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i18n/ru/basics/why-privacy-matters.md
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i18n/ru/basics/why-privacy-matters.md
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---
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title: "Why Privacy Matters"
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icon: 'material/shield-account'
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---
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In the modern age of digital data exploitation, your privacy has never been more critical, and yet many believe it is already a lost cause. It is not. ==Your privacy is up for grabs==, and you need to care about it. Privacy is about power, and it is so important that this power ends up in the right hands.
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Privacy is ultimately about human information, and this is important because we know that human information confers power over human beings. If we care about our ability to be authentic, fulfilled, and free humans, we have to care about the rules that apply to information about us. So much of our modern society is structured around **information**. When you shop online, read the news, look something up, vote, seek directions, or really anything else, you are relying on information. If we live in an information society, our information matters, and therefore privacy matters.
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## What is Privacy?
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Many people get the concepts of **privacy**, **security**, and **anonymity** confused. You'll see people criticize various products as "not private" when really they mean it doesn't provide anonymity, for example. On this website, we cover all three of these topics, but it is important you understand the difference between them, and when each one comes into play.
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**Privacy**
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:
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==Privacy is the assurance that your data is only seen by the parties you intend to view it.== In the context of an instant messenger, for example, end-to-end encryption provides privacy by keeping your message visible only to yourself and the recipient.
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**Security**
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:
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Security is the ability to trust the applications you use—that the parties involved are who they say they are—and keep those applications safe. In the context of browsing the web, for example, security can be provided by HTTPS certificates.
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Certificates prove you are talking directly to the website you're visiting, and keep attackers on your network from reading or modifying the data sent to or from the website.
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**Anonymity**
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:
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Anonymity is the ability to act without a persistent identifier. You might achieve this online with [Tor](../tor.md), which allows you to browse the internet with a random IP address and network connection instead of your own.
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**Pseudonymity** is a similar concept, but it allows you to have a persistent identifier without it being tied to your real identity. If everybody knows you as `@GamerGuy12` online, but nobody knows your real name, that is your pseudonym.
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All of these concepts overlap, but it is possible to have any combination of these. The sweet spot for most people is when all three of these concepts overlap. However, it's tricker to achieve than many initially believe. Sometimes, you have to compromise on some of these, and that's okay too. This is where **threat modeling** comes into play, allowing you to make informed decisions about the [software and services](../tools.md) you use.
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[:material-book-outline: Learn More About Threat Modeling](basics/threat-modeling.md ""){.md-button}
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## Privacy vs. Secrecy
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A common counter-argument to pro-privacy movements is the notion that one doesn't need privacy if they have **"nothing to hide."** This is a dangerous misconception, because it creates a sense that people who demand privacy must be deviant, criminal, or wrong.
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==You shouldn't confuse privacy with secrecy.== We know what happens in the bathroom, but you still close the door. Это потому, что вы хотите приватности, а не секретности. There are always certain facts about us—say, personal health information, or sexual behavior—that we wouldn't want the whole world to know, and that's okay. The need for privacy is legitimate, and that's what makes us human. Privacy is about empowering your rights over your own information, not about hiding secrets.
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## Is Privacy About Control?
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A common definition of privacy is that it is the ability to *control* who has access to your data. This is an easy trap to fall into, in fact it is the definition of privacy we operated this website on for a long time. It sounds nice, and it appeals to many people, but in practice it just doesn't work.
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Take cookie consent forms, for example. You may encounter these dozens of times per day on the various websites you visit, with a nice array of checkboxes and sliders which allow you to "curate" your preferences to exactly fit your needs. In the end, we just hit the "I Agree" button, because we just want to read the article or make a purchase. Nobody wants to complete a personal privacy audit on every single website they visit. This is an exercise in [choice architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice_architecture), designed to make you take the easy route out instead of delving into a maze of configuration options that don't need to exist in the first place.
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==Control over your privacy inside most apps is an illusion.== It's a shiny dashboard with all sorts of choices you can make about your data, but rarely the choices you're looking for, like "only use my data to help me." This type of control is meant to make you feel guilty about your choices, that you "had the choice" to make the apps you use more private, and you chose not to.
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Privacy is something we need to have baked into the [software and services](../tools.md) we use by default, you can't bend most apps into being private on your own.
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## Источники
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- [Why Privacy Matters](https://www.amazon.com/Why-Privacy-Matters-Neil-Richards/dp/0190939044) (2021) by Neil Richards
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- [The New Oil: Why Privacy & Security Matter](https://thenewoil.org/en/guides/prologue/why/)
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- [@Thorin-Oakenpants on GitHub](https://github.com/privacytools/privacytools.io/issues/1760#issuecomment-597497298)
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Не стоит путать приватность с секретностью. Все знают, что происходит в вашей ванной, но вы всё равно закрываете дверь. Это потому, что вы хотите приватности, а не секретности. **Каждому** есть что защищать. Приватность — это то, что делает вас человеком.
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[:material-target-account: Распространённые интернет-угрозы](basics/common-threats.md){ class="md-button md-button--primary" }
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[:material-book-outline: Why Privacy Matters](basics/why-privacy-matters.md){ class="md-button md-button--primary" }
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## И что же мне делать?
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"@type": SoftwareApplication
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name: Tor Browser
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image: /assets/img/browsers/tor.svg
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url: https://www.torproject.org
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url: https://www.torproject.org/ru/
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sameAs: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor
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applicationCategory: Браузер
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operatingSystem:
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@@ -74,65 +74,65 @@ Tor работает, направляя ваш трафик через эти
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!!! recommendation
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{ align=right }
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{ align=right }
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**Orbot** is a free Tor VPN for smartphones which routes traffic from any app on your device through the Tor network.
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**Orbot** - это бесплатный Tor VPN для смартфонов, который направляет трафик от любого приложения на вашем устройстве через сеть Tor.
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[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://orbot.app/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
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[:octicons-eye-16:](https://orbot.app/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
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[:octicons-info-16:](https://orbot.app/faqs){ .card-link title=Documentation}
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[:octicons-code-16:](https://orbot.app/code){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
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[:octicons-heart-16:](https://orbot.app/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
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[:octicons-eye-16:](https://orbot.app/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Политика конфеденциальности" }
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[:octicons-info-16:](https://orbot.app/faqs){ .card-link title=Документация}
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[:octicons-code-16:](https://orbot.app/code){ .card-link title="Исходный код" }
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[:octicons-heart-16:](https://orbot.app/donate){ .card-link title=Поддержать }
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??? downloads
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??? загрузки
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- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.torproject.android)
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- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/orbot/id1609461599)
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- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/guardianproject/orbot/releases)
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We previously recommended enabling the *Isolate Destination Address* preference in Orbot settings. While this setting can theoretically improve privacy by enforcing the use of a different circuit for each IP address you connect to, it doesn't provide a practical advantage for most applications (especially web browsing), can come with a significant performance penalty, and increases the load on the Tor network. We no longer recommend adjusting this setting from its default value unless you know you need to.[^1]
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We previously recommended enabling the *Isolate Destination Address* preference in Orbot settings. Хотя эта настройка теоретически может улучшить конфиденциальность за счет принудительного использования отдельной схемы для каждого IP-адреса, к которому вы подключаетесь, она не дает практического преимущества для большинства приложений (особенно для просмотра веб-страниц), может сопровождаться значительным снижением производительности и увеличивает нагрузку на сеть Tor. Мы больше не рекомендуем изменять этот параметр по сравнению с его значением по умолчанию, если вы не уверены в том, что это необходимо.[^1]
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!!! tip "Tips for Android"
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!!! совет "Советы для Android"
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Orbot can proxy individual apps if they support SOCKS or HTTP proxying. It can also proxy all your network connections using [VpnService](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/net/VpnService) and can be used with the VPN killswitch in :gear: **Settings** → **Network & internet** → **VPN** → :gear: → **Block connections without VPN**.
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Orbot может проксировать отдельные приложения, если они поддерживают SOCKS или HTTP проксирование. Он также может проксировать все ваши сетевые подключения с помощью [VpnService](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/net/VpnService) и может использоваться с VPN killswitch в :gear: **Настройки** → **Сеть и интернет** → **VPN** → :gear: → **Блокировать подключения без VPN**.
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Orbot is often outdated on the Guardian Project's [F-Droid repository](https://guardianproject.info/fdroid) and [Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.torproject.android), so consider downloading directly from the [GitHub repository](https://github.com/guardianproject/orbot/releases) instead.
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В [репозитории F-Droid](https://guardianproject.info/fdroid) проекта Guardian и [Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.torproject.android) часто загружена устаревшая версия Orbot, поэтому его лучше загружать непосредственно с [оепозитория GitHub](https://github.com/guardianproject/orbot/releases).
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All versions are signed using the same signature so they should be compatible with each other.
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Все версии подписаны одной и той же подписью, поэтому они должны быть совместимы друг с другом.
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## Relays and Bridges
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## Ретрансляторы и Мосты
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### Terms of Service; Didn't Read
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### Snowflake
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!!! recommendation
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{ align=right }
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{ align=right }
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{ align=right }
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{ align=right }
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**Snowflake** allows you to donate bandwidth to the Tor Project by operating a "Snowflake proxy" within your browser.
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**Snowflake** позволяет вам пожертвовать пропускную способность проекту Tor, используя "прокси Snowflake" в вашем браузере.
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People who are censored can use Snowflake proxies to connect to the Tor network. Snowflake is a great way to contribute to the network even if you don't have the technical know-how to run a Tor relay or bridge.
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Люди, подвергающиеся цензуре, могут использовать прокси Snowflake для подключения к сети Tor. Snowflake - это отличный способ внести свой вклад в работу сети Tor, даже если у вас нет технических знаний для запуска ретранслятора или моста Tor.
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[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://snowflake.torproject.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
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[:octicons-info-16:](https://gitlab.torproject.org/tpo/anti-censorship/pluggable-transports/snowflake/-/wikis/Technical%20Overview){ .card-link title=Documentation}
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[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitweb.torproject.org/pluggable-transports/snowflake.git/){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
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[:octicons-heart-16:](https://donate.torproject.org/){ .card-link title=Contribute }
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[:octicons-home-16: Домашняя страница](https://snowflake.torproject.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
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[:octicons-info-16:](https://gitlab.torproject.org/tpo/anti-censorship/pluggable-transports/snowflake/-/wikis/Technical%20Overview){ .card-link title=Документация}
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[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitweb.torproject.org/pluggable-transports/snowflake.git/){ .card-link title="Исходный код" }
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[:octicons-heart-16:](https://donate.torproject.org/){ .card-link title=Поддержать }
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??? downloads
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??? загрузки
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- [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/torproject-snowflake/)
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- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/snowflake/mafpmfcccpbjnhfhjnllmmalhifmlcie)
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- [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://snowflake.torproject.org/embed "Leave this page open to be a Snowflake proxy")
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??? tip "Embedded Snowflake"
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??? совет "Встроенный Snowflake"
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You can enable Snowflake in your browser by clicking the switch below and ==leaving this page open==. You can also install Snowflake as a browser extension to have it always run while your browser is open, however adding third-party extensions can increase your attack surface.
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Вы можете включить Snowflake в своем браузере, нажав на переключатель ниже и ==оставив эту страницу открытой==. Вы также можете установить Snowflake в качестве расширения браузера, чтобы он всегда работал, пока открыт браузер, однако добавление сторонних расширений может увеличить площадь атаки.
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<center><iframe src="https://snowflake.torproject.org/embed.html" width="320" height="240" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe></center>
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<small>If the embed does not appear for you, ensure you are not blocking the third-party frame from `torproject.org`. Alternatively, visit [this page](https://snowflake.torproject.org/embed.html).</small>
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<small>если встроенное изображение не отображается, то убедитесь, что вы не блокируете third-party frame от `torproject.org`. Вы также можете посетить [эту страницу](https://snowflake.torproject.org/embed.html).</small>
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Snowflake does not increase your privacy in any way, nor is it used to connect to the Tor network within your personal browser. However, if your internet connection is uncensored, you should consider running it to help people in censored networks achieve better privacy themselves. There is no need to worry about which websites people are accessing through your proxy—their visible browsing IP address will match their Tor exit node, not yours.
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Snowflake никоим образом не увеличивает вашу конфиденциальность и не используется для подключения к сети Tor в вашем персональном браузере. Однако если ваше интернет-соединение не подвергается цензуре, вам следует рассмотреть возможность его запуска, чтобы помочь людям в сетях с цензурой добиться большей конфиденциальности. Нет необходимости беспокоиться о том, на какие сайты люди заходят через ваш прокси-сервер - их видимый IP адрес будет соответствовать их выходному узлу Tor, а не вашему.
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Running a Snowflake proxy is low-risk, even moreso than running a Tor relay or bridge which are already not particularly risky endeavours. However, it does still proxy traffic through your network which can be impactful in some ways, especially if your network is bandwidth-limited. Make sure you understand [how Snowflake works](https://gitlab.torproject.org/tpo/anti-censorship/pluggable-transports/snowflake/-/wikis/home) before deciding whether to run a proxy.
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Запуск прокси Snowflake не представляет особого риска. Это даже менее рискованно, чем запуск ретранслятора или моста Tor, которые не являются особо рискованными мероприятиями. Тем не менее он все равно проксирует трафик через вашу сеть, что может иметь определенные последствия, особенно если ваша сеть ограничена в пропускной способности. Убедитесь, что вы понимаете [как работает Snowflake](https://gitlab.torproject.org/tpo/anti-censorship/pluggable-transports/snowflake/-/wikis/home), прежде чем принимать решение о запуске прокси.
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[^1]: The `IsolateDestAddr` setting is discussed on the [Tor mailing list](https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-talk/2012-May/024403.html) and [Whonix's Stream Isolation documentation](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Stream_Isolation), where both projects suggest that it is usually not a good approach for most people.
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[^1]: Настройка `IsolateDestAddr` обсуждается в [Tor mailing list](https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-talk/2012-May/024403.html) и [документации Whonix's Stream Isolation](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Stream_Isolation), в которых оба проекта пришли к выводу, что это неподходящий подход для большинства пользователей.
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