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**Android 開源專案** （AOSP）是一個由 Google 領導的開源行動裝置作業系統，為世界上大多數行動裝置提供支援。 大多數搭載 Android 的手機都經過修改，包含侵入性整合和應用程式（例如：Google Play 服務），您可以透過把手機預設安裝的 Android 版本 替換為不含這些侵入性功能的 Android 版本 ，這將顯著改善行動裝置上的隱私。
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[:octicons-home-16:](https://source.android.com){ .card-link title=首頁 }
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[:octicons-info-16:](https://source.android.com/docs){ .card-link title=文檔}
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[:octicons-code-16:](https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/main){ .card-link title="原始碼" }
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[General Android Overview :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../os/android-overview.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
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我們推薦以下 Android 專用工具，以便您最大限度地提高行動裝置的安全性和隱私性。
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## 我們的建議
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- [替代作業系統](distributions.md)
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- [常規應用程式](general-apps.md)
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- [應用程式取得途徑](obtaining-apps.md)
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### Replace Google Services
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了解更多 Android 資訊：
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There are many methods of obtaining apps on Android while avoiding Google Play. Whenever possible, try using one of these methods before getting your apps from non-private sources:
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[Android 概述 :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../os/android-overview.md){ .md-button }
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[Obtaining Applications :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](obtaining-apps.md){ .md-button }
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There are also many private alternatives to the apps that come pre-installed on your phone, such as the camera app. Besides the Android apps we recommend throughout this site in general, we've created a list of system utilities specific to Android which you might find useful.
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[General App Recommendations :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](general-apps.md){ .md-button }
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### Install a Custom Distribution
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購買 Android 手機時，該設備的預設作業系統通常綁入非 Android 開源專案的應用程式與服務，成為侵入性整合。 其中許多應用程式-- 甚至是提供基本系統功能的撥號器等應用程式-- 都需放到 Google Play 服務進行侵入式整合，且 Google Play 服務需要存取檔案、聯絡人儲存、通話記錄、簡訊、位置、攝影機、麥克風以及設備上的許多內容的權限，這樣基本系統程式和其他應用程式才能運行。 這些應用程式和服務增加了設備的攻擊面，成為 Android 各種隱私問題的來源。
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This problem could be solved by using an alternative Android distribution, commonly known as a _custom ROM_, that does not come with such invasive integration. 不幸的是，許多自定義 Android 發行版常常違反 Android 安全模式，不支持重要的安全功能，如 AVB 、回滾保護、韌體更新等。 Some distributions also ship [`userdebug`](https://source.android.com/setup/build/building#choose-a-target) builds which expose root via [ADB](https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/adb) and require [more permissive](https://github.com/LineageOS/android_system_sepolicy/search?q=userdebug\&type=code) SELinux policies to accommodate debugging features, resulting in a further increased attack surface and weakened security model.
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理想情況下，在選擇客製 Android 發行版時，應該確保它符合Android 安全模型。 At the very least, the distribution should have production builds, support for AVB, rollback protection, timely firmware and operating system updates, and SELinux in [enforcing mode](https://source.android.com/security/selinux/concepts#enforcement_levels). All of our recommended Android distributions satisfy these criteria:
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[Recommended Distributions :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](distributions.md){ .md-button }
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### Avoid Root
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[Rooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooting_\(Android\)) Android phones can decrease security significantly as it weakens the complete [Android security model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_\(operating_system\)#Security_and_privacy). 如果有人利用降低的安全性來進行攻擊，這可能會降低隱私權。 常見的 root 方法涉及直接篡改開機分割區，以至於造成無法成功執行驗證啟動。 需要 root 的應用程式也會修改系統磁碟分割，這意味著驗證開機必須維持停用。 Having root exposed directly in the user interface also increases the attack surface of your device and may assist in [privilege escalation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_escalation) vulnerabilities and SELinux policy bypasses.
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Content blockers which modify the [hosts file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosts_\(file\)) (AdAway) and firewalls (AFWall+) which require root access persistently are dangerous and should not be used. 它們也不是解決預期目的的正確方法。 For content blocking, we suggest encrypted [DNS](../dns.md) or content blocking functionality provided by a VPN instead. TrackerControl and AdAway in non-root mode will take up the VPN slot (by using a local loopback VPN), preventing you from using privacy enhancing services such as [Orbot](../tor.md#orbot) or a [real VPN provider](../vpn.md).
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AFWall+ works based on the [packet filtering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_\(computing\)#Packet_filter) approach and may be bypassable in some situations.
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我們不認為為了手機 root 所犧牲的安全性，值得讓人懷疑這些應用程式對隱私權的益處。
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### Install Updates Regularly
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It's important to not use an [end-of-life](https://endoflife.date/android) version of Android. 較新版本的 Android 不僅會收到作業系統的安全性更新，而且還會收到重要的隱私增強更新。
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For example, [prior to Android 10](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes) any apps with the [`READ_PHONE_STATE`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission#READ_PHONE_STATE) permission could access sensitive and unique serial numbers of your phone such as [IMEI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mobile_Equipment_Identity), [MEID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_equipment_identifier), or your SIM card's [IMSI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_mobile_subscriber_identity); whereas now they must be system apps to do so. 系統應用程式僅由 OEM 或 Android 發行版提供。
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### Use Built-in Sharing Features
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透過 Android 內建的分享功能，您可以避免給予許多應用程式存取媒體的權限。 許多應用程式都允許您與它「分享」檔案，以便上傳媒體。
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例如，如果您要張貼一張圖片到 Discord，您可以開啟檔案管理員或圖庫，然後與 Discord 應用程式分享該圖片，而不是允許 Discord 完全存取您的媒體和相片。
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