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The **Android Open Source Project** (AOSP) is an open-source mobile operating system led by Google which powers the majority of the world's mobile devices. Most phones sold with Android are modified to include invasive integrations and apps such as Google Play Services, so you can significantly improve your privacy on your mobile device by replacing your phone's default installation with a version of Android without these invasive features.
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[:octicons-home-16:](https://source.android.com){ .card-link title=Homepage }
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[:octicons-info-16:](https://source.android.com/docs){ .card-link title=Documentation}
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[:octicons-code-16:](https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/main){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
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[General Android Overview :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../os/android-overview.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
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We recommend the following Android-specific tools to maximize your mobile device's security and privacy.
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## Our Advice
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- [Alternative Distributions](distributions.md)
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- [General Apps](general-apps.md)
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- [Obtaining Applications](obtaining-apps.md)
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### Replace Google Services
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To learn more about Android:
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There are many methods of obtaining apps on Android while avoiding Google Play. Whenever possible, try using one of these methods before getting your apps from non-private sources:
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[General Android Overview :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../os/android-overview.md){ .md-button }
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[Obtaining Applications :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](obtaining-apps.md){ .md-button }
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There are also many private alternatives to the apps that come pre-installed on your phone, such as the camera app. Besides the Android apps we recommend throughout this site in general, we've created a list of system utilities specific to Android which you might find useful.
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[General App Recommendations :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](general-apps.md){ .md-button }
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### Install a Custom Distribution
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When you buy an Android phone, the default operating system comes bundled with apps and functionality that are not part of the Android Open Source Project. Many of these apps—even apps like the dialer which provide basic system functionality—require invasive integrations with Google Play Services, which in turn asks for privileges to access your files, contacts storage, call logs, SMS messages, location, camera, microphone, and numerous other things on your device in order for those basic system apps and many other apps to function in the first place. Frameworks like Google Play Services increase the attack surface of your device and are the source of various privacy concerns with Android.
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This problem could be solved by using an alternative Android distribution, commonly known as a _custom ROM_, that does not come with such invasive integration. К сожалению, многие кастомные дистрибутивы Android часто нарушают модель безопасности Android, не поддерживая критические функции безопасности, такие как AVB, защита rollback, обновления прошивки и так далее. Some distributions also ship [`userdebug`](https://source.android.com/setup/build/building#choose-a-target) builds which expose root via [ADB](https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/adb) and require [more permissive](https://github.com/LineageOS/android_system_sepolicy/search?q=userdebug\&type=code) SELinux policies to accommodate debugging features, resulting in a further increased attack surface and weakened security model.
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В идеале, при выборе кастомного дистрибутива Android, вы должны убедиться, что он поддерживает модель безопасности Android. At the very least, the distribution should have production builds, support for AVB, rollback protection, timely firmware and operating system updates, and SELinux in [enforcing mode](https://source.android.com/security/selinux/concepts#enforcement_levels). All of our recommended Android distributions satisfy these criteria:
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[Recommended Distributions :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](distributions.md){ .md-button }
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### Avoid Root
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[Rooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooting_\(Android\)) Android phones can decrease security significantly as it weakens the complete [Android security model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_\(operating_system\)#Security_and_privacy). Это может снизить конфиденциальность, если произойдет эксплойт, вызванный снижением безопасности. Обычные методы рутинга предполагают прямое вмешательство в загрузочный раздел, что делает невозможным успешное выполнение проверенной загрузки. Apps that require root will also modify the system partition, meaning that Verified Boot would have to remain disabled. Having root exposed directly in the user interface also increases the attack surface of your device and may assist in [privilege escalation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_escalation) vulnerabilities and SELinux policy bypasses.
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Content blockers which modify the [hosts file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosts_\(file\)) (AdAway) and firewalls (AFWall+) which require root access persistently are dangerous and should not be used. Они также не являются корректным способом решения поставленных перед ними задач. For content blocking, we suggest encrypted [DNS](../dns.md) or content blocking functionality provided by a VPN instead. TrackerControl and AdAway in non-root mode will take up the VPN slot (by using a local loopback VPN), preventing you from using privacy enhancing services such as [Orbot](../tor.md#orbot) or a [real VPN provider](../vpn.md).
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AFWall+ works based on the [packet filtering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_\(computing\)#Packet_filter) approach and may be bypassable in some situations.
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Мы не считаем, что стоит жертвовать безопасностью (получение root-доступа), чтобы получить сомнительные преимущества конфиденциальности.
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### Install Updates Regularly
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It's important to not use an [end-of-life](https://endoflife.date/android) version of Android. Newer versions of Android receive not only security updates for the operating system but also important privacy enhancing updates too.
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For example, [prior to Android 10](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes) any apps with the [`READ_PHONE_STATE`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission#READ_PHONE_STATE) permission could access sensitive and unique serial numbers of your phone such as [IMEI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mobile_Equipment_Identity), [MEID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_equipment_identifier), or your SIM card's [IMSI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_mobile_subscriber_identity); whereas now they must be system apps to do so. Системные приложения предоставляются только OEM-производителем или дистрибутивом Android.
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### Use Built-in Sharing Features
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You can avoid giving many apps permission to access your media with Android's built-in sharing features. Many applications allow you to "share" a file with them for media upload.
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For example, if you want to post a picture to Discord you can open your file manager or gallery and share that picture with the Discord app, instead of granting Discord full access to your media and photos.
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@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
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---
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meta_title: "Privacy Guides: Your Independent Privacy and Security Resource"
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meta_title: "Privacy Guides: Independent Privacy & Security Resources"
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description: "The most popular & trustworthy non-profit website to find privacy tools and learn about protecting your digital life. Ad & affiliate free, high quality reviews."
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template: home.html
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social:
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@@ -9,39 +9,11 @@ robots: nofollow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large
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The **Android Open Source Project** is a secure mobile operating system featuring strong [app sandboxing](https://source.android.com/security/app-sandbox), [Verified Boot](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot) (AVB), and a robust [permission](https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/overview) control system.
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## Our Advice
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[:octicons-home-16:](https://source.android.com){ .card-link title=Homepage }
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[:octicons-info-16:](https://source.android.com/docs){ .card-link title=Documentation}
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[:octicons-code-16:](https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/main){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
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### Выбор Android дистрибутива
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When you buy an Android phone, the default operating system comes bundled with apps and functionality that are not part of the Android Open Source Project. Many of these apps—even apps like the dialer which provide basic system functionality—require invasive integrations with Google Play Services, which in turn asks for privileges to access your files, contacts storage, call logs, SMS messages, location, camera, microphone, and numerous other things on your device in order for those basic system apps and many other apps to function in the first place. Frameworks like Google Play Services increase the attack surface of your device and are the source of various privacy concerns with Android.
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Эта проблема может быть решена с помощью кастомного дистрибутива Android, который не имеет таких интеграций. К сожалению, многие кастомные дистрибутивы Android часто нарушают модель безопасности Android, не поддерживая критические функции безопасности, такие как AVB, защита rollback, обновления прошивки и так далее. Некоторые дистрибутивы поставляют сборки [`userdebug`](https://source.android.com/setup/build/building#choose-a-target), которые используют root с [ADB](https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/adb) и требуют [более слабых](https://github.com/LineageOS/android_system_sepolicy/search?q=userdebug&type=code) политик SELinux для активации функций отладки, что приводит к увеличенной поверхности атаки и ослабленной модели безопасности.
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В идеале, при выборе кастомного дистрибутива Android, вы должны убедиться, что он поддерживает модель безопасности Android. Как минимум, дистрибутив должен иметь production сборки, поддержку AVB, защиту rollback, своевременные обновления прошивки и операционной системы и SELinux в режиме [enforcing](https://source.android.com/security/selinux/concepts#enforcement_levels). Все рекомендованные нами дистрибутивы Android удовлетворяют этим критериям.
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[Наши рекомендации Android :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../android/distributions.md ""){.md-button}
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### Избегайте рутинга
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[Рутинг](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooting_(Android)) телефонов Android может значительно снизить безопасность, так как ослабляет всю [модель безопасности Android](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Security_and_privacy). Это может снизить конфиденциальность, если произойдет эксплойт, вызванный снижением безопасности. Обычные методы рутинга предполагают прямое вмешательство в загрузочный раздел, что делает невозможным успешное выполнение проверенной загрузки. Apps that require root will also modify the system partition, meaning that Verified Boot would have to remain disabled. Наличие root непосредственно в пользовательском интерфейсе также увеличивает [поверхность атаки](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8) вашего устройства и может помочь в [повышении привилегий](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9) уязвимостей и обходе политики SELinux.
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Content blockers which modify the [hosts file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosts_(file)) (AdAway) and firewalls (AFWall+) which require root access persistently are dangerous and should not be used. Они также не являются корректным способом решения поставленных перед ними задач. For content blocking, we suggest encrypted [DNS](../dns.md) or content blocking functionality provided by a VPN instead. TrackerControl and AdAway in non-root mode will take up the VPN slot (by using a local loopback VPN), preventing you from using privacy enhancing services such as [Orbot](../tor.md#orbot) or a [real VPN provider](../vpn.md).
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AFWall+ работает на основе подхода [пакетной фильтрации](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD#%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B) и в некоторых ситуациях его можно обойти.
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Мы не считаем, что стоит жертвовать безопасностью (получение root-доступа), чтобы получить сомнительные преимущества конфиденциальности.
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### Install Updates
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Важно не использовать [устаревшую](https://endoflife.date/android) версию Android. Newer versions of Android receive not only security updates for the operating system but also important privacy enhancing updates too.
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For example, [prior to Android 10](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes) any apps with the [`READ_PHONE_STATE`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission#READ_PHONE_STATE) permission could access sensitive and unique serial numbers of your phone such as [IMEI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mobile_Equipment_Identity), [MEID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_equipment_identifier), or your SIM card's [IMSI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_mobile_subscriber_identity); whereas now they must be system apps to do so. Системные приложения предоставляются только OEM-производителем или дистрибутивом Android.
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### Sharing Media
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You can avoid giving many apps permission to access your media with Android's built-in sharing features. Many applications allow you to "share" a file with them for media upload.
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For example, if you want to post a picture to Discord you can open your file manager or gallery and share that picture with the Discord app, instead of granting Discord full access to your media and photos.
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[Our Android Advice :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../android/index.md ""){.md-button.md-button--primary}
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## Security Protections
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