diff --git a/i18n/ar/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/ar/advanced/dns-overview.md index 9c701170..21889d85 100644 --- a/i18n/ar/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/ar/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS ## What is QNAME minimization? -A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `privacyguides.org`. QNAME minimisation reduces the amount of information sent from the DNS server to the [authoritative name server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Instead of sending the whole domain `privacyguides.org`, QNAME minimization means the DNS server will ask for all the records that end in `.org`. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## What is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/ar/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/ar/basics/email-security.md index 5eb3132f..6fbfda4f 100644 --- a/i18n/ar/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/ar/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ There is another standard which is popular with business called [S/MIME](https:/ Even if you use OpenPGP, it does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. This is why we recommend [instant messengers](../real-time-communication.md) which implement forward secrecy over email for person-to-person communications whenever possible. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### What Email Clients Support E2EE? Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and SMTP can be used with any of the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md). Depending on the authentication method, this may lead to the decrease security if either the provider or the email client does not support OATH or a bridge application as [multi-factor authentication](multi-factor-authentication.md) is not possible with plain password authentication. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and S A smartcard (such as a [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc.) running an email/webmail client. The message is then decrypted by the smartcard and the decrypted content is sent back to the device. -It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard so as to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Email Metadata Overview diff --git a/i18n/ar/email.md b/i18n/ar/email.md index 221ef9de..eaa7fcd4 100644 --- a/i18n/ar/email.md +++ b/i18n/ar/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ cover: email.png ## الخدمات الداعمة لأوبن‌بي‌جي‌بي -يدعهم هؤلاء تعمية وفكَّ تعمية أوبن‌بي‌جي‌بي أصلًا، ويمتثلون معيار دليل مفتاح الوِب (WKD)، مما يتيح لهم إرسال رسائل إلكترونيةً معمَّاةً بين الأطراف بغضِّ النظر عن مصدرها. فمثلًا: باستطاعة مستخدم بريد بروتون إرسال رسالة معمَّاة بين الأطراف، وكون المستقبل مستخدم Mailbox.org، أو لك استقبال إشعارات معمَّاةً بأوبن‌بي‌جي‌بي من خدمات الإنترنت الداعمة له. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. فمثلًا: باستطاعة مستخدم بريد بروتون إرسال رسالة معمَّاة بين الأطراف، وكون المستقبل مستخدم Mailbox.org، أو لك استقبال إشعارات معمَّاةً بأوبن‌بي‌جي‌بي من خدمات الإنترنت الداعمة له.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ cover: email.png عند بريد بروتون [دعم مدمج لتعمية أوبن‌بي‌جي‌بي](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) في صفحة البريد. تعمَّى الرسائل المرسلة لحسابات بريد بروتون الأخرى تلقائيًّا، ولك تمكين تعمية أوبن‌بي‌جي‌بي لعناوين البريد خارج بروتون في إعدادات حسابك. ويتيح لك أيضًا [تعمية الرسائل المرسلة لغير عناوين بروتون](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) دون حاجتهم لتسجيل حساب بريد بروتون او استخدام برمجية مثل أوبن‌بي‌جي‌بي. -يدعم بريد بروتون اكتشاف المفاتيح العامَّة باستخدام HTTP من [دليل مفاتيح الوِب (WKD) التابع لهم](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). ويتيح هذا لمن ليس عنده بريد بروتون العثور على مفاتيح أوبن‌بي‌جي‌بي لحسابات بريد بروتون بسهولة، وذلك لتمكين التعمية بين الأطراف بين موفِّري خدمة البريد الإلكترونيِّ. +يدعم بريد بروتون اكتشاف المفاتيح العامَّة باستخدام HTTP من [دليل مفاتيح الوِب (WKD) التابع لهم](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). ويتيح هذا لمن ليس عنده بريد بروتون العثور على مفاتيح أوبن‌بي‌جي‌بي لحسابات بريد بروتون بسهولة، وذلك لتمكين التعمية بين الأطراف بين موفِّري خدمة البريد الإلكترونيِّ. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } إنهاء الحسابات @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ cover: email.png لدى Mailbox.org [تعمية مدمجة](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) في موقعهم، وهذا ييسِّر إرسال الرسائل باستخدام مفاتيح أوبن‌بي‌جي‌بي العامَّة. وكذلك يتيحون [لمستقبلي الرسائل من خارج خوادمهم كشف تعمية رسالة](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) في خوادم Mailbox.org. فائدة هذا تظهر في حال كان المستقبل ليس لديه أوبن‌بي‌جي‌بي ولا يستطيع كشف تعمية نسخة من الرسالة في صندوق بريده. -تدعم Mailbox.org اكتشاف المفتايح العامَّة باستخدام HTTP من [دليل مفاتيح الوِب (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) التابع لهم. ويتيح هذا لمن ليس عنده Mailbox.org العثور على مفاتيح أوبن‌بي‌جي‌بي لحسابات Mailbox.org بسهولة، وذلك لتمكين التعمية بين الأطراف بين موفِّري خدمة البريد الإلكترونيِّ. +تدعم Mailbox.org اكتشاف المفتايح العامَّة باستخدام HTTP من [دليل مفاتيح الوِب (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) التابع لهم. ويتيح هذا لمن ليس عنده Mailbox.org العثور على مفاتيح أوبن‌بي‌جي‌بي لحسابات Mailbox.org بسهولة، وذلك لتمكين التعمية بين الأطراف بين موفِّري خدمة البريد الإلكترونيِّ. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } إنهاء الحسابات diff --git a/i18n/bn/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/bn/advanced/dns-overview.md index 9c701170..21889d85 100644 --- a/i18n/bn/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/bn/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS ## What is QNAME minimization? -A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `privacyguides.org`. QNAME minimisation reduces the amount of information sent from the DNS server to the [authoritative name server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Instead of sending the whole domain `privacyguides.org`, QNAME minimization means the DNS server will ask for all the records that end in `.org`. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## What is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/bn/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/bn/basics/email-security.md index 5eb3132f..6fbfda4f 100644 --- a/i18n/bn/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/bn/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ There is another standard which is popular with business called [S/MIME](https:/ Even if you use OpenPGP, it does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. This is why we recommend [instant messengers](../real-time-communication.md) which implement forward secrecy over email for person-to-person communications whenever possible. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### What Email Clients Support E2EE? Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and SMTP can be used with any of the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md). Depending on the authentication method, this may lead to the decrease security if either the provider or the email client does not support OATH or a bridge application as [multi-factor authentication](multi-factor-authentication.md) is not possible with plain password authentication. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and S A smartcard (such as a [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc.) running an email/webmail client. The message is then decrypted by the smartcard and the decrypted content is sent back to the device. -It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard so as to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Email Metadata Overview diff --git a/i18n/bn/email.md b/i18n/bn/email.md index bff6eee2..5c558ddb 100644 --- a/i18n/bn/email.md +++ b/i18n/bn/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ For everything else, we recommend a variety of email providers based on sustaina ## OpenPGP Compatible Services -These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the Web Key Directory (WKD) standard, allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Certain information stored in [Proton Contacts](https://proton.me/support/proton Proton Mail has [integrated OpenPGP encryption](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) in their webmail. Emails to other Proton Mail accounts are encrypted automatically, and encryption to non-Proton Mail addresses with an OpenPGP key can be enabled easily in your account settings. They also allow you to [encrypt messages to non-Proton Mail addresses](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) without the need for them to sign up for a Proton Mail account or use software like OpenPGP. -Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. +Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ However, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), the softwa Mailbox.org has [integrated encryption](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) in their webmail, which simplifies sending messages to people with public OpenPGP keys. They also allow [remote recipients to decrypt an email](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) on Mailbox.org's servers. This feature is useful when the remote recipient does not have OpenPGP and cannot decrypt a copy of the email in their own mailbox. -Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. +Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination diff --git a/i18n/cs/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/cs/advanced/dns-overview.md index d1e38285..21889d85 100644 --- a/i18n/cs/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/cs/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Below, we discuss and provide a tutorial to prove what an outside observer may s If you run the Wireshark command above, the top pane shows the "[frames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_frame)", and the bottom pane shows all the data about the selected frame. Enterprise filtering and monitoring solutions (such as those purchased by governments) can do the process automatically, without human interaction, and can aggregate those frames to produce statistical data useful to the network observer. -| Ne. | Time | Source | Destination | Protocol | Length | Info | +| No. | Time | Source | Destination | Protocol | Length | Info | | --- | -------- | --------- | ----------- | -------- | ------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | | 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | | 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS ## What is QNAME minimization? -A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `privacyguides.org`. QNAME minimisation reduces the amount of information sent from the DNS server to the [authoritative name server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Instead of sending the whole domain `privacyguides.org`, QNAME minimization means the DNS server will ask for all the records that end in `.org`. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## What is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/cs/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/cs/basics/email-security.md index 5eb3132f..6fbfda4f 100644 --- a/i18n/cs/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/cs/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ There is another standard which is popular with business called [S/MIME](https:/ Even if you use OpenPGP, it does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. This is why we recommend [instant messengers](../real-time-communication.md) which implement forward secrecy over email for person-to-person communications whenever possible. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### What Email Clients Support E2EE? Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and SMTP can be used with any of the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md). Depending on the authentication method, this may lead to the decrease security if either the provider or the email client does not support OATH or a bridge application as [multi-factor authentication](multi-factor-authentication.md) is not possible with plain password authentication. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and S A smartcard (such as a [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc.) running an email/webmail client. The message is then decrypted by the smartcard and the decrypted content is sent back to the device. -It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard so as to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Email Metadata Overview diff --git a/i18n/cs/email.md b/i18n/cs/email.md index bff6eee2..5c558ddb 100644 --- a/i18n/cs/email.md +++ b/i18n/cs/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ For everything else, we recommend a variety of email providers based on sustaina ## OpenPGP Compatible Services -These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the Web Key Directory (WKD) standard, allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Certain information stored in [Proton Contacts](https://proton.me/support/proton Proton Mail has [integrated OpenPGP encryption](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) in their webmail. Emails to other Proton Mail accounts are encrypted automatically, and encryption to non-Proton Mail addresses with an OpenPGP key can be enabled easily in your account settings. They also allow you to [encrypt messages to non-Proton Mail addresses](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) without the need for them to sign up for a Proton Mail account or use software like OpenPGP. -Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. +Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ However, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), the softwa Mailbox.org has [integrated encryption](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) in their webmail, which simplifies sending messages to people with public OpenPGP keys. They also allow [remote recipients to decrypt an email](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) on Mailbox.org's servers. This feature is useful when the remote recipient does not have OpenPGP and cannot decrypt a copy of the email in their own mailbox. -Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. +Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination diff --git a/i18n/de/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/de/advanced/dns-overview.md index 64992fe0..73bf99d3 100644 --- a/i18n/de/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/de/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ Im Folgenden erörtern wir, was ein außenstehender Beobachter mit Hilfe von nor Wenn Sie den obigen Wireshark-Befehl ausführen, zeigt das obere Fenster die "[frames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_frame)", und das untere Fenster zeigt alle Daten über den ausgewählten Frame. Filter- und Überwachungslösungen für Unternehmen (z. B. solche, die von Regierungen gekauft werden) können den Prozess automatisch und ohne menschliche Interaktion durchführen und diese Frames zusammenfassen, um statistische Daten zu erzeugen, die für den Netzwerkbeobachter nützlich sind. -| Nr. | Zeit | Quelle | Ziel | Protokoll | Größe | Info | -| --- | -------- | --------- | --------- | --------- | ----- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Standardabfrage 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard-Abfrageantwort 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | -| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Standardabfrage 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard-Abfrageantwort 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| No. | Time | Source | Destination | Protocol | Length | Info | +| --- | -------- | --------- | ----------- | -------- | ------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | Ein Beobachter könnte jedes dieser Pakete verändern. @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS ## What is QNAME minimization? -A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `privacyguides.org`. QNAME minimisation reduces the amount of information sent from the DNS server to the [authoritative name server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Instead of sending the whole domain `privacyguides.org`, QNAME minimization means the DNS server will ask for all the records that end in `.org`. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## What is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/de/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/de/basics/email-security.md index 5eb3132f..6fbfda4f 100644 --- a/i18n/de/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/de/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ There is another standard which is popular with business called [S/MIME](https:/ Even if you use OpenPGP, it does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. This is why we recommend [instant messengers](../real-time-communication.md) which implement forward secrecy over email for person-to-person communications whenever possible. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### What Email Clients Support E2EE? Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and SMTP can be used with any of the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md). Depending on the authentication method, this may lead to the decrease security if either the provider or the email client does not support OATH or a bridge application as [multi-factor authentication](multi-factor-authentication.md) is not possible with plain password authentication. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and S A smartcard (such as a [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc.) running an email/webmail client. The message is then decrypted by the smartcard and the decrypted content is sent back to the device. -It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard so as to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Email Metadata Overview diff --git a/i18n/de/email.md b/i18n/de/email.md index de6348dd..d11944d8 100644 --- a/i18n/de/email.md +++ b/i18n/de/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Für alles andere empfehlen wir eine Reihe von E-Mail-Anbietern, die auf nachhal ## OpenPGP-kompatible Dienste -Diese Anbieter unterstützen von Haus aus die OpenPGP-Ver- und Entschlüsselung und den Web Key Directory (WKD)-Standard, so dass anbieterunabhängige E2E-verschlüsselte E-Mails möglich sind. Zum Beispiel können Kunden von Proton Mail eine E2EE-Nachricht an Kunden von Mailbox.org senden oder sie können OpenPGP-verschlüsselte Benachrichtigungen von Internetdiensten erhalten, die dies unterstützen. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. Zum Beispiel können Kunden von Proton Mail eine E2EE-Nachricht an Kunden von Mailbox.org senden oder sie können OpenPGP-verschlüsselte Benachrichtigungen von Internetdiensten erhalten, die dies unterstützen.
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ Bestimmte Informationen, die in [Proton Contacts](https://proton.me/support/prot Proton Mail hat [die OpenPGP-Verschlüsselung](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) in sein Webmail integriert. E-Mails an andere Proton Mail-Konten werden automatisch verschlüsselt. Die Verschlüsselung an Nicht-Proton Mail-Adressen mit einem OpenPGP-Schlüssel kannst du ganz einfach in deinen Kontoeinstellungen aktivieren. Es ist auch möglich, [Nachrichten an Nicht-Proton-Mail-Adressen](https://proton.me/de/support/password-protected-emails) zu verschlüsseln, ohne dass diese sich für ein Proton-Mail-Konto anmelden oder Software wie OpenPGP verwenden müssen. -Proton Mail unterstützt auch die Suche nach öffentlichen Schlüsseln über HTTP in ihrem [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Dies ermöglicht es Personen, die Proton Mail nicht verwenden, die OpenPGP-Schlüssel von Proton Mail-Konten für anbieterübergreifende E2EE leicht zu finden. +Proton Mail unterstützt auch die Suche nach öffentlichen Schlüsseln über HTTP in ihrem [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Dies ermöglicht es Personen, die Proton Mail nicht verwenden, die OpenPGP-Schlüssel von Proton Mail-Konten für anbieterübergreifende E2EE leicht zu finden. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Kontokündigung @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ Allerdings unterstützt [Open-Exchange](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchan Mailbox.org hat [eine Verschlüsselung](https://kb.mailbox.org/de/privat/verschluesselung-mit-mailbox-org-guard/verschluesselte-nachrichten-versenden) in ihr Webmail integriert, die den Versand von Nachrichten an Personen mit öffentlichen OpenPGP-Schlüsseln vereinfacht. Sie ermöglichen auch [Empfängern, die kein Mailbox.org Konto besitzen, eine E-Mail auf den Servern von Mailbox.org zu entschlüsseln](https://kb.mailbox.org/de/privat/verschluesselung-mit-mailbox-org-guard/verschluesselte-nachrichten-versenden#VerschluesselteNachrichtenversenden-Waspassiert,wennderEmpf%C3%A4ngerkeinPGPnutzt?). Diese Funktion ist nützlich, wenn der Empfänger OpenPGP nicht nutzt und daher eine Kopie der E-Mail in seinem eigenen Postfach nicht entschlüsseln kann. -Mailbox.org unterstützt auch die Suche nach öffentlichen Schlüsseln über HTTP von ihrem [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Dies ermöglicht es Personen, die Mailbox.org nicht verwenden, die OpenPGP-Schlüssel von Mailbox.org-Konten für anbieterübergreifende E2EE leicht zu finden. +Mailbox.org unterstützt auch die Suche nach öffentlichen Schlüsseln über HTTP von ihrem [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Dies ermöglicht es Personen, die Mailbox.org nicht verwenden, die OpenPGP-Schlüssel von Mailbox.org-Konten für anbieterübergreifende E2EE leicht zu finden. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Kontokündigung diff --git a/i18n/el/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/el/advanced/dns-overview.md index 9c701170..21889d85 100644 --- a/i18n/el/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/el/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS ## What is QNAME minimization? -A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `privacyguides.org`. QNAME minimisation reduces the amount of information sent from the DNS server to the [authoritative name server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Instead of sending the whole domain `privacyguides.org`, QNAME minimization means the DNS server will ask for all the records that end in `.org`. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## What is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/el/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/el/basics/email-security.md index 5eb3132f..6fbfda4f 100644 --- a/i18n/el/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/el/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ There is another standard which is popular with business called [S/MIME](https:/ Even if you use OpenPGP, it does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. This is why we recommend [instant messengers](../real-time-communication.md) which implement forward secrecy over email for person-to-person communications whenever possible. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### What Email Clients Support E2EE? Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and SMTP can be used with any of the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md). Depending on the authentication method, this may lead to the decrease security if either the provider or the email client does not support OATH or a bridge application as [multi-factor authentication](multi-factor-authentication.md) is not possible with plain password authentication. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and S A smartcard (such as a [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc.) running an email/webmail client. The message is then decrypted by the smartcard and the decrypted content is sent back to the device. -It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard so as to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Email Metadata Overview diff --git a/i18n/el/email.md b/i18n/el/email.md index bff6eee2..5c558ddb 100644 --- a/i18n/el/email.md +++ b/i18n/el/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ For everything else, we recommend a variety of email providers based on sustaina ## OpenPGP Compatible Services -These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the Web Key Directory (WKD) standard, allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Certain information stored in [Proton Contacts](https://proton.me/support/proton Proton Mail has [integrated OpenPGP encryption](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) in their webmail. Emails to other Proton Mail accounts are encrypted automatically, and encryption to non-Proton Mail addresses with an OpenPGP key can be enabled easily in your account settings. They also allow you to [encrypt messages to non-Proton Mail addresses](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) without the need for them to sign up for a Proton Mail account or use software like OpenPGP. -Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. +Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ However, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), the softwa Mailbox.org has [integrated encryption](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) in their webmail, which simplifies sending messages to people with public OpenPGP keys. They also allow [remote recipients to decrypt an email](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) on Mailbox.org's servers. This feature is useful when the remote recipient does not have OpenPGP and cannot decrypt a copy of the email in their own mailbox. -Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. +Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination diff --git a/i18n/eo/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/eo/advanced/dns-overview.md index 9c701170..21889d85 100644 --- a/i18n/eo/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/eo/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS ## What is QNAME minimization? -A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `privacyguides.org`. QNAME minimisation reduces the amount of information sent from the DNS server to the [authoritative name server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Instead of sending the whole domain `privacyguides.org`, QNAME minimization means the DNS server will ask for all the records that end in `.org`. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## What is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/eo/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/eo/basics/email-security.md index 5eb3132f..6fbfda4f 100644 --- a/i18n/eo/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/eo/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ There is another standard which is popular with business called [S/MIME](https:/ Even if you use OpenPGP, it does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. This is why we recommend [instant messengers](../real-time-communication.md) which implement forward secrecy over email for person-to-person communications whenever possible. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### What Email Clients Support E2EE? Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and SMTP can be used with any of the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md). Depending on the authentication method, this may lead to the decrease security if either the provider or the email client does not support OATH or a bridge application as [multi-factor authentication](multi-factor-authentication.md) is not possible with plain password authentication. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and S A smartcard (such as a [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc.) running an email/webmail client. The message is then decrypted by the smartcard and the decrypted content is sent back to the device. -It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard so as to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Email Metadata Overview diff --git a/i18n/eo/email.md b/i18n/eo/email.md index bff6eee2..5c558ddb 100644 --- a/i18n/eo/email.md +++ b/i18n/eo/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ For everything else, we recommend a variety of email providers based on sustaina ## OpenPGP Compatible Services -These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the Web Key Directory (WKD) standard, allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Certain information stored in [Proton Contacts](https://proton.me/support/proton Proton Mail has [integrated OpenPGP encryption](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) in their webmail. Emails to other Proton Mail accounts are encrypted automatically, and encryption to non-Proton Mail addresses with an OpenPGP key can be enabled easily in your account settings. They also allow you to [encrypt messages to non-Proton Mail addresses](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) without the need for them to sign up for a Proton Mail account or use software like OpenPGP. -Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. +Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ However, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), the softwa Mailbox.org has [integrated encryption](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) in their webmail, which simplifies sending messages to people with public OpenPGP keys. They also allow [remote recipients to decrypt an email](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) on Mailbox.org's servers. This feature is useful when the remote recipient does not have OpenPGP and cannot decrypt a copy of the email in their own mailbox. -Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. +Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination diff --git a/i18n/es/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/es/advanced/dns-overview.md index 5a87a49a..ca7b988b 100644 --- a/i18n/es/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/es/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ A continuación, discutimos y proporcionamos un tutorial para probar lo que un o Si ejecutas el comando Wireshark anterior, el panel superior muestra los "[frames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_frame)", y el panel inferior muestra todos los datos sobre el frame seleccionado. Las soluciones empresariales de filtrado y monitorización (como las adquiridas por los gobiernos) pueden realizar el proceso de forma automática, sin interacción humana, y pueden agregar esas tramas para producir datos estadísticos útiles para el observador de la red. -| No. | Tiempo | Fuente | Destino | Protocolo | Duración | Información | -| --- | -------- | --------- | --------- | --------- | -------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Consulta estándar 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Respuesta de consulta estándar 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | -| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Consulta estándar 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Respuesta de consulta estándar 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| No. | Time | Source | Destination | Protocol | Length | Info | +| --- | -------- | --------- | ----------- | -------- | ------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | Un observador podría modificar cualquiera de estos paquetes. @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC implementa una política de firma digital jerárquica en todas las capas ## ¿Qué es la minimización de QNAME? -Un QNAME es un "nombre cualificado", por ejemplo `privacyguides.org`. La minimización de QNAME reduce la cantidad de información enviada desde el servidor DNS al [servidor de nombres autoritativo](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servidor_de_nombres). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -En lugar de enviar todo el dominio `privacyguides.org`, la minimización de QNAME significa que el servidor DNS pedirá todos los registros que terminen en `.org`. Una descripción técnica más detallada se encuentra en [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Una descripción técnica más detallada se encuentra en [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## ¿Qué es la Subred del Cliente EDNS (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/es/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/es/basics/email-security.md index 82984c49..6336d50f 100644 --- a/i18n/es/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/es/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ Hay otro estándar que es popular entre las empresas llamada [S/MIME](https://es Incluso si utilizas OpenPGP, no admite el [secreto perfecto hacia adelante](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_forward_secrecy), lo que significa que si alguna vez se roba tu clave privada o la del destinatario, todos los mensajes anteriores cifrados con ella se expondrán. Es por eso que recomendamos [servicios de mensajería instantáneos](../real-time-communication.md) que implementan el secreto perfecto hacia adelante por sobre el correo electrónico para las comunicaciones de persona a persona siempre que sea posible. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### ¿Qué clientes de correo electrónico admiten E2EE? Los proveedores de correo electrónico que permiten utilizar protocolos de acceso estándar como IMAP y SMTP pueden utilizarse con cualquiera de los clientes de correo electrónico [que recomendamos](../email-clients.md). Dependiendo del método de autenticación, esto puede conducir a la disminución de la seguridad si el proveedor o el cliente de correo electrónico no soporta OATH o una aplicación puente debido a que la [autenticación multifactor](multi-factor-authentication.md) no es posible con la autenticación de contraseña simple. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ Los proveedores de correo electrónico que permiten utilizar protocolos de acces Una tarjeta inteligente (como una [Yubikey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) o una [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) funciona recibiendo un mensaje de correo electrónico cifrado desde un dispositivo (teléfono, tableta, ordenador, etc.) que ejecuta un cliente de correo electrónico/correo web. El mensaje es entonces descifrado por la tarjeta inteligente y el contenido descifrado es enviado de vuelta al dispositivo. -Es ventajoso que el descifrado ocurra en la tarjeta inteligente para evitar la posible exposición de tu clave privada a un dispositivo comprometido. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Descripción general de los metadatos de correo electrónico diff --git a/i18n/es/email.md b/i18n/es/email.md index 08a72603..84a33798 100644 --- a/i18n/es/email.md +++ b/i18n/es/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Para todo lo demás, recomendamos una variedad de proveedores de correo electró ## Servicios Compatibles con OpenPGP -Estos proveedores soportan el encriptacion/desencriptacion OpenPGP nativamente y el estándar Web Key Directory (WKD), lo que permite que los correos electrónicos E2EE sean independientes del proveedor. Por ejemplo, un usuario de Proton Mail podría enviar un mensaje E2EE a un usuario de Mailbox.org, o podrías recibir notificaciones encriptadas con OpenPGP desde servicios de Internet que lo soporten. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. Por ejemplo, un usuario de Proton Mail podría enviar un mensaje E2EE a un usuario de Mailbox.org, o podrías recibir notificaciones encriptadas con OpenPGP desde servicios de Internet que lo soporten.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Cierta información almacenada en [Proton Contacts](https://proton.me/support/pr Proton Mail ha [integrado la encriptación OpenPGP](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) en su webmail. Los correos electrónicos a otras cuentas de Proton Mail se encriptan automáticamente, y la encriptación a direcciones que no sean de Proton Mail con una clave OpenPGP pueden ser habilitados fácilmente en la configuración de tu cuenta. También le permiten encriptar [mensajes a direcciones que no sean de Proton Mail](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) sin necesidad de que se suscriban a una cuenta de Proton Mail o utilicen software como OpenPGP. -Proton Mail también soporta el descubrimiento de claves públicas a través de HTTP desde su [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Esto permite las personas quienes no utilizan Proton Mail a encontrar fácilmente las claves OpenPGP de las cuentas de Proton Mail, para E2EE entre proveedores. +Proton Mail también soporta el descubrimiento de claves públicas a través de HTTP desde su [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Esto permite las personas quienes no utilizan Proton Mail a encontrar fácilmente las claves OpenPGP de las cuentas de Proton Mail, para E2EE entre proveedores. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Cancelación de Cuenta @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ Sin embargo, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), la pla Mailbox.org tiene [encriptación integrada](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) en su correo web, lo que simplifica el envío de mensajes a personas con claves públicas OpenPGP. También permiten que [destinatarios remotos desencripten un correo electrónico](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) en los servidores de Mailbox.org. Esta característica es útil cuando el destinatario remoto no tiene OpenPGP y no puede descifrar una copia del correo electrónico en su propio buzón de correo. -Mailbox.org también admite el descubrimiento de claves públicas a través de HTTP desde su [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Esto permite que personas afuera de Mailbox.org encuentren fácilmente las claves OpenPGP de las cuentas de Mailbox.org, para E2EE entre proveedores. +Mailbox.org también admite el descubrimiento de claves públicas a través de HTTP desde su [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Esto permite que personas afuera de Mailbox.org encuentren fácilmente las claves OpenPGP de las cuentas de Mailbox.org, para E2EE entre proveedores. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Cancelación de Cuenta diff --git a/i18n/fa/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/fa/advanced/dns-overview.md index 03aade03..8543dab7 100644 --- a/i18n/fa/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/fa/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS ## What is QNAME minimization? -A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `privacyguides.org`. QNAME minimisation reduces the amount of information sent from the DNS server to the [authoritative name server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Instead of sending the whole domain `privacyguides.org`, QNAME minimization means the DNS server will ask for all the records that end in `.org`. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## What is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/fa/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/fa/basics/email-security.md index 5eb3132f..6fbfda4f 100644 --- a/i18n/fa/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/fa/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ There is another standard which is popular with business called [S/MIME](https:/ Even if you use OpenPGP, it does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. This is why we recommend [instant messengers](../real-time-communication.md) which implement forward secrecy over email for person-to-person communications whenever possible. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### What Email Clients Support E2EE? Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and SMTP can be used with any of the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md). Depending on the authentication method, this may lead to the decrease security if either the provider or the email client does not support OATH or a bridge application as [multi-factor authentication](multi-factor-authentication.md) is not possible with plain password authentication. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and S A smartcard (such as a [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc.) running an email/webmail client. The message is then decrypted by the smartcard and the decrypted content is sent back to the device. -It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard so as to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Email Metadata Overview diff --git a/i18n/fa/email.md b/i18n/fa/email.md index b2fcd653..6bb278bc 100644 --- a/i18n/fa/email.md +++ b/i18n/fa/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ cover: email.png ## سرویس‌های سازگار با OpenPGP -این ارائه دهندگان به طور بومی از رمزگذاری/رمزگشایی OpenPGP و استاندارد Web Key Directory (WKD) پشتیبانی می‌کنند، که امکان ارسال ایمیل‌های E2EE بین سرویسی را فراهم می‌کند. به عنوان مثال، یک کاربر Proton Mail می تواند یک پیام E2EE را به یک کاربر Mailbox.org ارسال کند، یا می توانید اعلان های رمزگذاری شده با OpenPGP را از سرویس های اینترنتی که از آن پشتیبانی می کنند دریافت کنید. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. به عنوان مثال، یک کاربر Proton Mail می تواند یک پیام E2EE را به یک کاربر Mailbox.org ارسال کند، یا می توانید اعلان های رمزگذاری شده با OpenPGP را از سرویس های اینترنتی که از آن پشتیبانی می کنند دریافت کنید.
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ Proton Mail دارای [رمزگذاری بدون دسترسی](https://proton.m Proton Mail دارای [رمزگذاری OpenPGP یکپارچه](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) در ایمیل خود است. ایمیل‌های سایر حساب‌های Proton Mail به‌طور خودکار رمزگذاری می‌شوند و رمزگذاری آدرس‌های ایمیل غیر پروتون با کلید OpenPGP به راحتی در تنظیمات حساب شما فعال می‌شود. آنها همچنین به شما این امکان را می‌دهند که [پیام‌های ارسال شده به آدرس‌های ایمیل غیر پروتون را رمزگذاری کنید](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) بدون اینکه نیازی به ثبت نام حساب Proton Mail یا استفاده از نرم‌افزاری مانند OpenPGP باشد. -Proton Mail همچنین از کشف کلیدهای عمومی از طریق HTTP از [دایرکتوری کلیدهای وب (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) پشتیبانی می کند. این قابلیت به افرادی که از سرویس Proton Mail استفاده نمی‌کنند اجازه می‌دهد تا کلیدهای OpenPGP حساب‌های Proton Mail را برای رمزگذاری E2EE سرویس‌های دیگر به راحتی پیدا کنند. +Proton Mail همچنین از کشف کلیدهای عمومی از طریق HTTP از [دایرکتوری کلیدهای وب (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) پشتیبانی می کند. این قابلیت به افرادی که از سرویس Proton Mail استفاده نمی‌کنند اجازه می‌دهد تا کلیدهای OpenPGP حساب‌های Proton Mail را برای رمزگذاری E2EE سرویس‌های دیگر به راحتی پیدا کنند. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } بستن حساب @@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ Mailbox.org امکان رمزگذاری نامه های دریافتی را با Mailbox.org دارای [رمزگذاری یکپارچه](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) در ایمیل وب خود است که ارسال پیام به افراد دارای کلیدهای عمومی OpenPGP را ساده می کند. آنها همچنین به [گیرندگان راه دور اجازه رمزگشایی ایمیل](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) در سرورهای Mailbox.org را می‌دهند. این ویژگی زمانی مفید است که گیرنده امکان استفاده از OpenPGP را ندارد و نمی تواند یک کپی از ایمیل را در صندوق پستی خود رمزگشایی کند. -Mailbox.org همچنین از کشف کلیدهای عمومی از طریق HTTP از [دایرکتوری کلیدهای وب (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) پشتیبانی می کند. این قابلیت به افرادی که از سرویس Mailbox.org استفاده نمی‌کنند اجازه می‌دهد تا کلیدهای OpenPGP حساب‌های Mailbox.org را برای رمزگذاری E2EE سرویس‌های دیگر به راحتی پیدا کنند. +Mailbox.org همچنین از کشف کلیدهای عمومی از طریق HTTP از [دایرکتوری کلیدهای وب (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) پشتیبانی می کند. این قابلیت به افرادی که از سرویس Mailbox.org استفاده نمی‌کنند اجازه می‌دهد تا کلیدهای OpenPGP حساب‌های Mailbox.org را برای رمزگذاری E2EE سرویس‌های دیگر به راحتی پیدا کنند. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. diff --git a/i18n/fr/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/fr/advanced/dns-overview.md index 8f4e6b95..b5986d4f 100644 --- a/i18n/fr/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/fr/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ Ci-dessous, nous discutons et fournissons un tutoriel pour prouver ce qu'un obse Si vous exécutez la commande Wireshark ci-dessus, le volet supérieur affiche les "[trames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_frame)", et le volet inférieur affiche toutes les données relatives à la trame sélectionnée. Les solutions de filtrage et de surveillance d'entreprise (telles que celles achetées par les gouvernements) peuvent effectuer ce processus automatiquement, sans interaction humaine, et peuvent agréger ces trames pour produire des données statistiques utiles à l'observateur du réseau. -| No. | Heure | Source | Destination | Protocole | Longueur | Info | -| --- | -------- | --------- | ----------- | --------- | -------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | -| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| No. | Time | Source | Destination | Protocol | Length | Info | +| --- | -------- | --------- | ----------- | -------- | ------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | Un observateur pourrait modifier n'importe lequel de ces paquets. @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC met en œuvre une politique de signature numérique hiérarchique à trav ## Qu'est-ce que la minimization QNAME ? -Un QNAME est un "nom qualifié", par exemple `privacyguides.org`. La QNAME minimization réduit la quantité d'informations envoyées par le serveur DNS au [serveur de noms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server) faisant autorité. +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Au lieu d'envoyer le domaine entier `privacyguides.org`, la QNAME minimization signifie que le serveur DNS demandera tous les enregistrements qui se terminent par `.org`. Une description technique plus détaillée est définie dans [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Une description technique plus détaillée est définie dans [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## Qu'est-ce que le sous-réseau client EDNS (ECS) ? diff --git a/i18n/fr/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/fr/basics/email-security.md index 6b3c4130..e4fd563d 100644 --- a/i18n/fr/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/fr/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ Il existe une autre norme populaire auprès des entreprises, appelée [S/MIME](h Même si vous utilisez OpenPGP, il ne prend pas en charge la [confidentialité persistante](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), ce qui signifie que si votre clé privée ou celle du destinataire est volée, tous les messages précédents chiffrés avec cette clé seront exposés. C'est pourquoi nous recommandons, dans la mesure du possible, les [messageries instantanées](../real-time-communication.md) qui mettent en œuvre la confidentialité persistante par rapport aux emails pour les communications de personne à personne. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### Quels clients mails supportent le E2EE ? Les fournisseurs d'emails qui vous permettent d'utiliser les protocoles d'accès standard comme IMAP et SMTP peuvent être utilisés avec n'importe lequel des [clients mail que nous recommandons](../email-clients.md). En fonction de la méthode d'authentification, cela peut entraîner une diminution de la sécurité si le fournisseur ou le client mail ne prend pas en charge OATH ou une application passerelle, car [l'authentification multi-facteurs](/basics/multi-factor-authentication/) n'est pas possible avec l'authentification par mot de passe simple. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ Les fournisseurs d'emails qui vous permettent d'utiliser les protocoles d'accès Une carte à puce (telle qu'une [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) ou [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) fonctionne en recevant un email chiffré d'un appareil (téléphone, tablette, ordinateur, etc.) exécutant un client mail/webmail. Le message est ensuite déchiffré par la carte à puce et le contenu déchiffré est renvoyé à l'appareil. -Il est avantageux que le déchiffrement se fasse sur la carte à puce afin d'éviter d'exposer votre clé privée à un dispositif compromis. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Aperçu des Métadonnées des Emails diff --git a/i18n/fr/email.md b/i18n/fr/email.md index f1e826fa..36b7311d 100644 --- a/i18n/fr/email.md +++ b/i18n/fr/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Pour tout le reste, nous recommandons une variété de fournisseurs d'email en f ## Services compatibles avec OpenPGP -Ces fournisseurs prennent en charge de manière native le chiffrement/déchiffrement par OpenPGP et la norme WKD (Web Key Directory), ce qui permet d'obtenir des emails E2EE indépendamment du fournisseur. Par exemple, un utilisateur de Proton Mail peut envoyer un message E2EE à un utilisateur de Mailbox.org, ou vous pouvez recevoir des notifications chiffrées par OpenPGP de la part de services internet qui le supportent. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. Par exemple, un utilisateur de Proton Mail peut envoyer un message E2EE à un utilisateur de Mailbox.org, ou vous pouvez recevoir des notifications chiffrées par OpenPGP de la part de services internet qui le supportent.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Certaines informations stockées dans [Proton Contacts](https://proton.me/suppor Proton Mail a [du chiffrement OpenPGP intégré](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) dans son webmail. Les emails destinés à d'autres comptes Proton Mail sont chiffrés automatiquement, et le chiffrement vers des adresses autres que Proton Mail avec une clé OpenPGP peut être activé facilement dans les paramètres de votre compte. Ils vous permettent également d'[envoyer des messages chiffrés à des adresses non Proton Mail](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) sans qu'ils aient besoin de s'inscrire à un compte Proton Mail ou d'utiliser un logiciel comme OpenPGP. -Proton Mail prend également en charge la découverte de clés publiques via HTTP à partir de leur [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Cela permet aux personnes qui n'utilisent pas Proton Mail de trouver facilement les clés OpenPGP des comptes Proton Mail, pour un E2EE inter-fournisseurs. +Proton Mail prend également en charge la découverte de clés publiques via HTTP à partir de leur [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Cela permet aux personnes qui n'utilisent pas Proton Mail de trouver facilement les clés OpenPGP des comptes Proton Mail, pour un E2EE inter-fournisseurs. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Résiliation du compte @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ Cependant, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), la plate Mailbox.org a [du chiffrement intégré](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) dans son webmail, ce qui simplifie l'envoi de messages à des personnes possédant des clés OpenPGP publiques. Ils permettent également aux [destinataires distants de déchiffrer un email](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) sur les serveurs de Mailbox.org. Cette fonction est utile lorsque le destinataire distant ne dispose pas d'OpenPGP et ne peut pas déchiffrer une copie de l'email dans sa propre boîte mail. -Mailbox.org prend également en charge la découverte de clés publiques via HTTP à partir de leur [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Cela permet aux personnes extérieures à Mailbox.org de trouver facilement les clés OpenPGP des comptes Mailbox.org, pour un E2EE inter-fournisseurs. +Mailbox.org prend également en charge la découverte de clés publiques via HTTP à partir de leur [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Cela permet aux personnes extérieures à Mailbox.org de trouver facilement les clés OpenPGP des comptes Mailbox.org, pour un E2EE inter-fournisseurs. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Résiliation du compte diff --git a/i18n/he/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/he/advanced/dns-overview.md index 9a83088c..4b32a89b 100644 --- a/i18n/he/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/he/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ DNS קיים מאז [הימים הראשונים](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ אם אתה מפעיל את פקודת Wireshark למעלה, החלונית העליונה מציגה את "[מסגרות](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_frame)", והחלונית התחתונה מציגה את כל הנתונים אודות המסגרת שנבחרה. פתרונות סינון וניטור ארגוניים (כגון אלה שנרכשו על ידי ממשלות) יכולים לבצע את התהליך באופן אוטומטי, ללא אינטראקציה אנושית, ויכולים לצבור מסגרות אלה כדי לייצר נתונים סטטיסטיים שימושיים לצופה ברשת. -| מספר. | זמן | מקור | יעד | פרוטוקול | אורך | מידע | -| ----- | -------- | --------- | --------- | -------- | ---- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | -| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| No. | Time | Source | Destination | Protocol | Length | Info | +| --- | -------- | --------- | ----------- | -------- | ------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | צופה יכול לשנות כל אחת מהחבילות הללו. @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC מיישמת מדיניות חתימה דיגיטלית היררכית ב ## מהו מזעור QName? -QNAME הוא "שם מוסמך", לדוגמה`privacyguides.org`. מזעור QName מצמצם את כמות המידע הנשלחת משרת ה - DNS לשרת [שם סמכותי](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -במקום לשלוח את הדומיין `privacyguides.org`, מזעור QNAME פירושו ששרת ה- DNS ישאל בשביל כל הרשומות המסתיימות ב-`.org`. תיאור טכני נוסף מוגדר ב [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. תיאור טכני נוסף מוגדר ב [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## מהי רשת משנה של לקוח EDNS (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/he/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/he/basics/email-security.md index 8766fec7..d53ff2d1 100644 --- a/i18n/he/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/he/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ description: אימייל הוא מטבעו לא מאובטח במובנים ר גם אם אתה משתמש ב - OpenPGP, הוא אינו תומך בסודיות [קדימה](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), כלומר אם המפתח הפרטי שלך או של הנמען ייגנב אי פעם, כל ההודעות הקודמות שהוצפנו איתו ייחשפו. זו הסיבה שאנו ממליצים על [מסנג'רים מיידיים](../real-time-communication.md) אשר מיישמים סודיות קדימה על פני דואר אלקטרוני עבור הודעות פנים אל פנים במידת האפשר. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### אילו לקוחות אימייל תומכים ב - E2EE? ספקי אימייל המאפשרים לך להשתמש בפרוטוקולי גישה סטנדרטיים כגון IMAP ו- SMTP יכולים לשמש עם כל אחד מ[קליינטי הדואר האלקטרוני שאנו ממליצים עליהם](../email-clients.md). בהתאם לשיטת האימות, הדבר עלול להוביל לירידה באבטחה אם הספק או לקוח האימייל אינם תומכים בשבועה או ביישום גשר מאחר שלא ניתן לבצע [אימות רב - גורמי](multi-factor-authentication.md) באמצעות אימות סיסמה רגיל. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ description: אימייל הוא מטבעו לא מאובטח במובנים ר כרטיס חכם (כגון [Yubikey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) עובד על ידי קבלת הודעת אימייל מוצפנת ממכשיר (טלפון, טאבלט, מחשב וכו') המריץ לקוח אימייל/מייל אינטרנט. לאחר מכן, ההודעה מפוענחת על ידי הכרטיס החכם והתוכן המפוענח נשלח חזרה למכשיר. -כדאי שהפענוח יתרחש בכרטיס החכם כדי להימנע מחשיפת המפתח הפרטי שלך למכשיר פגום. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## סקירה כללית של מטא נתונים בדוא"ל diff --git a/i18n/he/email.md b/i18n/he/email.md index acfab053..586d4340 100644 --- a/i18n/he/email.md +++ b/i18n/he/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ cover: email.png ## ספקי אימייל מומלצים -ספקים אלה תומכים באופן מקורי בהצפנה/פענוח של OpenPGP ובתקן Web Key Directory (WKD), המאפשרים הודעות אימייל E2EE אגנוסטיות לספקים. לדוגמה, משתמש Proton Mail יכול לשלוח הודעת E2EE למשתמש Mailbox.org, או שאתה יכול לקבל התראות מוצפנות OpenPGP משירותי אינטרנט התומכים בכך. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. לדוגמה, משתמש Proton Mail יכול לשלוח הודעת E2EE למשתמש Mailbox.org, או שאתה יכול לקבל התראות מוצפנות OpenPGP משירותי אינטרנט התומכים בכך.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Proton Mail תומך באימות TOTP ב[שני גורמים](https://proton.me Proton Mail [שילבה הצפנת OpenPGP](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) בדואר האינטרנט שלהם. אימיילים לחשבונות Proton Mail אחרים מוצפנים באופן אוטומטי, וניתן להפעיל הצפנה לכתובות שאינן פרוטון מייל עם מפתח OpenPGP בקלות בהגדרות החשבון שלך. הם גם מאפשרים לך [להצפין הודעות לכתובות שאינן Proton Mail](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) מבלי להזדקק להן להירשם לחשבון Proton Mail או להשתמש בתוכנה כמו OpenPGP. -Proton Mail תומך גם בגילוי מפתחות ציבוריים באמצעות HTTP מ[ספריית מפתחות האינטרנט (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) שלהם. זה מאפשר לאנשים שאינם משתמשים ב-Proton Mail למצוא בקלות את מפתחות OpenPGP של חשבונות Proton Mail, עבור E2EE חוצה ספקים. +Proton Mail תומך גם בגילוי מפתחות ציבוריים באמצעות HTTP מ[ספריית מפתחות האינטרנט (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) שלהם. זה מאפשר לאנשים שאינם משתמשים ב-Proton Mail למצוא בקלות את מפתחות OpenPGP של חשבונות Proton Mail, עבור E2EE חוצה ספקים. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } סגירת חשבון @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ Mailbox.org מאפשר הצפנה של דואר נכנס באמצעות [תיב ל-Mailbox.org יש [הצפנה משולבת](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) בדואר האינטרנט שלהם, מה שמקל על שליחת הודעות לאנשים עם מפתחות OpenPGP ציבוריים. הם גם מאפשרים [לנמענים מרוחקים לפענח אימייל בשרתים](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) של Mailbox.org. תכונה זו שימושית כאשר לנמען המרוחק אין OpenPGP ואין באפשרותו לפענח עותק של הדואר האלקטרוני בתיבת הדואר שלו. -Mailbox.org תומך גם בגילוי מפתחות ציבוריים באמצעות HTTP מ-[Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) שלהם. זה מאפשר לאנשים מחוץ Mailbox.org למצוא את מפתחות OpenPGP של חשבונות Mailbox.org בקלות, עבור E2EE חוצה ספקים. +Mailbox.org תומך גם בגילוי מפתחות ציבוריים באמצעות HTTP מ-[Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) שלהם. זה מאפשר לאנשים מחוץ Mailbox.org למצוא את מפתחות OpenPGP של חשבונות Mailbox.org בקלות, עבור E2EE חוצה ספקים. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } סגירת חשבון diff --git a/i18n/hi/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/hi/advanced/dns-overview.md index 9c701170..21889d85 100644 --- a/i18n/hi/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/hi/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS ## What is QNAME minimization? -A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `privacyguides.org`. QNAME minimisation reduces the amount of information sent from the DNS server to the [authoritative name server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Instead of sending the whole domain `privacyguides.org`, QNAME minimization means the DNS server will ask for all the records that end in `.org`. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## What is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/hi/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/hi/basics/email-security.md index 5eb3132f..6fbfda4f 100644 --- a/i18n/hi/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/hi/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ There is another standard which is popular with business called [S/MIME](https:/ Even if you use OpenPGP, it does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. This is why we recommend [instant messengers](../real-time-communication.md) which implement forward secrecy over email for person-to-person communications whenever possible. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### What Email Clients Support E2EE? Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and SMTP can be used with any of the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md). Depending on the authentication method, this may lead to the decrease security if either the provider or the email client does not support OATH or a bridge application as [multi-factor authentication](multi-factor-authentication.md) is not possible with plain password authentication. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and S A smartcard (such as a [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc.) running an email/webmail client. The message is then decrypted by the smartcard and the decrypted content is sent back to the device. -It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard so as to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Email Metadata Overview diff --git a/i18n/hi/email.md b/i18n/hi/email.md index bff6eee2..5c558ddb 100644 --- a/i18n/hi/email.md +++ b/i18n/hi/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ For everything else, we recommend a variety of email providers based on sustaina ## OpenPGP Compatible Services -These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the Web Key Directory (WKD) standard, allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Certain information stored in [Proton Contacts](https://proton.me/support/proton Proton Mail has [integrated OpenPGP encryption](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) in their webmail. Emails to other Proton Mail accounts are encrypted automatically, and encryption to non-Proton Mail addresses with an OpenPGP key can be enabled easily in your account settings. They also allow you to [encrypt messages to non-Proton Mail addresses](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) without the need for them to sign up for a Proton Mail account or use software like OpenPGP. -Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. +Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ However, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), the softwa Mailbox.org has [integrated encryption](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) in their webmail, which simplifies sending messages to people with public OpenPGP keys. They also allow [remote recipients to decrypt an email](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) on Mailbox.org's servers. This feature is useful when the remote recipient does not have OpenPGP and cannot decrypt a copy of the email in their own mailbox. -Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. +Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination diff --git a/i18n/hu/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/hu/advanced/dns-overview.md index 9c701170..21889d85 100644 --- a/i18n/hu/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/hu/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS ## What is QNAME minimization? -A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `privacyguides.org`. QNAME minimisation reduces the amount of information sent from the DNS server to the [authoritative name server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Instead of sending the whole domain `privacyguides.org`, QNAME minimization means the DNS server will ask for all the records that end in `.org`. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## What is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/hu/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/hu/basics/email-security.md index 5eb3132f..6fbfda4f 100644 --- a/i18n/hu/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/hu/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ There is another standard which is popular with business called [S/MIME](https:/ Even if you use OpenPGP, it does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. This is why we recommend [instant messengers](../real-time-communication.md) which implement forward secrecy over email for person-to-person communications whenever possible. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### What Email Clients Support E2EE? Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and SMTP can be used with any of the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md). Depending on the authentication method, this may lead to the decrease security if either the provider or the email client does not support OATH or a bridge application as [multi-factor authentication](multi-factor-authentication.md) is not possible with plain password authentication. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and S A smartcard (such as a [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc.) running an email/webmail client. The message is then decrypted by the smartcard and the decrypted content is sent back to the device. -It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard so as to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Email Metadata Overview diff --git a/i18n/hu/email.md b/i18n/hu/email.md index 54ba1647..10868e33 100644 --- a/i18n/hu/email.md +++ b/i18n/hu/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ For everything else, we recommend a variety of email providers based on sustaina ## OpenPGP Compatible Services -These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the Web Key Directory (WKD) standard, allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Certain information stored in [Proton Contacts](https://proton.me/support/proton Proton Mail has [integrated OpenPGP encryption](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) in their webmail. Emails to other Proton Mail accounts are encrypted automatically, and encryption to non-Proton Mail addresses with an OpenPGP key can be enabled easily in your account settings. They also allow you to [encrypt messages to non-Proton Mail addresses](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) without the need for them to sign up for a Proton Mail account or use software like OpenPGP. -Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. +Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ However, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), the softwa Mailbox.org has [integrated encryption](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) in their webmail, which simplifies sending messages to people with public OpenPGP keys. They also allow [remote recipients to decrypt an email](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) on Mailbox.org's servers. This feature is useful when the remote recipient does not have OpenPGP and cannot decrypt a copy of the email in their own mailbox. -Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. +Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination diff --git a/i18n/id/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/id/advanced/dns-overview.md index cd8268cc..ece26641 100644 --- a/i18n/id/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/id/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS ## What is QNAME minimization? -A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `privacyguides.org`. QNAME minimisation reduces the amount of information sent from the DNS server to the [authoritative name server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Instead of sending the whole domain `privacyguides.org`, QNAME minimization means the DNS server will ask for all the records that end in `.org`. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## What is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/id/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/id/basics/email-security.md index a1f9cb4a..86e066af 100644 --- a/i18n/id/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/id/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ Ada standar lain yang populer di kalangan bisnis yang disebut [S/MIME](https://e Bahkan jika Anda menggunakan OpenPGP, ia tidak mendukung kerahasiaan [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), yang berarti jika kunci privat Anda atau penerima dicuri, semua pesan sebelumnya yang dienkripsi dengan kunci tersebut akan terekspos. Inilah sebabnya mengapa kami merekomendasikan [instant messenger](../real-time-communication.md) yang menerapkan kerahasiaan ke depan melalui email untuk komunikasi orang-ke-orang bila memungkinkan. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### Klien Email Apa yang Mendukung E2EE? Penyedia email yang memungkinkan Anda menggunakan protokol akses standar seperti IMAP dan SMTP dapat digunakan dengan salah satu klien email [yang kami rekomendasikan](../email-clients.md). Tergantung pada metode otentikasi, ini dapat menyebabkan penurunan keamanan jika baik penyedia atau klien email tidak mendukung SUMPAH atau aplikasi jembatan sebagai [otentikasi multi-faktor](multi-factor-authentication.md) tidak mungkin dengan otentikasi kata sandi biasa. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ Penyedia email yang memungkinkan Anda menggunakan protokol akses standar seperti A smartcard (such as a [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc.) running an email/webmail client. Pesan tersebut kemudian didekripsi oleh smartcard dan konten yang telah didekripsi dikirim kembali ke perangkat. -Hal ini menguntungkan untuk dekripsi terjadi pada smartcard sehingga untuk menghindari kemungkinan mengekspos kunci pribadi Anda ke perangkat dikompromikan. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Email Metadata Overview diff --git a/i18n/id/email.md b/i18n/id/email.md index 05b07efc..807f5059 100644 --- a/i18n/id/email.md +++ b/i18n/id/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Untuk yang lainnya, kami merekomendasikan berbagai penyedia surel yang didasarka ## Layanan yang Kompatibel dengan OpenPGP -Penyedia layanan ini secara asli mendukung enkripsi/dekripsi OpenPGP dan standar Web Key Directory (WKD), yang memungkinkan email E2EE yang bersifat agnostik pada penyedia. Sebagai contoh, pengguna Proton Mail dapat mengirim pesan E2EE ke pengguna Mailbox.org, atau Anda dapat menerima notifikasi terenkripsi OpenPGP dari layanan internet yang mendukungnya. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. Sebagai contoh, pengguna Proton Mail dapat mengirim pesan E2EE ke pengguna Mailbox.org, atau Anda dapat menerima notifikasi terenkripsi OpenPGP dari layanan internet yang mendukungnya.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Certain information stored in [Proton Contacts](https://proton.me/support/proton Proton Mail has [integrated OpenPGP encryption](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) in their webmail. Email ke akun Proton Mail lainnya dienkripsi secara otomatis, dan enkripsi ke alamat non-Proton Mail dengan kunci OpenPGP dapat diaktifkan dengan mudah di pengaturan akun Anda. They also allow you to [encrypt messages to non-Proton Mail addresses](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) without the need for them to sign up for a Proton Mail account or use software like OpenPGP. -Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Hal ini memungkinkan orang yang tidak menggunakan Proton Mail untuk menemukan kunci OpenPGP akun Proton Mail dengan mudah, untuk lintas-penyedia E2EE. +Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Hal ini memungkinkan orang yang tidak menggunakan Proton Mail untuk menemukan kunci OpenPGP akun Proton Mail dengan mudah, untuk lintas-penyedia E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ However, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), the softwa Mailbox.org has [integrated encryption](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) in their webmail, which simplifies sending messages to people with public OpenPGP keys. They also allow [remote recipients to decrypt an email](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) on Mailbox.org's servers. Fitur ini berguna ketika penerima jarak jauh tidak memiliki OpenPGP dan tidak dapat mendekripsi salinan email di kotak surat mereka sendiri. -Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Hal ini memungkinkan orang di luar Mailbox.org untuk menemukan kunci OpenPGP dari akun Mailbox.org dengan mudah, untuk lintas-penyedia E2EE. +Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Hal ini memungkinkan orang di luar Mailbox.org untuk menemukan kunci OpenPGP dari akun Mailbox.org dengan mudah, untuk lintas-penyedia E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination diff --git a/i18n/it/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/it/advanced/dns-overview.md index 52af00e9..232e3bbd 100644 --- a/i18n/it/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/it/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ Di seguito, discutiamo e forniamo un tutorial per provare ciò che un osservator Se esegui il comando di Wireshark precedente, il pannello superiore mostra i "[quadri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_frame)", mentre quello inferiore mostra tutti i dati sul quadro selezionato. Le soluzioni di filtraggio e monitoraggio aziendali (come quelle acquistate dai governi), possono svolgere il processo automaticamente, senza l'interazione umana, e possono aggregare tali quadri per produrre dati statistici, utili all'osservatore della rete. -| N. | Tempo | Fonte | Destinazione | Protocollo | Lunghezza | Info | -| -- | -------- | --------- | ------------ | ---------- | --------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Richiesta standard 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Risposta standard alla richiesta 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | -| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Richiesta standard 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Risposta standard alla richiesta 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| No. | Time | Source | Destination | Protocol | Length | Info | +| --- | -------- | --------- | ----------- | -------- | ------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | Un osservatore potrebbe modificare uno qualsiasi di questi pacchetti. @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ Le DNSSEC implementano una politica di firma digitale gerarchica, tra tutti i li ## Cos'è la minimizzazione dei QNAME? -Un QNAME è un "nome qualificato", ad esempio, `privacyguides.com`. La minimizzazione del QNAME riduce la quantità di informazioni inviate dal server DNS all'[assistente autoritativo del nome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Invece di inviare l'intero dominio `privacyguides.org`, la minimizzazione del QNAME preclude che il server DNS chiederà tutti i registri che terminano per `.org`. Un'ulteriore descrizione tecnica è definita nel [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Un'ulteriore descrizione tecnica è definita nel [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## Cos'è la Sottorete del Client EDNS (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/it/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/it/basics/email-security.md index 43a32d56..087f091e 100644 --- a/i18n/it/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/it/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ Esiste un altro standard popolare tra le aziende, detto [S/MIME](https://en.wiki Anche se utilizzi OpenPGP, non supporta la [segretezza in avanti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), il che significa che se la chiave privata tua o del destinatario viene rubata, tutti i messaggi precedentemente crittografati saranno esposti. Ecco perché consigliamo la [messaggistica istantanea](../real-time-communication.md), che implementa la segretezza in avanti via email, per le comunicazioni personali, quando possibile. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### Quali client email supportano E2EE? I fornitori email che ti conseentono di utilizzare i protocolli d'accesso standard come IMAP e SMTP, sono utilizzabili con qualsiasi [client email che consigliamo](../email-clients.md). In base al metodo d'autenticazione, ciò potrebbe comportare una riduzione della sicurezza se il fornitore o il client email non supportano OATH o un'applicazione di collegamento (bridge), poiché l'[autenticazione a più fattori](multi-factor-authentication.md) non è possibile con l'autenticazione con password semplice. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ I fornitori email che ti conseentono di utilizzare i protocolli d'accesso standa Una smartcard (come [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) o [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) opera ricevendo un messaggio email crittografato da un dispositivo (telefono, tablet, computer, etc.), che esegue un client email/webmail. Il messaggio, quindi, viene decrittografato dalla smartcart e il contenuto decrittografato è reinviato al dispositivo. -Il fatto che la decrittografia si verifichi sulla smartcard è vantaggioso per evitare la possibile esposizione della tua chiave privata, a un dispositivo compromesso. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Panoramica sui metadati email diff --git a/i18n/it/email.md b/i18n/it/email.md index 6ca11f71..d94886e2 100644 --- a/i18n/it/email.md +++ b/i18n/it/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Per tutto il resto, consigliamo una varietà di provider di posta elettronica ba ## Servizi Compatibili con OpenPGP -Questi fornitori supportano nativamente la crittografia/decrittografia di OpenPGP e lo standard Web Key Directory (WKD), consentendo email E2EE indipendenti dal fornitore. Ad esempio, un utente di Proton Mail potrebbe inviare un messaggio E2EE a un utente Mailbox.org, o potresti ricevere notifiche crittografate in OpenPGP dai servizi Internet che le supportano. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. Ad esempio, un utente di Proton Mail potrebbe inviare un messaggio E2EE a un utente Mailbox.org, o potresti ricevere notifiche crittografate in OpenPGP dai servizi Internet che le supportano.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Certe informazioni memorizzate su [Proton Contact](https://proton.me/support/pro Proton Mail ha una [crittografia OpenPGP integrata](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) nella propria webmail. Le e-mail inviate ad altri account Proton Mail vengono crittografate automaticamente, e la crittografia verso indirizzi non Proton Mail con una chiave OpenPGP può essere abilitata nelle impostazioni dell'account. Inoltre, ti consentono di [crittografare i messaggi agli indirizzi non di Proton Mail](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails), senza che debbano iscriversi a un profilo di Proton Mail o utilizzare software, come OpenPGP. -Inoltre, Proton Mail supporta la scoperta delle chiavi pubbliche tramite HTTP, dalla loro [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Ciò permette a coloro che non utiilizzano Proton Mail, di trovare facilmente le chiavi OpenPGP dei profili di Proton Mail, per un'E2EE tra fornitori. +Inoltre, Proton Mail supporta la scoperta delle chiavi pubbliche tramite HTTP, dalla loro [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Ciò permette a coloro che non utiilizzano Proton Mail, di trovare facilmente le chiavi OpenPGP dei profili di Proton Mail, per un'E2EE tra fornitori. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Chiusura dell'account @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ Tuttavia, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), la piatta Mailbox.org presenta una [crittografia integrata](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) nella propria webmail, che semplifica l'invio di messaggi a persone con le chiavi OpenPGP pubbliche. Inoltre, consente ai [destinatari da remoto di decrittografare un'email](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) sui server di Mailbox.org. Questa funzionalità è utile quando il destinatario da remoto non ha OpenPGP e non può decrittografare una copia dell'email nella propria casella. -Inoltre, Mailbox.org supporta la scoperta di chiavi pubbliche tramite HTTP dalla loro [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Questo permette a persone esterne a Mailbox.org di trovare facilmente le chiavi OpenPGP degli account di Mailbox.org, per un E2EE fra provider diversi. +Inoltre, Mailbox.org supporta la scoperta di chiavi pubbliche tramite HTTP dalla loro [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Questo permette a persone esterne a Mailbox.org di trovare facilmente le chiavi OpenPGP degli account di Mailbox.org, per un E2EE fra provider diversi. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Chiusura dell'account diff --git a/i18n/ja/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/ja/advanced/dns-overview.md index 9c701170..21889d85 100644 --- a/i18n/ja/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/ja/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS ## What is QNAME minimization? -A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `privacyguides.org`. QNAME minimisation reduces the amount of information sent from the DNS server to the [authoritative name server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Instead of sending the whole domain `privacyguides.org`, QNAME minimization means the DNS server will ask for all the records that end in `.org`. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## What is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/ja/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/ja/basics/email-security.md index 5eb3132f..6fbfda4f 100644 --- a/i18n/ja/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/ja/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ There is another standard which is popular with business called [S/MIME](https:/ Even if you use OpenPGP, it does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. This is why we recommend [instant messengers](../real-time-communication.md) which implement forward secrecy over email for person-to-person communications whenever possible. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### What Email Clients Support E2EE? Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and SMTP can be used with any of the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md). Depending on the authentication method, this may lead to the decrease security if either the provider or the email client does not support OATH or a bridge application as [multi-factor authentication](multi-factor-authentication.md) is not possible with plain password authentication. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and S A smartcard (such as a [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc.) running an email/webmail client. The message is then decrypted by the smartcard and the decrypted content is sent back to the device. -It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard so as to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Email Metadata Overview diff --git a/i18n/ja/email.md b/i18n/ja/email.md index 0e95a9c1..f86afa42 100644 --- a/i18n/ja/email.md +++ b/i18n/ja/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ cover: email.png ## OpenPGP対応サービス -これらのプロバイダはOpenPGPによる暗号化、復号とWeb Key Directory (WKD) 標準をネイティブサポートしており、プロバイダに依存しないE2EEメールが可能です。 例えば、Proton MailのユーザはMailbox.orgのユーザにE2EEメッセージを送れますし、OpenPGPで暗号化された通知を、それをサポートするインターネットサービスから受け取ることができます。 +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. 例えば、Proton MailのユーザはMailbox.orgのユーザにE2EEメッセージを送れますし、OpenPGPで暗号化された通知を、それをサポートするインターネットサービスから受け取ることができます。
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Proton Mailはメールと [カレンダー](https://proton.me/news/protoncalend Proton Mailはwebメールに [OpenPGP暗号化を組み込んでいます。](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) 他のProton Mailアカウントへのメールは自動的に暗号化され、OpenPGPキーによる非Proton Mailアドレスへの暗号化はアカウント設定から簡単に有効化できます。 Proton Mailアカウントへのサインアップや、OpenPGPのようなソフトウェアを必要としない [非Proton Mailアドレスへの暗号化メッセージ](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) も可能です。 -Proton Mailは [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) からHTTP経由で公開鍵を発見することもサポートしています。 これにより、Proton Mailを使っていない人でも、Proton MailアカウントのOpenPGPキーを簡単に見つけることができ、プロバイダをまたいだE2EEが可能になります。 +Proton Mailは [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) からHTTP経由で公開鍵を発見することもサポートしています。 これにより、Proton Mailを使っていない人でも、Proton MailアカウントのOpenPGPキーを簡単に見つけることができ、プロバイダをまたいだE2EEが可能になります。 This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } アカウントの停止 @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ Mailbox.orgでは [encrypted mailbox](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/The Mailbox.orgはwebメールに [暗号化を組み込んで](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) おり、OpenPGP公開鍵を持つ人へのメッセージ送信を簡素化します。 また、Mailbox.orgのサーバ上にある [メールをリモートの受信者が復号](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) することもできます。 この機能はリモートの受信者がOpenPGPを持っておらず、自分のメールボックスにあるメールのコピーを複合できない場合に便利です。 -Mailbox.orgは [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) からHTTP経由で公開鍵を発見することもサポートしています。 これにより、Mailbox.orgを使っていない人でも、Mailbox.orgアカウントのOpenPGPキーを簡単に見つけることができ、プロバイダをまたいだE2EEが可能になります。 +Mailbox.orgは [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) からHTTP経由で公開鍵を発見することもサポートしています。 これにより、Mailbox.orgを使っていない人でも、Mailbox.orgアカウントのOpenPGPキーを簡単に見つけることができ、プロバイダをまたいだE2EEが可能になります。 This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } アカウントの停止 diff --git a/i18n/ko/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/ko/advanced/dns-overview.md index d405dfb7..cfe8a00e 100644 --- a/i18n/ko/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/ko/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ DNS는 [인터넷의 초창기](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%A9%94 앞선 과정을 거쳐 Wireshark 명령어를 실행하면 상단 창에 여러 [Frame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_frame)이 표시되고, 하단 창에는 선택한 프레임에 대한 모든 데이터가 표시됩니다. 엔터프라이즈 필터링 및 모니터링 솔루션(정부에서 사용하는 솔루션 등을 말합니다)은 사람이 개입할 필요 없이 자동으로 이런 프로세스를 처리하고 집계하여 네트워크 관찰자에게 필요한 통계 데이터를 생성할 수 있습니다. -| 번호 | 소요 시간 | 출발지 | 목적지 | 프로토콜 | 길이 | 정보 | -| -- | -------- | --------- | --------- | ---- | --- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | -| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| No. | Time | Source | Destination | Protocol | Length | Info | +| --- | -------- | --------- | ----------- | -------- | ------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | 네트워크 관찰자는 이러한 패킷을 변조할 수 있습니다. @@ -372,9 +372,26 @@ DNSSEC은 DNS의 모든 계층에 걸쳐 계층적(Hierarchical) 디지털 서 ## QNAME 최소화란 무엇인가요? -QNAME은 '정규화된 이름(Qualified Name)'입니다(예시: `privacyguides.org`). QNAME 최소화(QNAME Minimization)는 DNS 서버로부터 [Authoritative Name Server(권한 있는 이름 서버)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server)로 전송되는 정보의 양을 줄입니다. +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -QNAME 최소화를 이용하면 DNS 서버가 `privacyguides.org`이라는 전체 도메인을 전송하는 것이 아닌, `.org`로 끝나는 모든 레코드를 요청하게 됩니다. 세부 기술 설명은 [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816)에 정의되어 있습니다. +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. 세부 기술 설명은 [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816)에 정의되어 있습니다. diff --git a/i18n/ko/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/ko/basics/email-security.md index 033fdf33..0ac11bdd 100644 --- a/i18n/ko/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/ko/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ description: 이메일은 태생적으로 여러 가지 면에서 안전하지 OpenPGP를 사용하더라도 [순방향 비밀성(Forward secrecy)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy)을 지원하지 않으므로, 본인 혹은 수신자의 개인 키가 도난당할 경우 해당 키로 암호화된 이전 메시지가 전부 노출됩니다. 따라서, 개인 간 의사소통에는 이메일보다는 순방향 비밀성이 구현된 [메신저](../real-time-communication.md)를 이용하실 것을 권장드립니다. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### E2EE 지원 이메일 클라이언트는 무엇인가요? IMAP, SMTP 등 표준 접속 프로토콜을 사용할 수 있는 이메일 제공 업체는 [권장 이메일 클라이언트](../email-clients.md)와 함께 사용할 수 있습니다. 인증 방법에 따라서, 이메일 제공 업체/클라이언트가 OATH를 지원하지 않거나 브리지 애플리케이션을 지원하지 않는 경우, 단순 비밀번호 인증으로는 [다중 인증](multi-factor-authentication.md)이 불가능하므로 보안이 저하될 수 있습니다. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ IMAP, SMTP 등 표준 접속 프로토콜을 사용할 수 있는 이메일 제 스마트카드([YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP), [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com) 등)는 기기(스마트폰, 태블릿, PC 등)에서 실행하는 이메일/웹메일 클라이언트가 암호화된 메일을 수신했을 때 작동합니다. 암호화된 메일 내용은 스마트카드에서 복호화되며, 복호화된 내용이 스마트카드로부터 기기로 전달됩니다. -스마트카드에서 복호화를 수행함으로써, 기기의 보안이 손상됐을 경우에도 개인 키가 노출되는 것을 방지할 수 있습니다. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## 이메일 메타데이터 개요 diff --git a/i18n/ko/email.md b/i18n/ko/email.md index 8a97dc10..6c7d395b 100644 --- a/i18n/ko/email.md +++ b/i18n/ko/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ cover: email.png ## OpenPGP 호환 서비스 -다음 제공 업체는 Open PGP 암호화/복호화 및 Web Key Directory(WKD) 표준을 기본적으로 지원하므로, 제공 업체를 가리지 않고 E2EE 이메일 이용이 가능합니다. 예를 들어, Proton Mail 사용자는 Mailbox.org 사용자에게 E2EE 메시지를 보내거나, OpenPGP 지원 인터넷 서비스에서 OpenPGP로 암호화된 알림을 받을 수 있습니다. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. 예를 들어, Proton Mail 사용자는 Mailbox.org 사용자에게 E2EE 메시지를 보내거나, OpenPGP 지원 인터넷 서비스에서 OpenPGP로 암호화된 알림을 받을 수 있습니다.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Proton Mail은 이메일 및 [캘린더](https://proton.me/news/protoncalendar-s Proton Mail은 웹메일에 [OpenPGP 암호화 기능을 내장](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp)하고 있습니다. 다른 Proton Mail 계정으로 보내는 이메일은 자동으로 암호화되며, Proton Mail 외 주소로 보내는 이메일에 대한 OpenPGP 암호화는 계정 설정에서 간편하게 활성화할 수 있습니다. Proton Mail 계정도 없고 OpenPGP 등의 소프트웨어도 사용하지 않는 사람에게도 [암호화된 메시지를 보낼 수 있는 기능](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) 또한 제공합니다. -Proton Mail은 자체 [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD)에서 HTTP로 공개 키를 검색할 수 있는 기능을 지원합니다. 이로써 Proton Mail을 사용하지 않는 사람도 Proton Mail OpenPGP 키를 쉽게 찾아 서로 다른 제공 업체 간 E2EE 적용이 가능합니다. +Proton Mail은 자체 [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD)에서 HTTP로 공개 키를 검색할 수 있는 기능을 지원합니다. 이로써 Proton Mail을 사용하지 않는 사람도 Proton Mail OpenPGP 키를 쉽게 찾아 서로 다른 제공 업체 간 E2EE 적용이 가능합니다. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } 계정 해지 @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ Mailbox.org는 [암호화된 메일함](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/T Mailbox.org의 웹메일에는 [암호화 기능이 내장](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard)되어 있어 공개 OpenPGP키를 가진 사람들에게 메일을 간편하게 보낼 수 있습니다. 또한, [수신자가 직접 Mailbox.org에 있는 메일을 복호화](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP)하게 하는 기능도 있습니다. OpenPGP가 없어 수신자가 자신의 메일함에서 직접 복호화할 수 없을 경우에 이 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. -또한, Mailbox.org는 [웹 키 디렉터리(WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD)에서 HTTP를 통한 공개 키 검색을 지원합니다. Mailbox.org를 사용하지 않는 사람들은 Mailbox.org 계정의 OpenPGP 공개키를 쉽게 찾을 수 있고, 플랫폼과 무관하게 종단간 암호화를 할 수 있습니다. +또한, Mailbox.org는 [웹 키 디렉터리(WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD)에서 HTTP를 통한 공개 키 검색을 지원합니다. Mailbox.org를 사용하지 않는 사람들은 Mailbox.org 계정의 OpenPGP 공개키를 쉽게 찾을 수 있고, 플랫폼과 무관하게 종단간 암호화를 할 수 있습니다. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } 계정 해지 diff --git a/i18n/ku-IQ/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/ku-IQ/advanced/dns-overview.md index 9c701170..21889d85 100644 --- a/i18n/ku-IQ/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/ku-IQ/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS ## What is QNAME minimization? -A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `privacyguides.org`. QNAME minimisation reduces the amount of information sent from the DNS server to the [authoritative name server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Instead of sending the whole domain `privacyguides.org`, QNAME minimization means the DNS server will ask for all the records that end in `.org`. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## What is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/ku-IQ/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/ku-IQ/basics/email-security.md index 5eb3132f..6fbfda4f 100644 --- a/i18n/ku-IQ/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/ku-IQ/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ There is another standard which is popular with business called [S/MIME](https:/ Even if you use OpenPGP, it does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. This is why we recommend [instant messengers](../real-time-communication.md) which implement forward secrecy over email for person-to-person communications whenever possible. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### What Email Clients Support E2EE? Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and SMTP can be used with any of the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md). Depending on the authentication method, this may lead to the decrease security if either the provider or the email client does not support OATH or a bridge application as [multi-factor authentication](multi-factor-authentication.md) is not possible with plain password authentication. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and S A smartcard (such as a [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc.) running an email/webmail client. The message is then decrypted by the smartcard and the decrypted content is sent back to the device. -It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard so as to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Email Metadata Overview diff --git a/i18n/ku-IQ/email.md b/i18n/ku-IQ/email.md index 9f8683bd..5646ef72 100644 --- a/i18n/ku-IQ/email.md +++ b/i18n/ku-IQ/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ cover: email.png ## خزمەتگوزاریەکانی گونجاون لەگەڵ OpenPGP -ئەم دابینکەرانە لە بنچینەوە پشتگیری دەکەن لە OpenPGP شفرەکردن/شفرەلابردن و Web Key Directory (WKD) باو، کە ڕێگە بە دابینەکارنی تری پۆستەی ئەلکتڕۆنی ناباوەڕ بە E2EE دەدات. بۆ نموونە: بەکارهێنەرێکی Proton Mail دەتوانێت پەیامێکی E2EE بنێرێت بۆ بەکارهێنەرێکی Mailbox.org، یان دەتوانیت ئاگادارکردنەوەی OpenPGP-شفرکراوت پێ بگات لەڕێی ئەو خزمەتگوزاریانەی پشتگیری دەکەن. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. بۆ نموونە: بەکارهێنەرێکی Proton Mail دەتوانێت پەیامێکی E2EE بنێرێت بۆ بەکارهێنەرێکی Mailbox.org، یان دەتوانیت ئاگادارکردنەوەی OpenPGP-شفرکراوت پێ بگات لەڕێی ئەو خزمەتگوزاریانەی پشتگیری دەکەن.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Proton Mail تەکنەلۆژیای [شفرکردن و تێپەڕبوونی-ئە Proton Mail [شفرکردنی OpenPGP زیادکردووە](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) بۆ ماڵپەری پۆستەی ئەلکتڕۆنییەکەیان. پۆستەی ئەلکتڕۆنی نێوان هەژمارەکانی Proton Mail خۆکارانە شفرکراوە، بەڵام شفرکردن لە نێوان Proton Mail و پۆستەی ئەلکتڕۆنی تر شفردەکرێن بە ئاسانی لەڕێگەی کلیلی OpenPGP، کە لە ڕێکخستنەکانی هەژمارەکەت هەیە. هەروەها ئەوان ڕێگەت پێدەدەن بە[شفرکردنی نامەکان کە دەینێریت بۆ پۆستە ئەلکتڕۆنیە نـا Proton Mailـەکان](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) بەبێ ئەوەی پێویست بکات ئەوان ناونووسین بۆ هەژمارێکی Proton Mail بکەن یان نەرمەواڵەیەکی وەک OpenPGP بەکاربێنن. -هەروەها Proton Mail پشتگیری دۆزینەوەی کلیلە گشتیەکان دەکات لە HTTPــەوە لە ڕێگای [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). ئەمەڕێگە ئەو کەسانە دەدات کە Proton Mail بەکار ناهێنن بۆئەوەی کلیکە گشتیەکانی هەژماری Proton Mail بە ئاسانی بدۆزنەوە. تا ببێتە هۆی گونجاندن لەگەڵ دابینکەرانی تری E2EE. +هەروەها Proton Mail پشتگیری دۆزینەوەی کلیلە گشتیەکان دەکات لە HTTPــەوە لە ڕێگای [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). ئەمەڕێگە ئەو کەسانە دەدات کە Proton Mail بەکار ناهێنن بۆئەوەی کلیکە گشتیەکانی هەژماری Proton Mail بە ئاسانی بدۆزنەوە. تا ببێتە هۆی گونجاندن لەگەڵ دابینکەرانی تری E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } لەناوبردنی هەژمار @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ Mailbox.org ڕیگ دەدات بە شفرکردنی پۆستە هاتتووەک Mailbox.org [شفرکردنی OpenPGP زیادکردووە](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) لە ماڵپەری پۆستەی ئەلکتڕۆنییەکەیان، کە ناردنی نامەکان ئاسان دەکات بۆ ئەو کەسانەی کلیلی گشتی OpenPGPـیـان هەیە. هەروەها [وەرگرەکان دەتوانن لە دوورەوە شفری پۆستە ئەلکتڕۆنێیەک لەببەن](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP)، کە لەسەر ڕاژەکارەکانی Mailbox.org. ئەم تایبەتمەندیە بەسوودە کاتێک وەرگر لە دوورەوە OpenPGPـی نییە و ناتوانێت شفرەکە لەسەر لەبەرگیراوەیەکی پۆستەکە لاببات لە سندووقی پۆستەکانی خۆیدا. -هەروەها Mailbox.org پشتگیری دۆزینەوەی کلیلە گشتیەکان دەکات لە HTTPــەوە لە ڕێگای [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). ئەمە ڕێگە بە کەسانی دەرەوەی Mailbox.org دەدات کە کلیلەکانی OpenPGP بۆ هەژمارەکانی Mailbox.org بە ئاسانی بدۆزنەوە، تا ببێتە هۆی گونجاندن لەگەڵ دابینکەرانی تری E2EE. +هەروەها Mailbox.org پشتگیری دۆزینەوەی کلیلە گشتیەکان دەکات لە HTTPــەوە لە ڕێگای [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). ئەمە ڕێگە بە کەسانی دەرەوەی Mailbox.org دەدات کە کلیلەکانی OpenPGP بۆ هەژمارەکانی Mailbox.org بە ئاسانی بدۆزنەوە، تا ببێتە هۆی گونجاندن لەگەڵ دابینکەرانی تری E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } لەناوبردنی هەژمار diff --git a/i18n/nl/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/nl/advanced/dns-overview.md index cca86946..7fe3e2d8 100644 --- a/i18n/nl/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/nl/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ Hieronder bespreken we en geven we een tutorial om te bewijzen wat een externe w Als je het bovenstaande Wireshark-commando uitvoert, toont het bovenste deelvenster de "[frames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_frame)", en het onderste deelvenster toont alle gegevens over het geselecteerde frame. Oplossingen voor bedrijfsfiltering en -monitoring (zoals die welke door overheden worden aangeschaft) kunnen dit proces automatisch uitvoeren, zonder menselijke tussenkomst, en kunnen deze frames samenvoegen tot statistische gegevens die nuttig zijn voor de netwerkwaarnemer. -| Nee. | Tijd | Bron | Bestemming | Protocol | Lengte | Info | -| ---- | -------- | --------- | ---------- | -------- | ------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Standaard zoekopdracht 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standaard vraag antwoord 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | -| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Standaard zoekopdracht 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standaard query-antwoord 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| No. | Time | Source | Destination | Protocol | Length | Info | +| --- | -------- | --------- | ----------- | -------- | ------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | Een waarnemer kan elk van deze pakketten wijzigen. @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC implementeert een hiërarchisch digitaal ondertekeningsbeleid over alle l ## Wat is QNAME-minimalisatie? -Een QNAME is een "gekwalificeerde naam", bijvoorbeeld `privacyguides.org`. QNAME-minimalisatie vermindert de hoeveelheid informatie die van de DNS-server naar de [authoratieve naamserver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server) wordt gestuurd. +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -In plaats van het hele domein `privacyguides.org` te sturen, betekent QNAME-minimalisatie dat de DNS-server alle records opvraagt die eindigen op `.org`. Een verdere technische beschrijving is te vinden in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Een verdere technische beschrijving is te vinden in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## Wat is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/nl/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/nl/basics/email-security.md index 05acd9b3..038d4a56 100644 --- a/i18n/nl/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/nl/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ Er is een andere standaard die populair is bij bedrijven, [S/MIME](https://en.wi Zelfs als je OpenPGP gebruikt, biedt het geen ondersteuning voor [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), wat betekent dat als jouw privésleutel of die van de ontvanger ooit wordt gestolen, alle eerdere berichten die ermee zijn versleuteld, openbaar worden. Daarom bevelen wij [instant messengers](../real-time-communication.md) aan, die indien mogelijk forward secrecy implementeren in plaats van e-mail voor communicatie van persoon tot persoon. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### Welke e-mailclients ondersteunen E2EE? E-mailproviders die je in staat stellen standaard toegangsprotocollen zoals IMAP en SMTP te gebruiken, kunnen worden gebruikt met elk van de [e-mailclients die wij aanbevelen](../email-clients.md). Afhankelijk van de authenticatiemethode kan dit leiden tot een verminderde veiligheid indien de provider of de e-mailclient OATH of een bridge-toepassing niet ondersteunt, aangezien [multifactor authenticatie](/basics/multi-factor-authentication/) niet mogelijk is met gewone wachtwoordauthenticatie. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ E-mailproviders die je in staat stellen standaard toegangsprotocollen zoals IMAP Een smartcard (zoals een [Yubikey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) of [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) werkt door een geëncrypteerd e-mailbericht te ontvangen van een apparaat (telefoon, tablet, computer, enz.) waarop een e-mail/webmailclient draait. Het bericht wordt vervolgens door de smartcard ontsleuteld en de ontsleutelde inhoud wordt teruggestuurd naar het apparaat. -Het is gunstig dat de ontcijfering op de smartcard gebeurt om te voorkomen dat jouw privé-sleutel aan een gecompromitteerd apparaat wordt blootgesteld. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Overzicht e-mailmetagegevens diff --git a/i18n/nl/email.md b/i18n/nl/email.md index 96db44bd..a3cc7156 100644 --- a/i18n/nl/email.md +++ b/i18n/nl/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Voor al het andere raden wij verschillende e-mailproviders aan op basis van duur ## OpenPGP compatibele diensten -Deze providers ondersteunen standaard OpenPGP-encryptie/decryptie en het Web Key Directory (WKD) -standaard, waardoor provider-agnostische E2EE-e-mails mogelijk zijn. Een Proton Mail-gebruiker zou bijvoorbeeld een E2EE-bericht kunnen sturen naar een Mailbox.org-gebruiker, of je zou OpenPGP-versleutelde meldingen kunnen ontvangen van internetdiensten die dit ondersteunen. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. Een Proton Mail-gebruiker zou bijvoorbeeld een E2EE-bericht kunnen sturen naar een Mailbox.org-gebruiker, of je zou OpenPGP-versleutelde meldingen kunnen ontvangen van internetdiensten die dit ondersteunen.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Bepaalde informatie opgeslagen in [Proton Contacts](https://proton.me/support/pr Proton Mail heeft [OpenPGP encryptie](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) geïntegreerd in hun webmail. E-mails naar andere Proton Mail-accounts worden automatisch versleuteld, en versleuteling naar niet-Proton Mail-adressen met een OpenPGP-sleutel kan eenvoudig worden ingeschakeld in je accountinstellingen. Je kunt hiermee ook [berichten versleutelen naar niet-Proton Mail adressen](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) zonder dat zij zich hoeven aan te melden voor een Proton Mail account of software zoals OpenPGP hoeven te gebruiken. -Proton Mail ondersteunt ook de ontdekking van openbare sleutels via HTTP van hun [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Hierdoor kunnen mensen die geen Proton Mail gebruiken de OpenPGP sleutels van Proton Mail accounts gemakkelijk vinden, voor cross-provider E2EE. +Proton Mail ondersteunt ook de ontdekking van openbare sleutels via HTTP van hun [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Hierdoor kunnen mensen die geen Proton Mail gebruiken de OpenPGP sleutels van Proton Mail accounts gemakkelijk vinden, voor cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Beëindiging van account @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ Echter, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), het softwar Mailbox.org heeft [geïntegreerde encryptie](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) in hun webmail, wat het verzenden van berichten naar mensen met openbare OpenPGP-sleutels vereenvoudigt. Ook kunnen [ontvangers op afstand een e-mail](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) op de servers van Mailbox.org ontsleutelen. Deze functie is nuttig wanneer de ontvanger op afstand geen OpenPGP heeft en geen kopie van de e-mail in zijn eigen mailbox kan ontsleutelen. -Mailbox.org ondersteunt ook de ontdekking van publieke sleutels via HTTP vanuit hun [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Hierdoor kunnen mensen buiten Mailbox.org gemakkelijk de OpenPGP sleutels van Mailbox.org accounts vinden, voor cross-provider E2EE. +Mailbox.org ondersteunt ook de ontdekking van publieke sleutels via HTTP vanuit hun [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Hierdoor kunnen mensen buiten Mailbox.org gemakkelijk de OpenPGP sleutels van Mailbox.org accounts vinden, voor cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Beëindiging van account diff --git a/i18n/pl/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/pl/advanced/dns-overview.md index cda65baa..cc7abc73 100644 --- a/i18n/pl/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/pl/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC wprowadza hierarchiczną politykę podpisywania cyfrowego we wszystkich w ## What is QNAME minimization? -A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `privacyguides.org`. QNAME minimisation reduces the amount of information sent from the DNS server to the [authoritative name server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Instead of sending the whole domain `privacyguides.org`, QNAME minimization means the DNS server will ask for all the records that end in `.org`. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## What is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/pl/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/pl/basics/email-security.md index 5eb3132f..6fbfda4f 100644 --- a/i18n/pl/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/pl/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ There is another standard which is popular with business called [S/MIME](https:/ Even if you use OpenPGP, it does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. This is why we recommend [instant messengers](../real-time-communication.md) which implement forward secrecy over email for person-to-person communications whenever possible. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### What Email Clients Support E2EE? Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and SMTP can be used with any of the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md). Depending on the authentication method, this may lead to the decrease security if either the provider or the email client does not support OATH or a bridge application as [multi-factor authentication](multi-factor-authentication.md) is not possible with plain password authentication. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and S A smartcard (such as a [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc.) running an email/webmail client. The message is then decrypted by the smartcard and the decrypted content is sent back to the device. -It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard so as to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Email Metadata Overview diff --git a/i18n/pl/email.md b/i18n/pl/email.md index 3e93a4c2..332f0d18 100644 --- a/i18n/pl/email.md +++ b/i18n/pl/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ For everything else, we recommend a variety of email providers based on sustaina ## OpenPGP Compatible Services -These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the Web Key Directory (WKD) standard, allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Certain information stored in [Proton Contacts](https://proton.me/support/proton Proton Mail has [integrated OpenPGP encryption](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) in their webmail. Emails to other Proton Mail accounts are encrypted automatically, and encryption to non-Proton Mail addresses with an OpenPGP key can be enabled easily in your account settings. They also allow you to [encrypt messages to non-Proton Mail addresses](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) without the need for them to sign up for a Proton Mail account or use software like OpenPGP. -Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. +Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ However, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), the softwa Mailbox.org has [integrated encryption](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) in their webmail, which simplifies sending messages to people with public OpenPGP keys. They also allow [remote recipients to decrypt an email](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) on Mailbox.org's servers. This feature is useful when the remote recipient does not have OpenPGP and cannot decrypt a copy of the email in their own mailbox. -Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. +Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination diff --git a/i18n/pt-BR/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/pt-BR/advanced/dns-overview.md index 432c501c..bad59b43 100644 --- a/i18n/pt-BR/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/pt-BR/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS ## What is QNAME minimization? -A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `privacyguides.org`. QNAME minimisation reduces the amount of information sent from the DNS server to the [authoritative name server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Instead of sending the whole domain `privacyguides.org`, QNAME minimization means the DNS server will ask for all the records that end in `.org`. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## What is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/pt-BR/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/pt-BR/basics/email-security.md index 0eba2107..d640e92b 100644 --- a/i18n/pt-BR/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/pt-BR/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ There is another standard which is popular with business called [S/MIME](https:/ Even if you use OpenPGP, it does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. This is why we recommend [instant messengers](../real-time-communication.md) which implement forward secrecy over email for person-to-person communications whenever possible. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### Quais Clientes de Email Suportam E2EE? Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and SMTP can be used with any of the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md). Depending on the authentication method, this may lead to the decrease security if either the provider or the email client does not support OATH or a bridge application as [multi-factor authentication](multi-factor-authentication.md) is not possible with plain password authentication. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and S A smartcard (such as a [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc.) running an email/webmail client. The message is then decrypted by the smartcard and the decrypted content is sent back to the device. -It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard so as to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Visão Geral dos Metadados de Email diff --git a/i18n/pt-BR/email.md b/i18n/pt-BR/email.md index 17e0e955..aea8a6da 100644 --- a/i18n/pt-BR/email.md +++ b/i18n/pt-BR/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Para qualquer outra coisa, recomendamos uma variedade de provedores de email bas ## Serviços Compatíveis com OpenPGP -Esses provedores suportam nativamente a criptografia/descriptografia OpenPGP e o padrão Web Key Directory (WKD), permitindo e-mails E2E independentes do provedor. Por exemplo, um usuário do Proton Mail pode mandar uma mensagem E2E para um usuário de Mailbox.org, ou você pode receber notificações criptografadas por OpenPGP de serviços de internet que suportam isso. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. Por exemplo, um usuário do Proton Mail pode mandar uma mensagem E2E para um usuário de Mailbox.org, ou você pode receber notificações criptografadas por OpenPGP de serviços de internet que suportam isso.
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ Certas informações armazenadas no [Proton Contacts](https://proton.me/support/ Proton Mail [tem criptografia OpenPGP integrada](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) em seu webmail. E-mails para outras contas do Proton Mail são criptografados automaticamente, e criptografia para endereços não-Proton Mail com uma chave OpenPGP pode ser facilmente ativada nas configurações da sua conta. Eles também permitem que você [criptografe mensagens para endereços não-Proton Mail](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) sem a necessidade de eles se cadastrarem para uma conta Proton Mail ou usar programas como OpenPGP. -Proton Mail também suporta a descoberta de chaves públicas via HTTP a partir do seu [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Isso permite que as pessoas que não usam o Proton Mail encontrem as chaves OpenPGP de contas Proton Mail facilmente, para criptografia ponta-a-ponta (E2EE) entre provedores. +Proton Mail também suporta a descoberta de chaves públicas via HTTP a partir do seu [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Isso permite que as pessoas que não usam o Proton Mail encontrem as chaves OpenPGP de contas Proton Mail facilmente, para criptografia ponta-a-ponta (E2EE) entre provedores. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Rescisão da Conta @@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ No entanto, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), a plata Mailbox.org tem [criptografia integrada](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) em seu webmail, o que simplifica o envio de mensagens para pessoas com chaves OpenPGP públicas. Eles também permitem que [destinatários remotos descriptografem um e-mail](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) nos servidores da Mailbox.org. Esse recurso é útil quando o destinatário remoto não tem OpenPGP e não pode descriptografar uma cópia do e-mail em sua própria caixa de correio. -Mailbox.org também suporta a descoberta de chaves públicas via HTTP a partir do seu [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Isso permite que pessoas fora do Mailbox.org encontrem as chaves OpenPGP de contas Mailbox.org facilmente, para criptografia ponta-a-ponta (E2EE) entre provedores. +Mailbox.org também suporta a descoberta de chaves públicas via HTTP a partir do seu [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Isso permite que pessoas fora do Mailbox.org encontrem as chaves OpenPGP de contas Mailbox.org facilmente, para criptografia ponta-a-ponta (E2EE) entre provedores. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Rescisão da Conta diff --git a/i18n/pt/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/pt/advanced/dns-overview.md index 0280ebcc..0f2a8364 100644 --- a/i18n/pt/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/pt/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ Abaixo, discutimos e fornecemos um tutorial que prova o que um observador extern Se executar o comando Wireshark indicado acima, o painel superior mostra os "[frames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_frame)", e o painel inferior mostra todos os dados sobre o frame selecionado. As soluções empresariais de filtragem e monitorização (como as adquiridas pelos governos) podem fazer o processo automaticamente, sem interação humana, e podem agregar essas imagens para produzir dados estatísticos úteis para o observador da rede. -| Não. | Hora | Origem | Destino | Protocolo | Comprimento | Informações | -| ---- | -------- | --------- | --------- | --------- | ----------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Consulta padrão 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Resposta de consulta padrão 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | -| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Consulta padrão 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Resposta de consulta padrão 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| No. | Time | Source | Destination | Protocol | Length | Info | +| --- | -------- | --------- | ----------- | -------- | ------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | Um observador pode modificar qualquer um destes pacotes. @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ O DNSSEC implementa uma política de assinatura digital hierárquica em todos os ## O que é a minimização de QNAME? -Um QNAME é um "nome qualificado", por exemplo `privacyguides.org`. A minimização do QNAME reduz a quantidade de informações enviadas do servidor DNS para o servidor de nomes autoritário [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Em vez de enviar todo o domínio `privacyguides.org`, a minimização do QNAME significa que o servidor DNS irá pedir todos os registos que terminam em `.org`. Uma descrição técnica mais pormenorizada é definida em [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Uma descrição técnica mais pormenorizada é definida em [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## O que é a Sub-rede de Cliente EDNS (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/pt/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/pt/basics/email-security.md index 5eb3132f..6fbfda4f 100644 --- a/i18n/pt/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/pt/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ There is another standard which is popular with business called [S/MIME](https:/ Even if you use OpenPGP, it does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. This is why we recommend [instant messengers](../real-time-communication.md) which implement forward secrecy over email for person-to-person communications whenever possible. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### What Email Clients Support E2EE? Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and SMTP can be used with any of the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md). Depending on the authentication method, this may lead to the decrease security if either the provider or the email client does not support OATH or a bridge application as [multi-factor authentication](multi-factor-authentication.md) is not possible with plain password authentication. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and S A smartcard (such as a [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc.) running an email/webmail client. The message is then decrypted by the smartcard and the decrypted content is sent back to the device. -It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard so as to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Email Metadata Overview diff --git a/i18n/pt/email.md b/i18n/pt/email.md index b468c110..d4110e64 100644 --- a/i18n/pt/email.md +++ b/i18n/pt/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Para tudo o resto, recomendamos uma variedade de fornecedores de e-mail baseados ## Serviços Compatíveis com OpenPGP -Estes fornecedores suportam nativamente a encriptação/desencriptação OpenPGP e a norma Web Key Directory (WKD), permitindo correios eletrónicos E2EE independentes do fornecedor. Por exemplo, um utilizador do Proton Mail pode enviar uma mensagem E2EE a um utilizador do Mailbox.org, ou pode receber notificações encriptadas em OpenPGP de serviços Internet que o suportem. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. Por exemplo, um utilizador do Proton Mail pode enviar uma mensagem E2EE a um utilizador do Mailbox.org, ou pode receber notificações encriptadas em OpenPGP de serviços Internet que o suportem.
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ Certas informações armazenadas em [Proton Contactos](https://proton.me/support O Proton Mail tem [encriptação OpenPGP integrada](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) no seu webmail. Os e-mails para outras contas do Proton Mail são encriptados automaticamente e a encriptação para endereços que não sejam do Proton Mail com uma chave OpenPGP pode ser ativada facilmente nas definições da sua conta. ´E possível também [encriptar mensagens para endereços que não sejam do Proton Mail](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) sem que seja necessário que se inscrevam numa conta Proton Mail ou utilizem software como o OpenPGP. -O Proton Mail também suporta a descoberta de chaves públicas via HTTP a partir do seu [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Isto permite que as pessoas que não utilizam o Proton Mail encontrem facilmente as chaves OpenPGP das contas do Proton Mail, para E2EE entre fornecedores. +O Proton Mail também suporta a descoberta de chaves públicas via HTTP a partir do seu [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Isto permite que as pessoas que não utilizam o Proton Mail encontrem facilmente as chaves OpenPGP das contas do Proton Mail, para E2EE entre fornecedores. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Remoção da conta @@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ No entanto, a [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), a pla O Mailbox.org tem [encriptação integrada](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) no seu webmail, o que simplifica o envio de mensagens para pessoas com chaves OpenPGP públicas. Também possibilitam que [destinatários remotos desencriptem uma mensagem de e-mail](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) nos servidores de Mailbox.org. Esta funcionalidade é útil quando o destinatário remoto não tem o OpenPGP e não consegue desencriptar uma cópia do e-mail na sua própria caixa de correio. -O Mailbox.org também suporta a descoberta de chaves públicas via HTTP a partir do seu [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Isto permite que pessoas que não utilizem o Mailbox.org encontrem facilmente as chaves OpenPGP das contas Mailbox.org, para E2EE entre fornecedores. +O Mailbox.org também suporta a descoberta de chaves públicas via HTTP a partir do seu [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Isto permite que pessoas que não utilizem o Mailbox.org encontrem facilmente as chaves OpenPGP das contas Mailbox.org, para E2EE entre fornecedores. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Remoção da conta diff --git a/i18n/ru/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/ru/advanced/dns-overview.md index 429b7724..af1f1809 100644 --- a/i18n/ru/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/ru/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ DNS существует с [первых дней](https://en.wikipedia.org/wik Если вы pfgecnbnt приведенную выше команду Wireshark, на верхней панели отобразится "[frames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_frame)", а на нижней - все данные о выбранном кадре(frame). Корпоративные решения для фильтрации и мониторинга (например, те, которые приобретаются правительствами) могут выполнять этот процесс автоматически, без участия человека, и могут собирать эти frames для получения статистических данных, полезных для сетевого наблюдателя. -| No. (Номер) | Time (Время) | Source (Источник) | Destination (Назначение) | Protocol (Протокол) | Length (Длина) | Info (Инфо) | -| ----------- | ------------ | ----------------- | ------------------------ | ------------------- | -------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | -| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| No. | Time | Source | Destination | Protocol | Length | Info | +| --- | -------- | --------- | ----------- | -------- | ------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | Наблюдатель может изменить любой из этих пакетов. @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC реализует иерархическую политику цифро ## Что такое минимизация QNAME? -QNAME - это "квалифицированное имя", например `privacyguides.org`. Минимизация QNAME уменьшает объем информации, отправляемой с сервера DNS на [авторитетный сервер имен](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Вместо того чтобы отправлять весь домен `privacyguides.org`, минимизация QNAME означает, что DNS-сервер будет запрашивать все записи, которые заканчиваются на `.org`. Дальнейшее техническое описание определено в [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Дальнейшее техническое описание определено в [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## Что такое клиентская подсеть EDNS (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/ru/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/ru/basics/email-security.md index 3d617147..8d45e67d 100644 --- a/i18n/ru/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/ru/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ description: Электронная почта по своей природе н Даже если вы используете OpenPGP, он не поддерживает [прямую секретность](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_forward_secrecy), что означает, что если ваш закрытый ключ или закрытый ключ получателя когда-либо будет украден, все предыдущие сообщения, зашифрованные с его помощью, могут быть расшифрованы. Именно поэтому мы рекомендуем использовать для общения между людьми [мессенджеры](../real-time-communication.md), которые обеспечивают прямую секретность, а не электронную почту. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### Какие почтовые клиенты поддерживают E2EE? Провайдеры электронной почты, позволяющие использовать стандартные протоколы доступа, такие как IMAP и SMTP, можно использовать с любым [ почтовым клиентом, которые мы рекомендуем](../email-clients.md). В зависимости от метода аутентификации, это может привести к снижению безопасности, если провайдер или почтовый клиент не поддерживает OATH или приложение-мост, поскольку [многофакторная аутентификация](multi-factor-authentication.md) невозможна при аутентификации по простому паролю. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ description: Электронная почта по своей природе н Смарт-карта (например, [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) или [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) работает путем получения зашифрованного сообщения электронной почты с устройства (телефона, планшета, компьютера и т.д.), на котором установлен почтовый клиент. Затем сообщение расшифровывается смарт-картой, и расшифрованное содержимое отправляется обратно на устройство. -Расшифровку лучше проводить на смарт-карте, чтобы избежать возможного раскрытия приватного ключа на взломанном устройстве. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Обзор метаданных электронной почты diff --git a/i18n/ru/email.md b/i18n/ru/email.md index e41ca984..ce7f0e16 100644 --- a/i18n/ru/email.md +++ b/i18n/ru/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ cover: email.png ## Сервисы, поддерживающие OpenPGP -Эти провайдеры поддерживают OpenPGP шифрование/дешифрование и стандарт Web Key Directory (WKD), позволяя обмениваться E2EE-сообщениями вне зависимости от провайдера. Например, пользователь Proton Mail может отправлять E2EE-зашифрованное сообщение пользователю Mailbox.org, или ты можешь получить OpenPGP-зашифрованное уведомление от интернет-сервисов, поддерживающих такую функцию. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. Например, пользователь Proton Mail может отправлять E2EE-зашифрованное сообщение пользователю Mailbox.org, или ты можешь получить OpenPGP-зашифрованное уведомление от интернет-сервисов, поддерживающих такую функцию.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Proton Mail использует [шифрование с нулевым дос Proton Mail [интегрировал шифрование OpenPGP](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) в свою веб-почту. Письма, отправленные на другие аккаунты Proton Mail шифруются автоматически. Шифрование писем с помощью ключа OpenPGP на адреса, не принадлежащие Proton Mail, можно легко включить в настройках аккаунта. Они также позволяют тебе [шифровать сообщения на адреса, не относящиеся к Proton Mail](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails), без необходимости регистрировать учетную запись Proton Mail или использовать программное обеспечение типа OpenPGP. -Proton Mail также поддерживает обнаружение открытых ключей через HTTP с их [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Это позволяет людям, не использующим Proton Mail, легко находить OpenPGP-ключи учетных записей Proton Mail для кросс-провайдерского E2EE. +Proton Mail также поддерживает обнаружение открытых ключей через HTTP с их [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Это позволяет людям, не использующим Proton Mail, легко находить OpenPGP-ключи учетных записей Proton Mail для кросс-провайдерского E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Блокировка аккаунта @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ Mailbox.org позволяет шифровать входящую почту с Mailbox.org использует [встроенное шифрование](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) в свою веб-почту, что упрощает отправку сообщений людям с открытыми ключами OpenPGP. Они также позволяют [пользователям без Mailbox.org расшифровывать электронные письма](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) на серверах Mailbox.org. Эта функция полезна, когда получатель не имеет OpenPGP и не может расшифровать копию письма в собственном почтовом ящике. -Mailbox.org также поддерживает обнаружение открытых ключей через HTTP с их [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Это позволяет людям, не использующим Mailbox.org, легко находить OpenPGP-ключи учетных записей Mailbox.org для кросс-провайдерского E2EE. +Mailbox.org также поддерживает обнаружение открытых ключей через HTTP с их [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Это позволяет людям, не использующим Mailbox.org, легко находить OpenPGP-ключи учетных записей Mailbox.org для кросс-провайдерского E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Блокировка аккаунта diff --git a/i18n/sv/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/sv/advanced/dns-overview.md index 9c701170..21889d85 100644 --- a/i18n/sv/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/sv/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS ## What is QNAME minimization? -A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `privacyguides.org`. QNAME minimisation reduces the amount of information sent from the DNS server to the [authoritative name server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Instead of sending the whole domain `privacyguides.org`, QNAME minimization means the DNS server will ask for all the records that end in `.org`. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## What is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/sv/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/sv/basics/email-security.md index 38f8d238..2f86f02e 100644 --- a/i18n/sv/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/sv/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ Det finns en annan standard som är populär bland företag och som heter [S/MIM Även om du använder OpenPGP har det inte stöd för [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), vilket innebär att om antingen din eller mottagarens privata nyckel någonsin stjäls kommer alla tidigare meddelanden som krypterats med den att avslöjas. Det är därför vi rekommenderar [snabbmeddelanden](../real-time-communication.md) som implementerar vidarebefordran av sekretess via e-post för person-till-person-kommunikation när det är möjligt. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### Vilka e-postklienter stöder E2EE? E-postleverantörer som tillåter dig att använda standardprotokoll som IMAP och SMTP kan användas med någon av de e-postklienter på [som vi rekommenderar](../email-clients.md). Beroende på autentiseringsmetoden kan detta leda till sämre säkerhet om leverantören eller e-postklienten inte stöder OATH eller en bryggapplikation, eftersom [multi-faktorautentisering](multi-factor-authentication.md) inte är möjlig med vanlig lösenordsautentisering. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ E-postleverantörer som tillåter dig att använda standardprotokoll som IMAP oc A smartcard (such as a [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc.) running an email/webmail client. Meddelandet dekrypteras sedan av smartkortet och det dekrypterade innehållet skickas tillbaka till enheten. -Det är fördelaktigt att dekrypteringen sker på smartkortet för att undvika att den privata nyckeln exponeras för en komprometterad enhet. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Översikt över metadata för e-post diff --git a/i18n/sv/email.md b/i18n/sv/email.md index 7a45c95c..7491fb9e 100644 --- a/i18n/sv/email.md +++ b/i18n/sv/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ For everything else, we recommend a variety of email providers based on sustaina ## OpenPGP Compatible Services -These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the Web Key Directory (WKD) standard, allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Certain information stored in [Proton Contacts](https://proton.me/support/proton Proton Mail has [integrated OpenPGP encryption](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) in their webmail. Emails to other Proton Mail accounts are encrypted automatically, and encryption to non-Proton Mail addresses with an OpenPGP key can be enabled easily in your account settings. They also allow you to [encrypt messages to non-Proton Mail addresses](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) without the need for them to sign up for a Proton Mail account or use software like OpenPGP. -Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. +Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ However, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), the softwa Mailbox.org has [integrated encryption](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) in their webmail, which simplifies sending messages to people with public OpenPGP keys. They also allow [remote recipients to decrypt an email](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) on Mailbox.org's servers. This feature is useful when the remote recipient does not have OpenPGP and cannot decrypt a copy of the email in their own mailbox. -Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. +Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination diff --git a/i18n/tr/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/tr/advanced/dns-overview.md index 9c701170..21889d85 100644 --- a/i18n/tr/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/tr/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS ## What is QNAME minimization? -A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `privacyguides.org`. QNAME minimisation reduces the amount of information sent from the DNS server to the [authoritative name server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Instead of sending the whole domain `privacyguides.org`, QNAME minimization means the DNS server will ask for all the records that end in `.org`. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## What is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/tr/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/tr/basics/email-security.md index d0c69d0d..1f28f9b9 100644 --- a/i18n/tr/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/tr/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ Farklı e-posta sağlayıcıları arasındaki e-postalara uçtan uca şifreleme Even if you use OpenPGP, it does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. Bu nedenle, mümkün olduğunca kişiden kişiye iletişim için e-posta yerine ileri gizlilik uygulayan [anlık mesajlaşma programlarını](../real-time-communication.md) öneriyoruz. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### What Email Clients Support E2EE? Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and SMTP can be used with any of the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md). Depending on the authentication method, this may lead to the decrease security if either the provider or the email client does not support OATH or a bridge application as [multi-factor authentication](multi-factor-authentication.md) is not possible with plain password authentication. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and S A smartcard (such as a [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc.) running an email/webmail client. The message is then decrypted by the smartcard and the decrypted content is sent back to the device. -It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard so as to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Email Metadata Overview diff --git a/i18n/tr/email.md b/i18n/tr/email.md index b5971e05..229fded4 100644 --- a/i18n/tr/email.md +++ b/i18n/tr/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Diğer her şey için, sürdürülebilir iş modellerine ve yerleşik güvenlik ## OpenPGP Uyumlu Hizmetler -These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the Web Key Directory (WKD) standard, allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. Örneğin, bir Proton Mail kullanıcısı bir Mailbox.org kullanıcısına bir uçtan uca şifreli mesaj gönderebilir, veya bunu destekleyen internet hizmetlerinden OpenPGP şifreli bildirimler alabilirsiniz. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. Örneğin, bir Proton Mail kullanıcısı bir Mailbox.org kullanıcısına bir uçtan uca şifreli mesaj gönderebilir, veya bunu destekleyen internet hizmetlerinden OpenPGP şifreli bildirimler alabilirsiniz.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Certain information stored in [Proton Contacts](https://proton.me/support/proton Proton Mail has [integrated OpenPGP encryption](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) in their webmail. Diğer Proton Mail hesaplarına gönderilen e-postalar otomatik olarak şifrelenir ve Proton Mail dışındaki adresler için OpenPGP anahtarıyla şifreleme, hesap ayarlarından kolayca etkinleştirilebilir. They also allow you to [encrypt messages to non-Proton Mail addresses](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) without the need for them to sign up for a Proton Mail account or use software like OpenPGP. -Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. +Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ However, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), the softwa Mailbox.org has [integrated encryption](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) in their webmail, which simplifies sending messages to people with public OpenPGP keys. They also allow [remote recipients to decrypt an email](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) on Mailbox.org's servers. This feature is useful when the remote recipient does not have OpenPGP and cannot decrypt a copy of the email in their own mailbox. -Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. +Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination diff --git a/i18n/uk/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/uk/advanced/dns-overview.md index 9c701170..21889d85 100644 --- a/i18n/uk/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/uk/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS ## What is QNAME minimization? -A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `privacyguides.org`. QNAME minimisation reduces the amount of information sent from the DNS server to the [authoritative name server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Instead of sending the whole domain `privacyguides.org`, QNAME minimization means the DNS server will ask for all the records that end in `.org`. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## What is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/uk/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/uk/basics/email-security.md index 5eb3132f..6fbfda4f 100644 --- a/i18n/uk/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/uk/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ There is another standard which is popular with business called [S/MIME](https:/ Even if you use OpenPGP, it does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. This is why we recommend [instant messengers](../real-time-communication.md) which implement forward secrecy over email for person-to-person communications whenever possible. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### What Email Clients Support E2EE? Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and SMTP can be used with any of the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md). Depending on the authentication method, this may lead to the decrease security if either the provider or the email client does not support OATH or a bridge application as [multi-factor authentication](multi-factor-authentication.md) is not possible with plain password authentication. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and S A smartcard (such as a [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc.) running an email/webmail client. The message is then decrypted by the smartcard and the decrypted content is sent back to the device. -It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard so as to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Email Metadata Overview diff --git a/i18n/uk/email.md b/i18n/uk/email.md index 1673f9ed..c8f70bb1 100644 --- a/i18n/uk/email.md +++ b/i18n/uk/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ cover: email.png ## Сервіси, сумісні з OpenPGP -Ці провайдери підтримують шифрування/дешифрування OpenPGP і стандарт Web Key Directory (WKD), що дозволяє використовувати електронні листи E2EE, незалежні від провайдера. Наприклад, користувач Proton Mail може надіслати повідомлення E2EE користувачеві Mailbox.org, або ви можете отримувати сповіщення, зашифровані за допомогою OpenPGP, від інтернет-сервісів, які його підтримують. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. Наприклад, користувач Proton Mail може надіслати повідомлення E2EE користувачеві Mailbox.org, або ви можете отримувати сповіщення, зашифровані за допомогою OpenPGP, від інтернет-сервісів, які його підтримують.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Proton Mail має [шифрування з нульовим доступом](h Proton Mail має [інтегроване OpenPGP шифрування](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) у своїй електронній пошті. Електронні листи на інші акаунти Proton Mail шифруються автоматично, а шифрування на адреси, що не належать до Proton Mail, за допомогою ключа OpenPGP можна легко ввімкнути в налаштуваннях вашого акаунта. Вони також дозволяють вам [шифрувати повідомлення на адреси, що не належать до Proton Mail](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails), без необхідності створювати обліковий запис Proton Mail або використовувати програмне забезпечення на кшталт OpenPGP. -Proton Mail також підтримує виявлення відкритих ключів через HTTP за допомогою їхнього [каталогу веб-ключів (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Це дозволяє людям, які не користуються Proton Mail, легко знайти OpenPGP ключі акаунтів Proton Mail для незалежного від провайдерів E2EE. +Proton Mail також підтримує виявлення відкритих ключів через HTTP за допомогою їхнього [каталогу веб-ключів (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Це дозволяє людям, які не користуються Proton Mail, легко знайти OpenPGP ключі акаунтів Proton Mail для незалежного від провайдерів E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Деактивація облікового запису @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ Mailbox.org дозволяє шифрувати вхідну пошту за д Mailbox.org має [інтегроване шифрування](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) у свою електронну пошту, що спрощує надсилання повідомлень людям з публічними ключами OpenPGP. Вони також дозволяють віддаленим одержувачам [розшифровувати електронні листи](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) на серверах Mailbox.org. Ця функція корисна, коли віддалений одержувач не має OpenPGP і не може розшифрувати копію листа у власній поштовій скриньці. -Mailbox.org також підтримує виявлення публічних ключів через HTTP з їхнього [каталогу веб-ключів (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Це дозволяє людям за межами Mailbox.org легко знаходити ключі OpenPGP акаунтів Mailbox.org для незалежного від провайдерів E2EE. +Mailbox.org також підтримує виявлення публічних ключів через HTTP з їхнього [каталогу веб-ключів (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). Це дозволяє людям за межами Mailbox.org легко знаходити ключі OpenPGP акаунтів Mailbox.org для незалежного від провайдерів E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Деактивація облікового запису diff --git a/i18n/vi/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/vi/advanced/dns-overview.md index 9c701170..21889d85 100644 --- a/i18n/vi/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/vi/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -293,9 +293,24 @@ DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS ## What is QNAME minimization? -A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `privacyguides.org`. QNAME minimisation reduces the amount of information sent from the DNS server to the [authoritative name server](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server). +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -Instead of sending the whole domain `privacyguides.org`, QNAME minimization means the DNS server will ask for all the records that end in `.org`. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). ## What is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)? diff --git a/i18n/vi/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/vi/basics/email-security.md index 5eb3132f..6fbfda4f 100644 --- a/i18n/vi/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/vi/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ There is another standard which is popular with business called [S/MIME](https:/ Even if you use OpenPGP, it does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. This is why we recommend [instant messengers](../real-time-communication.md) which implement forward secrecy over email for person-to-person communications whenever possible. +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### What Email Clients Support E2EE? Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and SMTP can be used with any of the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md). Depending on the authentication method, this may lead to the decrease security if either the provider or the email client does not support OATH or a bridge application as [multi-factor authentication](multi-factor-authentication.md) is not possible with plain password authentication. @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and S A smartcard (such as a [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc.) running an email/webmail client. The message is then decrypted by the smartcard and the decrypted content is sent back to the device. -It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard so as to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## Email Metadata Overview diff --git a/i18n/vi/email.md b/i18n/vi/email.md index 4fd270dd..76a7a71d 100644 --- a/i18n/vi/email.md +++ b/i18n/vi/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ For everything else, we recommend a variety of email providers based on sustaina ## OpenPGP Compatible Services -These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the Web Key Directory (WKD) standard, allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it. +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Certain information stored in [Proton Contacts](https://proton.me/support/proton Proton Mail has [integrated OpenPGP encryption](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) in their webmail. Emails to other Proton Mail accounts are encrypted automatically, and encryption to non-Proton Mail addresses with an OpenPGP key can be enabled easily in your account settings. They also allow you to [encrypt messages to non-Proton Mail addresses](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) without the need for them to sign up for a Proton Mail account or use software like OpenPGP. -Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. +Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ However, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), the softwa Mailbox.org has [integrated encryption](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) in their webmail, which simplifies sending messages to people with public OpenPGP keys. They also allow [remote recipients to decrypt an email](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) on Mailbox.org's servers. This feature is useful when the remote recipient does not have OpenPGP and cannot decrypt a copy of the email in their own mailbox. -Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. +Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination diff --git a/i18n/zh-Hant/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/zh-Hant/advanced/dns-overview.md index d29548f1..5a9aecf2 100644 --- a/i18n/zh-Hant/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/zh-Hant/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ DNS 從網際網路的 [早期](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System 如果執行上面的 Wireshark 命令，頂部窗格會顯示「[frame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_frame)」，底部窗格會顯示所選框架的所有資料。 企業過濾和監控解決方案（例如政府購買的解決方案）可以自動執行此過程，而無需人工交互，並且可以聚合這些框架以產生對網路觀察者有用的統計數據。 -| 不。 | 時間 | 來源 | 目的地 | 協議 | 長度 | 資訊 | -| -- | -------- | --------- | --------- | --- | --- | ----------------------------------------------------- | -| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | 標準查詢 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | 標準查詢回應 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | -| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | 標準查詢 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | 標準查詢回應0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| No. | Time | Source | Destination | Protocol | Length | Info | +| --- | -------- | --------- | ----------- | -------- | ------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | 觀察者可以修改這些封包。 @@ -339,9 +339,26 @@ DNSSEC 在所有 DNS 層中實施分級數位簽名政策。 例如，查詢 `pr ## 什麼是QNAME最小化？ -QNAME是“限定名稱” ，例如 `privacyguides.org`。 QNAME 最小化可減少從 DNS 伺服器傳送到 [授權名稱伺服器](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server)的資訊量。 +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -與其傳送完整域名 `privacyguides.org`， QNAME最小化意味著 DNS 伺服器會請求所有 `.org`尾綴 的記錄。 進一步的技術描述在 [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816)。 +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. 進一步的技術描述在 [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816)。 diff --git a/i18n/zh-Hant/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/zh-Hant/basics/email-security.md index 9af6ab2c..5ee2f388 100644 --- a/i18n/zh-Hant/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/zh-Hant/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ description: 從許多方面來看電子郵件本質上是不安全的，這也 即使您使用OpenPGP ，它也不支持 [向前保密](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy)，這意味著如果您或收件人的私鑰被盜，所有先前加密的消息都將被曝光。 這就是為什麼我們建議 [即時通訊](../real-time-communication.md) ，只要有可能，就實現電子郵件的前向保密性，以進行個人對個人的通信。 +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### 哪些郵件客戶端支持 E2EE？ 電子郵件服務供應商讓您能使用標準訪問協議如 IMAP 與SMTP，以便應用[我們推薦的電子郵件客戶端軟體](../email-clients.md)。 根據驗證方法的不同，如果提供者或電子郵件用戶端不支持OAT或橋接應用程序，這可能會導致安全性降低，因為 [多因素驗證](multi-factor-authentication.md) 在純密碼驗證中是不可能的。 @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ description: 從許多方面來看電子郵件本質上是不安全的，這也 智慧鑰卡（例如 [Yubikey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) 或 [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)）的工作原理是從用戶端的設備（手機，平板電腦，電腦等）接收加密的電子郵件消息。 安全鑰卡會解密該訊息再把解開的內容傳到設備。 -在智能卡上進行解密是有利的，以避免可能將您的私鑰暴露在受損的設備上。 +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## 電子郵件元資料概覽 diff --git a/i18n/zh-Hant/email.md b/i18n/zh-Hant/email.md index 7acbcb4b..a5d781e0 100644 --- a/i18n/zh-Hant/email.md +++ b/i18n/zh-Hant/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ cover: email.png ## OpenPGP 兼容服務 -這些供應商原生支持OpenPGP加密/解密和Web密鑰目錄（ WKD ）標準，允許供應商無關的E2EE電子郵件。 例如， Proton Mail 用戶可以向 Mailbox.org 用戶發送 E2EE 消息，或者您可以從它支援的網際網路服務接收 OpenPGP 加密通知。 +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. 例如， Proton Mail 用戶可以向 Mailbox.org 用戶發送 E2EE 消息，或者您可以從它支援的網際網路服務接收 OpenPGP 加密通知。
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Proton Mail 支援使用 FIDO2 或 U2F標準 的 TOTP [雙因素驗證](https:// Proton Mail 網頁郵件整合了 [OpenPGP 加密](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) 。 發送到其他 Proton Mai l帳戶的電子郵件會自動加密，並且可以在您的帳戶設置中輕鬆啟用使用 OpenPGP 金鑰對非 Proton Mail 地址進行加密。 它可以 [加密非 Proton Mail 郵件地址的訊息](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails)，不必非得使用 Proton Mail 帳戶或 OpenPGP 之類的軟體。 -Proton Mail 還支持通過 HTTP 的 [Web 密鑰目錄（ WKD ）](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD)發現公鑰。 這可讓非 Proton Mail 用戶可以輕鬆找到 Proton Mail 帳戶的 OpenPGP 金鑰，以利跨供應商進行 E2EE 。 +Proton Mail 還支持通過 HTTP 的 [Web 密鑰目錄（ WKD ）](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD)發現公鑰。 這可讓非 Proton Mail 用戶可以輕鬆找到 Proton Mail 帳戶的 OpenPGP 金鑰，以利跨供應商進行 E2EE 。 This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } 帳戶終止 @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ Mailbox.org 允許使用 [加密郵箱](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/T Mailbox.org在他們的網絡郵件中有 [個集成的加密](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) ，這簡化了向具有公開OpenPGP密鑰的人發送消息。 它們還允許 [遠端收件人解密 Mailbox.org伺服器上的電子郵件](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) 。 當遠端收件人沒有 OpenPGP 無法解密自己郵箱中的電子郵件時，此功能非常有用。 -Mailbox.org 還支持通過 HTTP 的 [Web密鑰目錄（ WKD ）](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD)發現公鑰。 因此其它人可以輕鬆找到 Mailbox.org 帳戶的 OpenPGP 金鑰，便於跨提供者使用 E2EE。 +Mailbox.org 還支持通過 HTTP 的 [Web密鑰目錄（ WKD ）](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD)發現公鑰。 因此其它人可以輕鬆找到 Mailbox.org 帳戶的 OpenPGP 金鑰，便於跨提供者使用 E2EE。 This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } 帳戶終止 diff --git a/i18n/zh/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/zh/advanced/dns-overview.md index 03826a00..659f72ea 100644 --- a/i18n/zh/advanced/dns-overview.md +++ b/i18n/zh/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ DNS自互联网的 [早期](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System#His 如果运行上面的Wireshark命令，顶部窗格显示“[帧](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_frame)” ，底部窗格显示有关所选帧的所有数据。 企业过滤和监控解决方案（如政府购买的解决方案）可以自动完成这一过程，无需人工干预，并可以汇总多帧数据以产生对网络观察者有用的统计数据。 -| No. | 时间 | 来源 | 目的地 | 协议 | 长度 | 信息 | -| --- | -------- | --------- | --------- | --- | --- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | -| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | 云存储 | 104 | Standard query 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | 云存储 | 108 | Standard query response 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | -| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | 云存储 | 104 | Standard query 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT | -| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | 云存储 | 108 | Standard query response 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| No. | Time | Source | Destination | Protocol | Length | Info | +| --- | -------- | --------- | ----------- | -------- | ------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | 云存储 | 104 | Standard query 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | 云存储 | 108 | Standard query response 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | 云存储 | 104 | Standard query 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | 云存储 | 108 | Standard query response 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | 观察者可以修改这些数据包中的任何一个。 @@ -339,9 +339,26 @@ DNSSEC在DNS的所有层面上实现了分层的数字签名政策。 例如， ## 什么是QNAME最小化？ -QNAME是一个 "限定名称"，例如 `privacyguides.org`。 QNAME最小化减少了从DNS服务器发送至 [权威名称服务器的信息量](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_server#Authoritative_name_server)。 +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: -而不是发送整个域名 `privacyguides.org`，QNAME最小化意味着DNS服务器将要求所有以 `.org`结尾的记录。 进一步的技术描述在 [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816)中定义。 +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. 进一步的技术描述在 [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816)中定义。 diff --git a/i18n/zh/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/zh/basics/email-security.md index 2a86d8dd..94cb501f 100644 --- a/i18n/zh/basics/email-security.md +++ b/i18n/zh/basics/email-security.md @@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ description: Email is inherently insecure in many ways, and these are some of th 即使你使用OpenPGP，它也不支持 [前向加密](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy)，这意味着如果你或收件人的私钥被盗，所有在之前使用它加密的信息都将被暴露。 这就是为什么我们推荐 [即时通讯工具](../real-time-communication.md) ，比起电子邮件，它尽可能更好地在人与人之间的通信中实现前向保密性。 +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + ### 哪些电子邮件客户端支持端到端加密？ 允许你使用IMAP和SMTP等标准访问协议的电子邮件提供商可以与我们推荐的任何 [电子邮件客户端一起使用](../email-clients.md)。 根据认证方法，如果供应商或电子邮件客户端不支持OATH或桥接应用，这可能会导致安全性下降，因为 [多因素认证](/basics/multi-factor-authentication/) ，不可能使用普通密码认证。 @@ -25,7 +35,7 @@ description: Email is inherently insecure in many ways, and these are some of th A smartcard (such as a [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc.) running an email/webmail client. 然后，该信息被智能卡解密，解密后的内容被送回设备。 -在智能卡上进行解密是很有利的，这样可以避免将你的私钥暴露给某个被攻破的设备。 +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. ## 电子邮件元数据概述 diff --git a/i18n/zh/email.md b/i18n/zh/email.md index fa9a3f38..0c02bb0a 100644 --- a/i18n/zh/email.md +++ b/i18n/zh/email.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ cover: email.png ## OpenPGP 兼容服务 -These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the Web Key Directory (WKD) standard, allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. 例如，Proton Mail用户可以向Mailbox.org用户发送E2EE信息，或者你可以从支持OpenPGP的互联网服务中收到OpenPGP加密的通知。 +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. 例如，Proton Mail用户可以向Mailbox.org用户发送E2EE信息，或者你可以从支持OpenPGP的互联网服务中收到OpenPGP加密的通知。
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Certain information stored in [Proton Contacts](https://proton.me/support/proton Proton Mail has [integrated OpenPGP encryption](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) in their webmail. 给其他Proton Mail账户的邮件是自动加密的，用OpenPGP密钥给非Proton Mail地址加密可以在账户设置中轻松启用。 They also allow you to [encrypt messages to non-Proton Mail addresses](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) without the need for them to sign up for a Proton Mail account or use software like OpenPGP. -Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). 这使得不使用Proton Mail的人可以轻松找到Proton Mail账户的OpenPGP密钥，实现跨供应商的E2EE。 +Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). 这使得不使用Proton Mail的人可以轻松找到Proton Mail账户的OpenPGP密钥，实现跨供应商的E2EE。 This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ However, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), the softwa Mailbox.org has [integrated encryption](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) in their webmail, which simplifies sending messages to people with public OpenPGP keys. They also allow [remote recipients to decrypt an email](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) on Mailbox.org's servers. This feature is useful when the remote recipient does not have OpenPGP and cannot decrypt a copy of the email in their own mailbox. -Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. +Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. #### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination