cryptsetup luksFormat /path-to-file
```
#### Abrindo recipientes encriptados
Recomendamos abrir recipientes e volumes com `udisksctl`, pois este utiliza [Polkit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polkit). A maioria dos gestores de ficheiros, tais como os incluídos em ambientes de desktop populares, consegue desbloquear ficheiros encriptados. Ferramentas como [udiskie](https://github.com/coldfix/udiskie) podem ser executadas na bandeja do sistema e fornecer uma interface de usuário útil.
```
udisksctl loop-setup -f /path-tofile
udisksctl unlock -b /dev/loop0
```
!!! note "Remember to back up volume headers"
Recomendamos que você sempre [faça backup dos seus cabeçalhos LUKS](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dm-crypt/Device_encryption#Backup_and_restore) em caso de falha parcial da unidade. Isto pode ser feito com:
```
cryptsetup luksHeaderBackup /device/device --header-backup-file /mnt/backup/file.img
```
## Navegador baseado em
Ferramentas com interfaces de linha de comando são úteis para intergrating [shell scripts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script).
### chapéu.sh
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![hat.sh logo](/assets/img/encryption-software/hat-sh.png#only-light){ align=right }
![hat.sh logo](/assets/img/encryption-software/hat-sh-dark.png#only-dark){ align=right }
**Hat.sh*** é uma aplicação web que fornece criptografia segura de arquivos do lado do cliente no seu navegador. Também pode ser auto-hospedado e é útil se você precisar criptografar um arquivo, mas não pode instalar qualquer software no seu dispositivo, devido às políticas organizacionais.
[Visite hat.sh](https://hat.sh){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Fonte](https://github.com/sh-dv/hat.sh)
## Linha de comando
Tools with command-line interfaces are useful for integrating [shell scripts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script).
### Kryptor
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logo Kryptor](/assets/img/encryption-software/kryptor.png){ align=right }
**Kryptor** é uma ferramenta de criptografia e assinatura de arquivos livre e de código aberto que faz uso de algoritmos criptográficos modernos e seguros. Pretende ser uma versão melhor de [age](https://github.com/FiloSottile/age) e [Minisign](https://jedisct1.github.io/minisign/) para fornecer uma alternativa simples e amigável ao GPG.
[Visite kryptor.co.uk](https://www.kryptor.co.uk){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://www.kryptor.co.uk/features#privacy){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://www.kryptor.co.uk)
- [:fontawesome-brands-apple: macOS](https://www.kryptor.co.uk)
- [:fontawesome-brands-linux: Linux](https://www.kryptor.co.uk)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Fonte](https://github.com/samuel-lucas6/Kryptor) downloads
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.kryptor.co.uk)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.kryptor.co.uk)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.kryptor.co.uk)
### Túmulo
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Logotipo da Tumba](/assets/img/encryption-software/tomb.png){ align=right }
**Tomb** é uma shell wrapper de linha de comando para LUKS. Ele suporta esteganografia através de [ferramentas de terceiros](https://github.com/dyne/Tomb#how-does-it-work).
[Visite dyne.org](https://www.dyne.org/software/tomb){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Fonte](https://github.com/dyne/Tomb)
## OpenPGP
OpenPGP is sometimes needed for specific tasks such as digitally signing and encrypting email. Dica "Use padrões futuros ao gerar uma chave". For tasks such as signing or encrypting files, we suggest the above options.
When encrypting with PGP, you have the option to configure different options in your `gpg.conf` file. We recommend staying with the standard options specified in the [GnuPG user FAQ](https://www.gnupg.org/faq/gnupg-faq.html#new_user_gpg_conf).
!!! tip "Use future defaults when generating a key"
Quando [gerando chaves](https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/c14.html) sugerimos utilizar o comando `future-default`, pois isto instruirá o GnuPG a utilizar criptografia moderna como [Curve25519](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve25519#History) e [Ed25519](https://ed25519.cr.yp.to/):
```bash
gpg --quick-gen-key alice@example.com future-default
```
### Guarda de Privacidade GNU
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![GNU Privacy Guard logo](/assets/img/encryption-software/gnupg.svg){ align=right }
**GnuPG** é uma alternativa GPL-licenciada ao conjunto de software criptográfico PGP. GnuPG está em conformidade com [RFC 4880](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4880), que é a especificação atual da IETF do OpenPGP. O projeto GnuPG tem trabalhado em um [rascunho atualizado](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-openpgp-crypto-refresh/) numa tentativa de modernizar o OpenPGP. GnuPG is a part of the Free Software Foundation's GNU software project and has received major [funding](https://gnupg.org/blog/20220102-a-new-future-for-gnupg.html) from the German government.
[Visite gnupg.org](https://gnupg.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://gnupg.org/privacy-policy.html){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://gpg4win.org/download.html)
- [:fontawesome-brands-apple: macOS](https://gpgtools.org)
- [:fontawesome-brands-linux: Linux](https://gnupg.org/download/index.html#binary)
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.sufficientlysecure.keychain)
- [:fontawesome-brands-git: Fonte](https://git.gnupg.org/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi?p=gnupg.git) downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.sufficientlysecure.keychain)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://gpg4win.org/download.html)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://gpgtools.org)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://gnupg.org/download/index.html#binary)
### GPG4win
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![GPG4win logo](/assets/img/encryption-software/gpg4win.svg){ align=right }
**GPG4win** é um pacote para Windows da [Intevation and g10 Code](https://gpg4win.org/impressum.html). Inclui [várias ferramentas](https://gpg4win.org/about.html) que auxiliam os usuários do PGP no Microsoft Windows. O projeto foi iniciado e originalmente [financiado por](https://web.archive.org/web/20190425125223/https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/news/government-used-cryptography) pelo Escritório Federal de Segurança da Informação (BSI) da Alemanha em 2005.
[Visite gpg4win.org](https://gpg4win.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://gpg4win.org/privacy-policy.html){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://gpg4win.org/download.html)
- [:fontawesome-brands-git: Fonte](https://git.gnupg.org/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi?p=gpg4win.git;a=summary) downloads
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://gpg4win.org/download.html)
### Suíte GPG
!!! note
We suggest [Canary Mail](email-clients.md#canary-mail) for using PGP with email on iOS devices.
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![GPG Suite logo](assets/img/encryption-software/gpgsuite.png){ align=right }
**GPG Suite** provides OpenPGP support for [Apple Mail](email-clients.md#apple-mail) and macOS.
We recommend taking a look at their [First steps](https://gpgtools.tenderapp.com/kb/how-to/first-steps-where-do-i-start-where-do-i-begin-setup-gpgtools-create-a-new-key-your-first-encrypted-email) and [Knowledge base](https://gpgtools.tenderapp.com/kb) for support.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://gpgtools.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://gpgtools.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://gpgtools.tenderapp.com/kb){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/GPGTools){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://gpgtools.org)
### OpenKeychain
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logótipo OpenKeychain](/assets/img/encryption-software/openkeychain.svg){ align=right }
**OpenKeychain** é uma implementação Android do GnuPG. É normalmente exigido por clientes de e-mail como [K-9 Mail](/email-clients/#k-9-mail) e [FairEmail](/email-clients/#fairemail) e outros aplicativos Android para fornecer suporte à criptografia. Cure53 concluiu uma [auditoria de segurança](https://www.openkeychain.org/openkeychain-3-6) da OpenKeychain 3.6 em outubro de 2015. Detalhes técnicos sobre a auditoria e as soluções OpenKeychain podem ser encontrados [here](https://github.com/open-keychain/open-keychain/wiki/cure53-Security-Audit-2015).
[Visite openkeychain.org](https://www.openkeychain.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://www.openkeychain.org/help/privacy-policy){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.sufficientlysecure.keychain)
- [:pg-f-droid: F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/packages/org.sufficientlysecure.keychain/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-git: Source](https://github.com/open-keychain/open-keychain) downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.sufficientlysecure.keychain)
## Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
### Minimum Qualifications
- Cross-platform encryption apps must be open-source.
- File encryption apps must support decryption on Linux, macOS, and Windows.
- External disk encryption apps must support decryption on Linux, macOS, and Windows.
- Internal (OS) disk encryption apps must be cross-platform or built in to the operating system natively.
### Best-Case
Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page.
- Operating System (FDE) encryption apps should utilize hardware security such as a TPM or Secure Enclave.
- File encryption apps should have first- or third-party support for mobile platforms.

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---
title: "Ferramentas de Autenticação Multi-Factor"
icon: material/share-variant
description: Descubra como partilhar os seus ficheiros em privado entre os seus dispositivos, com os seus amigos e família, ou anonimamente online.
---
Descubra como partilhar os seus ficheiros em privado entre os seus dispositivos, com os seus amigos e família, ou anonimamente online.
## Gestores de senhas
### OnionShare
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logotipo OnionShare](/assets/img/file-sharing-sync/onionshare.svg){ align=right }
**OnionShare** é uma ferramenta de código aberto que lhe permite partilhar de forma segura e anónima um ficheiro de qualquer tamanho. Funciona iniciando um servidor web acessível como um serviço Tor onion, com um URL indiscutível que você pode compartilhar com os destinatários para baixar ou enviar arquivos. [Visite onionshare.org](https://onionshare.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:pg-tor:](http://lldan5gahapx5k7iafb3s4ikijc4ni7gx5iywdflkba5y2ezyg6sjgyd.onion){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://onionshare.org/#download)
- [:fontawesome-brands-apple: macOS](https://onionshare.org/#download)
- [:fontawesome-brands-linux: Linux](https://onionshare.org/#download)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Fonte](https://github.com/onionshare/onionshare) You can use other public instances, or you can host Send yourself.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://send.vis.ee){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-server-16:](https://github.com/timvisee/send-instances){ .card-link title="Public Instances"}
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/timvisee/send#readme){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/timvisee/send){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/sponsors/timvisee){ .card-link title=Contribute }
Send can be used via its web interface or via the [ffsend](https://github.com/timvisee/ffsend) CLI. If you are familiar with the command-line and send files frequently, we recommend using the CLI client to avoid JavaScript-based encryption. You can specify the `--host` flag to use a specific server:
```bash
ffsend upload --host https://send.vis.ee/ FILE
```
### Buraco de Verme Mágico
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logotipo FreedomBox](/assets/img/file-sharing-sync/freedombox.svg){ align=right }
**FreedomBox** é um sistema operacional projetado para ser executado em um [computador de placa única (SBC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer). O objetivo é facilitar a configuração de aplicações de servidor que você pode querer auto-hospedar.
[Visite freedombox.org](https://freedombox.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-git: Fonte](https://salsa.debian.org/freedombox-team/freedombox) downloads
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://onionshare.org/#download)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://onionshare.org/#download)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://onionshare.org/#download)
### Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
- Must not store decrypted data on a remote server.
- Must be open-source software.
- Must either have clients for Linux, macOS, and Windows; or have a web interface.
## FreedomBox
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![FreedomBox logo](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/freedombox.svg){ align=right }
**FreedomBox** is an operating system designed to be run on a [single-board computer (SBC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer). The purpose is to make it easy to set up server applications that you might want to self-host.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://freedombox.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://wiki.debian.org/FreedomBox/Manual){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://salsa.debian.org/freedombox-team/freedombox){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://freedomboxfoundation.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
## Sincronização de arquivos
### Nextcloud (Client-Server)
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logotipo do LibreOffice](/assets/img/productivity/libreoffice.svg){ align=right }
**LibreOffice** é uma suite de escritório gratuita e de código aberto com amplas funcionalidades.
[Visite libreoffice.org](https://www.libreoffice.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://www.libreoffice.org/about-us/privacy/privacy-policy-en/){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/download/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-apple: macOS](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/download/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-linux: Linux](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/download/)
- [:pg-flathub: Flatpak](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/download/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-freebsd: FreeBSD](https://www.freshports.org/editors/libreoffice/)
- [:pg-openbsd: OpenBSD](https://openports.se/editors/libreoffice)
- [:pg-netbsd: NetBSD](https://pkgsrc.se/misc/libreoffice)
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/android-and-ios/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-app-store-ios: App Store](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/android-and-ios/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-git: Source](https://www.libreoffice.org/about-us/source-code) downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nextcloud.client)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1125420102)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/nextcloud/android/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients)
- [:simple-freebsd: FreeBSD](https://www.freshports.org/www/nextcloud)
!!! Isto permite-nos fornecer recomendações completamente objectivas.</strong> Desenvolvemos um conjunto claro de requisitos para qualquer provedor de VPN que deseje ser recomendado, incluindo criptografia forte, auditorias de segurança independentes, tecnologia moderna, e muito mais.
![OnlyOffice logo](/assets/img/productivity/onlyoffice.svg){ align=right }
**OnlyOffice** é uma alternativa, é uma suite de escritório gratuita e de código aberto com uma extensa funcionalidade.
### Syncthing (P2P)
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Syncthing logo](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/syncthing.svg){ align=right }
**Syncthing** is an open-source peer-to-peer continuous file synchronization utility. It is used to synchronize files between two or more devices over the local network or the internet. Syncthing does not use a centralized server; it uses the [Block Exchange Protocol](https://docs.syncthing.net/specs/bep-v1.html#bep-v1) to transfer data between devices. All data is encrypted using TLS.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://syncthing.net){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.syncthing.net){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/syncthing){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://syncthing.net/donations/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nutomic.syncthingandroid)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://syncthing.net/downloads/)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://syncthing.net/downloads/)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://syncthing.net/downloads/)
- [:simple-freebsd: FreeBSD](https://syncthing.net/downloads/)
- [:simple-openbsd: OpenBSD](https://syncthing.net/downloads/)
- [:simple-netbsd: NetBSD](https://syncthing.net/downloads/)
### Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
#### Minimum Requirements
- Must not require a third-party remote/cloud server.
- Must be open-source software.
- Must either have clients for Linux, macOS, and Windows; or have a web interface.
#### Best-Case
Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page.
- Has mobile clients for iOS and Android, which at least support document previews.
- Supports photo backup from iOS and Android, and optionally supports file/folder sync on Android.

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---
title: Financial Services
icon: material/bank
---
Making payments online is one of the biggest challenges to privacy. These services can assist you in protecting your privacy from merchants and other trackers, provided you have a strong understanding of how to make private payments effectively. We strongly encourage you first read our payments overview article before making any purchases:
[Making Private Payments :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](advanced/payments.md ""){.md-button}
## Payment Masking Services
There are a number of services which provide "virtual debit cards" which you can use with online merchants without revealing your actual banking or billing information in most cases. It's important to note that these financial services are **not** anonymous and are subject to "Know Your Customer" (KYC) laws and may require your ID or other identifying information. These services are primarily useful for protecting you from merchant data breaches, less sophisticated tracking or purchase correlation by marketing agencies, and online data theft; and **not** for making a purchase completely anonymously.
!!! tip "Check your current bank"
Many banks and credit card providers offer native virtual card functionality. If you use one which provides this option already, you should use it over the following recommendations in most cases. That way you are not trusting multiple parties with your personal information.
### Privacy.com (US)
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Privacy.com logo](assets/img/financial-services/privacy_com.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Privacy.com logo](assets/img/financial-services/privacy_com-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Privacy.com**'s free plan allows you to create up to 12 virtual cards per month, set spend limits on those cards, and shut off cards instantly. Their paid plan allows you to create up to 36 cards per month, get 1% cash back on purchases, and hide transaction information from your bank.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://privacy.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://privacy.com/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.privacy.com/hc/en-us){ .card-link title=Documentation}
Privacy.com gives information about the merchants you purchase from to your bank by default. Their paid "discreet merchants" feature hides merchant information from your bank, so your bank only sees that a purchase was made with Privacy.com but not where that money was spent, however that is not foolproof, and of course Privacy.com still has knowledge about the merchants you are spending money with.
### MySudo (US, Paid)
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![MySudo logo](assets/img/financial-services/mysudo.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![MySudo logo](assets/img/financial-services/mysudo-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**MySudo** provides up to 9 virtual cards depending on the plan you purchase. Their paid plans additionally include functionality which may be useful for making purchases privately, such as virtual phone numbers and email addresses, although we typically recommend other [email aliasing providers](email.md) for extensive email aliasing use.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://mysudo.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://anonyome.com/privacy-policy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.mysudo.com/hc/en-us){ .card-link title=Documentation}
### Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
- Allows the creation of multiple cards which function as a shield between the merchant and your personal finances.
- Cards must not require you to provide accurate billing address information to the merchant.
## Gift Card Marketplaces
These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants online with [cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits typically start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered).
### Cake Pay
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![CakePay logo](assets/img/financial-services/cakepay.svg){ align=right }
**Cake Pay** allows you to purchase gift cards and related products with Monero. Purchases for USA merchants are available in the Cake Wallet mobile app, while the Cake Pay web app includes a broad selection of global merchants.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://cakepay.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://ionia.docsend.com/view/jhjvdn7qq7k3ukwt){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://guides.cakewallet.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
### CoinCards
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![CakePay logo](assets/img/financial-services/coincards.svg){ align=right }
**CoinCards** (available in the US, Canada, and UK) allows you to purchase gift cards for a large variety of merchants.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://coincards.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://coincards.com/privacy-policy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://coincards.com/frequently-asked-questions/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
### Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
- Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md).
- No ID requirement.

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---
title: "Gestores de senhas"
icon: material/flip-to-front
description: These open-source frontends for various internet services allow you to access content without JavaScript or other annoyances.
---
Sometimes services will try to force you to sign up for an account by blocking access to content with annoying popups. They might also break without JavaScript enabled. These frontends can allow you to get around these restrictions.
## Clientes
### Librarian
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Librarian logo](assets/img/frontends/librarian.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Librarian logo](assets/img/frontends/librarian-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Librarian** is a free and open-source frontend for [Odysee](https://odysee.com/) (LBRY) that is also self-hostable.
There are a number of public instances, with some instances having [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) onion services support.
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://codeberg.org/librarian/librarian){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-server-16:](https://librarian.codeberg.page/){ .card-link title="Public Instances"}
[:octicons-info-16:](https://codeberg.org/librarian/librarian/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://codeberg.org/librarian/librarian){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
!!! Recomendamos que você verifique o [documentação](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) de Yubico sobre como configurar isso.
Librarian does not proxy video streams by default. Videos watched through Librarian will still make direct connections to Odysee's servers (e.g. `odycdn.com`); however, some instances may enable proxying which would be detailed in the instance's privacy policy.
!!! aviso
Backup `BitLocker-Recovery-Key.txt` em um dispositivo de armazenamento separado.
Librarian is useful if you want watch LBRY content on mobile without mandatory telemetry and if you want to disable JavaScript in your browser, as is the case with [Tor Browser](https://www.torproject.org/) on the Safest security level.
When self-hosting, it is important that you have other people using your instance as well in order for you to blend in. You should be careful with where and how you are hosting Librarian, as other peoples' usage will be linked to your hosting.
When you are using a Librarian instance, make sure to read the privacy policy of that specific instance. Librarian instances can be modified by their owners and therefore may not reflect the default policy. Librarian instances feature a "privacy nutrition label" to provide an overview of their policy. Some instances have Tor .onion addresses which may grant some privacy as long as your search queries don't contain PII.
## Reddit
### Nitter
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Nitter logo](assets/img/frontends/nitter.svg){ align=right }
**Nitter** is a free and open-source frontend for [Twitter](https://twitter.com) that is also self-hostable.
There are a number of public instances, with some instances having [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) onion services support.
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/zedeus/nitter){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-server-16:](https://github.com/zedeus/nitter/wiki/Instances){ .card-link title="Public Instances"}
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/zedeus/nitter/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/zedeus/nitter){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/zedeus/nitter#nitter){ .card-link title=Contribute }
!!! aviso
Backup `BitLocker-Recovery-Key.txt` em um dispositivo de armazenamento separado.
Nitter is useful if you want to browse Twitter content without having to log in and if you want to disable JavaScript in your browser, as is the case with [Tor Browser](https://www.torproject.org/) on the Safest security level. It also allows you to [create RSS feeds for Twitter](news-aggregators.md#twitter).
When self-hosting, it is important that you have other people using your instance as well in order for you to blend in. You should be careful with where and how you are hosting Nitter, as other peoples' usage will be linked to your hosting.
When you are using a Nitter instance, make sure to read the privacy policy of that specific instance. Nitter instances can be modified by their owners and therefore may not reflect the default policy. Some instances have Tor .onion addresses which may grant some privacy as long as your search queries don't contain PII.
## TikTok
### ProxiTok
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![ProxiTok logo](assets/img/frontends/proxitok.svg){ align=right }
**ProxiTok** is an open source frontend to the [TikTok](https://www.tiktok.com) website that is also self-hostable.
There are a number of public instances, with some instances having [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) onion services support.
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/pablouser1/ProxiTok){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-server-16:](https://github.com/pablouser1/ProxiTok/wiki/Public-instances){ .card-link title="Public Instances"}
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/pablouser1/ProxiTok/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/pablouser1/ProxiTok){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
!!! aviso
Backup `BitLocker-Recovery-Key.txt` em um dispositivo de armazenamento separado.
ProxiTok is useful if you want to disable JavaScript in your browser, such as [Tor Browser](https://www.torproject.org/) on the Safest security level.
When self-hosting, it is important that you have other people using your instance as well in order for you to blend in. You should be careful with where and how you are hosting ProxiTok, as other peoples' usage will be linked to your hosting.
When you are using a ProxiTok instance, make sure to read the privacy policy of that specific instance. ProxiTok instances can be modified by their owners and therefore may not reflect their associated privacy policy. Some instances have Tor .onion addresses which may grant some privacy as long as your search queries don't contain PII.
## Twitter
### FreeTube
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![FreeTube logo](assets/img/frontends/freetube.svg){ align=right }
**FreeTube** is a free and open-source desktop application for [YouTube](https://youtube.com). When using FreeTube, your subscription list and playlists are saved locally on your device.
By default, FreeTube blocks all YouTube advertisements. In addition, FreeTube optionally integrates with [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app) to help you skip sponsored video segments.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://freetubeapp.io){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://freetubeapp.io/privacy.php){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.freetubeapp.io/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/FreeTubeApp/FreeTube){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://liberapay.com/FreeTube){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://freetubeapp.io/#download)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://freetubeapp.io/#download)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://freetubeapp.io/#download)
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/io.freetubeapp.FreeTube)
!!! Recomendamos que você verifique o [documentação](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) de Yubico sobre como configurar isso.
When using FreeTube, your IP address may still be known to YouTube, [Invidious](https://instances.invidious.io) or [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app/) depending on your configuration. Consider using a [VPN](vpn.md) or [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) if your [threat model](basics/threat-modeling.md) requires hiding your IP address.
### Yattee
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Yattee logo](assets/img/frontends/yattee.svg){ align=right }
**Yattee** is a free and open-source privacy oriented video player for iOS, tvOS and macOS for [YouTube](https://youtube.com). When using Yattee, your subscription list are saved locally on your device.
You will need to take a few [extra steps](https://gonzoknows.com/posts/Yattee/) before you can use Yattee to watch YouTube, due to App Store restrictions.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://github.com/yattee/yattee){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://r.yattee.stream/docs/privacy.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/yattee/yattee/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/yattee/yattee){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/yattee/yattee/wiki/Donations){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-apple: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/yattee/id1595136629)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/yattee/yattee/releases)
!!! Recomendamos que você verifique o [documentação](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) de Yubico sobre como configurar isso.
When using Yattee, your IP address may still be known to YouTube, [Invidious](https://instances.invidious.io), [Piped](https://github.com/TeamPiped/Piped/wiki/Instances) or [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app/) depending on your configuration. Consider using a [VPN](vpn.md) or [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) if your [threat model](basics/threat-modeling.md) requires hiding your IP address.
By default, Yattee blocks all YouTube advertisements. In addition, Yattee optionally integrates with [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app) to help you skip sponsored video segments.
### LibreTube (Android)
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![LibreTube logo](assets/img/frontends/libretube.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![LibreTube logo](assets/img/frontends/libretube-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**LibreTube** is a free and open-source Android application for [YouTube](https://youtube.com) which uses the [Piped](#piped) API.
LibreTube allows you to store your subscription list and playlists locally on your Android device, or to an account on your Piped instance of choice, which allows you to access them seamlessly on other devices as well.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://libre-tube.github.io){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://github.com/libre-tube/LibreTube#privacy-policy-and-disclaimer){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/libre-tube/LibreTube#readme){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/libre-tube/LibreTube){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/libre-tube/LibreTube/releases)
!!! Recomendamos que você verifique o [documentação](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) de Yubico sobre como configurar isso.
When using LibreTube, your IP address will be visible to the [Piped](https://github.com/TeamPiped/Piped/wiki/Instances) instance you choose and/or [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app/) depending on your configuration. Consider using a [VPN](vpn.md) or [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) if your [threat model](basics/threat-modeling.md) requires hiding your IP address.
By default, LibreTube blocks all YouTube advertisements. Additionally, Libretube uses [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app) to help you skip sponsored video segments. You are able to fully configure the types of segments that SponsorBlock will skip, or disable it completely. There is also a button on the video player itself to disable it for a specific video if desired.
### NewPipe (Android)
!!! recommendation annotate
![Newpipe logo](assets/img/frontends/newpipe.svg){ align=right }
**NewPipe** is a free and open-source Android application for [YouTube](https://youtube.com), [SoundCloud](https://soundcloud.com), [media.ccc.de](https://media.ccc.de), [Bandcamp](https://bandcamp.com), and [PeerTube](https://joinpeertube.org/) (1).
Your subscription list and playlists are saved locally on your Android device.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://newpipe.net){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://newpipe.net/legal/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://teamnewpipe.github.io/documentation/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/TeamNewPipe/NewPipe){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://newpipe.net/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/TeamNewPipe/NewPipe/releases)
1. The default instance is [FramaTube](https://framatube.org/), however more can be added via **Settings** → **Content** → **PeerTube instances**
!!! Warning
When using NewPipe, your IP address will be visible to the video providers used. Consider using a [VPN](vpn.md) or [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) if your [threat model](basics/threat-modeling.md) requires hiding your IP address.
### Invidious
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Invidious logo](assets/img/frontends/invidious.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Invidious logo](assets/img/frontends/invidious-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Invidious** is a free and open-source frontend for [YouTube](https://youtube.com) that is also self-hostable.
There are a number of public instances, with some instances having [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) onion services support.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://invidious.io){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-server-16:](https://instances.invidious.io){ .card-link title="Public Instances"}
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.invidious.io/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/iv-org/invidious){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://invidious.io/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
!!! Recomendamos que você verifique o [documentação](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) de Yubico sobre como configurar isso.
Invidious does not proxy video streams by default. Videos watched through Invidious will still make direct connections to Google's servers (e.g. `googlevideo.com`); however, some instances support video proxying—simply enable *Proxy videos* within the instances' settings or add `&local=true` to the URL.
!!! aviso
Backup `BitLocker-Recovery-Key.txt` em um dispositivo de armazenamento separado.
Invidious is useful if you want to disable JavaScript in your browser, such as [Tor Browser](https://www.torproject.org/) on the Safest security level. It does not provide privacy by itself, and we don’t recommend logging into any accounts.
When self-hosting, it is important that you have other people using your instance as well in order for you to blend in. You should be careful with where and how you are hosting Invidious, as other peoples' usage will be linked to your hosting.
When you are using an Invidious instance, make sure to read the privacy policy of that specific instance. Invidious instances can be modified by their owners and therefore may not reflect their associated privacy policy. Some instances have Tor .onion addresses which may grant some privacy as long as your search queries don't contain PII.
### Piped
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Piped logo](assets/img/frontends/piped.svg){ align=right }
**Piped** is a free and open-source frontend for [YouTube](https://youtube.com) that is also self-hostable.
Piped requires JavaScript in order to function and there are a number of public instances.
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/TeamPiped/Piped){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-server-16:](https://piped.kavin.rocks/preferences#ddlInstanceSelection){ .card-link title="Public Instances"}
[:octicons-info-16:](https://piped-docs.kavin.rocks/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/TeamPiped/Piped){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/TeamPiped/Piped#donations){ .card-link title=Contribute }
!!! aviso
Backup `BitLocker-Recovery-Key.txt` em um dispositivo de armazenamento separado.
Piped is useful if you want to use [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app) without installing an extension or to access age-restricted content without an account. It does not provide privacy by itself, and we don’t recommend logging into any accounts.
When self-hosting, it is important that you have other people using your instance as well in order for you to blend in. You should be careful with where and how you are hosting Piped, as other peoples' usage will be linked to your hosting.
When you are using a Piped instance, make sure to read the privacy policy of that specific instance. Piped instances can be modified by their owners and therefore may not reflect their associated privacy policy.
## Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
Recommended frontends...
- Must be open-source software.
- Must be self-hostable.
- Must provide all basic website functionality available to anonymous users.
We only consider frontends for websites which are...
- Not normally accessible without JavaScript.

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---
template: overrides/home.pt.html
hide:
- navigation
- toc
- feedback
schema:
-
"@context": https://schema.org
"@type": Organization
"@id": https://www.privacyguides.org/
name: Privacy Guides
url: https://www.privacyguides.org/en/about/
logo: https://www.privacyguides.org/en/assets/brand/png/square/pg-yellow.png
sameAs:
- https://twitter.com/privacy_guides
- https://github.com/privacyguides
- https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111710163
- https://opencollective.com/privacyguides
- https://www.youtube.com/@privacyguides
- https://mastodon.neat.computer/@privacyguides
-
"@context": https://schema.org
"@type": WebSite
name: Privacy Guides
url: "https://www.privacyguides.org/"
sameAs:
- https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111710163
potentialAction:
"@type": SearchAction
target:
"@type": EntryPoint
urlTemplate: "https://www.privacyguides.org/?q={search_term_string}"
query-input: required name=search_term_string
---
<!-- markdownlint-disable-next-line -->
## Why should I care?
##### “I have nothing to hide. Why should I care about my privacy?”
Much like the right to interracial marriage, woman's suffrage, freedom of speech, and many others, our right to privacy hasn't always been upheld. In several dictatorships, it still isn't. Generations before ours fought for our right to privacy. ==Privacy is a human right, inherent to all of us,== that we are entitled to (without discrimination).
You shouldn't confuse privacy with secrecy. We know what happens in the bathroom, but you still close the door. That's because you want privacy, not secrecy. **Everyone** has something to protect. Privacy is something that makes us human.
[:material-target-account: Common Internet Threats](basics/common-threats.md ""){.md-button.md-button--primary}
## What should I do?
##### First, you need to make a plan
Trying to protect all your data from everyone all the time is impractical, expensive, and exhausting. But don't worry! Security is a process, and, by thinking ahead, you can put together a plan that's right for you. Security isn't just about the tools you use or the software you download. Rather, it begins by understanding the unique threats you face, and how you can mitigate them.
==This process of identifying threats and defining countermeasures is called **threat modeling**==, and it forms the basis of every good security and privacy plan.
[:material-book-outline: Learn More About Threat Modeling](basics/threat-modeling.md ""){.md-button.md-button--primary}
---
## We need you! Here's how to get involved:
[:simple-discourse:](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/){ title="Join our Forum" }
[:simple-mastodon:](https://mastodon.neat.computer/@privacyguides){ rel=me title="Follow us on Mastodon" }
[:material-book-edit:](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org){ title="Contribute to this website" }
[:material-translate:](https://matrix.to/#/#pg-i18n:aragon.sh){ title="Help translate this website" }
[:simple-matrix:](https://matrix.to/#/#privacyguides:matrix.org){ title="Chat with us on Matrix" }
[:material-information-outline:](about/index.md){ title="Learn more about us" }
[:material-hand-coin-outline:](about/donate.md){ title="Support the project" }
It's important for a website like Privacy Guides to always stay up-to-date. We need our audience to keep an eye on software updates for the applications listed on our site and follow recent news about providers that we recommend. It's hard to keep up with the fast pace of the internet, but we try our best. If you spot an error, think a provider should not be listed, notice a qualified provider is missing, believe a browser plugin is no longer the best choice, or uncover any other issue, please let us know.

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---
title: KB Archive
icon: material/archive
description: Some pages that used to be in our knowledge base can now be found on our blog.
---
# Pages Moved to Blog
Some pages that used to be in our knowledge base can now be found on our blog:
- [GrapheneOS vs. CalyxOS](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/04/21/grapheneos-or-calyxos/)
- [Signal Configuration Hardening](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/07/07/signal-configuration-and-hardening/)
- [Linux - System Hardening](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/04/22/linux-system-hardening/)
- [Linux - Application Sandboxing](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/04/22/linux-application-sandboxing/)
- [Secure Data Erasure](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/05/25/secure-data-erasure/)
- [Integração da Remoção de Metadados](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/04/09/integrating-metadata-removal/)
- [iOS Configuration Guide](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/10/22/ios-configuration-guide/)

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---
title: Branding Guidelines
---
The name of the website is **Privacy Guides** and should **not** be changed to:
<div class="pg-red" markdown>
- PrivacyGuides
- Privacy guides
- PG
- PG.org
</div>
The name of the subreddit is **r/PrivacyGuides** or **the Privacy Guides Subreddit**.
Additional branding guidelines can be found at [github.com/privacyguides/brand](https://github.com/privacyguides/brand)
## Trademark
"Privacy Guides" and the shield logo are trademarks owned by Jonah Aragon, unlimited usage is granted to the Privacy Guides project.
Without waiving any of its rights, Privacy Guides does not advise others on the scope of its intellectual property rights. Privacy Guides does not permit or consent to any use of its trademarks in any manner that is likely to cause confusion by implying association with or sponsorship by Privacy Guides. If you are aware of any such use, please contact Jonah Aragon at jonah@privacyguides.org. Consult your legal counsel if you have questions.

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---
title: Git Recommendations
---
If you make changes to this website on GitHub.com's web editor directly, you shouldn't have to worry about this. If you are developing locally and/or are a long-term website editor (who should probably be developing locally!), consider these recommendations.
## Enable SSH Key Commit Signing
You can use an existing SSH key for signing, or [create a new one](https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/connecting-to-github-with-ssh/generating-a-new-ssh-key-and-adding-it-to-the-ssh-agent).
1. Configure your Git client to sign commits and tags by default (remove `--global` to only sign by default for this repo):
```
git config --global commit.gpgsign true
git config --global gpg.format ssh
git config --global tag.gpgSign true
```
2. Copy your SSH public key to your clipboard, for example:
```
pbcopy < ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub
# Copies the contents of the id_ed25519.pub file to your clipboard
```
3. Set your SSH key for signing in Git with the following command, replacing the last string in quotes with the public key in your clipboard:
```
git config --global user.signingkey 'ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3(...) user@example.com'
```
Ensure you [add your SSH key to your GitHub account](https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/connecting-to-github-with-ssh/adding-a-new-ssh-key-to-your-github-account#adding-a-new-ssh-key-to-your-account) **as a Signing Key** (as opposed to or in addition to as an Authentication Key).
## Rebase on Git pull
Use `git pull --rebase` instead of `git pull` when pulling in changes from GitHub to your local machine. This way your local changes will always be "on top of" the latest changes on GitHub, and you avoid merge commits (which are disallowed in this repo).
You can set this to be the default behavior:
```
git config --global pull.rebase true
```
## Rebase from `main` before submitting a PR
If you are working on your own branch, run these commands before submitting a PR:
```
git fetch origin
git rebase origin/main
```

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---
title: Uploading Images
---
Here are a couple of general rules for contributing to Privacy Guides:
## Images
- We **prefer** SVG images, but if those do not exist we can use PNG images
Company logos have canvas size of:
- 128x128px
- 384x128px
## Optimization
### PNG
Use the [OptiPNG](https://sourceforge.net/projects/optipng/) to optimize the PNG image:
```bash
optipng -o7 file.png
```
### SVG
#### Inkscape
[Scour](https://github.com/scour-project/scour) all SVG images.
In Inkscape:
1. File Save As..
2. Set type to Optimized SVG (*.svg)
In the **Options** tab:
- **Number of significant digits for coordinates** > **5**
- [x] Turn on **Shorten color values**
- [x] Turn on **Convert CSS attributes to XML attributes**
- [x] Turn on **Collapse groups**
- [x] Turn on **Create groups for similar attributes**
- [ ] Turn off **Keep editor data**
- [ ] Turn off **Keep unreferenced definitions**
- [x] Turn on **Work around renderer bugs**
In the **SVG Output** tab under **Document options**:
- [ ] Turn off **Remove the XML declaration**
- [x] Turn on **Remove metadata**
- [x] Turn on **Remove comments**
- [x] Turn on **Embeded raster images**
- [x] Turn on **Enable viewboxing**
In the **SVG Output** under **Pretty-printing**:
- [ ] Turn off **Format output with line-breaks and indentation**
- **Indentation characters** > Select **Space**
- **Depth of indentation** > **1**
- [ ] Turn off **Strip the "xml:space" attribute from the root SVG element**
In the **IDs** tab:
- [x] Turn on **Remove unused IDs**
- [ ] Turn off **Shorten IDs**
- **Prefix shortened IDs with** > `leave blank`
- [x] Turn on **Preserve manually created IDs not ending with digits**
- **Preserve the following IDs** > `leave blank`
- **Preserve IDs starting with** > `leave blank`
#### CLI
The same can be achieved with the [Scour](https://github.com/scour-project/scour) command:
```bash
scour --set-precision=5 \
--create-groups \
--renderer-workaround \
--remove-descriptive-elements \
--enable-comment-stripping \
--enable-viewboxing \
--indent=space \
--nindent=1 \
--no-line-breaks \
--enable-id-stripping \
--protect-ids-noninkscape \
input.svg output.svg
```

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---
title: Writing Style
---
Privacy Guides is written in American English, and you should refer to [APA Style guidelines](https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/grammar) when in doubt.
In general the [United States federal plain language guidelines](https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/) provide a good overview of how to write clearly and concisely. We highlight a few important notes from these guidelines below.
## Writing for our audience
Privacy Guides' intended [audience](https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/audience/) is primarily average, technology using adults. Don't dumb down content as if you are addressing a middle-school class, but don't overuse complicated terminology about concepts average computer users wouldn't be familiar with.
### Address only what people want to know
People don't need overly complex articles with little relevance to them. Figure out what you want people to accomplish when writing an article, and only include those details.
> Tell your audience why the material is important to them. Say, “If you want a research grant, here’s what you have to do.” Or, “If you want to mine federal coal, here’s what you should know.” Or, “If you’re planning a trip to Rwanda, read this first.”
### Address people directly
We're writing *for* a wide variety of people, but we are writing *to* the person who is actually reading it. Use "you" to address the reader directly.
> More than any other single technique, using “you” pulls users into the information and makes it relevant to them.
>
> When you use “you” to address users, they are more likely to understand what their responsibility is.
Source: [plainlanguage.gov](https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/audience/address-the-user/)
### Avoid "users"
Avoid calling people "users", in favor of "people", or a more specific description of the group of people you are writing for.
## Organizing content
Organization is key. Content should flow from most to least important information, and use headers as much as needed to logically separate different ideas.
- Limit the document to around five or six sections. Long documents should probably be broken up into separate pages.
- Mark important ideas with **bold** or *italics*.
Source: [plainlanguage.gov](https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/design/)
### Begin with a topic sentence
> If you tell your reader what they’re going to read about, they’re less likely to have to read your paragraph again. Headings help, but they’re not enough. Establish a context for your audience before you provide them with the details.
>
> We often write the way we think, putting our premises first and then our conclusion. It may be the natural way to develop thoughts, but we wind up with the topic sentence at the end of the paragraph. Move it up front and let users know where you’re going. Don’t make readers hold a lot of information in their heads before getting to the point.
Source: [plainlanguage.gov](https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/organize/have-a-topic-sentence/)
## Choose your words carefully
> Words matter. They are the most basic building blocks of written and spoken communication. Don’t complicate things by using jargon, technical terms, or abbreviations that people won’t understand.
We should try to avoid abbreviations where possible, but technology is full of abbreviations. In general, spell out the abbreviation/acronym the first time it is used on a page, and add the abbreviation to the abbreviation glossary file when it is used repeatedly.
> Kathy McGinty offers tongue-in-cheek instructions for bulking up your simple, direct sentences:
>
> > There is no escaping the fact that it is considered very important to note that a number of various available applicable studies ipso facto have generally identified the fact that additional appropriate nocturnal employment could usually keep juvenile adolescents off thoroughfares during the night hours, including but not limited to the time prior to midnight on weeknights and/or 2 a.m. on weekends.
>
> And the original, using stronger, simpler words:
>
> > More night jobs would keep youths off the streets.
## Be concise
> Unnecessary words waste your audience’s time. Great writing is like a conversation. Omit information that the audience doesn’t need to know. This can be difficult as a subject matter expert so it’s important to have someone look at the information from the audience’s perspective.
Source: [plainlanguage.gov](https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/concise/)
## Keep text conversational
> Verbs are the fuel of writing. They give your sentences power and direction. They enliven your writing and make it more interesting.
>
> Verbs tell your audience what to do. Make sure it’s clear who does what.
### Use active voice
> Active voice makes it clear who is supposed to do what. It eliminates ambiguity about responsibilities. Not “It must be done,” but “You must do it.”
Source: [plainlanguage.gov](https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/conversational/use-active-voice/)
### Use "must" for requirements
> - “must” for an obligation
> - “must not” for a prohibition
> - “may” for a discretionary action
> - “should” for a recommendation

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---
title: "Mobile Browsers"
icon: material/cellphone-information
description: These browsers are what we currently recommend for standard/non-anonymous internet browsing on your phone.
schema:
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
name: Private Mobile Browser Recommendations
url: "./"
relatedLink: "../desktop-browsers/"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": MobileApplication
name: Bromite
image: /assets/img/browsers/brave.svg
url: https://brave.com
applicationCategory: Web Browser
operatingSystem:
- Android
subjectOf:
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": MobileApplication
name: Origem do uBlock
image: /assets/img/browsers/safari.svg
url: https://www.apple.com/safari/
applicationCategory: Web Browser
operatingSystem:
- iOS
subjectOf:
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
---
These are our currently recommended mobile web browsers and configurations for standard/non-anonymous internet browsing. If you need to browse the internet anonymously, you should use [Tor](tor.md) instead. In general, we recommend keeping extensions to a minimum; they have privileged access within your browser, require you to trust the developer, can make you [stand out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_fingerprint#Browser_fingerprint), and [weaken](https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/g/chromium-extensions/c/0ei-UCHNm34/m/lDaXwQhzBAAJ) site isolation.
## Android
On Android, Firefox is still less secure than Chromium-based alternatives: Mozilla's engine, [GeckoView](https://mozilla.github.io/geckoview/), has yet to support [site isolation](https://hacks.mozilla.org/2021/05/introducing-firefox-new-site-isolation-security-architecture) or enable [isolatedProcess](https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1565196).
### Bromite
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logotipo Safari](/assets/img/browsers/safari.svg){ align=right }
**Safari** é o navegador padrão no iOS.
Inclui [características de privacidade](https://support.apple.com/guide/iphone/browse-the-web-privately-iphb01fc3c85/15.0/ios/15.0), tais como Proteção de Rastreamento Inteligente, Relatório de Privacidade, abas isoladas de Navegação Privada, iCloud Private Relay, e atualizações automáticas de HTTPS.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://brave.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](https://brave4u7jddbv7cyviptqjc7jusxh72uik7zt6adtckl5f4nwy2v72qd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://brave.com/privacy/browser/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.brave.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads annotate
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.brave.browser)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/releases)
#### Firefox
Tor Browser is the only way to truly browse the internet anonymously. When you use Brave, we recommend changing the following settings to protect your privacy from certain parties, but all browsers other than the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser) will be traceable by *somebody* in some regard or another.
These options can be found in :material-menu: → **Settings** → **Brave Shields & privacy**
##### Shields
Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields-) feature. We suggest configuring these options [globally](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings-) across all pages that you visit.
##### Brave shields global defaults
Shields' options can be downgraded on a per-site basis as needed, but by default we recommend setting the following:
<div class="annotate" markdown>
- [x] Select **Aggressive** under Block trackers & ads
??? warning "Use default filter lists"
Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave://adblock` page. We advise against using this feature; instead, keep the default filter lists. Using extra lists will make you stand out from other Brave users and may also increase attack surface if there is an exploit in Brave and a malicious rule is added to one of the lists you use.
- [x] Select **Upgrade connections to HTTPS**
- [x] Select **Always use secure connections**
- [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
- [x] Select **Strict, may break sites** under **Block fingerprinting**
</div>
1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode) or the [NoScript](https://noscript.net/) extension.
##### Clear browsing data
- [x] Select **Clear data on exit**
##### Social Media Blocking
- Selecione: "Abrir links em abas incógnitas sempre".
##### Other privacy settings
<div class="annotate" markdown>
- [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings-#webrtc)
- [ ] Uncheck **Allow sites to check if you have payment methods saved**
- [ ] Uncheck **IPFS Gateway** (1)
- [x] Select **Close tabs on exit**
- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
</div>
1. InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) is a decentralized, peer-to-peer network for storing and sharing data in a distributed filesystem. Unless you use the feature, disable it.
#### Brave Sync
[Brave Sync](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360059793111-Understanding-Brave-Sync) allows your browsing data (history, bookmarks, etc.) to be accessible on all your devices without requiring an account and protects it with E2EE.
## iOS
On iOS, any app that can browse the web is [restricted](https://developer.apple.com/app-store/review/guidelines) to using an Apple-provided [WebKit framework](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/webkit), so there is little reason to use a third-party web browser.
### Origem do uBlock
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logotipo AdGuard](/assets/img/browsers/adguard.svg){ align=right }
**AdGuard for Safari** é uma extensão gratuita e de código aberto para bloqueio de conteúdo do Safari que usa a API nativa [Content Blocker API](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/safariservices/creating_a_content_blocker). Sugerimos activar os filtros labled *#recommended* sob "Ad Blocking" e "Privacy" [bloqueadores de conteúdo](https://kb.adguard.com/en/safari/overview#content-blockers).
Os filtros *#recommended* também podem ser ativados para os bloqueadores de conteúdo "Social Widgets" e "Annoyances", mas eles podem quebrar algumas funções das mídias sociais.
#### Firefox
These options can be found in :gear: **Settings** → **Safari** → **Privacy and Security**.
##### Cross-Site Tracking Prevention
- [x] Enable **Prevent Cross-Site Tracking**
This enables WebKit's [Intelligent Tracking Protection](https://webkit.org/tracking-prevention/#intelligent-tracking-prevention-itp). The feature helps protect against unwanted tracking by using on-device machine learning to stop trackers. ITP protects against many common threats, but it does not block all tracking avenues because it is designed to not interfere with website usability.
##### Privacy Report
Privacy Report provides a snapshot of cross-site trackers currently prevented from profiling you on the website you're visiting. It can also display a weekly report to show which trackers have been blocked over time.
Privacy Report is accessible via the Page Settings menu.
##### Privacy Preserving Ad Measurement
- [ ] Disable **Privacy Preserving Ad Measurement**
Ad click measurement has traditionally used tracking technology that infringes on user privacy. [Private Click Measurement](https://webkit.org/blog/11529/introducing-private-click-measurement-pcm/) is a WebKit feature and proposed web standard aimed towards allowing advertisers to measure the effectiveness of web campaigns without compromising on user privacy.
The feature has little privacy concerns on its own, so while you can choose to leave it on, we consider the fact that it's automatically disabled in Private Browsing to be an indicator for disabling the feature.
##### Always-on Private Browsing
Open Safari and tap the Tabs button, located in the bottom right. Then, expand the Tab Groups list.
- [x] Select **Private**
Safari's Private Browsing mode offers additional privacy protections. Private Browsing uses a new [ephemeral](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/urlsessionconfiguration/1410529-ephemeral) session for each tab, meaning tabs are isolated from one another. There are also other smaller privacy benefits with Private Browsing, such as not sending a webpage’s address to Apple when using Safari's translation feature.
Do note that Private Browsing does not save cookies and website data, so it won't be possible to remain signed into sites. This may be an inconvenience.
##### iCloud Sync
Synchronization of Safari History, Tab Groups, iCloud Tabs and saved passwords are E2EE. However, by default, bookmarks are [not](https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT202303). Apple can decrypt and access them in accordance with their [privacy policy](https://www.apple.com/legal/privacy/en-ww/).
You can enable E2EE for you Safari bookmarks and downloads by enabling [Advanced Data Protection](https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212520). Go to your **Apple ID name → iCloud → Advanced Data Protection**.
- [x] Turn On **Advanced Data Protection**
If you use iCloud with Advanced Data Protection disabled, we also recommend checking to ensure Safari's default download location is set to locally on your device. This option can be found in :gear: **Settings** → **Safari** → **General** → **Downloads**.
### AdGuard
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![AdGuard logo](assets/img/browsers/adguard.svg){ align=right }
**AdGuard for iOS** is a free and open-source content-blocking extension for Safari that uses the native [Content Blocker API](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/safariservices/creating_a_content_blocker).
AdGuard for iOS has some premium features; however, standard Safari content blocking is free of charge.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://adguard.com/en/adguard-ios/overview.html){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://adguard.com/privacy/ios.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://kb.adguard.com/ios){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/AdguardTeam/AdguardForiOS){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id1047223162)
Additional filter lists do slow things down and may increase your attack surface, so only apply what you need.
## Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
### Minimum Requirements
- Must support automatic updates.
- Must receive engine updates in 0-1 days from upstream release.
- Any changes required to make the browser more privacy-respecting should not negatively impact user experience.
- Android browsers must use the Chromium engine.
- Unfortunately, Mozilla GeckoView is still less secure than Chromium on Android.
- iOS browsers are limited to WebKit.
### Extension Criteria
- Must not replicate built-in browser or OS functionality.
- Must directly impact user privacy, i.e. must not simply provide information.

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---
title: "Autenticadores Multi-Factor"
icon: 'O uso de AMF forte pode parar mais de 99% dos acessos não autorizados à conta, e é fácil de configurar nos serviços que você já usa.'
description: These tools assist you with securing your internet accounts with Multi-Factor Authentication without sending your secrets to a third-party.
---
## Chaves de Segurança de Hardware
### YubiKey
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![YubiKeys](/assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/yubikey.png) As **YubiKeys** estão entre as chaves de segurança mais populares. Alguns modelos YubiKey têm uma vasta gama de características, como por exemplo: [Universal 2nd Factor (U2F)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_2nd_Factor), [FIDO2 WebAuthn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn), [Yubico OTP](https://developers.yubico.com/OTP/), [PIV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPS_201), [OpenPGP](https://developers.yubico.com/PGP/), [TOTP e HOTP](https://developers.yubico.com/OATH/) autenticação.
Um dos benefícios do YubiKey é que uma chave pode fazer quase tudo (YubiKey 5), que você poderia esperar de uma chave de segurança de hardware. We do encourage you to take the [quiz](https://www.yubico.com/quiz/) before purchasing in order to make sure you make the right choice.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.yubico.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.yubico.com/support/terms-conditions/privacy-notice){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.yubico.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
The [comparison table](https://www.yubico.com/store/compare/) shows the features and how the YubiKeys compare. Recomendamos vivamente que seleccione chaves da série YubiKey 5.
YubiKeys can be programmed using the [YubiKey Manager](https://www.yubico.com/support/download/yubikey-manager/) or [YubiKey Personalization Tools](https://www.yubico.com/support/download/yubikey-personalization-tools/). For managing TOTP codes, you can use the [Yubico Authenticator](https://www.yubico.com/products/yubico-authenticator/). All of Yubico's clients are open-source.
Para modelos que suportam HOTP e TOTP, existem 2 slots na interface OTP que podem ser utilizados para HOTP e 32 slots para armazenar segredos TOTP. Estes segredos são armazenados encriptados na chave e nunca os expõe aos dispositivos em que estão ligados. Uma vez que uma semente (segredo compartilhado) é dada ao Yubico Authenticator, ele só dará os códigos de seis dígitos, mas nunca a semente. This security model helps limit what an attacker can do if they compromise one of the devices running the Yubico Authenticator and make the YubiKey resistant to a physical attacker.
!!! atenção
O firmware do YubiKeys não são de código aberto e não são actualizáveis. If you want features in newer firmware versions, or if there is a vulnerability in the firmware version you are using, you would need to purchase a new key.
### Nitrokey
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Nitrokey](assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/nitrokey.jpg){ align=right }
**Nitrokey** has a security key capable of [FIDO2 and WebAuthn](basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#fido-fast-identity-online) called the **Nitrokey FIDO2**. For PGP support, you need to purchase one of their other keys such as the **Nitrokey Start**, **Nitrokey Pro 2** or the **Nitrokey Storage 2**.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.nitrokey.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.nitrokey.com/data-privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.nitrokey.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
The [comparison table](https://www.nitrokey.com/#comparison) shows the features and how the Nitrokey models compare. O **Nitrokey 3** listado terá um conjunto de recursos combinados.
Nitrokey models can be configured using the [Nitrokey app](https://www.nitrokey.com/download).
Para os modelos que suportam HOTP e TOTP, existem 3 slots para HOTP e 15 para TOTP. Alguns Nitrokeys podem agir como um gerenciador de senhas. They can store 16 different credentials and encrypt them using the same password as the OpenPGP interface.
!!! Recomendamos que você verifique o [documentação](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) de Yubico sobre como configurar isso.
While Nitrokeys do not release the HOTP/TOTP secrets to the device they are plugged into, the HOTP and TOTP storage is **not** encrypted and is vulnerable to physical attacks. If you are looking to store HOTP or TOTP these secrets, we highly recommend that you use a Yubikey instead.
!!! Recomendamos que você verifique o [documentação](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) de Yubico sobre como configurar isso.
Resetting the OpenPGP interface on a Nitrokey will also make the password database [inaccessible](https://docs.nitrokey.com/pro/factory-reset.html).
The Nitrokey Pro 2, Nitrokey Storage 2, and the upcoming Nitrokey 3 supports system integrity verification for laptops with the [Coreboot](https://www.coreboot.org/) + [Heads](https://osresearch.net/) firmware.
Nitrokey's firmware is open-source, unlike the YubiKey. The firmware on modern NitroKey models (except the **NitroKey Pro 2**) is updatable.
### Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
#### Minimum Requirements
- Must use high quality, tamper resistant hardware security modules.
- Must support the latest FIDO2 specification.
- Must not allow private key extraction.
- Devices which cost over $35 must support handling OpenPGP and S/MIME.
#### Best-Case
Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page.
- Should be available in USB-C form-factor.
- Should be available with NFC.
- Should support TOTP secret storage.
- Should support secure firmware updates.
## Aplicativos Autenticadores
As aplicações autenticadoras implementam um padrão de segurança adotado pela Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) chamado **Senhas únicas baseadas no tempo**, ou **TOTP**. Este é um método onde os sites compartilham um segredo com você que é usado pelo seu aplicativo autenticador para gerar um código de seis (geralmente) dígitos baseado na hora atual, que você entra enquanto faz o login para que o site seja verificado. Normalmente estes códigos são regenerados a cada 30 segundos, e assim que um novo código é gerado, o antigo torna-se inútil. Mesmo que um hacker receba um código de seis dígitos, não há maneira de reverter esse código para obter o segredo original, ou ser capaz de prever o que qualquer código futuro pode ser.
Recomendamos vivamente que utilize aplicações TOTP móveis em vez de alternativas de desktop, uma vez que o Android e o IOS têm melhor segurança e isolamento de aplicações do que a maioria dos sistemas operativos desktop.
### Aegis Authenticator (Android)
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logo Aegis](/assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/aegis.png){ align=right }
**Aegis Authenticator** é uma aplicação gratuita, segura e de código aberto para gerir os seus tokens de verificação em 2 passos para os seus serviços online.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://getaegis.app){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://getaegis.app/aegis/privacy.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/beemdevelopment/Aegis/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/beemdevelopment/Aegis){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.buymeacoffee.com/beemdevelopment){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.beemdevelopment.aegis)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/beemdevelopment/Aegis/releases)
### Raivo OTP (iOS)
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logótipo Raivo OTP](/assets/img/multi-factor-autenticação/raivo-otp.png){ align=right }
**Raivo OTP*** é um cliente nativo, leve e seguro baseado no tempo (TOTP) & cliente com senha baseada em contador (HOTP) para iOS. Raivo OTP oferece backup iCloud opcional & sync. Raivo OTP também está disponível para MacOS na forma de um aplicativo de barra de status, porém o aplicativo Mac não funciona independentemente do aplicativo iOS.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://raivo-otp.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://raivo-otp.com/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/raivo-otp/ios-application){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://raivo-otp.com/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/raivo-otp/id1459042137)
### Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
- Source code must be publicly available.
- Must not require internet connectivity.
- Must not sync to a third-party cloud sync/backup service.
- **Optional** E2EE sync support with OS-native tools is acceptable, e.g. encrypted sync via iCloud.

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---
title: "Comunicação em Tempo Real"
icon: material/rss
description: These news aggregator clients let you keep up with your favorite blogs and news sites using internet standards like RSS.
---
A [news aggregator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_aggregator) is a way to keep up with your favorite blogs and news sites.
## Clientes agregadores
### Leitor Fluente
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logo Fluent Reader](/assets/img/news-aggregators/fluent-reader.svg){ align=right }
**Fluent Reader** é um agregador de notícias seguro em várias plataformas que possui recursos de privacidade úteis, como exclusão de cookies na saída, [políticas de segurança de conteúdo (CSP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Security_Policy) e suporte a proxy, o que significa que você pode usá-lo sobre [Tor](/self-contained-networks/#tor). [Visite hyliu.me](https://hyliu.me/fluent-reader){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://github.com/yang991178/fluent-reader/wiki/Privacy){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://hyliu.me/fluent-reader)
- [:fontawesome-brands-app-store: Mac App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1520907427)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Source](https://github.com/yang991178/fluent-reader.git)
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://apps.kde.org/akregator){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://kde.org/privacypolicy-apps){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.kde.org/?application=akregator){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://invent.kde.org/pim/akregator){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://kde.org/community/donations/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.kde.akregator)
### Alimentadores GNOME
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logo GNOME Feeds](/assets/img/news-aggregators/gfeeds.svg){ align=right }
**GNOME Feeds*** é um [RSS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS) e [Atom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_(Web_standard)) leitor de notícias para [GNOME](https://www.gnome.org). Tem uma interface simples e é bastante rápida.
[Visite gfeeds.gabmus.org](https://gfeeds.gabmus.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-linux: Linux](https://gfeeds.gabmus.org/#install)
- [:pg-flathub: Flatpak](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.gabmus.gfeeds)
- [:fontawesome-brands-gitlab: Fonte](https://gitlab.gnome.org/World/gfeeds) downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nononsenseapps.feeder.play)
### Akregator
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logotipo Akregator](/assets/img/news-aggregators/akregator.svg){ align=right }
**Akregator** é um leitor de notícias que faz parte do projecto [KDE](https://kde.org).
Ele vem com uma pesquisa rápida, funcionalidade avançada de arquivamento e um navegador interno para facilitar a leitura de notícias. [Visite kde.org](https://apps.kde.org/akregator){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://kde.org/privacypolicy-apps){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:pg-flathub: Flatpak](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.kde.akregator)
- [:fontawesome-brands-git: Fonte](https://invent.kde.org/pim/akregator)
### Leitor de Notícias Handy
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Logotipo do Handy News Reader](/assets/img/news-aggregators/handy-news-reader.svg){ align=right }
**Handy News Reader** é um garfo de [Flym](https://github.com/FredJul/Flym) que tem muitos [features](https://github.com/yanus171/Handy-News-Reader#features) e funciona bem com pastas de feeds RSS. Ele suporta [RSS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS), [Atom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_(Web_standard)) e [RDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF%2FXML).
[Visite yanus171.github.io](https://yanus171.github.io/Handy-News-Reader/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ru.yanus171.feedexfork)
- [:pg-f-droid: F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/ru.yanus171.feedexfork/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Source](https://github.com/yanus171/Handy-News-Reader) downloads
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://gfeeds.gabmus.org/#install)
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.gabmus.gfeeds)
### NetNewsWire
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![NetNewsWire logo](/assets/img/news-aggregators/netnewswire.png){ align=right }
**NetNewsWire** um leitor de alimentação livre e de código aberto para macOS e iOS com foco em um design nativo e conjunto de recursos. Tem uma interface simples e é bastante rápida.
[Visite netnewswire.com](https://netnewswire.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://netnewswire.com/privacypolicy){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-apple: macOS](https://netnewswire.com)
- [:fontawesome-brands-app-store-ios: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/netnewswire-rss-reader/id1480640210)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Source](https://github.com/Ranchero-Software/NetNewsWire)
### Miniflux
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logo Miniflux](/assets/img/news-aggregators/miniflux.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Logotipo Miniflux](/assets/img/news-aggregators/miniflux-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Miniflux** é um agregador de notícias baseado na web que você pode auto-hospedar. Ele suporta [RSS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS), [Atom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_(Web_standard)), [RDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF%2FXML) e [JSON Feed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON_Feed).
[Visite miniflux.app](https://miniflux.app){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Fonte](https://github.com/miniflux) downloads
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/netnewswire-rss-reader/id1480640210)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://netnewswire.com)
### Barco de notícias
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logo do Newsboat](/assets/img/news-aggregators/newsboat.svg){ align=right }
**Newsboat** é um leitor de RSS/Atom feed para a consola de texto. É um garfo mantido ativamente de [Newsbeuter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsbeuter). É muito leve, e ideal para uso sobre [Secure Shell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell).
[Visite newsboat.org](https://newsboat.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Fonte](https://github.com/newsboat/newsboat)
## Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
- Must be open-source software.
- Must operate locally, i.e. must not be a cloud service.
## Social Media RSS Support
Some social media services also support RSS although it's not often advertised.
### Youtube
Reddit allows you to subscribe to subreddits via RSS.
!!! example
Replace `subreddit_name` with the subreddit you wish to subscribe to.
```text
https://www.reddit.com/r/{{ subreddit_name }}/new/.rss
```
### Reddit
Using any of the Nitter [instances](https://github.com/zedeus/nitter/wiki/Instances) you can easily subscribe using RSS.
!!! example
1. Escolha uma instância e defina `nitter_instance`.
2. Substitua `twitter_account` pelo nome da conta.
```text
https://{{ nitter_instance }}/{{ twitter_account }}/rss
```
### Twitter
You can subscribe YouTube channels without logging in and associating usage information with your Google Account.
!!! example
https://www.reddit.com/r/{{ subreddit_name }}/new/.rss
```text
https://www.youtube.com/feeds/videos.xml?channel_id=[CHANNEL ID]
```

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---
title: "Cadernos de notas"
icon: material/notebook-edit-outline
description: These encrypted note-taking apps let you keep track of your notes without giving them to a third-party.
---
Mantenha um registo das suas notas e diários sem os entregar a terceiros.
Se você está usando atualmente uma aplicação como Evernote, Google Keep ou Microsoft OneNote, sugerimos que você escolha uma alternativa aqui que suporte [Encriptação de ponta a ponta (E2EE)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-to-end_encryption).
## Baseado nas nuvens
### Joplin
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Joplin logo](/assets/img/notebooks/joplin.svg){ align=right }
**Joplin** é uma aplicação gratuita, de código aberto e com todas as funcionalidades de tomar e fazer notas, que pode lidar com um grande número de notas marcadas organizadas em cadernos e tags. Ele oferece criptografia de ponta a ponta e pode sincronizar através de Nextcloud, Dropbox, e muito mais. Também oferece fácil importação do Evernote e de notas de texto simples.
[Visite joplinapp.org](https://joplinapp.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://joplinapp.org/#desktop-applications)
- [:fontawesome-brands-apple: macOS](https://joplinapp.org/#desktop-applications)
- [:fontawesome-brands-linux: Linux](https://joplinapp.org/#desktop-applications)
- [:fontawesome-brands-firefox-browser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/joplin-web-clipper/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-chrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/joplin-web-clipper/alofnhikmmkdbbbgpnglcpdollgjjfek)
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.cozic.joplin)
- [:pg-f-droid: F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/pt/packages/net.cozic.joplin)
- [:fontawesome-brands-android: Android](https://joplinapp.org/#mobile-applications)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: GitHub](https://github.com/laurent22/joplin) downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.cozic.joplin)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/joplin/id1315599797)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/laurent22/joplin-android/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://joplinapp.org/#desktop-applications)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://joplinapp.org/#desktop-applications)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://joplinapp.org/#desktop-applications)
- [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/joplin-web-clipper/)
- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/joplin-web-clipper/alofnhikmmkdbbbgpnglcpdollgjjfek)
Joplin does not support password/PIN protection for the [application itself or individual notes and notebooks](https://github.com/laurent22/joplin/issues/289). aviso Since January 2023, Joplin supports biometrics app lock for [Android](https://joplinapp.org/changelog_android/#android-v2-10-3-https-github-com-laurent22-joplin-releases-tag-android-v2-10-3-pre-release-2023-01-05t11-29-06z) and [iOS](https://joplinapp.org/changelog_ios/#ios-v12-10-2-https-github-com-laurent22-joplin-releases-tag-ios-v12-10-2-2023-01-20t17-41-13z).
### Notas Padrão
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
Nota: A partir de Dezembro de 2018, o Joplin não suporta a protecção por senha/pino para a aplicação em si ou para as notas/portáteis individuais. Os dados ainda estão criptografados em trânsito e em local sincronizado usando sua chave mestra. It has also been [independently audited (PDF)](https://s3.amazonaws.com/standard-notes/security/Report-SN-Audit.pdf).
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://standardnotes.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://standardnotes.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://standardnotes.com/help){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/standardnotes){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://standardnotes.com/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.standardnotes)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1285392450)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/standardnotes/app/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://standardnotes.com)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://standardnotes.com)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://standardnotes.com)
- [:octicons-globe-16: Web](https://app.standardnotes.com/)
### Cryptee
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logótipo Standard Notes](/assets/img/notebooks/standard-notes.svg){ align=right }
Standard Notes é uma aplicação simples e privada que torna as suas notas fáceis e disponíveis onde quer que esteja. Possui criptografia de ponta a ponta em cada plataforma, e uma poderosa experiência de desktop com temas e editores personalizados.
Também tem sido [auditado independentemente (PDF)](https://s3.amazonaws.com/standard-notes/security/Report-SN-Audit.pdf). [Visite standardnotes.org](https://standardnotes.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://standardnotes.org/#get-started)
- [:fontawesome-brands-apple: macOS](https://standardnotes.org/#get-started)
- [:fontawesome-brands-linux: Linux](https://standardnotes.org/#get-started)
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.standardnotes)
- [:fontawesome-brands-app-store-ios: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1285392450)
- [:octicons-browser-16: Browser](https://app.standardnotes.org/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: GitHub](https://github.com/standardnotes)
Cryptee offers 100MB of storage for free, with paid options if you need more. Sign-up doesn't require an e-mail or other personally identifiable information.
## Vale a pena mencionar
### Org-mode
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Org-mode logo](assets/img/notebooks/org-mode.svg){ align=right }
**Org-mode** is a [major mode](https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Major-Modes.html) for GNU Emacs. Org-mode is for keeping notes, maintaining TODO lists, planning projects, and authoring documents with a fast and effective plain-text system. Synchronization is possible with [file synchronization](file-sharing.md#file-sync) tools.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://orgmode.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://orgmode.org/manuals.html){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/emacs/org-mode.git){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://liberapay.com/bzg){ .card-link title=Contribute }
## Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
- Clients must be open-source.
- Any cloud sync functionality must be E2EE.
- Must support exporting documents into a standard format.
### Best Case
- Local backup/sync functionality should support encryption.
- Cloud-based platforms should support document sharing.

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---
title: Android Overview
icon: simple/android
description: Android is an open-source operating system with strong security protections, which makes it our top choice for phones.
---
Android is a secure operating system that has strong [app sandboxing](https://source.android.com/security/app-sandbox), [Verified Boot](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot) (AVB), and a robust [permission](https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/overview) control system.
## Choosing an Android Distribution
When you buy an Android phone, the device's default operating system often comes with invasive integration with apps and services that are not part of the [Android Open-Source Project](https://source.android.com/). An example of such is Google Play Services, which has irrevocable privileges to access your files, contacts storage, call logs, SMS messages, location, camera, microphone, hardware identifiers, and so on. These apps and services increase the attack surface of your device and are the source of various privacy concerns with Android.
This problem could be solved by using a custom Android distribution that does not come with such invasive integration. Unfortunately, many custom Android distributions often violate the Android security model by not supporting critical security features such as AVB, rollback protection, firmware updates, and so on. Some distributions also ship [`userdebug`](https://source.android.com/setup/build/building#choose-a-target) builds which expose root via [ADB](https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/adb) and require [more permissive](https://github.com/LineageOS/android_system_sepolicy/search?q=userdebug&type=code) SELinux policies to accommodate debugging features, resulting in a further increased attack surface and weakened security model.
Ideally, when choosing a custom Android distribution, you should make sure that it upholds the Android security model. At the very least, the distribution should have production builds, support for AVB, rollback protection, timely firmware and operating system updates, and SELinux in [enforcing mode](https://source.android.com/security/selinux/concepts#enforcement_levels). All of our recommended Android distributions satisfy these criteria.
[Our Android System Recommendations :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../android.md ""){.md-button}
## Avoid Rooting
[Rooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooting_(Android)) Android phones can decrease security significantly as it weakens the complete [Android security model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Security_and_privacy). This can decrease privacy should there be an exploit that is assisted by the decreased security. Common rooting methods involve directly tampering with the boot partition, making it impossible to perform successful Verified Boot. Apps that require root will also modify the system partition meaning that Verified Boot would have to remain disabled. Having root exposed directly in the user interface also increases the [attack surface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_surface) of your device and may assist in [privilege escalation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_escalation) vulnerabilities and SELinux policy bypasses.
Adblockers, which modify the [hosts file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosts_(file)) (AdAway) and firewalls (AFWall+) which require root access persistently are dangerous and should not be used. They are also not the correct way to solve their intended purposes. For Adblocking we suggest encrypted [DNS](../dns.md) or [VPN](../vpn.md) server blocking solutions instead. RethinkDNS, TrackerControl and AdAway in non-root mode will take up the VPN slot (by using a local loopback VPN) preventing you from using privacy enhancing services such as Orbot or a real VPN server.
AFWall+ works based on the [packet filtering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)#Packet_filter) approach and may be bypassable in some situations.
We do not believe that the security sacrifices made by rooting a phone are worth the questionable privacy benefits of those apps.
## Verified Boot
[Verified Boot](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot) is an important part of the Android security model. It provides protection against [evil maid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_maid_attack) attacks, malware persistence, and ensures security updates cannot be downgraded with [rollback protection](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/verified-boot#rollback-protection).
Android 10 and above has moved away from full-disk encryption to more flexible [file-based encryption](https://source.android.com/security/encryption/file-based). Your data is encrypted using unique encryption keys, and the operating system files are left unencrypted.
Verified Boot ensures the integrity of the operating system files, thereby preventing an adversary with physical access from tampering or installing malware on the device. In the unlikely case that malware is able to exploit other parts of the system and gain higher privileged access, Verified Boot will prevent and revert changes to the system partition upon rebooting the device.
Unfortunately, OEMs are only obliged to support Verified Boot on their stock Android distribution. Only a few OEMs such as Google support custom AVB key enrollment on their devices. Additionally, some AOSP derivatives such as LineageOS or /e/ OS do not support Verified Boot even on hardware with Verified Boot support for third-party operating systems. We recommend that you check for support **before** purchasing a new device. AOSP derivatives which do not support Verified Boot are **not** recommended.
Many OEMs also have broken implementation of Verified Boot that you have to be aware of beyond their marketing. For example, the Fairphone 3 and 4 are not secure by default, as the [stock bootloader trusts the public AVB signing key](https://forum.fairphone.com/t/bootloader-avb-keys-used-in-roms-for-fairphone-3-4/83448/11). This breaks verified boot on a stock Fairphone device, as the system will boot alternative Android operating systems such (such as /e/) [without any warning](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/boot-flow#locked-devices-with-custom-root-of-trust) about custom operating system usage.
## Firmware Updates
Firmware updates are critical for maintaining security and without them your device cannot be secure. OEMs have support agreements with their partners to provide the closed-source components for a limited support period. These are detailed in the monthly [Android Security Bulletins](https://source.android.com/security/bulletin).
As the components of the phone, such as the processor and radio technologies rely on closed-source components, the updates must be provided by the respective manufacturers. Therefore, it is important that you purchase a device within an active support cycle. [Qualcomm](https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2020/12/16/qualcomm-and-google-announce-collaboration-extend-android-os-support-and) and [Samsung](https://news.samsung.com/us/samsung-galaxy-security-extending-updates-knox/) support their devices for 4 years, while cheaper products often have shorter support cycles. With the introduction of the [Pixel 6](https://support.google.com/pixelphone/answer/4457705), Google now makes their own SoC and they will provide a minimum of 5 years of support.
EOL devices which are no longer supported by the SoC manufacturer cannot receive firmware updates from OEM vendors or after market Android distributors. This means that security issues with those devices will remain unfixed.
Fairphone, for example, markets their devices as receiving 6 years of support. atenção This means that firmware security updates from Qualcomm for the Fairphone 4 will end in September 2023, regardless of whether Fairphone continues to release software security updates.
## Android Versions
It's important to not use an [end-of-life](https://endoflife.date/android) version of Android. Newer versions of Android not only receive security updates for the operating system but also important privacy enhancing updates too. For example, [prior to Android 10](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes), any apps with the [`READ_PHONE_STATE`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission#READ_PHONE_STATE) permission could access sensitive and unique serial numbers of your phone such as [IMEI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mobile_Equipment_Identity), [MEID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_equipment_identifier), your SIM card's [IMSI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_mobile_subscriber_identity), whereas now they must be system apps to do so. System apps are only provided by the OEM or Android distribution.
## Android Permissions
[Permissions on Android](https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/overview) grant you control over what apps are allowed to access. Google regularly makes [improvements](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/11/privacy/permissions) on the permission system in each successive version. All apps you install are strictly [sandboxed](https://source.android.com/security/app-sandbox), therefore, there is no need to install any antivirus apps.
A smartphone with the latest version of Android will always be more secure than an old smartphone with an antivirus that you have paid for. It's better not to pay for antivirus software and to save money to buy a new smartphone such as a Google Pixel.
Android 10:
- [Scoped Storage](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes#scoped-storage) gives you more control over your files and can limit what can [access external storage](https://developer.android.com/training/data-storage#permissions). Apps can have a specific directory in external storage as well as the ability to store specific types of media there.
- Tighter access on [device location](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes#app-access-device-location) by introducing the `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permission. This prevents apps from accessing the location when running in the background without express permission from the user.
Android 11:
- [One-time permissions](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/11/privacy/permissions#one-time) which allows you to grant a permission to an app just once.
- [Auto-reset permissions](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/11/privacy/permissions#auto-reset), which resets [runtime permissions](https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/overview#runtime) that were granted when the app was opened.
- Granular permissions for accessing [phone number](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/11/privacy/permissions#phone-numbers) related features.
Android 12:
- A permission to grant only the [approximate location](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/12/behavior-changes-12#approximate-location).
- Auto-reset of [hibernated apps](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/12/behavior-changes-12#app-hibernation).
- [Data access auditing](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/12/behavior-changes-12#data-access-auditing) which makes it easier to determine what part of an app is performing a specific type of data access.
Android 13:
- A permission for [nearby wifi access](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/13/behavior-changes-13#nearby-wifi-devices-permission). The MAC addresses of nearby WiFi access points was a popular way for apps to track a user's location.
- More [granular media permissions](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/13/behavior-changes-13#granular-media-permissions), meaning you can grant access to images, videos or audio files only.
- Background use of sensors now requires the [`BODY_SENSORS`](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/13/behavior-changes-13#body-sensors-background-permission) permission.
An app may request a permission for a specific feature it has. For example, any app that can scan QR codes will require the camera permission. Some apps can request more permissions than they need.
[Exodus](https://exodus-privacy.eu.org/) can be useful when comparing apps that have similar purposes. If an app requires a lot of permissions and has a lot of advertising and analytics this is probably a bad sign. We recommend looking at the individual trackers and reading their descriptions rather than simply **counting the total** and assuming all items listed are equal.
!!! Recomendamos que você verifique o [documentação](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) de Yubico sobre como configurar isso.
If an app is mostly a web-based service, the tracking may occur on the server side. [Facebook](https://reports.exodus-privacy.eu.org/en/reports/com.facebook.katana/latest/) shows "no trackers" but certainly does track users' interests and behavior across the site. Apps may evade detection by not using standard code libraries produced by the advertising industry, though this is unlikely.
!!! note
Privacy-friendly apps such as [Bitwarden](https://reports.exodus-privacy.eu.org/en/reports/com.x8bit.bitwarden/latest/) may show some trackers such as [Google Firebase Analytics](https://reports.exodus-privacy.eu.org/en/trackers/49/). This library includes [Firebase Cloud Messaging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase_Cloud_Messaging) which can provide [push notifications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_technology) in apps. This [is the case](https://fosstodon.org/@bitwarden/109636825700482007) with Bitwarden. That doesn't mean that Bitwarden is using all of the analytics features that are provided by Google Firebase Analytics.
## Media Access
Quite a few applications allows you to "share" a file with them for media upload. If you want to, for example, tweet a picture to Twitter, do not grant Twitter access to your "media and photos", because it will have access to all of your pictures then. Instead, go to your file manager (documentsUI), hold onto the picture, then share it with Twitter.
## User Profiles
Multiple user profiles can be found in **Settings** → **System** → **Multiple users** and are the simplest way to isolate in Android.
With user profiles, you can impose restrictions on a specific profile, such as: making calls, using SMS, or installing apps on the device. Each profile is encrypted using its own encryption key and cannot access the data of any other profiles. Even the device owner cannot view the data of other profiles without knowing their password. Multiple user profiles are a more secure method of isolation.
## Work Profile
[Work Profiles](https://support.google.com/work/android/answer/6191949) are another way to isolate individual apps and may be more convenient than separate user profiles.
A **device controller** app such as [Shelter](#recommended-apps) is required to create a Work Profile without an enterprise MDM, unless you're using a custom Android OS which includes one.
The work profile is dependent on a device controller to function. Features such as *File Shuttle* and *contact search blocking* or any kind of isolation features must be implemented by the controller. You must also fully trust the device controller app, as it has full access to your data inside of the work profile.
This method is generally less secure than a secondary user profile; however, it does allow you the convenience of running apps in both the work and personal profiles simultaneously.
## VPN Killswitch
Android 7 and above supports a VPN killswitch and it is available without the need to install third-party apps. This feature can prevent leaks if the VPN is disconnected. It can be found in :gear: **Settings** → **Network & internet** → **VPN** → :gear: → **Block connections without VPN**.
## Global Toggles
Modern Android devices have global toggles for disabling Bluetooth and location services. Android 12 introduced toggles for the camera and microphone. When not in use, we recommend disabling these features. Apps cannot use disabled features (even if granted individual permission) until re-enabled.
## Google
If you are using a device with Google services, either your stock operating system or an operating system that safely sandboxes Google Play Services like GrapheneOS, there are a number of additional changes you can make to improve your privacy. We still recommend avoiding Google services entirely, or limiting Google Play services to a specific user/work profile by combining a device controller like *Shelter* with GrapheneOS's Sandboxed Google Play.
### Advanced Protection Program
If you have a Google account we suggest enrolling in the [Advanced Protection Program](https://landing.google.com/advancedprotection/). It is available at no cost to anyone with two or more hardware security keys with [FIDO](../basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#fido-fast-identity-online) support.
The Advanced Protection Program provides enhanced threat monitoring and enables:
- Stricter two factor authentication; e.g. that [FIDO](../basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#fido-fast-identity-online) **must** be used and disallows the use of [SMS OTPs](../basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#sms-or-email-mfa), [TOTP](../basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#time-based-one-time-password-totp) and [OAuth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OAuth)
- Only Google and verified third-party apps can access account data
- Scanning of incoming emails on Gmail accounts for [phishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing#Email_phishing) attempts
- Stricter [safe browser scanning](https://www.google.com/chrome/privacy/whitepaper.html#malware) with Google Chrome
- Stricter recovery process for accounts with lost credentials
If you use non-sandboxed Google Play Services (common on stock operating systems), the Advanced Protection Program also comes with [additional benefits](https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/9764949?hl=en) such as:
- Not allowing app installation outside of the Google Play Store, the OS vendor's app store, or via [`adb`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Debug_Bridge)
- Mandatory automatic device scanning with [Play Protect](https://support.google.com/googleplay/answer/2812853?hl=en#zippy=%2Chow-malware-protection-works%2Chow-privacy-alerts-work)
- Warning you about unverified applications
### Google Play System Updates
In the past, Android security updates had to be shipped by the operating system vendor. Android has become more modular beginning with Android 10, and Google can push security updates for **some** system components via the privileged Play Services.
If you have an EOL device shipped with Android 10 or above and are unable to run any of our recommended operating systems on your device, you are likely going to be better off sticking with your OEM Android installation (as opposed to an operating system not listed here such as LineageOS or /e/ OS). This will allow you to receive **some** security fixes from Google, while not violating the Android security model by using an insecure Android derivative and increasing your attack surface. We would still recommend upgrading to a supported device as soon as possible.
### Advertising ID
All devices with Google Play Services installed automatically generate an [advertising ID](https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/6048248?hl=en) used for targeted advertising. Disable this feature to limit the data collected about you.
On Android distributions with [Sandboxed Google Play](https://grapheneos.org/usage#sandboxed-google-play), go to :gear: **Settings** → **Apps** → **Sandboxed Google Play** → **Google Settings** → **Ads**, and select *Delete advertising ID*.
On Android distributions with privileged Google Play Services (such as stock OSes), the setting may be in one of several locations. Check
- :gear: **Settings** → **Google** → **Ads**
- :gear: **Settings** → **Privacy** → **Ads**
You will either be given the option to delete your advertising ID or to *Opt out of interest-based ads*, this varies between OEM distributions of Android. If presented with the option to delete the advertising ID that is preferred. If not, then make sure to opt out and reset your advertising ID.
### SafetyNet and Play Integrity API
[SafetyNet](https://developer.android.com/training/safetynet/attestation) and the [Play Integrity APIs](https://developer.android.com/google/play/integrity) are generally used for [banking apps](https://grapheneos.org/usage#banking-apps). Many banking apps will work fine in GrapheneOS with sandboxed Play services, however some non-financial apps have their own crude anti-tampering mechanisms which might fail. GrapheneOS passes the `basicIntegrity` check, but not the certification check `ctsProfileMatch`. Devices with Android 8 or later have hardware attestation support which cannot be bypassed without leaked keys or serious vulnerabilities.
As for Google Wallet, we don't recommend this due to their [privacy policy](https://payments.google.com/payments/apis-secure/get_legal_document?ldo=0&ldt=privacynotice&ldl=en), which states you must opt-out if you don't want your credit rating and personal information shared with affiliate marketing services.

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---
title: Visão geral do Linux
icon: fontawesome/brands/linux
description: Linux is an open-source, privacy-focused desktop operating system alternative, but not all distribitions are created equal.
---
Existe uma crença comum que o *software* de [código aberto](https://pt. wikipedia. org/wiki/Software_de_c%C3%B3digo_aberto) é intrinsecamente seguro porque o código-fonte está disponível. Existe uma expectativa de que a verificação por parte da comunidade ocorre regularmente; contudo, esse nem sempre é [o caso](https://seirdy. one/2022/02/02/floss-security. html). It does depend on a number of factors, such as project activity, developer experience, level of rigor applied to [code reviews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_review), and how often attention is given to specific parts of the [codebase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codebase) that may go untouched for years.
Neste momento, a utilização de GNU/Linux em computadores pessoais tem algumas áreas que poderiam ser melhoradas quando comparadas com os seus equivalentes proprietários, por exemplo:
- Uma cadeia de inicialização verificada, ao contrário do [Secure Boot](https://support. apple. com/guide/security/startup-security-utility-secc7b34e5b5/web) (com o [Secure Enclave](https://support. apple. com/guide/security/secure-enclave-sec59b0b31ff/1/web/1)), o [Verified Boot](https://source. android. com/security/verifiedboot) do Android ou [processo de boot](https://docs. microsoft. com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/secure-the-windows-10-boot-process) com [TPM](https://docs. microsoft. com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/tpm/how-windows-uses-the-tpm) do Microsoft Windows. Estas funcionalidades e tecnologias de hardware podem ajudar a prevenir manipulações persistentes por malware ou a "[evil maid attacks](https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Evil_Maid_attack)"
- Solução de sandboxing forte como a encontrada no [macOS](https://developer. apple. com/library/archive/documentation/Security/Conceptual/AppSandboxDesignGuide/AboutAppSandbox/AboutAppSandbox. html), [ChromeOS](https://chromium. googlesource. com/chromiumos/docs/+/HEAD/sandboxing. md) e [Android](https://source. android. com/security/app-sandbox). As soluções de sandboxing mais comuns em Linux, tais como [Flatpak](https://docs. flatpak. org/en/latest/sandbox-permissions. html) e [Firejail](https://firejail. wordpress. com/) ainda têm um longo caminho a percorrer
- Strong [exploit mitigations](https://madaidans-insecurities.github.io/linux.html#exploit-mitigations)
Despite these drawbacks, desktop Linux distributions are great if you want to:
- Avoid telemetry that often comes with proprietary operating systems
- Maintain [software freedom](https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.en.html#four-freedoms)
- Have privacy focused systems such as [Whonix](https://www.whonix.org) or [Tails](https://tails.boum.org/)
Our website generally uses the term “Linux” to describe desktop Linux distributions. Other operating systems which also use the Linux kernel such as ChromeOS, Android, and Qubes OS are not discussed here.
[Our Linux Recommendations :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../desktop.md ""){.md-button}
## Choosing your distribution
Not all Linux distributions are created equal. While our Linux recommendation page is not meant to be an authoritative source on which distribution you should use, there are a few things you should keep in mind when choosing which distribution to use.
### Release cycle
We highly recommend that you choose distributions which stay close to the stable upstream software releases, often referred to as rolling release distributions. This is because frozen release cycle distributions often don’t update package versions and fall behind on security updates.
For frozen distributions such as [Debian](https://www.debian.org/security/faq#handling), package maintainers are expected to backport patches to fix vulnerabilities rather than bump the software to the “next version” released by the upstream developer. Some security fixes [do not](https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.14565) receive a [CVE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures) (particularly less popular software) at all and therefore do not make it into the distribution with this patching model. As a result minor security fixes are sometimes held back until the next major release.
We don’t believe holding packages back and applying interim patches is a good idea, as it diverges from the way the developer might have intended the software to work. [Richard Brown](https://rootco.de/aboutme/) has a presentation about this:
<div class="yt-embed">
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://invidious.privacyguides.net/embed/i8c0mg_mS7U?local=true" title="Regular Releases are Wrong, Roll for your life" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div>
### Traditional vs Atomic updates
Traditionally, Linux distributions update by sequentially updating the desired packages. Traditional updates such as those used in Fedora, Arch Linux, and Debian based distributions can be less reliable if an error occurs while updating.
Atomic updating distributions apply updates in full or not at all. Typically, transactional update systems are also atomic.
A transactional update system creates a snapshot that is made before and after an update is applied. If an update fails at any time (perhaps due to a power failure), the update can be easily rolled back to a “last known good state."
The Atomic update method is used for immutable distributions like Silverblue, Tumbleweed, and NixOS and can achieve reliability with this model. [Adam Šamalík](https://twitter.com/adsamalik) provided a presentation on how `rpm-ostree` works with Silverblue:
<div class="yt-embed">
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://invidious.privacyguides.net/embed/-hpV5l-gJnQ?local=true" title="Let's try Fedora Silverblue — an immutable desktop OS! - Adam Šamalik" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div>
### “Security-focused” distributions
There is often some confusion between “security-focused” distributions and “pentesting” distributions. A quick search for “the most secure Linux distribution” will often give results like Kali Linux, Black Arch and Parrot OS. These distributions are offensive penetration testing distributions that bundle tools for testing other systems. They don’t include any “extra security” or defensive mitigations intended for regular use.
### Arch-based distributions
Arch based distributions are not recommended for those new to Linux, (regardless of distribution) as they require regular [system maintenance](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/System_maintenance). Arch does not have an distribution update mechanism for the underlying software choices. As a result you have to stay aware with current trends and adopt technologies as they supersede older practices on your own.
For a secure system, you are also expected to have sufficient Linux knowledge to properly set up security for their system such as adopting a [mandatory access control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_access_control) system, setting up [kernel module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module#Security) blacklists, hardening boot parameters, manipulating [sysctl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysctl) parameters, and knowing what components they need such as [Polkit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polkit).
Anyone using the [Arch User Repository (AUR)](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Arch_User_Repository), **must** be comfortable in auditing PKGBUILDs that they install from that service. AUR packages are community-produced content and are not vetted in any way, and therefore are vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, which has in fact happened [in the past](https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/malware-found-in-arch-linux-aur-package-repository/). AUR should always be used sparingly and often there is a lot of bad advice on various pages which direct people to blindly use [AUR helpers](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/AUR_helpers) without sufficient warning. Similar warnings apply to use third-party Personal Package Archives (PPAs) on Debian based distributions or Community Projects (COPR) on Fedora.
If you are experienced with Linux and wish to use an Arch-based distribution, we only recommend mainline Arch Linux, not any of its derivatives. We recommend against these two Arch derivatives specifically:
- **Manjaro**: This distribution holds packages back for 2 weeks to make sure that their own changes don’t break, not to make sure that upstream is stable. When AUR packages are used, they are often built against the latest [libraries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)) from Arch’s repositories.
- **Garuda**: They use [Chaotic-AUR](https://aur.chaotic.cx/) which automatically and blindly compiles packages from the AUR. There is no verification process to make sure that the AUR packages don’t suffer from supply chain attacks.
### Kicksecure
While we strongly recommend against using outdated distributions like Debian, there is a Debian based operating system that has been hardened to be much more secure than typical Linux distributions: [Kicksecure](https://www.kicksecure.com/). Kicksecure, in oversimplified terms, is a set of scripts, configurations, and packages that substantially reduce the attack surface of Debian. It covers a lot of privacy and hardening recommendations by default.
### Linux-libre kernel and “Libre” distributions
We strongly recommend **against** using the Linux-libre kernel, since it [removes security mitigations](https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=GNU-Linux-Libre-5.7-Released) and [suppresses kernel warnings](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=29674846) about vulnerable microcode for ideological reasons.
## Recomendações Gerais
### Drive Encryption
Most Linux distributions have an option within its installer for enabling [LUKS](../encryption.md#linux-unified-key-setup) FDE. If this option isn’t set at installation time, you will have to backup your data and re-install, as encryption is applied after [disk partitioning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning), but before [file systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system) are formatted. We also suggest securely erasing your storage device:
- [Secure Data Erasure :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/05/25/secure-data-erasure/)
### Swap
Consider using [ZRAM](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Swap#zram-generator) or [encrypted swap](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dm-crypt/Swap_encryption) instead of unencrypted swap to avoid potential security issues with sensitive data being pushed to [swap space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_paging). Fedora based distributions [use ZRAM by default](https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/SwapOnZRAM).
### Wayland
We recommend using a desktop environment that supports the [Wayland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(display_server_protocol)) display protocol as it was developed with security [in mind](https://lwn.net/Articles/589147/). Its predecessor, [X11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System), does not support GUI isolation, allowing all windows to [record screen, log and inject inputs in other windows](https://blog.invisiblethings.org/2011/04/23/linux-security-circus-on-gui-isolation.html), making any attempt at sandboxing futile. While there are options to do nested X11 such as [Xpra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xpra) or [Xephyr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xephyr), they often come with negative performance consequences and are not convenient to set up and are not preferable over Wayland.
Fortunately, common environments such as [GNOME](https://www.gnome.org), [KDE](https://kde.org), and the window manager [Sway](https://swaywm.org) have support for Wayland. Some distributions like Fedora and Tumbleweed use it by default, and some others may do so in the future as X11 is in [hard maintenance mode](https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=X.Org-Maintenance-Mode-Quickly). If you’re using one of those environments it is as easy as selecting the “Wayland” session at the desktop display manager ([GDM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME_Display_Manager), [SDDM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Desktop_Display_Manager)).
We recommend **against** using desktop environments or window managers that do not have Wayland support, such as Cinnamon (default on Linux Mint), Pantheon (default on Elementary OS), MATE, Xfce, and i3.
### Proprietary Firmware (Microcode Updates)
Linux distributions such as those which are [Linux-libre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux-libre) or DIY (Arch Linux) don’t come with the proprietary [microcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcode) updates that often patch vulnerabilities. Some notable examples of these vulnerabilities include [Spectre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectre_(security_vulnerability)), [Meltdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meltdown_(security_vulnerability)), [SSB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_Store_Bypass), [Foreshadow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreshadow), [MDS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarchitectural_Data_Sampling), [SWAPGS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAPGS_(security_vulnerability)), and other [hardware vulnerabilities](https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/hw-vuln/index.html).
We **highly recommend** that you install the microcode updates, as your CPU is already running the proprietary microcode from the factory. Fedora and openSUSE both have the microcode updates applied by default.
### Updates
Most Linux distributions will automatically install updates or remind you to do so. It is important to keep your OS up to date so that your software is patched when a vulnerability is found.
Some distributions (particularly those aimed at advanced users) are more barebones and expect you to do things yourself (e.g. Arch or Debian). These will require running the "package manager" (`apt`, `pacman`, `dnf`, etc.) manually in order to receive important security updates.
Additionally, some distributions will not download firmware updates automatically. For that you will need to install [`fwupd`](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Fwupd).
## Privacy Tweaks
### MAC Address Randomization
Many desktop Linux distributions (Fedora, openSUSE, etc) will come with [NetworkManager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager), to configure Ethernet and Wi-Fi settings.
It is possible to [randomize](https://fedoramagazine.org/randomize-mac-address-nm/) the [MAC address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address) when using NetworkManager. This provides a bit more privacy on Wi-Fi networks as it makes it harder to track specific devices on the network you’re connected to. It does [**not**](https://papers.mathyvanhoef.com/wisec2016.pdf) make you anonymous.
We recommend changing the setting to **random** instead of **stable**, as suggested in the [article](https://fedoramagazine.org/randomize-mac-address-nm/).
If you are using [systemd-networkd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd#Ancillary_components), you will need to set [`MACAddressPolicy=random`](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.link.html#MACAddressPolicy=) which will enable [RFC 7844 (Anonymity Profiles for DHCP Clients)](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.network.html#Anonymize=).
There isn’t many points in randomizing the MAC address for Ethernet connections as a system administrator can find you by looking at the port you are using on the [network switch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch). Randomizing Wi-Fi MAC addresses depends on support from the Wi-Fi’s firmware.
### Other Identifiers
There are other system identifiers which you may wish to be careful about. You should give this some thought to see if it applies to your [threat model](../basics/threat-modeling.md):
- **Hostnames:** Your system's hostname is shared with the networks you connect to. You should avoid including identifying terms like your name or operating system in your hostname, instead sticking to generic terms or random strings.
- **Usernames:** Similarly, your username is used in a variety of ways across your system. Consider using generic terms like "user" rather than your actual name.
- **Machine ID:**: During installation a unique machine ID is generated and stored on your device. Consider [setting it to a generic ID](https://madaidans-insecurities.github.io/guides/linux-hardening.html#machine-id).
### System Counting
The Fedora Project [counts](https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/DNF_Better_Counting) how many unique systems access its mirrors by using a [`countme`](https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/DNF_Better_Counting#Detailed_Description) variable instead of a unique ID. Fedora does this to determine load and provision better servers for updates where necessary.
This [option](https://dnf.readthedocs.io/en/latest/conf_ref.html#options-for-both-main-and-repo) is currently off by default. We recommend adding `countme=false` to `/etc/dnf/dnf.conf` just in case it is enabled in the future. On systems that use `rpm-ostree` such as Silverblue, the countme option is disabled by masking the [rpm-ostree-countme](https://fedoramagazine.org/getting-better-at-counting-rpm-ostree-based-systems/) timer.
openSUSE also uses a [unique ID](https://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Statistics) to count systems, which can be disabled by deleting the `/var/lib/zypp/AnonymousUniqueId` file.

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---
title: "Qubes Overview"
icon: simple/qubesos
description: Qubes is an operating system built around isolating apps within virtual machines for heightened security.
---
[**Qubes OS**](../desktop.md#qubes-os) is an operating system which uses the [Xen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen) hypervisor to provide strong security for desktop computing through isolated virtual machines. Each VM is called a *Qube* and you can assign each Qube a level of trust based on its purpose. As Qubes OS provides security by using isolation, and only permitting actions on a per case basis, it is the opposite of [badness enumeration](https://www.ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb/).
## How does Qubes OS work?
Qubes uses [compartmentalization](https://www.qubes-os.org/intro/) to keep the system secure. Qubes are created from templates, the defaults being for Fedora, Debian and [Whonix](../desktop.md#whonix). Qubes OS also allows you to create once-use [disposable](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/how-to-use-disposables/) virtual machines.
![Qubes architecture](../assets/img/qubes/qubes-trust-level-architecture.png)
<figcaption>Qubes Architecture, Credit: What is Qubes OS Intro</figcaption>
Each Qubes application has a [colored border](https://www.qubes-os.org/screenshots/) that can help you keep track of the virtual machine it is running in. You could, for example, use a specific color for your banking browser, while using a different color for a general untrusted browser.
![Colored border](../assets/img/qubes/r4.0-xfce-three-domains-at-work.png)
<figcaption>Qubes window borders, Credit: Qubes Screenshots</figcaption>
## Why Should I use Qubes?
Qubes OS is useful if your [threat model](../basics/threat-modeling.md) requires strong compartmentalization and security, such as if you think you'll be opening untrusted files from untrusted sources. A typical reason for using Qubes OS is to open documents from unknown sources.
Qubes OS utilizes [Dom0](https://wiki.xenproject.org/wiki/Dom0) Xen VM (i.e., an "AdminVM") for controlling other guest VMs or Qubes on the host OS. Other VMs display individual application windows within Dom0's desktop environment. It allows you to color code windows based on trust levels and run apps that can interact with each other with very granular control.
### Copying and Pasting Text
You can [copy and paste text](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/how-to-copy-and-paste-text/) using `qvm-copy-to-vm` or the below instructions:
1. Press **Ctrl+C** to tell the VM you're in that you want to copy something.
2. Press **Ctrl+Shift+C** to tell the VM to make this buffer available to the global clipboard.
3. Press **Ctrl+Shift+V** in the destination VM to make the global clipboard available.
4. Press **Ctrl+V** in the destination VM to paste the contents in the buffer.
### File Exchange
To copy and paste files and directories (folders) from one VM to another, you can use the option **Copy to Other AppVM...** or **Move to Other AppVM...**. The difference is that the **Move** option will delete the original file. Either option will protect your clipboard from being leaked to any other Qubes. This is more secure than air-gapped file transfer because an air-gapped computer will still be forced to parse partitions or file systems. That is not required with the inter-qube copy system.
Recomendamos armazenar uma chave de recuperação local em um local seguro, em vez de utilizar a recuperação do iCloud FileVault. info "AppVMs or qubes do not have their own file systems"
You can [copy and move files](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/how-to-copy-and-move-files/) between Qubes. When doing so the changes aren't immediately made and can be easily undone in case of an accident.
### Inter-VM Interactions
The [qrexec framework](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/qrexec/) is a core part of Qubes which allows virtual machine communication between domains. It is built on top of the Xen library *vchan*, which facilitates [isolation through policies](https://www.qubes-os.org/news/2020/06/22/new-qrexec-policy-system/).
## Recursos Adicionais
For additional information we encourage you to consult the extensive Qubes OS documentation pages located on the [Qubes OS Website](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/). Offline copies can be downloaded from the Qubes OS [documentation repository](https://github.com/QubesOS/qubes-doc).
- Open Technology Fund: [*Arguably the world's most secure operating system*](https://www.opentech.fund/news/qubes-os-arguably-the-worlds-most-secure-operating-system-motherboard/)
- J. Rutkowska: [*Software compartmentalization vs. physical separation*](https://invisiblethingslab.com/resources/2014/Software_compartmentalization_vs_physical_separation.pdf)
- J. Rutkowska: [*Partitioning my digital life into security domains*](https://blog.invisiblethings.org/2011/03/13/partitioning-my-digital-life-into.html)
- Qubes OS: [*Related Articles*](https://www.qubes-os.org/news/categories/#articles)

366
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---
title: "Redes Auto-Contidas"
icon: material/form-textbox-password
description: Password managers allow you to securely store and manage passwords and other credentials.
schema:
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
name: Password Manager Recommendations
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": SoftwareApplication
name: KeepassXC
image: /assets/img/password-management/bitwarden.svg
url: https://bitwarden.com
sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwarden
applicationCategory: Password Manager
operatingSystem:
- Windows
- macOS
- Linux
- Android
- iOS
subjectOf:
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": SoftwareApplication
name: KeepassDX
image: /assets/img/password-management/1password.svg
url: https://1password.com
sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Password
applicationCategory: Password Manager
operatingSystem:
- Windows
- macOS
- Linux
- Android
- iOS
subjectOf:
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": SoftwareApplication
name: Bitwarden
image: /assets/img/password-management/psono.svg
url: https://psono.com
applicationCategory: Password Manager
operatingSystem:
- Android
- iOS
subjectOf:
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": SoftwareApplication
name: Vaultwarden
image: /assets/img/password-management/keepassxc.svg
url: https://keepassxc.org/
sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KeePassXC
applicationCategory: Password Manager
operatingSystem:
- Windows
- macOS
- Linux
subjectOf:
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": SoftwareApplication
name: KeePassDX
image: /assets/img/password-management/keepassdx.svg
url: https://www.keepassdx.com/
applicationCategory: Password Manager
operatingSystem: Android
subjectOf:
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": SoftwareApplication
name: Strongbox
image: /assets/img/password-management/strongbox.svg
url: https://strongboxsafe.com/
applicationCategory: Password Manager
operatingSystem: iOS
subjectOf:
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
-
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": SoftwareApplication
name: gopass
image: /assets/img/password-management/gopass.svg
url: https://www.gopass.pw/
applicationCategory: Password Manager
operatingSystem:
- Windows
- macOS
- Linux
- FreeBSD
subjectOf:
"@context": http://schema.org
"@type": WebPage
url: "./"
---
Fique seguro e protegido on-line com um gerenciador de senhas criptografado e de código aberto.
[Introduction to Passwords :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](./basics/passwords-overview.md)
!!! info
![logotipo KeepassXC](/assets/img/password-management/keepassxc.svg){ align=right }
**KeePassXC** é um garfo comunitário do KeePassX, uma porta nativa multi-plataforma do KeePass Password Safe, com o objectivo de o alargar e melhorar com novas funcionalidades e correcções de bugs para fornecer um gestor de senhas moderno, totalmente multi-plataforma e de código aberto. [Visite keepassxc.org](https://keepassxc.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://keepassxc.org/privacy){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://keepassxc.org/download/#windows)
- [:fontawesome-brands-apple: macOS](https://keepassxc.org/download/#mac)
- [:fontawesome-brands-linux: Linux](https://keepassxc.org/download/#linux)
- [:pg-flathub: Flatpak](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.keepassxc.KeePassXC)
- [:fontawesome-brands-firefox: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/keepassxc-browser)
- [:fontawesome-brands-chrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/keepassxc-browser/oboonakemofpalcgghocfoadofidjkkk)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Source](https://github.com/keepassxreboot/keepassxc)
For example, the password manager in Microsoft Edge doesn't offer E2EE at all. Google's password manager has [optional](https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/11350823) E2EE, and [Apple's](https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT202303) offers E2EE by default.
## Baseado nas nuvens
These password managers sync your passwords to a cloud server for easy accessibility from all your devices and safety against device loss.
### KeepassXC
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
KeepassXC armazena seus dados de exportação como [comma-separated values (CSV)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values). Isto pode significar perda de dados se você importar este arquivo para outro gerenciador de senhas. Aconselhamo-lo a verificar cada registo manualmente.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://bitwarden.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://bitwarden.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://bitwarden.com/help/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/bitwarden){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.x8bit.bitwarden)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/bitwarden-password-manager/id1137397744)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/bitwarden/mobile/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://bitwarden.com/download)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://bitwarden.com/download)
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/com.bitwarden.desktop)
- [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/bitwarden-password-manager)
- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/bitwarden-free-password-m/nngceckbapebfimnlniiiahkandclblb)
- [:simple-microsoftedge: Edge](https://microsoftedge.microsoft.com/addons/detail/jbkfoedolllekgbhcbcoahefnbanhhlh)
Bitwarden also features [Bitwarden Send](https://bitwarden.com/products/send/), which allows you to share text and files securely with [end-to-end encryption](https://bitwarden.com/help/send-encryption). A [password](https://bitwarden.com/help/send-privacy/#send-passwords) can be required along with the send link. Bitwarden Send also features [automatic deletion](https://bitwarden.com/help/send-lifespan).
You need the [Premium Plan](https://bitwarden.com/help/about-bitwarden-plans/#compare-personal-plans) to be able to share files. The free plan only allows text sharing.
Bitwarden's server-side code is [open-source](https://github.com/bitwarden/server), so if you don't want to use the Bitwarden cloud, you can easily host your own Bitwarden sync server.
**Vaultwarden** is an alternative implementation of Bitwarden's sync server written in Rust and compatible with official Bitwarden clients, perfect for self-hosted deployment where running the official resource-heavy service might not be ideal. If you are looking to self-host Bitwarden on your own server, you almost certainly want to use Vaultwarden over Bitwarden's official server code.
[:octicons-repo-16: Vaultwarden Repository](https://github.com/dani-garcia/vaultwarden ""){.md-button} [:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/dani-garcia/vaultwarden/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/dani-garcia/vaultwarden){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/sponsors/dani-garcia){ .card-link title=Contribute }
### KeepassDX
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logotipo KeepassDX](/assets/img/password-management/keepassdx.svg){ align=right }
**KeepassDX*** é um gerenciador de senhas leve para Android, permite editar dados criptografados em um único arquivo no formato KeePass e pode preencher os formulários de uma forma segura. [Contributor Pro](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.kunzisoft.keepass.pro) permite desbloquear conteúdos cosméticos e recursos de protocolo não-padrão, mas, mais importante, ajuda e incentiva o desenvolvimento. Para mais detalhes, recomendamos que veja o seu [FAQ](https://github.com/Kunzisoft/KeePassDX/wiki/FAQ). [Visite keepassdx.com](https://www.keepassdx.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.kunzisoft.keepass.free)
- [:pg-f-droid: F-Droid](https://www.f-droid.org/packages/com.kunzisoft.keepass.libre)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Source](https://github.com/Kunzisoft/KeePassDX)
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://1password.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://support.1password.com/1password-privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.1password.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.onepassword.android)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1511601750?mt=8)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://1password.com/downloads/windows/)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://1password.com/downloads/mac/)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://1password.com/downloads/linux/)
Traditionally, **1Password** has offered the best password manager user experience for people using macOS and iOS; however, it has now achieved feature-parity across all platforms. It boasts many features geared towards families and less technical people, as well as advanced functionality.
Your 1Password vault is secured with both your master password and a randomized 34-character security key to encrypt your data on their servers. This security key adds a layer of protection to your data because your data is secured with high entropy regardless of your master password. Many other password manager solutions are entirely reliant on the strength of your master password to secure your data.
One advantage 1Password has over Bitwarden is its first-class support for native clients. While Bitwarden relegates many duties, especially account management features, to their web vault interface, 1Password makes nearly every feature available within its native mobile or desktop clients. 1Password's clients also have a more intuitive UI, which makes them easier to use and navigate.
### Bitwarden
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Bitwarden logo](/assets/img/password-management/bitwarden.svg){ align=right }
**Bitwarden** é um gerenciador de senhas gratuito e de código aberto. Visa resolver problemas de gerenciamento de senhas para indivíduos, equipes e organizações empresariais. Bitwarden está entre as soluções mais fáceis e seguras para armazenar todos os seus logins e senhas, mantendo-os convenientemente sincronizados entre todos os seus dispositivos.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://psono.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://psono.com/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://doc.psono.com){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitlab.com/psono){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.psono.psono)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/psono-password-manager/id1545581224)
- [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/psono-pw-password-manager)
- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/psonopw-password-manager/eljmjmgjkbmpmfljlmklcfineebidmlo)
- [:simple-docker: Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com/r/psono/psono-client)
Psono provides extensive documentation for their product. The web-client for Psono can be self-hosted; alternatively, you can choose the full Community Edition or the Enterprise Edition with additional features.
### Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
#### Minimum Requirements
- Must utilize strong, standards-based/modern E2EE.
- Must have thoroughly documented encryption and security practices.
- Must have a published audit from a reputable, independent third-party.
- All non-essential telemetry must be optional.
- Must not collect more PII than is necessary for billing purposes.
#### Best-Case
Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page.
- Telemetry should be opt-in (disabled by default) or not collected at all.
- Should be open-source and reasonably self-hostable.
## Gestores locais de senhas
These options allow you to manage an encrypted password database locally.
### Vaultwarden
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![KeePassXC logo](assets/img/password-management/keepassxc.svg){ align=right }
**KeePassXC** is a community fork of KeePassX, a native cross-platform port of KeePass Password Safe, with the goal to extend and improve it with new features and bugfixes to provide a feature-rich, cross-platform and modern open-source password manager.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://keepassxc.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://keepassxc.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://keepassxc.org/docs/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/keepassxreboot/keepassxc){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://keepassxc.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://keepassxc.org/download/#windows)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://keepassxc.org/download/#mac)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://keepassxc.org/download/#linux)
- [:simple-flathub: Flatpak](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.keepassxc.KeePassXC)
- [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/keepassxc-browser)
- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/keepassxc-browser/oboonakemofpalcgghocfoadofidjkkk)
KeePassXC stores its export data as [CSV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values) files. This may mean data loss if you import this file into another password manager. We advise you check each record manually.
### KeePassDX (Android)
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![KeePassDX logo](assets/img/password-management/keepassdx.svg){ align=right }
**KeePassDX** is a lightweight password manager for Android, allows editing encrypted data in a single file in KeePass format and can fill in the forms in a secure way. [Contributor Pro](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.kunzisoft.keepass.pro) allows unlocking cosmetic content and non-standard protocol features, but more importantly, it helps and encourages development.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.keepassdx.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/Kunzisoft/KeePassDX/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/Kunzisoft/KeePassDX){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.keepassdx.com/#donation){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.kunzisoft.keepass.free)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/Kunzisoft/KeePassDX/releases)
### Strongbox (iOS & macOS)
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Strongbox logo](assets/img/password-management/strongbox.svg){ align=right }
**Strongbox** is a native, open-source password manager for iOS and macOS. Supporting both KeePass and Password Safe formats, Strongbox can be used in tandem with other password managers, like KeePassXC, on non-Apple platforms. By employing a [freemium model](https://strongboxsafe.com/pricing/), Strongbox offers most features under its free tier with more convenience-oriented [features](https://strongboxsafe.com/comparison/)—such as biometric authentication—locked behind a subscription or perpetual license.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://strongboxsafe.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://strongboxsafe.com/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://strongboxsafe.com/getting-started/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/strongbox-password-safe/Strongbox){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/strongbox-password-safe/Strongbox#supporting-development){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/strongbox-keepass-pwsafe/id897283731)
Additionally, there is an offline-only version offered: [Strongbox Zero](https://apps.apple.com/app/strongbox-keepass-pwsafe/id1581589638). This version is stripped down in an attempt to reduce attack surface.
### Linha de comando
These products are minimal password managers that can be used within scripting applications.
#### gopass
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![gopass logo](assets/img/password-management/gopass.svg){ align=right }
**gopass** is a password manager for the command line written in Go. It works on all major desktop and server operating systems (Linux, macOS, BSD, Windows).
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.gopass.pw){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/gopasspw/gopass/tree/master/docs){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/gopasspw/gopass){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/sponsors/dominikschulz){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.gopass.pw/#install-windows)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.gopass.pw/#install-macos)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.gopass.pw/#install-linux)
- [:simple-freebsd: FreeBSD](https://www.gopass.pw/#install-bsd)
### Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
- Must be cross-platform.

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---
title: "Clientes de streaming de vídeo"
icon: material/file-sign
description: Most online office suites do not support E2EE, meaning the cloud provider has access to everything you do.
---
Most online office suites do not support E2EE, meaning the cloud provider has access to everything you do. The privacy policy may legally protect your rights, but it does not provide technical access constraints.
## Suítes de Escritório
### LibreOffice
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logotipo do LibreOffice](/assets/img/productivity/libreoffice.svg){ align=right }
**LibreOffice** é uma suite de escritório gratuita e de código aberto com amplas funcionalidades.
[Visite libreoffice.org](https://www.libreoffice.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://www.libreoffice.org/about-us/privacy/privacy-policy-en/){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/download/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-apple: macOS](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/download/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-linux: Linux](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/download/)
- [:pg-flathub: Flatpak](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/download/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-freebsd: FreeBSD](https://www.freshports.org/editors/libreoffice/)
- [:pg-openbsd: OpenBSD](https://openports.se/editors/libreoffice)
- [:pg-netbsd: NetBSD](https://pkgsrc.se/misc/libreoffice)
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/android-and-ios/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-app-store-ios: App Store](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/android-and-ios/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-git: Source](https://www.libreoffice.org/about-us/source-code) downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nextcloud.client)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1125420102)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/nextcloud/android/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients)
- [:simple-freebsd: FreeBSD](https://www.freshports.org/www/nextcloud)
!!! Isto permite-nos fornecer recomendações completamente objectivas.</strong> Desenvolvemos um conjunto claro de requisitos para qualquer provedor de VPN que deseje ser recomendado, incluindo criptografia forte, auditorias de segurança independentes, tecnologia moderna, e muito mais.
![OnlyOffice logo](/assets/img/productivity/onlyoffice.svg){ align=right }
**OnlyOffice** é uma alternativa, é uma suite de escritório gratuita e de código aberto com uma extensa funcionalidade. [Visite apenasoffice.com](https://www.onlyoffice.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://help.onlyoffice.com/products/files/doceditor.aspx?fileid=5048502&doc=SXhWMEVzSEYxNlVVaXJJeUVtS0kyYk14YWdXTEFUQmRWL250NllHNUFGbz0_IjUwNDg1MDIi0){ .md-button }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://www.onlyoffice.com/download-desktop.aspx?from=default)
- [:fontawesome-brands-apple: macOS](https://www.onlyoffice.com/download-desktop.aspx?from=default)
- [:fontawesome-brands-linux: Linux](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/download/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-freebsd: FreeBSD](https://www.freshports.org/wwww/onlyoffice-documentserver/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.onlyoffice.documents)
- [:fontawesome-brands-app-store-ios: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/onlyoffice-documents/id944896972)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Source](https://github.com/ONLYOFFICE)
### OnlyOffice
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logo Framadate](/assets/img/productivity/framadate.svg){ align=right }
**Framadate** é um serviço online gratuito e de código aberto para planejar uma consulta ou tomar uma decisão de forma rápida e fácil. Não é necessário registo.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://cryptpad.fr){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptpad.fr/pad/#/2/pad/view/GcNjAWmK6YDB3EO2IipRZ0fUe89j43Ryqeb4fjkjehE/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.cryptpad.fr/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/xwiki-labs/cryptpad){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://opencollective.com/cryptpad){ .card-link title=Contribute }
### Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
In general, we define collaboration platforms as full-fledged suites which could reasonably act as a replacement to collaboration platforms like Google Drive.
- Open-source.
- Makes files accessible via WebDAV unless it is impossible due to E2EE.
- Has sync clients for Linux, macOS, and Windows.
- Supports document and spreadsheet editing.
- Supports real-time document collaboration.
- Supports exporting documents to standard document formats (e.g. ODF).
#### Best-Case
Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page.
- Should store files in a conventional filesystem.
- Should support TOTP or FIDO2 multi-factor authentication support, or Passkey logins.
## Planejamento
### PrivateBin
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![LibreOffice logo](assets/img/productivity/libreoffice.svg){ align=right }
**LibreOffice** is a free and open-source office suite with extensive functionality.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.libreoffice.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.libreoffice.org/about-us/privacy/privacy-policy-en/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://documentation.libreoffice.org/en/english-documentation/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://www.libreoffice.org/about-us/source-code){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.libreoffice.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/android-and-ios/)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/android-and-ios/)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/download/)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/download/)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/download/)
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.libreoffice.LibreOffice)
- [:simple-freebsd: FreeBSD](https://www.freshports.org/editors/libreoffice/)
### OnlyOffice
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![OnlyOffice logo](assets/img/productivity/onlyoffice.svg){ align=right }
**OnlyOffice** is a cloud-based free and open-source office suite with extensive functionality, including integration with Nextcloud.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.onlyoffice.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://help.onlyoffice.com/products/files/doceditor.aspx?fileid=5048502&doc=SXhWMEVzSEYxNlVVaXJJeUVtS0kyYk14YWdXTEFUQmRWL250NllHNUFGbz0_IjUwNDg1MDIi0){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://helpcenter.onlyoffice.com/userguides.aspx){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/ONLYOFFICE){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.onlyoffice.documents)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id944896972)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.onlyoffice.com/download-desktop.aspx)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.onlyoffice.com/download-desktop.aspx)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.onlyoffice.com/download-desktop.aspx)
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.onlyoffice.desktopeditors)
- [:simple-freebsd: FreeBSD](https://www.freshports.org/www/onlyoffice-documentserver/)
### Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
In general, we define office suites as applications which could reasonably act as a replacement for Microsoft Word for most needs.
- Must be cross-platform.
- Must be open-source software.
- Must function offline.
- Must support editing documents, spreadsheets, and slideshows.
- Must export files to standard document formats.
## Paste services
### PrivateBin
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![PrivateBin logo](assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** is a minimalist, open-source online pastebin where the server has zero knowledge of pasted data. Data is encrypted/decrypted in the browser using 256-bit AES. It is the improved version of ZeroBin. There is a [list of instances](https://privatebin.info/directory/).
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://privatebin.info){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-server-16:](https://privatebin.info/directory/){ .card-link title="Public Instances"}
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/PrivateBin/PrivateBin/wiki/FAQ){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/PrivateBin/PrivateBin){ .card-link title="Source Code" }

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---
title: "Clientes de streaming de vídeo"
icon: material/chat-processing
description: Other instant messengers make all of your private conversations available to the company that runs them.
---
These are our recommendations for encrypted real-time communication.
[Types of Communication Networks :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](./advanced/communication-network-types.md)
## Mensageiros Instantâneos Criptografados
These messengers are great for securing your sensitive communications.
### Signal
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Logotipo do sinal](/assets/img/messengers/signal.svg){ align=right }
**Sinal*** é uma aplicação móvel desenvolvida pela Signal Messenger LLC. O aplicativo fornece mensagens instantâneas, bem como chamadas de voz e vídeo.
Todas as comunicações são E2EE. As listas de contatos são criptografadas usando seu PIN de login e o servidor não tem acesso a elas. Personal profiles are also encrypted and only shared with contacts you chat with.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://signal.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://signal.org/legal/#privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.signal.org/hc/en-us){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/signalapp){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://signal.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.thoughtcrime.securesms)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id874139669)
- [:simple-android: Android](https://signal.org/android/apk/)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://signal.org/download/windows)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://signal.org/download/macos)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://signal.org/download/linux)
Signal supports [private groups](https://signal.org/blog/signal-private-group-system/). The server has no record of your group memberships, group titles, group avatars, or group attributes. Signal has minimal metadata when [Sealed Sender](https://signal.org/blog/sealed-sender/) is enabled. The sender address is encrypted along with the message body, and only the recipient address is visible to the server. Sealed Sender is only enabled for people in your contacts list, but can be enabled for all recipients with the increased risk of receiving spam. Signal requires your phone number as a personal identifier.
The protocol was independently [audited](https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/1013.pdf) in 2016. The specification for the Signal protocol can be found in their [documentation](https://signal.org/docs/).
We have some additional tips on configuring and hardening your Signal installation:
[Signal Configuration and Hardening :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/07/07/signal-configuration-and-hardening/)
### SimpleX Chat
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
Element logo](/assets/img/messengers/element.svg){ align=right }
**Element** é o cliente de referência para o protocolo [Matrix](https://matrix.org/docs/guides/introduction), um [padrão aberto](https://matrix.org/docs/spec) para comunicação segura descentralizada em tempo real. As mensagens e ficheiros partilhados em salas privadas (aquelas que requerem um convite) são, por defeito, E2EE, tal como as chamadas de voz e vídeo de 1 para 1.
[Visit element.io](https://element.io/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://element.io/get-started)
- [:fontawesome-brands-apple: macOS](https://element.io/get-started)
- [:fontawesome-brands-linux: Linux](https://element.io/get-started)
- [:fontawesome-brands-android: Android](https://f-droid.org/packages/im.vector.app/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=im.vector.app)
- [:fontawesome-brands-app-store-ios: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/vector/id1083446067)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Source](https://github.com/vector-im/element-web) downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=chat.simplex.app)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/simplex-chat/id1605771084)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/simplex-chat/simplex-chat/releases)
SimpleX Chat [was audited](https://simplex.chat/blog/20221108-simplex-chat-v4.2-security-audit-new-website.html) by Trail of Bits in October 2022.
Currently SimpleX Chat only provides a client for Android and iOS. Basic group chatting functionality, direct messaging, editing of messages and markdown are supported. E2EE Audio and Video calls are also supported.
Your data can be exported, and imported onto another device, as there are no central servers where this is backed up.
### Briar
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logótipo Briar](/assets/img/messengers/briar.svg){ align=right }
**Briar** é um mensageiro instantâneo encriptado que [connects](https://briarproject.org/how-it-works/) para outros clientes que utilizam a Rede Tor. Briar também pode se conectar via Wi-Fi ou Bluetooth quando em proximidade local. O modo de rede local do Briar pode ser útil quando a disponibilidade da Internet é um problema.
[Visite briarproject.org](https://briarproject.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-android: Android](https://f-droid.org/packages/org.briarproject.briar.android)
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.briarproject.briar.android)
- [:fontawesome-brands-git: Source](https://code.briarproject.org/briar/briar) downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.briarproject.briar.android)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://briarproject.org/download-briar-desktop/)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://briarproject.org/download-briar-desktop/)
- [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.briarproject.Briar)
To add a contact on Briar, you must both add each other first. You can either exchange `briar://` links or scan a contact’s QR code if they are nearby.
The client software was independently [audited](https://briarproject.org/news/2017-beta-released-security-audit/), and the anonymous routing protocol uses the Tor network which has also been audited.
Briar has a fully [published specification](https://code.briarproject.org/briar/briar-spec).
Briar supports perfect forward secrecy by using the Bramble [Handshake](https://code.briarproject.org/briar/briar-spec/blob/master/protocols/BHP.md) and [Transport](https://code.briarproject.org/briar/briar-spec/blob/master/protocols/BTP.md) protocol.
## Tipos de Redes de Comunicação
!!! Recomendamos que você verifique o [documentação](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) de Yubico sobre como configurar isso.
These messengers do not have Perfect [Forward Secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy) (PFS), and while they fulfill certain needs that our previous recommendations may not, we do not recommend them for long-term or sensitive communications. [Visite getession.org](https://getsession.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://getsession.org/windows)
- [:fontawesome-brands-apple: macOS](https://getsession.org/mac)
- [:fontawesome-brands-app-store-ios: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1470168868)
- [:fontawesome-brands-linux: Linux](https://www.getession.org/linux)
- [:fontawesome-brands-android: Android](https://fdroid.getsession.org/)
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=network.loki.messenger)
- [:pg-f-droid: F-Droid](https://fdroid.getsession.org)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: Source](https://github.com/oxen-io/session-desktop)
### Element
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Element logo](assets/img/messengers/element.svg){ align=right }
**Element** is the reference client for the [Matrix](https://matrix.org/docs/guides/introduction) protocol, an [open standard](https://matrix.org/docs/spec) for secure decentralized real-time communication.
Messages and files shared in private rooms (those which require an invite) are by default E2EE as are one to one voice and video calls.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://element.io/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://element.io/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://element.io/help){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/vector-im){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=im.vector.app)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/vector/id1083446067)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/vector-im/element-android/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://element.io/get-started)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://element.io/get-started)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://element.io/get-started)
- [:octicons-globe-16: Web](https://app.element.io)
Profile pictures, reactions, and nicknames are not encrypted.
Group voice and video calls are [not](https://github.com/vector-im/element-web/issues/12878) E2EE, and use Jitsi, but this is expected to change with [Native Group VoIP Signalling](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/pull/3401). Group calls have [no authentication](https://github.com/vector-im/element-web/issues/13074) currently, meaning that non-room participants can also join the calls. We recommend that you do not use this feature for private meetings.
The Matrix protocol itself [theoretically supports PFS](https://gitlab.matrix.org/matrix-org/olm/blob/master/docs/megolm.md#partial-forward-secrecy), however this is [not currently supported in Element](https://github.com/vector-im/element-web/issues/7101) due to it breaking some aspects of the user experience such as key backups and shared message history.
The protocol was independently [audited](https://matrix.org/blog/2016/11/21/matrixs-olm-end-to-end-encryption-security-assessment-released-and-implemented-cross-platform-on-riot-at-last) in 2016. The specification for the Matrix protocol can be found in their [documentation](https://spec.matrix.org/latest/). The [Olm](https://matrix.org/docs/projects/other/olm) cryptographic ratchet used by Matrix is an implementation of Signal’s [Double Ratchet algorithm](https://signal.org/docs/specifications/doubleratchet/).
### Session
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Session logo](assets/img/messengers/session.svg){ align=right }
**Session** is a decentralized messenger with a focus on private, secure, and anonymous communications. Session offers support for direct messages, group chats, and voice calls.
Session uses the decentralized [Oxen Service Node Network](https://oxen.io/) to store and route messages. Every encrypted message is routed through three nodes in the Oxen Service Node Network, making it virtually impossible for the nodes to compile meaningful information on those using the network.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://getsession.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://getsession.org/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://getsession.org/faq){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/oxen-io){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=network.loki.messenger)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1470168868)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/oxen-io/session-android/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://getsession.org/download)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://getsession.org/download)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://getsession.org/download)
Session allows for E2EE in one-on-one chats or closed groups which allow for up to 100 members. Open groups have no restriction on the number of members, but are open by design.
Session does [not](https://getsession.org/blog/session-protocol-technical-information) support PFS, which is when an encryption system automatically and frequently changes the keys it uses to encrypt and decrypt information, such that if the latest key is compromised it exposes a smaller portion of sensitive information.
Oxen requested an independent audit for Session in March of 2020. The audit [concluded](https://getsession.org/session-code-audit) in April of 2021, “The overall security level of this application is good and makes it usable for privacy-concerned people.”
Session has a [whitepaper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.04609.pdf) describing the technicals of the app and protocol.
## Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
- Must have open-source clients.
- Must use E2EE for private messages by default.
- Must support E2EE for all messages.
- Must have been independently audited.
### Best-Case
Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page.
- Should have Perfect Forward Secrecy.
- Should have open-source servers.
- Should be decentralized, i.e. federated or P2P.
- Should use E2EE for all messages by default.
- Should support Linux, macOS, Windows, Android, and iOS.

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---
title: "Router Firmware"
icon: material/router-wireless
description: These alternative operating systems can be used to secure your router or Wi-Fi access point.
---
Abaixo estão alguns sistemas operacionais alternativos, que podem ser usados em roteadores, pontos de acesso Wi-Fi, etc.
## OpenWrt
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logótipo OpenWrt](/assets/img/router/openwrt.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![OpenWrt logo](/assets/img/router/openwrt-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**OpenWrt*** é um sistema operacional (em particular, um sistema operacional embarcado) baseado no kernel Linux, usado principalmente em dispositivos embarcados para rotear o tráfego da rede. Os principais componentes são o kernel Linux, util-linux, uClibc, e BusyBox. Todos os componentes foram optimizados em tamanho, para serem suficientemente pequenos para se adaptarem ao armazenamento limitado e à memória disponível nos routers domésticos.
[Visite openwrt.org](https://openwrt.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-git: Fonte](https://git.openwrt.org)
You can consult OpenWrt's [table of hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) to check if your device is supported.
## OPNsense
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logo pfSense](/assets/img/router/pfsense.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![pfSense logo](/assets/img/router/pfsense-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
pfSense é uma distribuição de software de firewall/router de computador de código aberto baseada no FreeBSD. Ele é instalado em um computador para fazer um firewall/router dedicado para uma rede e é notado por sua confiabilidade e oferecendo recursos muitas vezes encontrados apenas em firewalls comerciais caros.
O pfSense é normalmente implantado como firewall perimetral, roteador, ponto de acesso sem fio, servidor DHCP, servidor DNS e VPN endpoint.
OPNsense was originally developed as a fork of [pfSense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PfSense), and both projects are noted for being free and reliable firewall distributions which offer features often only found in expensive commercial firewalls. Launched in 2015, the developers of OPNsense [cited](https://docs.opnsense.org/history/thefork.html) a number of security and code-quality issues with pfSense which they felt necessitated a fork of the project, as well as concerns about Netgate's majority acquisition of pfSense and the future direction of the pfSense project.
## Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
- Must be open source.
- Must receive regular updates.
- Must support a wide variety of hardware.

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---
title: "Motores de Busca"
icon: material/search-web
description: These privacy-respecting search engines don't build an advertising profile based on your searches.
---
Use um motor de busca que não construa um perfil publicitário baseado nas suas pesquisas.
As recomendações aqui são baseadas nos méritos da política de privacidade de cada serviço. Há **sem garantia** de que estas políticas de privacidade sejam honradas.
Considere usar um [VPN](/vpn) ou [Tor](https://www.torproject.org/) se o seu modelo de ameaça requer esconder o seu endereço IP do fornecedor de pesquisa.
## Brave Search
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logo DuckDuckGo](/assets/img/search-engines/duckduckgo.svg){ align=right }
**DuckDuckGo*** é um motor de busca popular e é o padrão para o Tor Browser. DuckDuckGo usa uma API comercial Bing e várias [outras fontes](https://help.duckduckgo.com/results/sources) para fornecer seus dados de pesquisa.
[Visite duckduckgo.com](https://duckduckgo.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:pg-tor:](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion){ .md-button } [Política de Privacidade](https://duckduckgo.com/privacy){ .md-button }
We recommend you disable [Anonymous usage metrics](https://search.brave.com/help/usage-metrics) as it is enabled by default and can be disabled within settings.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://search.brave.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](https://search.brave4u7jddbv7cyviptqjc7jusxh72uik7zt6adtckl5f4nwy2v72qd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://search.brave.com/help/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://search.brave.com/help){ .card-link title=Documentation}
Brave Search is based in the United States. Their [privacy policy](https://search.brave.com/help/privacy-policy) states they collect aggregated usage metrics, which includes the operating system and browser in use, however no personally identifiable information is collected. IP addresses are temporarily processed, but are not retained.
## DuckDuckGo
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
DuckDuckGo está sediado em 🇺🇸 US. Sua [Política de Privacidade](https://duckduckgo.com/privacy) declara que eles registram sua consulta de pesquisa, mas não o seu IP ou qualquer outra informação de identificação. The search engine relies on a commercial Bing API to serve most results, but it does use numerous [other sources](https://help.duckduckgo.com/results/sources/) for instant answers and other non-primary results.
DuckDuckGo is the default search engine for the Tor Browser and is one of the few available options on Apple’s Safari browser.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://duckduckgo.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://duckduckgo.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://help.duckduckgo.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
DuckDuckGo is based in the United States. Their [privacy policy](https://duckduckgo.com/privacy) states they **do** log your searches for product improvement purposes, but not your IP address or any other personally identifying information.
DuckDuckGo offers two [other versions](https://help.duckduckgo.com/features/non-javascript/) of their search engine, both of which do not require JavaScript. These versions do lack features, however. These versions can also be used in conjunction with their [Tor onion address](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion/) by appending [/lite](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion/lite) or [/html](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion/html) for the respective version.
## SearXNG
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logo da página inicial](/assets/img/search-engines/startpage.svg){ align=right }
**Startpage** é um motor de pesquisa que fornece resultados de pesquisa do Google. É uma forma muito conveniente de obter resultados de pesquisa no Google sem experimentar padrões escuros, tais como capturas difíceis ou acesso recusado porque você usou um [VPN](/vpn) ou [Tor](https://www.torproject.org/download/).
[Visite startpage.com](https://www.startpage.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Política de Privacidade](https://www.startpage.com/en/privacy-policy){ .md-button }
SearXNG is a proxy between you and the search engines it aggregates from. Your search queries will still be sent to the search engines that SearXNG gets its results from.
When self-hosting, it is important that you have other people using your instance so that the queries would blend in. You should be careful with where and how you are hosting SearXNG, as people looking up illegal content on your instance could draw unwanted attention from authorities.
When you are using a SearXNG instance, be sure to go read their privacy policy. Since SearXNG instances may be modified by their owners, they do not necessarily reflect their privacy policy. Some instances run as a Tor hidden service, which may grant some privacy as long as your search queries does not contain PII.
## Startpage
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Startpage logo](assets/img/search-engines/startpage.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Startpage logo](assets/img/search-engines/startpage-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Startpage** is a private search engine known for serving Google search results. One of Startpage's unique features is the [Anonymous View](https://www.startpage.com/en/anonymous-view/), which puts forth efforts to standardize user activity to make it more difficult to be uniquely identified. The feature can be useful for hiding [some](https://support.startpage.com/hc/en-us/articles/4455540212116-The-Anonymous-View-Proxy-technical-details) network and browser properties. Unlike the name suggests, the feature should not be relied upon for anonymity. If you are looking for anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser) instead.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.startpage.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.startpage.com/en/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.startpage.com/hc/en-us/categories/4481917470356-Startpage-Search-Engine){ .card-link title=Documentation}
!!! Recomendamos que você verifique o [documentação](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) de Yubico sobre como configurar isso.
Startpage regularly limits service access to certain IP addresses, such as IPs reserved for VPNs or Tor. [DuckDuckGo](#duckduckgo) and [Brave Search](#brave-search) are friendlier options if your threat model requires hiding your IP address from the search provider.
Startpage is based in the Netherlands. According to their [privacy policy](https://www.startpage.com/en/privacy-policy/), they log details such as: operating system, type of browser, and language. They do not log your IP address, search queries, or other personally identifying information.
Startpage's majority shareholder is System1 who is an adtech company. We don't believe that to be an issue as they have a distinctly separate [privacy policy](https://system1.com/terms/privacy-policy). The Privacy Guides team reached out to Startpage [back in 2020](https://web.archive.org/web/20210118031008/https://blog.privacytools.io/relisting-startpage/) to clear up any concerns with System1's sizeable investment into the service. We were satisfied with the answers we received.
## Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
### Minimum Requirements
- Must not collect personally identifiable information per their privacy policy.
- Must not allow users to create an account with them.
### Best-Case
Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page.
- Should be based on open-source software.
- Should not block Tor exit node IP addresses.

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---
title: "Ferramentas de Privacidade"
icon: material/tools
hide:
- toc
description: Privacy Guides is the most transparent and reliable website for finding software, apps, and services that protect your personal data from mass surveillance programs and other internet threats.
---
Se você está procurando uma solução específica para algo, estas são as ferramentas de hardware e software que recomendamos em uma variedade de categorias. Nossas ferramentas de privacidade recomendadas são escolhidas principalmente com base em recursos de segurança, com ênfase adicional em ferramentas descentralizadas e de código aberto. They are applicable to a variety of threat models ranging from protection against global mass surveillance programs and avoiding big tech companies to mitigating attacks, but only you can determine what will work best for your needs.
If you want assistance figuring out the best privacy tools and alternative programs for your needs, start a discussion on our [forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/) or our [Matrix](https://matrix.to/#/#privacyguides:matrix.org) community!
For more details about each project, why they were chosen, and additional tips or tricks we recommend, click the "Learn more" link in each section, or click on the recommendation itself to be taken to that specific section of the page.
## Tor Network
<div class="grid cards annotate" markdown>
- ![Logótipo do Navegador Tor](/assets/img/browsers/tor.svg){ .twemoji } [Navegador Tor](https://www.torproject.org/)
- ![Logótipo do Firefox](/assets/img/browsers/firefox.svg){ .twemoji } [Firefox (Desktop)](https://firefox.com/)
- ![Logotipo Bromite](/assets/img/browsers/bromite.svg){ .twemoji } [Bromite (Android)](https://www.bromite.org/)
- ![Logotipo Safari](/assets/img/browsers/safari.svg){ .twemoji } [Safari (iOS)](https://www.apple.com/safari/)
</div>
1. Snowflake does not increase privacy, however it allows you to easily contribute to the Tor network and help people in censored networks achieve better privacy.
[Saiba mais...](tor.md)
## Sistemas Operacionais
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Mullvad Browser logo](assets/img/browsers/mullvad_browser.svg){ .twemoji } [Mullvad Browser](desktop-browsers.md#mullvad-browser)
- ![Firefox logo](assets/img/browsers/firefox.svg){ .twemoji } [Firefox](desktop-browsers.md#firefox)
- ![Brave logo](assets/img/browsers/brave.svg){ .twemoji } [Brave](desktop-browsers.md#brave)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](desktop-browsers.md)
### Recursos Adicionais
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![GrapheneOS logo](/assets/img/android/grapheneos.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![GrapheneOS logo](/assets/img/android/grapheneos-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [GrapheneOS](https://grapheneos.org/)
- ![logo CalyxOS](/assets/img/android/calyxos.svg){ .twemoji } [CalyxOS](https://calyxos.org/)
- ![DivestOS logo](/assets/img/android/divestos.svg){ .twemoji } [DivestOS](https://divestos.org/)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](desktop-browsers.md#additional-resources)
## Prestadores de serviços
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Droid-ify logo](/assets/img/android/droid-ify.png){ .twemoji } [Droid-ify (F-Droid Client)](https://github.com/Iamlooker/Droid-ify)
- ![Logo Orbot](/assets/img/android/orbot.svg){ .twemoji } [Orbot (Tor Proxy)](https://orbot.app/)
- ![Shelter logo](/assets/img/android/shelter.svg){ .twemoji } [Shelter (Work Profiles)](https://gitea.angry.im/PeterCxy/Shelter)
- ![Logótipo do auditor](/assets/img/android/auditor.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Logotipo GrapheneOS](/assets/img/android/auditor-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Auditor (dispositivos suportados)](https://attestation.app/)
- ![Logotipo da câmera segura](/assets/img/android/secure_camera.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Logotipo da câmera segura](/assets/img/android/secure_camera-dark).svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Secure Camera](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera)
- ![Secure PDF Viewer logo](/assets/img/android/secure_pdf_viewer.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![GrapheneOS logo](/assets/img/android/secure_pdf_viewer-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Secure PDF Viewer](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/PdfViewer)
- ![PrivacyBlur logo](/assets/img/android/privacyblur.svg){ .twemoji } [PrivacyBlur](https://privacyblur.app/)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](mobile-browsers.md)
### Recursos Adicionais
<div class="grid cards annotate" markdown>
- ![AdGuard logo](assets/img/browsers/adguard.svg){ .twemoji } [AdGuard for iOS](mobile-browsers.md#adguard)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](mobile-browsers.md#adguard)
## Software
### Mobile
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Logótipo OpenWrt](/assets/img/router/openwrt.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Logótipo OpenWrt](/assets/img/router/openwrt-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [OpenWrt](https://openwrt.org/)
- ![logótipo pfSense](/assets/img/router/pfsense.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![logótipo pfSense](/assets/img/router/pfsense-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [pfSense](https://www.pfsense.org/)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](android.md)
#### Android Apps
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Aurora Store logo](assets/img/android/aurora-store.webp){ .twemoji } [Aurora Store (Google Play Client)](android.md#aurora-store)
- ![Shelter logo](assets/img/android/mini/shelter.svg){ .twemoji } [Shelter (Work Profiles)](android.md#shelter)
- ![Auditor logo](assets/img/android/auditor.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/auditor-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Auditor (Supported Devices)](android.md#auditor)
- ![Secure Camera logo](assets/img/android/secure_camera.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Secure Camera logo](assets/img/android/secure_camera-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Secure Camera](android.md#secure-camera)
- ![Secure PDF Viewer logo](assets/img/android/secure_pdf_viewer.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/secure_pdf_viewer-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Secure PDF Viewer](android.md#secure-pdf-viewer)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](android.md#general-apps)
### Armazenamento em nuvem
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Logotipo ProtonMail](/assets/img/email/mini/protonmail.svg){ .twemoji } [ProtonMail](https://protonmail.com/)
- ![Logotipo mailbox.org](/assets/img/email/mini/mailboxorg.svg){ .twemoji } [Mailbox.org](https://mailbox.org/)
- ![Logotipo de raiz](/assets/img/img/email/mini/disroot.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Logotipo de raiz](/assets/img/email/mini/disroot-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Disroot](https://disroot.org/)
- ![Logotipo Tutanota](/assets/img/email/mini/tutanota.svg){ .twemoji } [Tutanota](https://tutanota.com/)
- ![Logotipo StartMail](/assets/img/email/mini/tutanota.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![StartMail logo](/assets/img/email/mini/startmail-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [StartMail](https://startmail.com/)
- ![CTemplar logo](/assets/img/email/mini/ctemplar.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![CTemplar logo](/assets/img/email/mini/ctemplar-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [CTemplar](https://ctemplar.com/)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](desktop.md)
### Router Firmware
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![AnonAddy logo](/assets/img/img/email/mini/anonaddy.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![AnonAddy logo](/assets/img/email/mini/anonaddy-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [AnonAddy](https://anonaddy.com/)
- ![SimpleLogin logo](/assets/img/email/mini/simplelogin.svg){ .twemoji } [SimpleLogin](https://simplelogin.io/)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](router.md)
## Service Providers
### Email
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ .twemoji } [Proton Drive](cloud.md#proton-drive)
- ![Tresorit logo](assets/img/cloud/tresorit.svg){ .twemoji } [Tresorit](cloud.md#tresorit)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](cloud.md)
### DNS
#### DNS Providers
We [recommend](dns.md#recommended-providers) a number of encrypted DNS servers based on a variety of criteria, such as [Mullvad](https://mullvad.net/en/help/dns-over-https-and-dns-over-tls) and [Quad9](https://quad9.net/) amongst others. We recommend for you to read our pages on DNS before choosing a provider. In many cases, using an alternative DNS provider is not recommended.
[Saiba mais...](dns.md)
#### Encrypted DNS Proxies
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![logo DuckDuckGo](/assets/img/search-engines/duckduckgo.svg){ .twemoji } [DuckDuckGo](https://duckduckgo.com/)
- ![logo Startpage](/assets/img/search-engines/startpage.svg){ .twemoji } [Startpage](https://www.startpage.com/)
- ![Mojeek logo](/assets/img/search-engines//mini/mojeek.svg){ .twemoji } [Mojeek](https://www.mojeek.com/)
- ![Searx logo](/assets/img/search-engines/searx.svg){ .twemoji } [Searx](https://searx.me/)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](dns.md#encrypted-dns-proxies)
#### Self-hosted Solutions
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Logótipo Mullvad](/assets/img/vpn/mini/mullvad.svg){ .twemoji } [Mullvad](https://mullvad.net/)
- ![Logótipo ProtonVPN](/assets/img/vpn/mini/protonvpn.svg){ .twemoji } [ProtonVPN](https://protonvpn.com/)
- ![Logotipo IVPN](/assets/img/vpn/mini/ivpn.svg){ .twemoji } [IVPN](https://www.ivpn.net/)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](dns.md#self-hosted-solutions)
### Provedores de VPN
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![logo Tutanota](/assets/img/calendar-contactos/tutanota.svg){ .twemoji } [Tutanota (SaaS)](https://tutanota.com/calendar)
- ![logo Proton Calendar](/assets/img/calendar-contactos/proton-calendar.svg){ .twemoji } [Calendário Proton (SaaS)](https://calendar.protonmail.com/)
- ![Logotipo EteSync](/assets/img/calendar-contacts/etesync.svg){ .twemoji } [EteSync](https://www.etesync.com/)
- ![Logotipo Tutanota](/assets/img/calendar-contacts/nextcloud.svg){ .twemoji } [Nextcloud](https://nextcloud.com/)
- ![Logotipo DecSync CC](/assets/img/calendar-contacts/decsync.svg){ .twemoji } [DecSync](https://github.com/39aldo39/DecSync)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](email.md)
#### Visão Geral da Criptografia de E-mail
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Joplin logo](/assets/img/notebooks/joplin.svg){ .twemoji } [Joplin](https://joplinapp.org/)
- ![Standard Notes logo](/assets/img/notebooks/standard-notes.svg){ .twemoji } [Standard Notes](https://standardnotes.org/)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](email.md#email-aliasing-services)
#### Visão Geral dos Metadados de Email
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![mailcow logo](assets/img/email/mailcow.svg){ .twemoji } [mailcow](email.md#self-hosting-email)
- ![Mail-in-a-Box logo](assets/img/email/mail-in-a-box.svg){ .twemoji } [Mail-in-a-Box](email.md#self-hosting-email)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](email.md#self-hosting-email)
### Financial Services
#### Payment Masking Services
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Privacy.com logo](assets/img/financial-services/privacy_com.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Privacy.com logo](assets/img/financial-services/privacy_com-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Privacy.com](financial-services.md#privacycom-us-free)
- ![MySudo logo](assets/img/financial-services/mysudo.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![MySudo logo](assets/img/financial-services/mysudo-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [MySudo](financial-services.md#mysudo-us-paid)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](financial-services.md#payment-masking-services)
#### Online Gift Card Marketplaces
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Cake Pay logo](assets/img/financial-services/cakepay.svg){ .twemoji } [Cake Pay](financial-services.md#cake-pay)
- ![CoinCards logo](assets/img/financial-services/coincards.svg){ .twemoji } [CoinCards](financial-services.md#coincards)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces)
### Motores de Busca
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![VeraCrypt logo](/assets/img/encryption-software/veracrypt.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![VeraCrypt logo](/assets/img/encryption-software/veracrypt-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [VeraCrypt (FDE)](https://veracrypt.fr/)
- ![Logotipo do criptomator](/assets/img/encryption-software/cryptomator.svg){ .twemoji } [Cryptomator](https://cryptomator.org/)
- ![Logotipo do Picocrypt](/assets/img/encryption-software/picocrypt.svg){ .twemoji } [Picocrypt](https://evansu.cc/picocrypt)
- ![Hat.sh logo](/assets/img/encryption-software/hat-sh.png#only-light){ .twemoji }![Hat.sh logo](/assets/img/encryption-software/hat-sh-dark.png#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Hat.sh (baseado no navegador)](https://hat.sh/)
- ![Logotipo Kryptor](/assets/img/encryption-software/kryptor.png){ .twemoji } [Kryptor](https://www.kryptor.co.uk/)
- ![Logotipo Tomb](/assets/img/encryption-software/tomb.png){ .twemoji } [Tomb](https://www.dyne.org/software/tomb)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](search-engines.md)
### VPN Providers
Recomendamos armazenar uma chave de recuperação local em um local seguro, em vez de utilizar a recuperação do iCloud FileVault. perigo "As VPNs não proporcionam anonimato".
Usando uma VPN **não*** manterá seus hábitos de navegação anônimos, nem adicionará segurança adicional ao tráfego não seguro (HTTP).
Se você está procurando por **anonimato**, você deve usar o Navegador Tor **em vez de** de uma VPN.
Se você está procurando por **security** adicionado, você deve sempre garantir que você está se conectando a sites usando [HTTPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTPS). Uma VPN não é um substituto para as boas práticas de segurança.
[Saiba mais](vpn.md)
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![IVPN logo](assets/img/vpn/mini/ivpn.svg){ .twemoji } [IVPN](vpn.md#ivpn)
- ![Mullvad logo](assets/img/vpn/mullvad.svg){ .twemoji } [Mullvad](vpn.md#mullvad)
- ![Proton VPN logo](assets/img/vpn/protonvpn.svg){ .twemoji } [Proton VPN](vpn.md#proton-vpn)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](vpn.md)
## Software
### Clientes de e-mail
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![logótipo OnionShare](/assets/img/file-sharing-sync/onionshare.svg){ .twemoji } [OnionShare](https://onionshare.org/)
- ![logótipo Magic Wormhole](/assets/img/file-sharing-sync/magic_wormhole.png){ .twemoji } [Magic Wormhole](https://magic-wormhole.readthedocs.io/)
- ![Logotipo FreedomBox](/assets/img/file-sharing-sync/freedombox.svg){ .twemoji } [FreedomBox](https://freedombox.org/)
- ![Syncthing logo](/assets/img/file-sharing-sync/syncthing.svg){ .twemoji } [Syncthing](https://syncthing.net/)
- ![git-annex logo](/assets/img/file-sharing-sync/gitannex.svg){ .twemoji } [git-annex](https://git-annex.branchable.com/)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](calendar.md)
### Cryptocurrency
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Monero logo](assets/img/cryptocurrency/monero.svg){ .twemoji } [Monero](cryptocurrency.md#monero)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](cryptocurrency.md)
### Ferramentas de encriptação
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![MAT2 logo](/assets/img/metadata-removal/mat2.svg){ .twemoji } [MAT2](https://0xacab.org/jvoisin/mat2)
- ![ExifCleaner logo](/assets/img/metadata-removal/exifcleaner.svg){ .twemoji } [ExifCleaner](https://exifcleaner.com/)
- ![Scrambled Exif logo](/assets/img/metadata-removal/scrambled-exif.svg){ .twemoji } [Scrambled Exif (Android)](https://gitlab.com/juanitobananas/scrambled-exif)
- ![Logótipo Imagepipe](/assets/img/metadata-removal/imagepipe.svg){ .twemoji } [Imagepipe (Android)](https://codeberg.org/Starfish/Imagepipe)
- ![Logotipo Metapho](/assets/img/metadata-removal/metapho.jpg){ .twemoji } [Metapho (iOS)](https://zininworks.com/metapho)
- ![Logotipo ExifTool](/assets/img/metadata-removal/exiftool.png){ .twemoji } [ExifTool (CLI)](https://exiftool.org/)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](data-redaction.md)
### Partilha de ficheiros
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![YubiKeys](/assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/yubikey.png){ .twemoji } [YubiKey](https://www.yubico.com/)
- ![Nitrokey](/assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/nitrokey.jpg){ .twemoji } [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com/)
- ![Aegis logo](/assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/aegis.png){ .twemoji } [Aegis Authenticator](https://getaegis.app/)
- ![Raivo OTP logo](/assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/raivo-otp.png){ .twemoji } [Raivo OTP](https://github.com/raivo-otp/ios-application)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](email-clients.md)
### Software de encriptação
Recomendamos armazenar uma chave de recuperação local em um local seguro, em vez de utilizar a recuperação do iCloud FileVault. info "Operating System Disk Encryption"
Para criptografar a unidade do seu sistema operacional, normalmente recomendamos usar qualquer ferramenta de criptografia que o seu sistema operacional forneça, seja **BitLocker** no Windows, **FileVault** no MacOS, ou **LUKS*** no Linux. Estas ferramentas estão disponíveis fora da caixa e normalmente utilizam elementos de encriptação de hardware como um TPM que outros softwares de encriptação de disco completo como o VeraCrypt não utilizarão. O VeraCrypt ainda é adequado para discos de sistemas não operacionais, como acionamentos externos, especialmente acionamentos que podem ser acessados de vários sistemas operacionais.
[Saiba mais](encryption.md###operating-system-included-full-disk-encryption-fde)
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![logótipo KeePassXC](/assets/img/password-management/keepassxc.svg){ .twemoji } [KeePassXC](https://keepassxc.org/)
- ![logótipo KeePassDX](/assets/img/password-management/keepassdx.svg){ .twemoji } [KeePassDX (Android)](https://www.keepassdx.com/)
- ![Bitwarden logo](/assets/img/password-management/bitwarden.svg){ .twemoji } [Bitwarden](https://bitwarden.com/)
- ![Psono logo](/assets/img/password-management/psono.svg){ .twemoji } [Psono](https://psono.com/)
- ![gopass logo](/assets/img/password-management/gopass.svg){ .twemoji } [gopass](https://www.gopass.pw/)
- ![Vaultwarden logo](/assets/img/password-management/vaultwarden.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Vaultwarden logo](/assets/img/password-management/vaultwarden-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Vaultwarden (Bitwarden Server)](https://github.com/dani-garcia/vaultwarden)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](encryption.md)
#### OpenPGP Clients
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![logótipo LibreOffice](/assets/img/productivity/libreoffice.svg){ .twemoji } [LibreOffice](https://www.libreoffice.org/)
- ![logótipo OnlyOffice](/assets/img/productivity/libreoffice.svg){ .twemoji } [OnlyOffice](https://www.onlyoffice.com/)
- ![Framadate logo](/assets/img/productivity/framadate.svg){ .twemoji } [Framadate (Appointment Planning)](https://framadate.org/)
- ![PrivateBin logo](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ .twemoji } [PrivateBin (Pastebin)](https://privatebin.info/)
- ![CryptPad logo](/assets/img/productivity/cryptpad.svg){ .twemoji } [CryptPad](https://cryptpad.fr/)
- ![Write.as logo](/assets/img/productivity/writeas.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Write.as logo](/assets/img/productivity/writeas-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Write.as (Blogging Platform)](https://write.as/)
- ![VSCodium logo](/assets/img/productivity/vscodium.svg){ .twemoji } [VSCodium (Source-Code Editor)](https://vscodium.com/)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](encryption.md#openpgp)
### Ferramentas de Autenticação Multi-Factor
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Logotipo do sinal](/assets/img/messengers/signal.svg){ .twemoji } [Signal](https://signal.org/)
- ![Logotipo do elemento](/assets/img/messengers/element.svg){ .twemoji } [Element](https://element.io/)
- ![Logotipo do Briar](/assets/img/messengers/briar.svg){ .twemoji } [Briar (Android)](https://briarproject.org/)
- ![Logotipo da sessão](/assets/img/messengers/session.svg){ .twemoji } [Session](https://getsession.org/)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](file-sharing.md)
### Gestores de senhas
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Leitor Fluente](/assets/img/news-aggregators/fluent-reader.svg){ .twemoji } [Leitor Fluente](https://hyliu.me/fluent-reader)
- ![GNOME Feeds](/assets/img/news-aggregators/gfeeds.svg){ .twemoji } [GNOME Feeds](https://gfeeds.gabmus.org)
- ![Akregator](/assets/img/news-aggregators/akregator.svg){ .twemoji } [Akregator](https://apps.kde.org/akregator)
- ![Leitor de Notícias Handy](/assets/img/news-aggregators/handy-news-reader.svg){ .twemoji } [Leitor de Notícias Handy](https://github.com/yanus171/Handy-News-Reader)
- ![NetNewsWire](/assets/img/news-aggregators/netnewswire.png){ .twemoji } [NetNewsWire](https://netnewswire.com)
- ![Miniflux](/assets/img/news-aggregators/miniflux.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Miniflux logo](/assets/img/news-aggregators/miniflux-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Miniflux](https://miniflux.app)
- ![Newsboat](/assets/img/news-aggregators/newsboat.svg){ .twemoji } [Newsboat](https://newsboat.org/)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](frontends.md)
### Ferramentas de Produtividade
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![YubiKeys](assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/mini/yubico.svg){ .twemoji } [YubiKey](multi-factor-authentication.md#yubikey)
- ![Nitrokey](assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/mini/nitrokey.svg){ .twemoji } [Nitrokey](multi-factor-authentication.md#nitrokey)
- ![Aegis logo](assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/aegis.png){ .twemoji } [Aegis Authenticator](multi-factor-authentication.md#aegis-authenticator)
- ![Raivo OTP logo](assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/raivo-otp.png){ .twemoji } [Raivo OTP](multi-factor-authentication.md#raivo-otp)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](multi-factor-authentication.md)
### Comunicação em Tempo Real
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![FreeTube logo](/assets/img/video-streaming/freetube.svg){ .twemoji } [FreeTube (YouTube, Desktop)](https://freetubeapp.io/)
- ![LBRY logo](/assets/img/video-streaming/lbry.svg){ .twemoji } [LBRY](https://lbry.com/)
- ![logo NewPipe](/assets/img//video-streaming/newpipe.svg){ .twemoji } [NewPipe (YouTube, Android)](https://newpipe.net/)
- ![logo NewPipe x SponsorBlock](/assets/img/video-streaming/newpipe.svg){ .twemoji } [NewPipe x SponsorBlock](https://github.com/polymorphicshade/NewPipe)
- ![Invidious logo](/assets/img/video-streaming/invideo-streaming/invidious.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Invidious logo](/assets/img/video-streaming/invideo-streaming/invidious-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Invidious (YouTube, Web)](https://invidious.io/)
- ![Logótipo canalizado](/assets/img/video-streaming/piped.svg){ .twemoji } [Piped (YouTube, Web)](https://piped.kavin.rocks/)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](news-aggregators.md)
### Cadernos de notas
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Joplin logo](assets/img/notebooks/joplin.svg){ .twemoji } [Joplin](notebooks.md#joplin)
- ![Standard Notes logo](assets/img/notebooks/standard-notes.svg){ .twemoji } [Standard Notes](notebooks.md#standard-notes)
- ![Cryptee logo](assets/img/notebooks/cryptee.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Cryptee logo](assets/img/notebooks/cryptee-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Cryptee](notebooks.md#cryptee)
- ![Org-mode logo](assets/img/notebooks/org-mode.svg){ .twemoji } [Org-mode](notebooks.md#org-mode)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](notebooks.md)
### Redes Auto-Contidas
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Bitwarden logo](assets/img/password-management/bitwarden.svg){ .twemoji } [Bitwarden](passwords.md#bitwarden)
- ![1Password logo](assets/img/password-management/1password.svg){ .twemoji } [1Password](passwords.md#1password)
- ![Psono logo](assets/img/password-management/psono.svg){ .twemoji } [Psono](passwords.md#psono)
- ![KeePassXC logo](assets/img/password-management/keepassxc.svg){ .twemoji } [KeePassXC](passwords.md#keepassxc)
- ![KeePassDX logo](assets/img/password-management/keepassdx.svg){ .twemoji } [KeePassDX (Android)](passwords.md#keepassdx-android)
- ![Strongbox logo](assets/img/password-management/strongbox.svg){ .twemoji } [Strongbox (iOS & macOS)](passwords.md#strongbox-ios-macos)
- ![gopass logo](assets/img/password-management/gopass.svg){ .twemoji } [gopass](passwords.md#gopass)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](passwords.md)
### Clientes de streaming de vídeo
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Nextcloud logo](assets/img/productivity/nextcloud.svg){ .twemoji } [Nextcloud (Self-Hostable)](productivity.md#nextcloud)
- ![LibreOffice logo](assets/img/productivity/libreoffice.svg){ .twemoji } [LibreOffice](productivity.md#libreoffice)
- ![OnlyOffice logo](assets/img/productivity/onlyoffice.svg){ .twemoji } [OnlyOffice](productivity.md#onlyoffice)
- ![CryptPad logo](assets/img/productivity/cryptpad.svg){ .twemoji } [CryptPad](productivity.md#cryptpad)
- ![PrivateBin logo](assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ .twemoji } [PrivateBin (Pastebin)](productivity.md#privatebin)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](productivity.md)
### Clientes de streaming de vídeo
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Signal logo](assets/img/messengers/signal.svg){ .twemoji } [Signal](real-time-communication.md#signal)
- ![Briar logo](assets/img/messengers/briar.svg){ .twemoji } [Briar](real-time-communication.md#briar)
- ![SimpleX Chat logo](assets/img/messengers/simplex.svg){ .twemoji } [SimpleX Chat](real-time-communication.md#simplex-chat)
- ![Element logo](assets/img/messengers/element.svg){ .twemoji } [Element](real-time-communication.md#element)
- ![Session logo](assets/img/messengers/session.svg){ .twemoji } [Session](real-time-communication.md#session)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](real-time-communication.md)
### Video Streaming Clients
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![LBRY logo](assets/img/video-streaming/lbry.svg){ .twemoji } [LBRY](video-streaming.md#lbry)
</div>
[Saiba mais...](video-streaming.md)

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---
title: "Tor Network"
icon: simple/torproject
description: Protect your internet browsing from prying eyes by using the Tor network, a secure network which circumvents censorship.
---
![Tor logo](assets/img/self-contained-networks/tor.svg){ align=right }
The **Tor** network is a group of volunteer-operated servers that allows you to connect for free and improve your privacy and security on the Internet. Individuals and organizations can also share information over the Tor network with ".onion hidden services" without compromising their privacy. Because Tor traffic is difficult to block and trace, Tor is an effective censorship circumvention tool.
[:octicons-home-16:](https://www.torproject.org){ .card-link title=Homepage }
[:simple-torbrowser:](http://2gzyxa5ihm7nsggfxnu52rck2vv4rvmdlkiu3zzui5du4xyclen53wid.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://tb-manual.torproject.org/){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitweb.torproject.org/tor.git){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://donate.torproject.org/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
Tor works by routing your internet traffic through those volunteer-operated servers, instead of making a direct connection to the site you're trying to visit. This obfuscates where the traffic is coming from, and no server in the connection path is able to see the full path of where the traffic is coming from and going to, meaning even the servers you are using to connect cannot break your anonymity.
[Detailed Tor Overview :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](advanced/tor-overview.md ""){.md-button}
## Connecting to Tor
There are a variety of ways to connect to the Tor network from your device, the most commonly used being the **Tor Browser**, a fork of Firefox designed for anonymous browsing for desktop computers and Android. In addition to the apps listed below, there are also operating systems designed specifically to connect to the Tor network such as [Whonix](desktop.md#whonix) on [Qubes OS](desktop.md#qubes-os), which provide even greater security and protections than the standard Tor Browser.
### Navegador Tor
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Tor Browser logo](assets/img/browsers/tor.svg){ align=right }
**Tor Browser** is the choice if you need anonymity, as it provides you with access to the Tor network and bridges, and it includes default settings and extensions that are automatically configured by the default security levels: *Standard*, *Safer* and *Safest*.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.torproject.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](http://2gzyxa5ihm7nsggfxnu52rck2vv4rvmdlkiu3zzui5du4xyclen53wid.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://tb-manual.torproject.org/){ .card-link title=Documentation }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitweb.torproject.org/tor-browser.git/){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://donate.torproject.org/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.torproject.torbrowser)
- [:simple-android: Android](https://www.torproject.org/download/#android)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.torproject.org/download/)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.torproject.org/download/)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.torproject.org/download/)
- [:simple-freebsd: FreeBSD](https://www.freshports.org/security/tor)
!!! Isto permite-nos fornecer recomendações completamente objectivas.</strong> Desenvolvemos um conjunto claro de requisitos para qualquer provedor de VPN que deseje ser recomendado, incluindo criptografia forte, auditorias de segurança independentes, tecnologia moderna, e muito mais.
You should **never** install any additional extensions on Tor Browser or edit `about:config` settings, including the ones we suggest for Firefox. Browser extensions and non-standard settings make you stand out from others on the Tor network, thus making your browser easier to [fingerprint](https://support.torproject.org/glossary/browser-fingerprinting).
Este navegador fornece acesso às Pontes Tor e \[Rede Tor\](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(rede)), juntamente com extensões que podem ser configuradas automaticamente para se ajustarem aos seus três níveis de segurança - *Standard*, *Safer* e *Safest*. Therefore, it is imperative that you do **not** modify the browser beyond the default [security levels](https://tb-manual.torproject.org/security-settings/).
### Perfis de usuário
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Orbot logo](assets/img/self-contained-networks/orbot.svg){ align=right }
**Orbot** is a free Tor VPN for smartphones which routes traffic from any app on your device through the Tor network.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://orbot.app/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://orbot.app/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://orbot.app/faqs){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://orbot.app/code){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://orbot.app/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.torproject.android)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/orbot/id1609461599)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/guardianproject/orbot/releases)
We previously recommended enabling the *Isolate Destination Address* preference in Orbot settings. While this setting can theoretically improve privacy by enforcing the use of a different circuit for each IP address you connect to, it doesn't provide a practical advantage for most applications (especially web browsing), can come with a significant performance penalty, and increases the load on the Tor network. We no longer recommend adjusting this setting from its default value unless you know you need to.[^1]
!!! tip "Tips for Android"
Os dados de cada usuário são criptografados usando sua própria chave de criptografia exclusiva, e os arquivos do sistema operacional são deixados não criptografados. It can also proxy all your network connections using [VpnService](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/net/VpnService) and can be used with the VPN killswitch in :gear: **Settings** → **Network & internet** → **VPN** → :gear: → **Block connections without VPN**.
Orbot is often outdated on the Guardian Project's [F-Droid repository](https://guardianproject.info/fdroid) and [Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.torproject.android), so consider downloading directly from the [GitHub repository](https://github.com/guardianproject/orbot/releases) instead.
[Visite orbot.app](https://orbot.app/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
**Downloads***
- [:fontawesome-brands-google-play: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.torproject.android)
- [:pg-f-droid: F-Droid](https://guardianproject.info/fdroid)
- [:fontawesome-brands-github: GitHub](https://github.com/guardianproject/orbot)
- [:fontawesome-brands-gitlab: GitLab](https://gitlab.com/guardianproject/orbot)
## Relays and Bridges
### Snowflake
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![Snowflake logo](assets/img/browsers/snowflake.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Snowflake logo](assets/img/browsers/snowflake-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Snowflake** allows you to donate bandwidth to the Tor Project by operating a "Snowflake proxy" within your browser.
People who are censored can use Snowflake proxies to connect to the Tor network. Snowflake is a great way to contribute to the network even if you don't have the technical know-how to run a Tor relay or bridge.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://snowflake.torproject.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://gitlab.torproject.org/tpo/anti-censorship/pluggable-transports/snowflake/-/wikis/Technical%20Overview){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitweb.torproject.org/pluggable-transports/snowflake.git/){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://donate.torproject.org/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
??? downloads
- [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/torproject-snowflake/)
- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/snowflake/mafpmfcccpbjnhfhjnllmmalhifmlcie)
- [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://snowflake.torproject.org/embed "Leave this page open to be a Snowflake proxy")
Recomendamos armazenar uma chave de recuperação local em um local seguro, em vez de utilizar a recuperação do iCloud FileVault. tip "Embedded Snowflake"
You can enable Snowflake in your browser by clicking the switch below and ==leaving this page open==. You can also install Snowflake as a browser extension to have it always run while your browser is open, however adding third-party extensions can increase your attack surface.
<center><iframe src="https://snowflake.torproject.org/embed.html" width="320" height="240" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe></center>
<small>If the embed does not appear for you, ensure you are not blocking the third-party frame from `torproject.org`. Alternatively, visit [this page](https://snowflake.torproject.org/embed.html).</small>
Snowflake does not increase your privacy in any way, nor is it used to connect to the Tor network within your personal browser. However, if your internet connection is uncensored, you should consider running it to help people in censored networks achieve better privacy themselves. There is no need to worry about which websites people are accessing through your proxy—their visible browsing IP address will match their Tor exit node, not yours.
Running a Snowflake proxy is low-risk, even moreso than running a Tor relay or bridge which are already not particularly risky endeavours. However, it does still proxy traffic through your network which can be impactful in some ways, especially if your network is bandwidth-limited. Make sure you understand [how Snowflake works](https://gitlab.torproject.org/tpo/anti-censorship/pluggable-transports/snowflake/-/wikis/home) before deciding whether to run a proxy.
[^1]: The `IsolateDestAddr` setting is discussed on the [Tor mailing list](https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-talk/2012-May/024403.html) and [Whonix's Stream Isolation documentation](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Stream_Isolation), where both projects suggest that it is usually not a good approach for most people.

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---
title: "Transmissão de vídeo"
icon: material/video-wireless
description: These networks allow you to stream internet content without building an advertising profile based on your interests.
---
A principal ameaça ao usar uma plataforma de streaming de vídeo é que os seus hábitos de streaming e listas de assinaturas podem ser usados para traçar o seu perfil. Você deve combinar estas ferramentas com um [VPN](/vpn) ou [Tor](https://www.torproject.org/) para tornar mais difícil o perfil do seu uso.
## Clientes
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
Ao usar o Freetube, seu endereço IP ainda é conhecido pelo YouTube, [Invidious](https://instances.invidious.io) e as instâncias SponsorBlock que você usa. It uses a [BitTorrent](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent)-like network to store the video content, and a [blockchain](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain) to store the indexes for those videos. The main benefit of this design is censorship resistance.
**The LBRY desktop client** helps you stream videos from the LBRY network and stores your subscription list in your own LBRY wallet.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://lbry.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://lbry.com/privacypolicy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://lbry.com/faq){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/lbryio/lbry-desktop){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
??? downloads
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://lbry.com/windows)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://lbry.com/osx)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://lbry.com/linux)
!!! note
Only the **LBRY desktop client** is recommended, as the [Odysee](https://odysee.com) website and the LBRY clients in F-Droid, Play Store, and the App Store have mandatory synchronization and telemetry.
!!! Recomendamos que você verifique o [documentação](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) de Yubico sobre como configurar isso.
While watching and hosting videos, your IP address is visible to the LBRY network. Consider using a [VPN](vpn.md) or [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) if your [threat model](basics/threat-modeling.md) requires hiding your IP address.
We recommend **against** synchronizing your wallet with LBRY Inc., as synchronizing encrypted wallets is not supported yet. If you synchronize your wallet with LBRY Inc., you have to trust them to not look at your subscription list, [LBC](https://lbry.com/faq/earn-credits) funds, or take control of your channel.
You can disable *Save hosting data to help the LBRY network* option in :gear: **Settings** → **Advanced Settings**, to avoid exposing your IP address and watched videos when using LBRY for a prolonged period of time.
## Framadate
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
!!! Considere o auto-hospedagem para mitigar esta ameaça.
![logo PrivateBin](/assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }
**PrivateBin** é um pastebin online minimalista e de código aberto onde o servidor tem zero conhecimento de dados colados. Os dados são criptografados/descriptografados no navegador usando AES de 256 bits. Psono suporta compartilhamento seguro de senhas, arquivos, marcadores e e-mails.
- Must not require a centralized account to view videos.
- Decentralized authentication, such as via a mobile wallet's private key is acceptable.

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---
title: "VPN Services"
icon: material/vpn
description: These are the best VPN services for protecting your privacy and security online. Find a provider here that isn’t out to spy on you.
---
If you're looking for additional **privacy** from your ISP, on a public Wi-Fi network, or while torrenting files, a VPN may be the solution for you as long as you understand the risks involved. We think these providers are a cut above the rest:
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![IVPN logo](assets/img/vpn/mini/ivpn.svg){ .twemoji } [IVPN](#ivpn)
- ![Mullvad logo](assets/img/vpn/mullvad.svg){ .twemoji } [Mullvad](#mullvad)
- ![Proton VPN logo](assets/img/vpn/protonvpn.svg){ .twemoji } [Proton VPN](#proton-vpn)
</div>
!!! perigo "As VPNs não proporcionam anonimato".
Usando uma VPN **não*** manterá seus hábitos de navegação anônimos, nem adicionará segurança adicional ao tráfego não seguro (HTTP).
Se você está procurando por **anonimato**, você deve usar o Navegador Tor **em vez de** de uma VPN.
Se você está procurando por **security** adicionado, você deve sempre garantir que você está se conectando a sites usando [HTTPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTPS). Uma VPN não é um substituto para as boas práticas de segurança.
[Baixar Tor](https://www.torproject.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Mitos Tor & FAQ](https://medium.com/privacyguides/slicing-onions-part-1-myth-busting-tor-9ec188ae1904){ .md-button }
[Detailed VPN Overview :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](basics/vpn-overview.md ""){.md-button}
## Provedores recomendados
Nossos provedores recomendados estão fora dos EUA, usam criptografia, aceitam Monero, suportam WireGuard & OpenVPN, e têm uma política de não registro. Read our [full list of criteria](#criteria) for more information.
### ProtonVPN
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![ProtonVPN logo](/assets/img/vpn/protonvpn.svg){ align=right }
**ProtonVPN*** é um forte concorrente no espaço VPN, e estão em operação desde 2016. ProtonVPN está baseado na Suíça e oferece um nível de preços livre limitado, bem como opções premium.
Eles oferecem mais 14 iscount para a compra de uma assinatura de 2 anos. Também achamos que é melhor para a segurança das chaves privadas do provedor de VPN se ele usar [servidores dedicados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_hosting_service), ao invés de soluções compartilhadas mais baratas (com outros clientes), como [servidores virtuais privados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_server).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } 35 Countries
IVPN has [servers in 35 countries](https://www.ivpn.net/server-locations).(1) Picking a VPN provider with a server nearest to you will reduce latency of the network traffic you send. Isto é devido a uma rota mais curta (menos lúpulo) para o destino.
{ .annotate }
1. Ocultar o seu tráfego de **apenas** o seu fornecedor de serviços de Internet.
We also think it's better for the security of the VPN provider's private keys if they use [dedicated servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_hosting_service), instead of cheaper shared solutions (with other customers) such as [virtual private servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_server).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Independently Audited
IVPN has undergone a [no-logging audit from Cure53](https://cure53.de/audit-report_ivpn.pdf) which concluded in agreement with IVPN's no-logging claim. IVPN has also completed a [comprehensive pentest report Cure53](https://cure53.de/summary-report_ivpn_2019.pdf) in January 2020. IVPN has also said they plan to have [annual reports](https://www.ivpn.net/blog/independent-security-audit-concluded) in the future. A further review was conducted [in April 2022](https://www.ivpn.net/blog/ivpn-apps-security-audit-2022-concluded/) and was produced by Cure53 [on their website](https://cure53.de/pentest-report_IVPN_2022.pdf).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Open-Source Clients
As of February 2020 [IVPN applications are now open-source](https://www.ivpn.net/blog/ivpn-applications-are-now-open-source). Source code can be obtained from their [GitHub organization](https://github.com/ivpn).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Accepts Cash and Monero
In addition to accepting credit/debit cards and PayPal, IVPN accepts Bitcoin, **Monero** and **cash/local currency** (on annual plans) as anonymous forms of payment.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } WireGuard Support
ProtonVPN suporta principalmente o protocolo WireGuard®. [WireGuard](https://www.wireguard.com) is a newer protocol that uses state-of-the-art [cryptography](https://www.wireguard.com/protocol/). Além disso, o WireGuard pretende ser mais simples e mais performante.
IVPN [recommends](https://www.ivpn.net/wireguard/) the use of WireGuard with their service and, as such, the protocol is the default on all of IVPN's apps. IVPN also offers a WireGuard configuration generator for use with the official WireGuard [apps](https://www.wireguard.com/install/).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Remote Port Forwarding
Remote [port forwarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_forwarding) is possible with a Pro plan. Port forwarding [can be activated](https://www.ivpn.net/knowledgebase/81/How-do-I-activate-port-forwarding.html) via the client area. Port forwarding is only available on IVPN when using WireGuard or OpenVPN protocols and is [disabled on US servers](https://www.ivpn.net/knowledgebase/116/Port-forwarding-is-not-working-why.html).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Mobile Clients
In addition to providing standard OpenVPN configuration files, IVPN has mobile clients for [App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/ivpn-serious-privacy-protection/id1193122683), [Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.ivpn.client), and [GitHub](https://github.com/ivpn/android-app/releases) allowing for easy connections to their servers.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality
ProtonVPN têm seus próprios servidores e datacenters na Suíça, Islândia e Suécia. IVPN also provides "[AntiTracker](https://www.ivpn.net/antitracker)" functionality, which blocks advertising networks and trackers from the network level.
### IVPN
!!! nota
Consulte o [Tabela de Hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) para verificar se o seu dispositivo é suportado.
![logótipo IVPN](/assets/img/vpn/ivpn.svg){ align=right }
**IVPN*** é outro provedor VPN premium, e estão em operação desde 2009. A IVPN está sediada em Gibraltar. **Padrão USD $60/ano*** - **Pro USD $100/ano***
[Visite IVPN.net](https://www.ivpn.net/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
Também achamos que é melhor para a segurança das chaves privadas do provedor de VPN se ele usar [servidores dedicados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_hosting_service), ao invés de soluções compartilhadas mais baratas (com outros clientes), como [servidores virtuais privados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_server). downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.mullvad.mullvadvpn)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/mullvad-vpn/id1488466513)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/mullvad/mullvadvpn-app/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://mullvad.net/en/download/windows/)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://mullvad.net/en/download/macos/)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://mullvad.net/en/download/linux/)
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } 41 Countries
Mullvad has [servers in 41 countries](https://mullvad.net/servers/).(1) Picking a VPN provider with a server nearest to you will reduce latency of the network traffic you send. Isto é devido a uma rota mais curta (menos lúpulo) para o destino.
{ .annotate }
1. Ocultar o seu tráfego de **apenas** o seu fornecedor de serviços de Internet.
We also think it's better for the security of the VPN provider's private keys if they use [dedicated servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_hosting_service), instead of cheaper shared solutions (with other customers) such as [virtual private servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_server).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Independently Audited
Mullvad's VPN clients have been audited by Cure53 and Assured AB in a pentest report [published at cure53.de](https://cure53.de/pentest-report_mullvad_v2.pdf). The security researchers concluded:
> Cure53 and Assured AB are happy with the results of the audit and the software leaves an overall positive impression. With security dedication of the in-house team at the Mullvad VPN compound, the testers have no doubts about the project being on the right track from a security standpoint.
In 2020 a second audit [was announced](https://mullvad.net/blog/2020/6/25/results-available-audit-mullvad-app/) and the [final audit report](https://cure53.de/pentest-report_mullvad_2020_v2.pdf) was made available on Cure53's website:
> The results of this May-June 2020 project targeting the Mullvad complex are quite positive. [...] The overall application ecosystem used by Mullvad leaves a sound and structured impression. The overall structure of the application makes it easy to roll out patches and fixes in a structured manner. More than anything, the findings spotted by Cure53 showcase the importance of constantly auditing and re-assessing the current leak vectors, in order to always ensure privacy of the end-users. With that being said, Mullvad does a great job protecting the end-user from common PII leaks and privacy related risks.
In 2021 an infrastructure audit [was announced](https://mullvad.net/en/blog/2021/1/20/no-pii-or-privacy-leaks-found-cure53s-infrastructure-audit/) and the [final audit report](https://cure53.de/pentest-report_mullvad_2021_v1.pdf) was made available on Cure53's website. Another report was commissioned [in June 2022](https://mullvad.net/en/blog/2022/6/22/vpn-server-audit-found-no-information-leakage-or-logging-of-customer-data/) and is available on [Assured's website](https://www.assured.se/publications/Assured_Mullvad_relay_server_audit_report_2022.pdf).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Open-Source Clients
Mullvad provides the source code for their desktop and mobile clients in their [GitHub organization](https://github.com/mullvad/mullvadvpn-app).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Accepts Cash and Monero
Mullvad, in addition to accepting credit/debit cards and PayPal, accepts Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, **Monero** and **cash/local currency** as anonymous forms of payment. \[WireGuard\](https://www.wireguard.com)\[^1] é um protocolo mais recente que utiliza o estado da arte [cryptography\](https://www.wireguard.com/protocol/).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } WireGuard Support
O IVPN suporta o protocolo WireGuard®. [WireGuard](https://www.wireguard.com) is a newer protocol that uses state-of-the-art [cryptography](https://www.wireguard.com/protocol/). Além disso, o WireGuard pretende ser mais simples e mais performante.
Mullvad [recommends](https://mullvad.net/en/help/why-wireguard/) the use of WireGuard with their service. It is the default or only protocol on Mullvad's Android, iOS, macOS, and Linux apps, but on Windows you have to [manually enable](https://mullvad.net/en/help/how-turn-wireguard-mullvad-app/) WireGuard. Mullvad also offers a WireGuard configuration generator for use with the official WireGuard [apps](https://www.wireguard.com/install/).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } IPv6 Support
Mullvad supports the future of networking [IPv6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6). Their network allows you to [access services hosted on IPv6](https://mullvad.net/en/blog/2014/9/15/ipv6-support/) as opposed to other providers who block IPv6 connections.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Remote Port Forwarding
Remote [port forwarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_forwarding) is allowed for people who make one-time payments, but not allowed for accounts with a recurring/subscription-based payment method. O cliente móvel no Android também está disponível em \[F-Droid\](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/net.ivpn.client), o que garante que ele seja compilado com \[builds reproduzíveis\](https://www.f-droid.org/en/2019/05/05/trust-privacy-and-free-software.html). See [Port forwarding with Mullvad VPN](https://mullvad.net/help/port-forwarding-and-mullvad/) for more information.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Mobile Clients
Mullvad has published [App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/mullvad-vpn/id1488466513) and [Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.mullvad.mullvadvpn) clients, both supporting an easy-to-use interface as opposed to requiring you to manually configure your WireGuard connection. The Android client is also available on [GitHub](https://github.com/mullvad/mullvadvpn-app/releases).
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality
Mullvad is very transparent about which nodes they [own or rent](https://mullvad.net/en/servers/). They use [ShadowSocks](https://shadowsocks.org/) in their ShadowSocks + OpenVPN configuration, making them more resistant against firewalls with [Deep Packet Inspection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_packet_inspection) trying to block VPNs. Supposedly, [China has to use a different method to block ShadowSocks servers](https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/22). Mullvad's website is also accessible via Tor at [o54hon2e2vj6c7m3aqqu6uyece65by3vgoxxhlqlsvkmacw6a7m7kiad.onion](http://o54hon2e2vj6c7m3aqqu6uyece65by3vgoxxhlqlsvkmacw6a7m7kiad.onion).
### Mullvad
!!! recommendation annotate
![logo Mullvad](/assets/img/vpn/mullvad.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Mullvad logo](/assets/img/vpn/mullvad-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Mullvad** é uma VPN rápida e barata com um foco sério na transparência e segurança. Eles estão em operação desde **2009***.
Mullvad está sediada na Suécia e não tem um teste gratuito. downloads
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ch.protonvpn.android)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id1437005085)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/ProtonVPN/android-app/releases)
- [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://protonvpn.com/download-windows)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://protonvpn.com/support/linux-vpn-setup/)
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } 67 Countries
Proton VPN has [servers in 67 countries](https://protonvpn.com/vpn-servers).(1) Picking a VPN provider with a server nearest to you will reduce latency of the network traffic you send. Isto é devido a uma rota mais curta (menos lúpulo) para o destino.
{ .annotate }
1. Ocultar o seu tráfego de **apenas** o seu fornecedor de serviços de Internet.
We also think it's better for the security of the VPN provider's private keys if they use [dedicated servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_hosting_service), instead of cheaper shared solutions (with other customers) such as [virtual private servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_server).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Independently Audited
Os clientes VPN da Mullvad foram auditados pela Cure53 e Assured AB num relatório de pentest \[publicado na cure53.de\](https://cure53.de/pentest-report_mullvad_v2.pdf). Os investigadores de segurança concluíram:
&gt; Cure53 e Assured AB estão satisfeitos com os resultados da auditoria e o software deixa uma impressão geral positiva. Com a dedicação da equipe interna do complexo Mullvad VPN, os testadores não têm dúvidas de que o projeto está no caminho certo do ponto de vista de segurança. You can view individual reports for each platform at [protonvpn.com](https://protonvpn.com/blog/open-source/). In April 2022 Proton VPN underwent [another audit](https://protonvpn.com/blog/no-logs-audit/) and the report was [produced by Securitum](https://protonvpn.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/securitum-protonvpn-nologs-20220330.pdf). A [letter of attestation](https://proton.me/blog/security-audit-all-proton-apps) was provided for Proton VPN's apps on 9th November 2021 by [Securitum](https://research.securitum.com).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Open-Source Clients
Proton VPN provides the source code for their desktop and mobile clients in their [GitHub organization](https://github.com/ProtonVPN).
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Accepts Cash
Proton VPN, in addition to accepting credit/debit cards, PayPal, and [Bitcoin](advanced/payments.md#other-coins-bitcoin-ethereum-etc), also accepts **cash/local currency** as an anonymous form of payment.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } WireGuard Support
A Mullvad suporta o protocolo WireGuard®. [WireGuard](https://www.wireguard.com) is a newer protocol that uses state-of-the-art [cryptography](https://www.wireguard.com/protocol/). Além disso, o WireGuard pretende ser mais simples e mais performante.
Proton VPN [recommends](https://protonvpn.com/blog/wireguard/) the use of WireGuard with their service. On Proton VPN's Windows, macOS, iOS, Android, ChromeOS, and Android TV apps, WireGuard is the default protocol; however, [support](https://protonvpn.com/support/how-to-change-vpn-protocols/) for the protocol is not present in their Linux app.
#### :material-alert-outline:{ .pg-orange } Remote Port Forwarding
Proton VPN currently only supports remote [port forwarding](https://protonvpn.com/support/port-forwarding/) on Windows, which may impact some applications. Sua rede permite aos usuários \[acessar serviços hospedados em IPv6\](https://mullvad.net/en/blog/2014/9/15/ipv6-support/) em oposição a outros provedores que bloqueiam conexões IPv6.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Mobile Clients
In addition to providing standard OpenVPN configuration files, Proton VPN has mobile clients for [App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/protonvpn-fast-secure-vpn/id1437005085), [Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ch.protonvpn.android&hl=en_US), and [GitHub](https://github.com/ProtonVPN/android-app/releases) allowing for easy connections to their servers.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality
A Mullvad publicou clientes \[App Store\](https://apps.apple.com/app/mullvad-vpn/id1488466513) e \[Google Play\](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.mullvad.mullvadvpn), ambos com suporte a uma interface fácil de usar, em vez de exigir que os usuários configurem manualmente suas conexões do WireGuard. O cliente móvel no Android também está disponível em \[F-Droid\](https://f-droid.org/packages/net.mullvad.mullvadvpn), o que garante que ele seja compilado com \[builds reproduzíveis\](https://www.f-droid.org/en/2019/05/05/trust-privacy-and-free-software.html). They offer adblocking and known malware domains blocking with their DNS service. Additionally, Proton VPN also offers "Tor" servers allowing you to easily connect to onion sites, but we still strongly recommend using [the official Tor Browser](https://www.torproject.org/) for this purpose.
#### :material-alert-outline:{ .pg-orange } Killswitch feature is broken on Intel-based Macs
System crashes [may occur](https://protonvpn.com/support/macos-t2-chip-kill-switch/) on Intel-based Macs when using the VPN killswitch. Eles usam \[ShadowSocks\](https://shadowsocks.org/en/index.html) na sua configuração ShadowSocks OpenVPN, tornando-os mais resistentes contra firewalls com \[Deep Packet Inspection\](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_packet_inspection) tentando bloquear VPNs.
## Framadate
!!! Isto permite-nos fornecer recomendações completamente objectivas.</strong> Desenvolvemos um conjunto claro de requisitos para qualquer provedor de VPN que deseje ser recomendado, incluindo criptografia forte, auditorias de segurança independentes, tecnologia moderna, e muito mais.
It is important to note that using a VPN provider will not make you anonymous, but it will give you better privacy in certain situations. A VPN is not a tool for illegal activities. Don't rely on a "no log" policy.
Operar fora dos cinco/nove/quatro países não é necessariamente uma garantia de privacidade, e existem outros factores a considerar. No entanto, acreditamos que evitar esses países é importante se você deseja evitar a vigilância de arrastão do governo em massa, especialmente dos Estados Unidos. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing a VPN provider, and conduct your own research to ensure the VPN provider you choose is as trustworthy as possible.
### Jurisdição
We require all our recommended VPN providers to provide OpenVPN configuration files to be used in any client. **If** a VPN provides their own custom client, we require a killswitch to block network data leaks when disconnected.
**O melhor caso:**
- Operando fora dos EUA ou de outros países da Five Eyes.
- Killswitch built in to clients.
- Multihop support. Multihopping is important to keep data private in case of a single node compromise.
- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open-source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what your device is actually doing.
**Best Case:**
- Operando fora dos EUA ou de outros 14 países da 14 Eyes.
- Operando dentro de um país com fortes leis de proteção ao consumidor.
- Easy-to-use VPN clients
- Supports [IPv6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6). We expect that servers will allow incoming connections via IPv6 and allow you to access services hosted on IPv6 addresses.
- Capability of [remote port forwarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_forwarding#Remote_port_forwarding) assists in creating connections when using P2P ([Peer-to-Peer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer)) file sharing software or hosting a server (e.g., Mumble).
### Tecnologia
We prefer our recommended providers to collect as little data as possible. Not collecting personal information on registration, and accepting anonymous forms of payment are required.
**O melhor caso:**
- [Anonymous cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md) **or** cash payment option.
- Killswitch construído para os clientes.
**Best Case:**
- Accepts multiple [anonymous payment options](advanced/payments.md).
- No personal information accepted (autogenerated username, no email required, etc.).
### Privacidade
A VPN is pointless if it can't even provide adequate security. We require all our recommended providers to abide by current security standards for their OpenVPN connections. Ideally, they would use more future-proof encryption schemes by default. We also require an independent third-party to audit the provider's security, ideally in a very comprehensive manner and on a repeated (yearly) basis.
**O melhor caso:**
- Monero ou opção de pagamento em dinheiro.
- Não é necessária nenhuma informação pessoal para se registar: Somente nome de usuário, senha e e-mail, no máximo.
- Published security audits from a reputable third-party firm.
**Best Case:**
- Aceita Monero, dinheiro e outras formas de pagamento anônimo (cartões presente, etc.)
- Não é necessária nenhuma informação pessoal para se registar: Somente nome de usuário, senha e e-mail, no máximo.
- Comprehensive published security audits from a reputable third-party firm.
- Programas de recompensa de bugs e/ou um processo coordenado de divulgação de vulnerabilidades.
### Segurança
You wouldn't trust your finances to someone with a fake identity, so why trust them with your internet data? We require our recommended providers to be public about their ownership or leadership. We also would like to see frequent transparency reports, especially in regard to how government requests are handled.
**O melhor caso:**
- Esquemas de Criptografia Fortes: OpenVPN com autenticação SHA-256; RSA-2048 ou melhor aperto de mão; AES-256-GCM ou AES-256-CBC encriptação de dados.
**Best Case:**
- A Encriptação mais forte: RSA-4096.
- Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS).
### Confiança
With the VPN providers we recommend we like to see responsible marketing.
**O melhor caso:**
- Deve auto-instalar análises (sem Google Analytics, etc.). The provider's site must also comply with [DNT (Do Not Track)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Not_Track) for people who want to opt-out.
Must not have any marketing which is irresponsible:
- Fazer garantias de protecção do anonimato a 100%. Quando alguém afirma que algo é 100%, significa que não há certeza de fracasso. We know people can quite easily deanonymize themselves in a number of ways, e.g.:
- Reusing personal information (e.g., email accounts, unique pseudonyms, etc) that they accessed without anonymity software (Tor, VPN, etc.)
- [Impressão digital do navegador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_fingerprint#Browser_fingerprint)
- Relatórios de transparência frequentes.
- Use responsible language: i.e., it is okay to say that a VPN is "disconnected" or "not connected", however claiming that someone is "exposed", "vulnerable" or "compromised" is needless use of alarming language that may be incorrect. For example, that person might simply be on another VPN provider's service or using Tor.
**Best Case:**
Responsible marketing that is both educational and useful to the consumer could include:
- An accurate comparison to when [Tor](tor.md) should be used instead.
- Availability of the VPN provider's website over a [.onion service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion)
### Marketing
While not strictly requirements, there are some factors we looked into when determining which providers to recommend. These include adblocking/tracker-blocking functionality, warrant canaries, multihop connections, excellent customer support, the number of allowed simultaneous connections, etc.