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The **Android Open Source Project** (AOSP) is an open-source mobile operating system led by Google which powers the majority of the world's mobile devices. Most phones sold with Android are modified to include invasive integrations and apps such as Google Play Services, so you can significantly improve your privacy on your mobile device by replacing your phone's default installation with a version of Android without these invasive features.
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[:octicons-home-16:](https://source.android.com){ .card-link title=Homepage }
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[:octicons-info-16:](https://source.android.com/docs){ .card-link title=Documentation}
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[:octicons-code-16:](https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/main){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
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[General Android Overview :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../os/android-overview.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
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We recommend the following Android-specific tools to maximize your mobile device's security and privacy.
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## 私たちのアドバイス
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- [Alternative Distributions](distributions.md)
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- [General Apps](general-apps.md)
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- [Obtaining Applications](obtaining-apps.md)
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### Replace Google Services
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To learn more about Android:
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There are many methods of obtaining apps on Android while avoiding Google Play. Whenever possible, try using one of these methods before getting your apps from non-private sources:
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[General Android Overview :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../os/android-overview.md){ .md-button }
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[Obtaining Applications :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](obtaining-apps.md){ .md-button }
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There are also many private alternatives to the apps that come pre-installed on your phone, such as the camera app. Besides the Android apps we recommend throughout this site in general, we've created a list of system utilities specific to Android which you might find useful.
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[General App Recommendations :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](general-apps.md){ .md-button }
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### Install a Custom Distribution
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When you buy an Android phone, the default operating system comes bundled with apps and functionality that are not part of the Android Open Source Project. Many of these apps—even apps like the dialer which provide basic system functionality—require invasive integrations with Google Play Services, which in turn asks for privileges to access your files, contacts storage, call logs, SMS messages, location, camera, microphone, and numerous other things on your device in order for those basic system apps and many other apps to function in the first place. Frameworks like Google Play Services increase the attack surface of your device and are the source of various privacy concerns with Android.
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This problem could be solved by using an alternative Android distribution, commonly known as a _custom ROM_, that does not come with such invasive integration. しかし残念ながら、多くのカスタムAndroidディストリビューションは、AVBや、ロールバック保護、ファームウェア・アップデートなどの重要なセキュリティ機能をサポートしておらず、しばしばAndroidのセキュリティーモデルに違反しています。 Some distributions also ship [`userdebug`](https://source.android.com/setup/build/building#choose-a-target) builds which expose root via [ADB](https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/adb) and require [more permissive](https://github.com/LineageOS/android_system_sepolicy/search?q=userdebug\&type=code) SELinux policies to accommodate debugging features, resulting in a further increased attack surface and weakened security model.
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Androidのカスタムディストリビューションを選択する場合には、Androidのセキュリティーモデルが維持されていることを確認してください。 At the very least, the distribution should have production builds, support for AVB, rollback protection, timely firmware and operating system updates, and SELinux in [enforcing mode](https://source.android.com/security/selinux/concepts#enforcement_levels). All of our recommended Android distributions satisfy these criteria:
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[Recommended Distributions :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](distributions.md){ .md-button }
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### Avoid Root
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[Rooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooting_\(Android\)) Android phones can decrease security significantly as it weakens the complete [Android security model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_\(operating_system\)#Security_and_privacy). root化によって低下したセキュリティーの脆弱性が悪用されると、プライバシーが損なわれてしまう可能性があります。 一般的な方法でroot化を行うと、ブートパーティションが直接変更されてしまうため、確認付きブートを行うことはできなくなります。 Apps that require root will also modify the system partition, meaning that Verified Boot would have to remain disabled. Having root exposed directly in the user interface also increases the attack surface of your device and may assist in [privilege escalation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_escalation) vulnerabilities and SELinux policy bypasses.
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Content blockers which modify the [hosts file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosts_\(file\)) (AdAway) and firewalls (AFWall+) which require root access persistently are dangerous and should not be used. They are also not the correct way to solve their intended purposes. For content blocking, we suggest encrypted [DNS](../dns.md) or content blocking functionality provided by a VPN instead. TrackerControl and AdAway in non-root mode will take up the VPN slot (by using a local loopback VPN), preventing you from using privacy enhancing services such as [Orbot](../tor.md#orbot) or a [real VPN provider](../vpn.md).
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AFWall+ works based on the [packet filtering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_\(computing\)#Packet_filter) approach and may be bypassable in some situations.
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We do not believe that the security sacrifices made by rooting a phone are worth the questionable privacy benefits of those apps.
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### Install Updates Regularly
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It's important to not use an [end-of-life](https://endoflife.date/android) version of Android. Newer versions of Android receive not only security updates for the operating system but also important privacy enhancing updates too.
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For example, [prior to Android 10](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes) any apps with the [`READ_PHONE_STATE`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission#READ_PHONE_STATE) permission could access sensitive and unique serial numbers of your phone such as [IMEI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mobile_Equipment_Identity), [MEID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_equipment_identifier), or your SIM card's [IMSI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_mobile_subscriber_identity); whereas now they must be system apps to do so. System apps are only provided by the OEM or Android distribution.
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### Use Built-in Sharing Features
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Androidに内蔵された共有機能を使えば、多くのアプリにメディアへのアクセス許可を与える必要がなくなります。 多くのアプリでは、メディアをアップロードするためにファイルを「共有」することができます。
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例えば、Discordに写真を投稿したい場合は、Discordにメディアや写真へのフルアクセスを許可する代わりに、ファイルマネージャーやギャラリーを開いて、その写真を Discord アプリと共有できます。
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