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i18n/zh-Hant/advanced/dns-overview.md
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@@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ DNS 從網際網路的 [早期](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System
如果執行上面的 Wireshark 命令，頂部窗格會顯示「[frame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_frame)」，底部窗格會顯示所選框架的所有資料。 企業過濾和監控解決方案（例如政府購買的解決方案）可以自動執行此過程，而無需人工交互，並且可以聚合這些框架以產生對網路觀察者有用的統計數據。
| 不。 | 時間 | 來源 | 目的地 | 協議 | 長度 | 資訊 |
| -- | -------- | --------- | --------- | --- | --- | ----------------------------------------------------- |
| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | 標準查詢 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT |
| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | 標準查詢回應 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT |
| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | 標準查詢 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT |
| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | 標準查詢回應0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT |
| No. | Time | Source | Destination | Protocol | Length | Info |
| --- | -------- | --------- | ----------- | -------- | ------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT |
| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT |
| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT |
| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT |
觀察者可以修改這些封包。
@@ -339,9 +339,26 @@ DNSSEC 在所有 DNS 層中實施分級數位簽名政策。 例如，查詢 `pr
## 什麼是QNAME最小化？
QNAME是“限定名稱” ，例如 `privacyguides.org`。 QNAME 最小化可減少從 DNS 伺服器傳送到 [授權名稱伺服器](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server)的資訊量。
A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider:
與其傳送完整域名 `privacyguides.org`， QNAME最小化意味著 DNS 伺服器會請求所有 `.org`尾綴 的記錄。 進一步的技術描述在 [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816)。
| Server | Question Asked | Response |
| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- |
| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... |
| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... |
| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! |
With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit:
| Server | Question Asked | Response |
| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- |
| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* |
| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* |
| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! |
| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 |
While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. 進一步的技術描述在 [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816)。