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@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ schema:
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These myths stem from a number of prejudices, but whether the source code is available and how software is licensed does not inherently affect its security in any way. ==Open-source software has the *potential* to be more secure than proprietary software, but there is absolutely no guarantee this is the case.== When you evaluate software, you should look at the reputation and security of each tool on an individual basis.
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Open-source software *can* be audited by third-parties, and is often more transparent about potential vulnerabilities than proprietary counterparts. It also allows you to review the code and disable any suspicious functionality you find yourself. However, *unless you do so*, there is no guarantee that code has ever been evaluated, especially with smaller software projects. The open development process has also sometimes been exploited to introduce new vulnerabilities into even large projects.[^1]
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Open-source software *can* be audited by third-parties, and is often more transparent about potential vulnerabilities than proprietary counterparts. It also allows you to review the code and disable any suspicious functionality you find yourself. However, *unless you do so*, there is no guarantee that code has ever been evaluated, especially with smaller software projects. The open development process has also sometimes been exploited to introduce new vulnerabilities known as <span class="pg-viridian">:material-package-variant-closed-remove: Supply Chain Attacks</span>, which are discussed further in our [Common Threats](common-threats.md) page.[^1]
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On the flip side, proprietary software is less transparent, but that doesn't imply that it's not secure. Major proprietary software projects can be audited internally and by third-party agencies, and independent security researchers can still find vulnerabilities with techniques like reverse engineering.
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@@ -94,4 +94,4 @@ One of the clearest threat models is one where people *know who you are* and one
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Using Tor can help with this. It is also worth noting that greater anonymity is possible through asynchronous communication: Real-time communication is vulnerable to analysis of typing patterns (i.e. more than a paragraph of text, distributed on a forum, via email, etc.)
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[^1]: One notable example of this is the [2021 incident in which University of Minnesota researchers introduced three vulnerabilities into the Linux kernel development project](https://cse.umn.edu/cs/linux-incident).
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[^1]: A notable supply chain attack occurred in March 2024, when a malicious maintainer added a obfuscated backdoor into `xz`, a popular compression library. The backdoor ([CVE-2024-3094](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-3094)) was intended to give an unknown party remote access to most Linux servers via SSH, but it was discovered before it had been widely deployed.
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@@ -9,13 +9,14 @@ description: Via modelo de minaco estas propra, sed ĉi tiuj estas iuj el la afe
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- <span class="pg-purple">:material-incognito: Anonimeco</span> - Protekti vian enretan agadon kontraŭ via reala idento, protektante vin kontraŭ homoj kiuj celas trovi *vian* identon, specife.
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- <span class="pg-red">:material-target-account: Laŭcelaj Atakoj</span> - Esti protektita kontraŭ retentruduloj aŭ aliaj malbonintencaj agantoj kiuj celas eniri al *viaj* datumoj aŭ aparatoj, specife.
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- <span class="pg-orange">:material-bug-outline: Malaktivaj Atakoj</span> - Esti protektita kontraŭ aferoj kiel malicaj programoj, datumaj breĉoj, kaj aliaj atakoj kiuj okazas kontraŭ multaj homoj samtempe.
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- <span class="pg-viridian">:material-package-variant-closed-remove: Supply Chain Attacks</span> - A vulnerability or exploit introduced into otherwise good software either directly or through a dependency from a third party.
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- <span class="pg-teal">:material-server-network: Provizantoj de Servoj</span> - Protekti vian datumon kontraŭ provizantoj de servoj (ekz. per E2EE, kiu faras vian datumon nelegebla por la servilo).
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- <span class="pg-blue">:material-eye-outline: Amasgvatado</span> - Protekto kontraŭ registaraj agentejoj, organizoj, retejoj, kaj servicoj kiuj kunlaboras por supri vian agadon.
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- <span class="pg-brown">:material-account-cash: Gvatkapitalismo</span> - Protekti vin kontraŭ grandaj reklam-servoj, kiaj Google kaj Facebook, kaj kontraŭ tuta gamo da triaj datum-kolektantoj.
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- <span class="pg-green">:material-account-search: Publika Ekspozicio</span> - Limigi la informon pri vi, kiuj estas alireblaj interrete per serĉiloj aŭ de la popolo.
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- <span class="pg-blue-gray">:material-close-outline: Cenzuro</span> - Eviti cenzuritan aliron al informo aŭ esti cenzurita kiam vi esprimas vin interrete.
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Kelkaj el tiuj minacoj eble estas plej gravaj por vi ol aliaj, depende de viaj specifaj zorgoj. Ekzemple, programisto kun aliro al valora aŭ kritika datumo eble ĉefe zorgas pri <span class="pg-red">:material-target-account: Laŭcelaj Atakoj</span>, sed ĝi verŝajne ankaŭ volas protekti siajn personajn datumojn kontraŭ la kolektado de <span class="pg-blue">:material-eye-outline: Amasgvatado</span>. Simile, multaj homoj eble ĉefe zorgas pri la <span class="pg-green">:material-account-search: Publika Ekspozicio</span> de siaj personaj datumoj, sed oni ankaŭ zorgus pri aferoj de sekureco, kiel <span class="pg-orange">:material-bug-outline: Malaktivaj Atakoj</span>—kiel malicaj programoj infektantaj de siaj aparatoj.
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Kelkaj el tiuj minacoj eble estas plej gravaj por vi ol aliaj, depende de viaj specifaj zorgoj. For example, a software developer with access to valuable or critical data may be primarily concerned with <span class="pg-viridian">:material-package-variant-closed-remove: Supply Chain Attacks</span> and <span class="pg-red">:material-target-account: Targeted Attacks</span>. They will likely still want to protect their personal data from being swept up in <span class="pg-blue">:material-eye-outline: Mass Surveillance</span> programs. Simile, multaj homoj eble ĉefe zorgas pri la <span class="pg-green">:material-account-search: Publika Ekspozicio</span> de siaj personaj datumoj, sed oni ankaŭ zorgus pri aferoj de sekureco, kiel <span class="pg-orange">:material-bug-outline: Malaktivaj Atakoj</span>—kiel malicaj programoj infektantaj de siaj aparatoj.
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## Anonimeco kontraŭ Privateco
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@@ -57,6 +58,31 @@ By design, **web browsers**, **email clients**, and **office applications** typi
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If you are concerned about **physical attacks** you should use an operating system with a secure verified boot implementation, such as Android, iOS, macOS, or [Windows (with TPM)](https://learn.microsoft.com/windows/security/information-protection/secure-the-windows-10-boot-process). You should also make sure that your drive is encrypted, and that the operating system uses a TPM or Secure [Enclave](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/secure-enclave-sec59b0b31ff/1/web/1) or [Element](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) to rate limit attempts to enter the encryption passphrase. You should avoid sharing your computer with people you don't trust, because most desktop operating systems don't encrypt data separately per-user.
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<span class="pg-viridian">:material-package-variant-closed-remove: Supply Chain Attacks</span>
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Supply chain attacks are frequently a form of <span class="pg-red">:material-target-account: Targeted Attack</span> towards businesses, governments, and activists, although they can end up compromising the public at large as well.
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<div class="admonition example" markdown>
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<p class="admonition-title">Example</p>
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A notable example of this occurred in 2017 when M.E.Doc, a popular accounting software in Ukraine, was infected with the *NotPetya* virus, subsequently infecting people who downloaded that software with ransomware. NotPetya itself was a ransomware attack which impacted 2000+ companies in various countries, and was based on the *EternalBlue* exploit developed by the NSA to attack Windows computers over the network.
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</div>
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There are few ways in which this type of attack might be carried out:
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1. A contributor or employee might work their way into a position of power within a project or organization, then abuse that position by adding malicious code.
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2. A developer may be coerced by an outside party to add malicious code.
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3. An individual or group might identify a third party software dependency (also known as a library) and work to infiltrate it with the above two methods, knowing that it will be used by "downstream" software developers.
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These sorts of attacks can require a lot of time and preparation to perform and are risky because they can be detected, particularly in open source projects if they are popular and have outside interest. Unfortunately they're also one of the most dangerous as they are very hard to mitigate entirely. We would encourage readers only use software which has a good reputation and makes an effort to reduce risk by:
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1. Only adopting popular software that has been around for a while. The more interest in a project the greater likelihood that external parties will notice malicious changes. A malicious actor will also need to spend more time gaining community trust with meaningful contributions.
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2. Finding software which releases binaries with widely-used, trusted build infrastructure platforms, as opposed to developer workstations or self-hosted servers. Some systems like GitHub Actions let you inspect the build script that runs publicly for extra confidence. This lessens the likelihood that malware on a developer's machine could infect their packages, and gives confidence that the binaries produced are in fact produced correctly.
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3. Looking for code signing on individual source code commits and releases, which creates an auditable trail of who did what. For example: Was the malicious code in the software repository? Which developer added it? Was it added during the build process?
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4. Checking whether the source code has meaningful commit messages (such as [conventional commits](https://conventionalcommits.org)) which explain what the change is supposed to accomplish. Clear messages can make it easier for outsiders to the project to verify, audit, and find bugs.
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5. Noting the number of contributors or maintainers a program has. A lone developer may be more susceptible to being coerced into adding malicious code by an external party, or to negligently enable undesirable behavior. This may very well mean software developed by "Big Tech" has more scrutiny than a lone developer who doesn't answer to anyone.
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## Privateco Kontraŭ Servaj Provizantoj
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<span class="pg-teal">:material-server-network: Provizantoj de Servoj</span>
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@@ -4,25 +4,35 @@ title: "Search Engines"
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icon: material/search-web
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description: These privacy-respecting search engines don't build an advertising profile based on your searches.
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cover: search-engines.webp
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global:
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-
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- randomize-element
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- "table tbody"
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---
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Use a search engine that doesn't build an advertising profile based on your searches.
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The recommendations here are based on the merits of each service's privacy policy. There is **no guarantee** that these privacy policies are honored.
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## Recommended Providers
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The recommendations here do not collect personally identifying information (PII) based on each service's privacy policy. There is **no guarantee** that these privacy policies are honored.
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Consider using a [VPN](vpn.md) or [Tor](tor.md) if your threat model requires hiding your IP address from the search provider.
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## Brave Search
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| Provider | Search Index | Tor Hidden Service | Logging / Privacy Policy | Country of Operation |
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| ----------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ------------------------ | -------------------- |
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| [Brave Search](#brave-search) | [Independent](https://brave.com/search-independence/) | :material-check:{ .pg-green } | Anonymized[^1] | United States |
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| [DuckDuckGo](#duckduckgo) | [Bing](https://help.duckduckgo.com/results/sources) | :material-check:{ .pg-green } | Anonymized[^2] | United States |
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| [Startpage](#startpage) | [Google and Bing](https://support.startpage.com/hc/articles/4522435533844-What-is-the-relationship-between-Startpage-and-your-search-partners-like-Google-and-Microsoft-Bing) | :material-check:{ .pg-green } | Anonymized[^3] | Netherlands |
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### Brave Search
|
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<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
|
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{ align=right }
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**Brave Search** is developed by Brave and serves results primarily from its own, independent index. The index is optimized against Google Search and therefore may provide more contextually accurate results compared to other alternatives.
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**Brave Search** is a search engine developed by Brave. The index is optimized against Google Search and therefore may provide more contextually accurate results compared to other alternatives.
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Brave Search includes unique features such as Discussions, which highlights conversation-focused results—such as forum posts.
|
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We recommend you disable [Anonymous usage metrics](https://search.brave.com/help/usage-metrics) as it is enabled by default and can be disabled within settings.
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Brave Search includes unique features such as [Discussions](https://search.brave.com/help/discussions), which highlights conversation-focused results—such as forum posts.
|
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|
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[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://search.brave.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
|
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[:simple-torbrowser:](https://search.brave4u7jddbv7cyviptqjc7jusxh72uik7zt6adtckl5f4nwy2v72qd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
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@@ -33,17 +43,17 @@ We recommend you disable [Anonymous usage metrics](https://search.brave.com/help
|
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</div>
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Brave Search is based in the United States. Their [privacy policy](https://search.brave.com/help/privacy-policy) states they collect aggregated usage metrics, which includes the operating system and browser in use, however no personally identifiable information is collected. IP addresses are temporarily processed, but are not retained.
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We recommend you disable [Anonymous usage metrics](https://search.brave.com/help/usage-metrics) as it is enabled by default and can be disabled within settings.
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## DuckDuckGo
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### DuckDuckGo
|
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<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
|
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{ align=right }
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**DuckDuckGo** is one of the more mainstream private search engine options. Notable DuckDuckGo search features include [bangs](https://duckduckgo.com/bang) and many [instant answers](https://help.duckduckgo.com/duckduckgo-help-pages/features/instant-answers-and-other-features). The search engine relies on a commercial Bing API to serve most results, but it does use numerous [other sources](https://help.duckduckgo.com/results/sources) for instant answers and other non-primary results.
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**DuckDuckGo** is one of the more mainstream private search engine options. Notable DuckDuckGo search features include [bangs](https://duckduckgo.com/bang) and a variety of [instant answers](https://help.duckduckgo.com/duckduckgo-help-pages/features/instant-answers-and-other-features). The search engine uses numerous [sources](https://help.duckduckgo.com/results/sources) other than Bing for instant answers and other non-primary results.
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DuckDuckGo is the default search engine for the Tor Browser and is one of the few available options on Apple’s Safari browser.
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DuckDuckGo is the default search engine for the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser) and is one of the few available options on Apple’s [Safari](mobile-browsers.md#safari) browser.
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[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://duckduckgo.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
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[:simple-torbrowser:](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
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@@ -54,17 +64,41 @@ DuckDuckGo is the default search engine for the Tor Browser and is one of the fe
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</div>
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DuckDuckGo is based in the United States. Their [privacy policy](https://duckduckgo.com/privacy) states they **do** log your searches for product improvement purposes, but not your IP address or any other personally identifying information.
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DuckDuckGo offers two [other versions](https://help.duckduckgo.com/features/non-javascript) of their search engine, both of which do not require JavaScript. These versions do lack features, however. These versions can also be used in conjunction with their Tor hidden address by appending [/lite](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion/lite) or [/html](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion/html) for the respective version.
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DuckDuckGo offers two [other versions](https://help.duckduckgo.com/features/non-javascript) of their search engine, both of which do not require JavaScript. These versions do lack features, however. These versions can also be used in conjunction with their [Tor onion address](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion) by appending [/lite](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion/lite) or [/html](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion/html) for the respective version.
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### Startpage
|
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## SearXNG
|
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<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
|
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|
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{ align=right }
|
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{ align=right }
|
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**Startpage** is a private search engine. One of Startpage's unique features is the [Anonymous View](https://startpage.com/en/anonymous-view), which puts forth efforts to standardize user activity to make it more difficult to be uniquely identified. The feature can be useful for hiding [some](https://support.startpage.com/hc/articles/4455540212116-The-Anonymous-View-Proxy-technical-details) network and browser properties. Unlike the name suggests, the feature should not be relied upon for anonymity. If you are looking for anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser) instead.
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[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://startpage.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
|
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[:simple-torbrowser:](http://startpagel6srwcjlue4zgq3zevrujfaow726kjytqbbjyrswwmjzcqd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
|
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[:octicons-eye-16:](https://startpage.com/en/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
|
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[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.startpage.com/hc/categories/4481917470356-Startpage-Search-Engine){ .card-link title=Documentation}
|
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|
||||
</details>
|
||||
|
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</div>
|
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|
||||
Startpage's majority shareholder is System1 who is an adtech company. We don't believe that to be an issue as they have a distinctly separate [privacy policy](https://system1.com/terms/privacy-policy). The Privacy Guides team reached out to Startpage [back in 2020](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2020/05/03/relisting-startpage/) to clear up any concerns with System1's sizeable investment into the service, and we were satisfied with the answers we received.
|
||||
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Startpage previously placed limitations on VPN and [Tor](tor.md) users, but they recently created an [official](https://support.startpage.com/hc/en-us/articles/24786602537364-Startpage-s-Tor-onion-service) Tor hidden service, and as of April 2024 we have no longer noticed extra roadblocks for Tor or [VPN](vpn.md) users.
|
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|
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## Metasearch Engines
|
||||
|
||||
A [metasearch engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasearch_engine) allows you to aggregate the results of other search engines, such as the ones recommended above, while not storing any information itself.
|
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|
||||
### SearXNG
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
|
||||
|
||||
{ align=right }
|
||||
|
||||
**SearXNG** is an open-source, self-hostable, metasearch engine, aggregating the results of other search engines while not storing any information itself. It is an actively maintained fork of [SearX](https://github.com/searx/searx).
|
||||
**SearXNG** is an open-source, self-hostable, metasearch engine. It is an actively maintained fork of [SearX](https://github.com/searx/searx).
|
||||
|
||||
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://searxng.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
|
||||
[:octicons-server-16:](https://searx.space){ .card-link title="Public Instances"}
|
||||
@@ -80,37 +114,13 @@ When self-hosting, it is important that you have other people using your instanc
|
||||
|
||||
When you are using a SearXNG instance, be sure to go read their privacy policy. Since SearXNG instances may be modified by their owners, they do not necessarily reflect their privacy policy. Some instances run as a Tor hidden service, which may grant some privacy as long as your search queries does not contain PII.
|
||||
|
||||
## Startpage
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
|
||||
|
||||
{ align=right }
|
||||
{ align=right }
|
||||
|
||||
**Startpage** is a private search engine known for serving [Google and Bing](https://support.startpage.com/hc/articles/4522435533844-What-is-the-relationship-between-Startpage-and-your-search-partners-like-Google-and-Microsoft-Bing) search results. One of Startpage's unique features is the [Anonymous View](https://startpage.com/en/anonymous-view), which puts forth efforts to standardize user activity to make it more difficult to be uniquely identified. The feature can be useful for hiding [some](https://support.startpage.com/hc/articles/4455540212116-The-Anonymous-View-Proxy-technical-details) network and browser properties. Unlike the name suggests, the feature should not be relied upon for anonymity. If you are looking for anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser) instead.
|
||||
|
||||
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://startpage.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
|
||||
[:simple-torbrowser:](http://startpagel6srwcjlue4zgq3zevrujfaow726kjytqbbjyrswwmjzcqd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
|
||||
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://startpage.com/en/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
|
||||
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.startpage.com/hc/categories/4481917470356-Startpage-Search-Engine){ .card-link title=Documentation}
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Startpage is based in the Netherlands. According to their [privacy policy](https://startpage.com/en/privacy-policy), they log details such as: operating system, type of browser, and language. They do not log your IP address, search queries, or other personally identifying information.
|
||||
|
||||
Startpage's majority shareholder is System1 who is an adtech company. We don't believe that to be an issue as they have a distinctly separate [privacy policy](https://system1.com/terms/privacy-policy). The Privacy Guides team reached out to Startpage [back in 2020](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2020/05/03/relisting-startpage) to clear up any concerns with System1's sizeable investment into the service, and we were satisfied with the answers we received.
|
||||
|
||||
Startpage previously placed limitations on VPN and [Tor](tor.md) users, but they recently created an [official](https://support.startpage.com/hc/en-us/articles/24786602537364-Startpage-s-Tor-onion-service) Tor hidden service, and as of April 2024 we have no longer noticed extra roadblocks for Tor or [VPN](vpn.md) users.
|
||||
|
||||
## Criteria
|
||||
|
||||
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
|
||||
|
||||
### Minimum Requirements
|
||||
|
||||
- Must not collect personally identifiable information per their privacy policy.
|
||||
- Must not collect PII per their privacy policy.
|
||||
- Must not allow users to create an account with them.
|
||||
|
||||
### Best-Case
|
||||
@@ -119,3 +129,7 @@ Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect pro
|
||||
|
||||
- Should be based on open-source software.
|
||||
- Should not block Tor exit node IP addresses.
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Brave Search collects aggregated usage metrics, which includes the OS and the user agent. However, they do not collect PII. To serve [anonymous local results](https://search.brave.com/help/anonymous-local-results), IP addresses are temporarily processed, but are not retained. [https://search.brave.com/help/privacy-policy](https://search.brave.com/help/privacy-policy)
|
||||
[^2]: DuckDuckGo **does** log your searches for product improvement purposes, but not your IP address or any other PII. [https://duckduckgo.com/privacy](https://duckduckgo.com/privacy)
|
||||
[^3]: Startpage logs details such as operating system, user agent, and language. They do not log your IP address, search queries, or other PII. [https://startpage.com/en/privacy-policy](https://startpage.com/en/privacy-policy)
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -13,19 +13,16 @@ If you want assistance figuring out the best privacy tools and alternative progr
|
||||
|
||||
For more details about each project, why they were chosen, and additional tips or tricks we recommend, click the "Learn more" link in each section, or click on the recommendation itself to be taken to that specific section of the page.
|
||||
|
||||
## Tor Network
|
||||
## Tor Browser
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="grid cards annotate" markdown>
|
||||
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
|
||||
|
||||
- { .twemoji } [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser)
|
||||
- { .twemoji } [Orbot (Smartphone Tor Proxy)](tor.md#orbot)
|
||||
- { .twemoji } [Onion Browser (Tor for iOS)](tor.md#onion-browser)
|
||||
- { .twemoji }{ .twemoji } [Snowflake](tor.md#snowflake) (1)
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
1. Snowflake does not increase privacy, however it allows you to easily contribute to the Tor network and help people in censored networks achieve better privacy.
|
||||
|
||||
[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](tor.md)
|
||||
|
||||
## Desktop Web Browsers
|
||||
@@ -489,9 +486,12 @@ These tools may provide utility for certain individuals. They provide functional
|
||||
|
||||
- { .twemoji } { .twemoji } [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project)
|
||||
- { .twemoji } [Tor](alternative-networks.md#tor)
|
||||
- { .twemoji }{ .twemoji } [Snowflake](alternative-networks.md#snowflake)
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](alternative-networks.md)
|
||||
|
||||
### Device Integrity Verification
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user