diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md b/i18n/bn-IN/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..88a0e910 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +# Community Code of Conduct + +**We pledge** to make our community a harassment-free experience for everyone. + +**We strive** to create a positive environment, using welcoming and inclusive language, and being respectful of the viewpoints of others. + +**We do not allow** inappropriate or otherwise unacceptable behavior, such as sexualized language, trolling and insulting comments, or otherwise promoting intolerance or harassment. + +## Community Standards + +What we expect from members of our communities: + +1. **Don't spread misinformation** + + We are creating an evidence-based educational community around information privacy and security, not a home for conspiracy theories. For example, when making a claim that a certain piece of software is malicious or that certain telemetry data is privacy invasive, explain in detail what is collected and how it collected. Claims of this nature must be backed by technical evidence. + +1. **Don't abuse our willingness to help** + + Our community members are not your free tech support. We are happy to help you with specific steps on your privacy journey if you are willing to put in effort on your end. We are not willing to answer endlessly repeated questions about generic computer problems you could have answered yourself with a 30-second internet search. Don't be a [help vampire](https://slash7.com/2006/12/22/vampires/). + +1. **Behave in a positive and constructive manner** + + Examples of behavior that contributes to a positive environment for our community include: + + - Demonstrating empathy and kindness toward other people + - Being respectful of differing opinions, viewpoints, and experiences + - Giving and gracefully accepting constructive feedback + - Accepting responsibility and apologizing to those affected by our mistakes, and learning from the experience + - Focusing on what is best not just for us as individuals, but for the overall community + +### Unacceptable Behavior + +The following behaviors are considered harassment and are unacceptable within our community: + +- The use of sexualized language or imagery, and sexual attention or advances of any kind +- Trolling, insulting or derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks +- Public or private harassment +- Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or email address, without their explicit permission +- Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a professional setting + +## Scope + +Our Code of Conduct applies within all project spaces, as well as when an individual is representing the Privacy Guides project in other communities. + +We are responsible for clarifying the standards of our community, and have the right to remove or alter the comments of those participating within our community, as necessary and at our discretion. + +### Contact + +If you observe a problem on a platform like Matrix or Reddit, please contact our moderators on that platform in chat, via DM, or through any designated "Modmail" system. + +If you have a problem elsewhere, or a problem our community moderators are unable to resolve, reach out to `jonah@privacyguides.org` and/or `dngray@privacyguides.org`. + +All community leaders are obligated to respect the privacy and security of the reporter of any incident. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/about/criteria.md b/i18n/bn-IN/about/criteria.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7914b9bd --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/about/criteria.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +title: General Criteria +--- + +!!! example "Work in Progress" + + The following page is a work in progress, and does not reflect the full criteria for our recommendations at this time. Past discussion on this topic: [#24](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/discussions/24) + +Below are some things that must apply to all submissions to Privacy Guides. Each category will have additional requirements for inclusion. + +## Financial Disclosure + +We do not make money from recommending certain products, we do not use affiliate links, and we do not provide special consideration to project donors. + +## General Guidelines + +We apply these priorities when considering new recommendations: + +- **Secure**: Tools should follow security best-practices wherever applicable. +- **Source Availability**: Open source projects are generally preferred over equivalent proprietary alternatives. +- **Cross-Platform**: We typically prefer recommendations to be cross-platform, to avoid vendor lock-in. +- **Active Development**: The tools that we recommend should be actively developed, unmaintained projects will be removed in most cases. +- **Usability**: Tools should be accessible to most computer users, an overly technical background should not be required. +- **Documented**: Tools should have clear and extensive documentation for use. + +## Developer Self-Submissions + +We have these requirements in regard to developers which wish to submit their project or software for consideration. + +- Must disclose affiliation, i.e. your position within the project being submitted. + +- Must have a security whitepaper if it is a project that involves handling of sensitive information like a messenger, password manager, encrypted cloud storage, etc. + - Third party audit status. We want to know if you have one, or have one planned. If possible please mention who will be conducting the audit. + +- Must explain what the project brings to the table in regard to privacy. + - Does it solve any new problem? + - Why should anyone use it over the alternatives? + +- Must state what the exact threat model is with their project. + - It should be clear to potential users what the project can provide, and what it cannot. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/about/donate.md b/i18n/bn-IN/about/donate.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..70349a69 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/about/donate.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +--- +title: Supporting Us +--- + + +It takes a lot of [people](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/graphs/contributors) and [work](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/pulse/monthly) to keep Privacy Guides up to date and spreading the word about privacy and mass surveillance. If you like what we do, consider getting involved by [editing the site](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org) or [contributing translations](https://crowdin.com/project/privacyguides). + +If you want to support us financially, the most convenient method for us is contributing via Open Collective, a website operated by our fiscal host. Open Collective accepts payments via credit/debit card, PayPal, and bank transfers. + +[Donate on OpenCollective.com](https://opencollective.com/privacyguides/donate){ class="md-button md-button--primary" } + +Donations made directly to us on Open Collective are generally tax-deductible in the US, because our fiscal host (the Open Collective Foundation) is a registered 501(c)3 organization. You will receive a receipt from the Open Collective Foundation after donating. Privacy Guides does not provide financial advice, and you should contact your tax advisor to find out whether this is applicable to you. + +If you already make use of GitHub sponsorships, you can also sponsor our organization there. + +[Sponsor us on GitHub](https://github.com/sponsors/privacyguides ""){.md-button} + +Another option to support us is by buying our merchandise from HelloTux. We get roughly $4 for every shirt sold, and you get a quality product to show for it. + +[Buy on HelloTux.com](https://hellotux.com/privacyguides){ class="md-button" } + +## Backers + +A special thanks to all those who support our mission! :heart: + +*Please note: This section loads a widget directly from Open Collective. This section does not reflect donations made outside of Open Collective, and we have no control over the specific donors featured in this section.* + + + +## How We Use Donations + +Privacy Guides is a **non-profit** organization. We use donations for a variety of purposes, including: + +**Domain Registrations** +: + +We have a few domain names like `privacyguides.org` which cost us around $10 yearly to maintain their registration. + +**Web Hosting** +: + +Traffic to this website uses hundreds of gigabytes of data per month, we use a variety of service providers to keep up with this traffic. + +**Online Services** +: + +We host [internet services](https://privacyguides.net) for testing and showcasing different privacy-products we like and [recommend](../tools.md). Some of which are made publicly available for our community's use (SearXNG, Tor, etc.), and some are provided for our team members (email, etc.). + +**Product Purchases** +: + +We occasionally purchase products and services for the purposes of testing our [recommended tools](../tools.md). + +We are still working with our fiscal host (the Open Collective Foundation) to receive cryptocurrency donations, at the moment the accounting is unfeasible for many smaller transactions, but this should change in the future. In the meantime, if you wish to make a sizable (> $100) cryptocurrency donation, please reach out to [jonah@privacyguides.org](mailto:jonah@privacyguides.org). diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/about/index.md b/i18n/bn-IN/about/index.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..02032969 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/about/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +--- +title: "About Privacy Guides" +description: Privacy Guides is a socially motivated website that provides information for protecting your data security and privacy. +schema: + "@context": https://schema.org + "@type": Organization + "@id": https://www.privacyguides.org/ + name: Privacy Guides + url: https://www.privacyguides.org/en/about/ + logo: https://www.privacyguides.org/en/assets/brand/png/square/pg-yellow.png + sameAs: + - https://twitter.com/privacy_guides + - https://github.com/privacyguides + - https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111710163 + - https://opencollective.com/privacyguides + - https://www.youtube.com/@privacyguides + - https://mastodon.neat.computer/@privacyguides +--- + +![Privacy Guides logo](../assets/brand/PNG/Square/pg-yellow.png){ align=right } + +**Privacy Guides** is a socially motivated website that provides [information](/kb) for protecting your data security and privacy. Our mission is to inform the public about the value of digital privacy, and global government initiatives which aim to monitor your online activity. We are a non-profit collective operated entirely by volunteer [team members](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/g/team) and contributors. Our website is free of advertisements and not affiliated with any of the listed providers. + +[:octicons-home-16:](https://www.privacyguides.org/){ .card-link title=Homepage } +[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org){ .card-link title="Source Code" } +[:octicons-heart-16:](donate.md){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +> To find [privacy-focused alternative] apps, check out sites like Good Reports and **Privacy Guides**, which list privacy-focused apps in a variety of categories, notably including email providers (usually on paid plans) that aren’t run by the big tech companies. + +— [New York Times](https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/guides/online-security-social-media-privacy/) + +> If you're looking for a new VPN, you can go to the discount code of just about any podcast. If you are looking for a **good** VPN, you need professional help. The same goes for email clients, browsers, operating systems and password managers. How do you know which of these is the best, most privacy-friendly option? For that there is **Privacy Guides**, a platform on which a number of volunteers search day in, day out for the best privacy-friendly tools to use on the internet. + +— [Tweakers.net](https://tweakers.net/reviews/10568/op-zoek-naar-privacyvriendelijke-tools-niek-de-wilde-van-privacy-guides.html) [Translated from Dutch] + +Also featured on: [Ars Technica](https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/02/is-firefox-ok/), [Wirecutter](https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/guides/practical-guide-to-securing-windows-pc/) [[2](https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/guides/practical-guide-to-securing-your-mac/)], [NPO Radio 1](https://www.nporadio1.nl/nieuws/binnenland/8eaff3a2-8b29-4f63-9b74-36d2b28b1fe1/ooit-online-eens-wat-doms-geplaatst-ga-jezelf-eens-googlen-en-kijk-dan-wat-je-tegenkomt), and [Wired](https://www.wired.com/story/firefox-mozilla-2022/). + +## History + +Privacy Guides was launched in September 2021 as a continuation of the [defunct](privacytools.md) "PrivacyTools" open-source educational project. We recognized the importance of independent, criteria-focused product recommendations and general knowledge in the privacy space, which is why we needed to preserve the work that had been created by so many contributors since 2015 and make sure that information had a stable home on the web indefinitely. + +In 2022, we completed the transition of our main website framework from Jekyll to MkDocs, using the `mkdocs-material` documentation software. This change made open-source contributions to our site significantly easier for outsiders, because instead of needing to know complicated syntax to write posts effectively, contributing is now as easy as writing a standard Markdown document. + +We additionally launched our new discussion forum at [discuss.privacyguides.net](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/) as a community platform to share ideas and ask questions about our mission. This augments our existing community on Matrix, and replaced our previous GitHub Discussions platform, decreasing our reliance on proprietary discussion platforms. + +So far in 2023 we've launched international translations of our website in [French](/fr/), [Hebrew](/he/), and [Dutch](/nl/), with more languages on the way, made possible by our excellent translation team on [Crowdin](https://crowdin.com/project/privacyguides). We plan to continue carrying forward our mission of outreach and education, and finding ways to more clearly highlight the dangers of a lack of privacy awareness in the modern digital age, and the prevalence and harms of security breaches across the technology industry. + +## Our Team + +??? person "@jonah" + + - [:simple-discourse: Discourse](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/jonah) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/jonaharagon "@jonaharagon") + - [:simple-mastodon: Mastodon](https://mastodon.neat.computer/@jonah "@jonah@neat.computer"){rel=me} + - [:fontawesome-solid-house: Homepage](https://www.jonaharagon.com) + +??? person "@niek-de-wilde" + + - [:simple-discourse: Discourse](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/Niek-de-Wilde) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/blacklight447 "@blacklight447") + - [:simple-mastodon: Mastodon](https://mastodon.social/@blacklight447 "@blacklight447@mastodon.social"){rel=me} + - [:fontawesome-solid-envelope: Email](mailto:niekdewilde@privacyguides.org) + +??? person "@dngray" + + - [:simple-discourse: Discourse](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/dngray) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/dngray "@dngray") + - [:simple-mastodon: Mastodon](https://mastodon.social/@dngray "@dngray@mastodon.social"){rel=me} + - [:fontawesome-solid-envelope: Email](mailto:dngray@privacyguides.org) + +??? person "@freddy" + + - [:simple-discourse: Discourse](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/freddy) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/freddy-m "@freddy-m") + - [:simple-mastodon: Mastodon](https://social.lol/@freddy "@freddy@social.lol"){rel=me} + - [:fontawesome-solid-house: Homepage](https://freddy.lol) + +??? person "@olivia" + + - [:simple-discourse: Discourse](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/olivia) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/hook9 "@hook9") + - [:simple-mastodon: Mastodon](https://mastodon.neat.computer/@oliviablob "@oliviablob@neat.computer"){rel=me} + +Additionally, [many people](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/graphs/contributors) have made contributions to the project. You can too, we're open sourced on GitHub, and accepting translation suggestions on [Crowdin](https://crowdin.com/project/privacyguides). + +Our team members review all changes made to the website and handle administrative duties such as web hosting and financials, however they do not personally profit from any contributions made to this site. Our financials are transparently hosted by the Open Collective Foundation 501(c)(3) at [opencollective.com/privacyguides](https://opencollective.com/privacyguides). Donations to Privacy Guides are generally tax-deductible in the United States. + +## Site License + +!!! danger "" + + The following is a human-readable summary of (and not a substitute for) the [license](/license). + +:fontawesome-brands-creative-commons: :fontawesome-brands-creative-commons-by: :fontawesome-brands-creative-commons-nd: Unless otherwise noted, the original content on this website is made available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/blob/main/LICENSE). This means that you are free to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially; as long as you give appropriate credit to `Privacy Guides (www.privacyguides.org)` and provide a link to the license. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests Privacy Guides endorses you or your use. If you remix, transform, or build upon the content of this website, you may not distribute the modified material. + +This license is in place to prevent people from sharing our work without giving proper credit, and to prevent people from modifying our work in a way that could be used to mislead people. If you find the terms of this license too restrictive for the project you're working on, please reach out to us at `jonah@privacyguides.org`. We are happy to provide alternative licensing options for well-intentioned projects in the privacy space! diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/about/notices.md b/i18n/bn-IN/about/notices.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9ccae1ae --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/about/notices.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +--- +title: "Notices and Disclaimers" +--- + +## Legal Disclaimer + +Privacy Guides is not a law firm. As such, the Privacy Guides website and contributors are not providing legal advice. The material and recommendations in our website and guides do not constitute legal advice nor does contributing to the website or communicating with Privacy Guides or other contributors about our website create an attorney-client relationship. + +Running this website, like any human endeavor, involves uncertainty and trade-offs. We hope this website helps, but it may include mistakes and can’t address every situation. If you have any questions about your situation, we encourage you to do your own research, seek out other experts, and engage in discussions with the Privacy Guides community. If you have any legal questions, you should consult with your own legal counsel before moving forward. + +Privacy Guides is an open source project contributed to under licenses that include terms that, for the protection of the website and its contributors, make clear that the Privacy Guides project and website is offered "as-is", without warranty, and disclaiming liability for damages resulting from using the website or any recommendations contained within. Privacy Guides does not warrant or make any representations concerning the accuracy, likely results, or reliability of the use of the materials on the website or otherwise relating to such materials on the website or on any third-party sites linked on this site. + +Privacy Guides additionally does not warrant that this website will be constantly available, or available at all. + +## Licensing Overview + +!!! danger "" + + The following is a human-readable summary of (and not a substitute for) the [license](/license). + +Unless otherwise noted, all **content** on this website is made available under the terms of the [Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/blob/main/LICENSE). The underlying **source code** used to generate this website and display that content is released under the [MIT License](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/tree/main/LICENSE-CODE). + +This does not include third-party code embedded in this repository, or code where a superseding license is otherwise noted. The following are notable examples, but this list may not be all-inclusive: + +* [MathJax](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/blob/main/theme/assets/javascripts/mathjax.js) is licensed under the [Apache License 2.0](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/blob/main/docs/assets/javascripts/LICENSE.mathjax.txt). +* The [Bagnard](https://github.com/privacyguides/brand/tree/main/WOFF/bagnard) heading font is licensed under the [SIL Open Font License 1.1](https://github.com/privacyguides/brand/blob/main/WOFF/bagnard/LICENSE.txt). +* The [Public Sans](https://github.com/privacyguides/brand/tree/main/WOFF/public_sans) font used for most text on the site is licensed under the terms detailed [here](https://github.com/privacyguides/brand/blob/main/WOFF/public_sans/LICENSE.txt). +* The [DM Mono](https://github.com/privacyguides/brand/tree/main/WOFF/dm_mono) font used for monospaced text on the site is licensed under the [SIL Open Font License 1.1](https://github.com/privacyguides/brand/blob/main/WOFF/dm_mono/LICENSE.txt). + +This means that you can use the human-readable content in this repository for your own project, per the terms outlined in the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License text. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests Privacy Guides endorses you or your use. You **may not** use the Privacy Guides branding in your own project without express approval from this project. Privacy Guides's brand trademarks include the "Privacy Guides" wordmark and shield logo. + +We believe that the logos and other images in `assets` obtained from third-party providers are either in the public domain or **fair use**. In a nutshell, legal [fair use doctrine](https://www.copyright.gov/fair-use/more-info.html) allows the use of copyrighted images in order to identify the subject matter for purposes of public comment. However, these logos and other images may still be subject to trademark laws in one or more jurisdictions. Before using this content, please ensure that it is used to identify the entity or organization that owns the trademark and that you have the right to use it under the laws which apply in the circumstances of your intended use. *When copying content from this website, you are solely responsible for ensuring that you do not infringe someone else's trademark or copyright.* + +When you contribute to our website you are doing so under the above licenses, and you are granting Privacy Guides a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, transferable, royalty-free, irrevocable license with the right to sublicense such rights through multiple tiers of sublicensees, to reproduce, modify, display, perform and distribute your contribution as part of our project. + +## Acceptable Use + +You may not use this website in any way that causes or may cause damage to the website or impairment of the availability or accessibility of Privacy Guides, or in any way which is unlawful, illegal, fraudulent, harmful, or in connection with any unlawful, illegal, fraudulent, or harmful purpose or activity. + +You must not conduct any systematic or automated data collection activities on or in relation to this website without express written consent, including: + +* Excessive Automated Scans +* Denial of Service Attacks +* Scraping +* Data Mining +* 'Framing' (IFrames) + +--- + +*Portions of this notice itself were adopted from [opensource.guide](https://github.com/github/opensource.guide/blob/master/notices.md) on GitHub. That resource and this page itself are released under [CC-BY-4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).* diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/about/privacy-policy.md b/i18n/bn-IN/about/privacy-policy.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bb90f850 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/about/privacy-policy.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +title: "Privacy Policy" +--- + +Privacy Guides is a community project operated by a number of active volunteer contributors. The public list of team members [can be found on GitHub](https://github.com/orgs/privacyguides/people). + +## Data We Collect From Visitors + +The privacy of our website visitors is important to us, so we do not track any individual people. As a visitor to our website: + +- No personal information is collected +- No information such as cookies are stored in the browser +- No information is shared with, sent to or sold to third-parties +- No information is shared with advertising companies +- No information is mined and harvested for personal and behavioral trends +- No information is monetized + +## Data We Collect From Account Holders + +If you register for an account on one of our services, we may collect any information you provide us (such as your email, password, profile information, etc.) and use that information to provide you with the service. We never share or sell this data. + +Some services we host have separate privacy policies which supersede this document. For example, the privacy policy of our forum can be found at [discuss.privacyguides.net/privacy](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/privacy). + +## Contacting Us + +Even in the limited cases where your data is collected, our volunteers and most members of the Privacy Guides team have no access to that information. Some information (such as your email address) may be accessible to moderators via limited control panels for the purposes of moderating our communities. + +Thus, inquiries regarding your personal information should be sent directly to: + +```text +Jonah Aragon +Services Administrator +jonah@privacyguides.org +``` + +For all other inquiries, you can contact any member of our team. + +For complaints under GDPR more generally, you always have the option to lodge complaints with your local data protection supervisory authorities. + +## About This Policy + +We will post any new versions of this statement [here](privacy-policy.md). We may change how we announce changes in future versions of this document. In the meantime we may update our contact information at any time without announcing a change. Please refer to the [Privacy Policy](privacy-policy.md) for the latest contact information at any time. + +A full revision [history](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org/commits/main/docs/about/privacy-policy.md) of this page can be found on GitHub. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/about/privacytools.md b/i18n/bn-IN/about/privacytools.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..515c21f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/about/privacytools.md @@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ +--- +title: "PrivacyTools FAQ" +--- + +# Why we moved on from PrivacyTools + +In September 2021, every active contributor unanimously agreed to move from PrivacyTools to work on this site: Privacy Guides. This decision was made because PrivacyTools’ founder and controller of the domain name had disappeared for an extended period of time and could not be contacted. + +Having built a reputable site and set of services on PrivacyTools.io, this caused grave concerns for the future of PrivacyTools, as any future disruption could wipe out the entire organization with no recovery method. This transition was communicated to the PrivacyTools community many months in advance via a variety of channels including its blog, Twitter, Reddit, and Mastodon to ensure the entire process went as smoothly as possible. We did this to ensure nobody was kept in the dark, which has been our modus operandi since our team was created, and to make sure Privacy Guides was recognized as the same reliable organization that PrivacyTools was before the transition. + +After the organizational move was completed, the founder of PrivacyTools returned and began to spread misinformation about the Privacy Guides project. They continue to spread misinformation in addition to operating a paid link farm on the PrivacyTools domain. We are creating this page to clear up any misconceptions. + +## What is PrivacyTools? + +PrivacyTools was created in 2015 by "BurungHantu," who wanted to make a privacy information resource - helpful tools following the Snowden revelations. The site grew into a flourishing open-source project with [many contributors](https://github.com/privacytools/privacytools.io/graphs/contributors), some eventually given various organizational responsibilities, such as operating online services like Matrix and Mastodon, managing and reviewing changes to the site on GitHub, finding sponsors for the project, writing blog posts and operating social media outreach platforms like Twitter, etc. + +Beginning in 2019, BurungHantu grew more and more distant from the active development of the website and communities, and began delaying payments he was responsible for related to the servers we operated. To avoid having our system administrator pay server costs out of their own pocket, we changed the donation methods listed on the site from BurungHantu's personal PayPal and crypto accounts to a new OpenCollective page on [October 31, 2019](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729184557/https://blog.privacytools.io/privacytools-io-joins-the-open-collective-foundation/). This had the added benefits of making our finances completely transparent, a value we strongly believe in, and tax-deductible in the United States, because they were being held by the Open Collective Foundation 501(c)3. This change was unanimously agreed upon by the team and went uncontested. + +## Why We Moved On + +In 2020, BurungHantu's absence grew much more noticeable. At one point, we required the domain's nameservers to be changed to nameservers controlled by our system administrator to avoid future disruption, and this change was not completed for over a month after the initial request. He would disappear from the public chat and private team chat rooms on Matrix for months at a time, occasionally popping in to give some small feedback or promise to be more active before disappearing once again. + +In October 2020, the PrivacyTools system administrator (Jonah) [left](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729190742/https://blog.privacytools.io/blacklight447-taking-over/) the project because of these difficulties, handing control to another long-time contributor. Jonah had been operating nearly every PrivacyTools service and acting as the *de facto* project lead for website development in BurungHantu's absence, thus his departure was a significant change to the organization. At the time, because of these significant organizational changes, BurungHantu promised the remaining team he would return to take control of the project going forward. ==The PrivacyTools team reached out via several communication methods over the following months, but did not receive any response.== + +## Domain Name Reliance + +At the beginning of 2021, the PrivacyTools team grew worried about the future of the project, because the domain name was set to expire on 1st March 2021. The domain was ultimately renewed by BurungHantu with no comment. + +The team’s concerns were not addressed, and we realized this would be a problem every year: If the domain expired it would have allowed it to be stolen by squatters or spammers, thus ruining the organization's reputation. We also would have had trouble reaching the community to inform them of what took place. + +Without being in any contact with BurungHantu, we decided the best course of action would be to move to a new domain name while we still had guaranteed control over the old domain name, sometime before March 2022. This way, we would be able to cleanly redirect all PrivacyTools resources to the new site without any interruption in service. This decision was made many months in advance and communicated to the entire team in the hopes that BurungHantu would reach out and assure his continued support for the project, because with a recognizable brand name and large communities online, moving away from "PrivacyTools" was the least desirable possible outcome. + +In mid-2021 the PrivacyTools team reached out to Jonah, who agreed to rejoin the team to help with the transition. + +## Community Call to Action + +At the end of July 2021, we [informed](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729184422/https://blog.privacytools.io/the-future-of-privacytools/) the PrivacyTools community of our intention to choose a new name and continue the project on a new domain, to be [chosen](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729190935/https://aragon.cloud/apps/forms/cMPxG9KyopapBbcw) on 2nd August 2022. In the end, "Privacy Guides" was selected, with the `privacyguides.org` domain already owned by Jonah for a side-project from 2020 that went undeveloped. + +## Control of r/privacytoolsIO + +Simultaneously with the ongoing website issues at privacytools.io, the r/privacytoolsIO moderation team was facing challenges with managing the subreddit. The subreddit had always been operated mostly independently of the website's development, but BurungHantu was the primary moderator of the subreddit as well, and he was the only moderator granted "Full Control" privileges. u/trai_dep was the only active moderator at the time, and [posted](https://www.reddit.com/r/redditrequest/comments/o9tllh/requesting_rprivacytoolsio_im_only_active_mod_top/) a request to Reddit's administrators on June 28, 2021, asking to be granted the primary moderator position and full control privileges, in order to make necessary changes to the Subreddit. + +Reddit requires that subreddits have active moderators. If the primary moderator is inactive for a lengthy period of time (such as a year) the primary moderation position can be re-appointed to the next moderator in line. For this request to have been granted, BurungHantu had to have been completely absent from all Reddit activity for a long period of time, which was consistent with his behaviors on other platforms. + +> If you were removed as moderator from a subreddit through Reddit request it is because your lack of response and lack of activity qualified the subreddit for an r/redditrequest transfer. +> +> r/redditrequest is Reddit's way of making sure communities have active moderators and is part of the [Moderator Code of Conduct](https://www.redditinc.com/policies/moderator-code-of-conduct). + +## Beginning the Transition + +On September 14th, 2021, we [announced](https://www.privacyguides.org/blog/2021/09/14/welcome-to-privacy-guides/) the beginning of our migration to this new domain: + +> [...] we found it necessary to make this switch sooner rather than later to ensure people would find out about this transition as soon as possible. This gives us adequate time to transition the domain name, which is currently redirecting to www.privacyguides.org, and it hopefully gives everyone enough time to notice the change, update bookmarks and websites, etc. + +This change [entailed:](https://www.reddit.com/r/PrivacyGuides/comments/pnhn4a/rprivacyguides_privacyguidesorg_what_you_need_to/) + +- Redirecting www.privacytools.io to [www.privacyguides.org](https://www.privacyguides.org). +- Archiving the source code on GitHub to preserve our past work and issue tracker, which we continued to use for months of future development of this site. +- Posting announcements to our subreddit and various other communities informing people of the official change. +- Formally closing privacytools.io services, like Matrix and Mastodon, and encouraging existing users to migrate as soon as possible. + +Things appeared to be going smoothly, and most of our active community made the switch to our new project exactly as we hoped. + +## Following Events + +Roughly a week following the transition, BurungHantu returned online for the first time in nearly a year, however nobody on our team was willing to return to PrivacyTools because of his historic unreliability. Rather than apologize for his prolonged absence, he immediately went on the offensive and positioned the transition to Privacy Guides as an attack against him and his project. He subsequently [deleted](https://www.reddit.com/r/privacytoolsIO/comments/pp9yie/comment/hd49wbn) many of these posts when it was pointed out by the community that he had been absent and abandoned the project. + +At this point, BurungHantu claimed he wanted to continue working on privacytools.io on his own and requested that we remove the redirect from www.privacytools.io to [www.privacyguides.org](https://www.privacyguides.org). We obliged and requested that he keep the subdomains for Matrix, Mastodon, and PeerTube active for us to run as a public service to our community for at least a few months, in order to allow users on those platforms to easily migrate to other accounts. Due to the federated nature of the services we provided, they were tied to specific domain names making it very difficult to migrate (and in some cases impossible). + +Unfortunately, because control of the r/privacytoolsIO subreddit was not returned to BurungHantu at his demand (further information below), those subdomains were [cut off](https://www.reddit.com/r/PrivacyGuides/comments/pymthv/comment/hexwrps/) at the beginning of October, ending any migration possibilities to any users still using those services. + +Following this, BurungHantu made false accusations about Jonah stealing donations from the project. BurungHantu had over a year since the alleged incident occurred, and yet he never made anyone aware of it until after the Privacy Guides migration. BurungHantu has been repeatedly asked for proof and to comment on the reason for his silence by the team [and the community](https://twitter.com/TommyTran732/status/1526153536962281474), and has not done so. + +BurungHantu also made a [twitter post](https://twitter.com/privacytoolsIO/status/1510560676967710728) alleging that an "attorney" had reached out to him on Twitter and was providing advice, in another attempt to bully us into giving him control of our subreddit, and as part of his smear campaign to muddy the waters surrounding the launch of Privacy Guides while pretending to be a victim. + +## PrivacyTools.io Now + +As of September 25th 2022 we are seeing BurungHantu's overall plans come to fruition on privacytools.io, and this is the very reason we decided to create this explainer page today. The website he is operating appears to be a heavily SEO-optimized version of the site which recommends tools in exchange for financial compensation. Very recently, IVPN and Mullvad, two VPN providers near-universally [recommended](../vpn.md) by the privacy community and notable for their stance against affiliate programs were removed from PrivacyTools. In their place? NordVPN, Surfshark, ExpressVPN, and hide.me; Giant VPN corporations with untrustworthy platforms and business practices, notorious for their aggressive marketing and affiliate programs. + +==**PrivacyTools has become exactly the type of site we [warned against](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729205249/https://blog.privacytools.io/the-trouble-with-vpn-and-privacy-reviews/) on the PrivacyTools blog in 2019.**== We've tried to keep our distance from PrivacyTools since the transition, but their continued harassment towards our project and now their absurd abuse of the credibility their brand gained over 6 years of open source contributions is extremely troubling to us. Those of us actually fighting for privacy are not fighting against each other, and are not getting our advice from the highest bidder. + +## r/privacytoolsIO Now + +After the launch of [r/PrivacyGuides](https://www.reddit.com/r/privacyguides), it was impractical for u/trai_dep to continue moderating both subreddits, and with the community on-board with the transition, r/privacytoolsIO was [made](https://www.reddit.com/r/privacytoolsIO/comments/qk7qrj/a_new_era_why_rptio_is_now_a_restricted_sub/) a restricted sub in a post on November 1st, 2021: + +> [...] The growth of this Sub was the result of great effort, across several years, by the PrivacyGuides.org team. And by every one of you. +> +> A Subreddit is a great deal of work to administer and moderate. Like a garden, it requires patient tending and daily care. It’s not a task for dilettantes or commitment-challenged people. It can’t thrive under a gardener who abandons it for several years, then shows up demanding this year’s harvest as their tribute. It’s unfair to the team formed years ago. It’s unfair to you. [...] + +Subreddits do not belong to anybody, and they especially do not belong to brand-holders. They belong to their communities, and the community and its moderators made the decision to support the move to r/PrivacyGuides. + +In the months since, BurungHantu has threatened and begged for returning subreddit control to his account in [violation](https://www.reddit.com/r/redditrequest/wiki/top_mod_removal/) of Reddit rules: + +> Retaliation from any moderator with regards to removal requests is disallowed. + +For a community with many thousands of remaining subscribers, we feel that it would be incredibly disrespectful to return control of that massive platform to the person who abandoned it for over a year, and who now operates a website that we feel provides very low-quality information. Preserving the years of past discussions in that community is more important to us, and thus u/trai_dep and the rest of the subreddit moderation team has made the decision to keep r/privacytoolsIO as-is. + +## OpenCollective Now + +Our fundraising platform, OpenCollective, is another source of contention. Our position is that OpenCollective was put in place by our team and managed by our team to fund services we currently operate and which PrivacyTools no longer does. We [reached out](https://opencollective.com/privacyguides/updates/transitioning-to-privacy-guides) to all of our donors regarding our move to Privacy Guides, and we were unanimously supported by our sponsors and community. + +Thus, the funds in OpenCollective belong to Privacy Guides, they were given to our project, and not the owner of a well known domain name. In the announcement made to donors on September 17th, 2021, we offered refunds to any donor who disagrees with the stance we took, but nobody has taken us up on this offer: + +> If any sponsors or backers disagree with or feel misled by these recent events and would like to request a refund given these highly unusual circumstances, please get in touch with our project admin by emailing jonah@triplebit.net. + +## Further Reading + +This topic has been discussed extensively within our communities in various locations, and it seems likely that most people reading this page will already be familiar with the events leading up to the move to Privacy Guides. Some of our previous posts on the matter may have extra detail we omitted here for brevity. They have been linked below for the sake of completion. + +- [June 28, 2021 request for control of r/privacytoolsIO](https://www.reddit.com/r/redditrequest/comments/o9tllh/requesting_rprivacytoolsio_im_only_active_mod_top/) +- [July 27, 2021 announcement of our intentions to move on the PrivacyTools blog, written by the team](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729184422/https://blog.privacytools.io/the-future-of-privacytools/) +- [Sept 13, 2021 announcement of the beginning of our transition to Privacy Guides on r/privacytoolsIO](https://www.reddit.com/r/privacytoolsIO/comments/pnql46/rprivacyguides_privacyguidesorg_what_you_need_to/) +- [Sept 17, 2021 announcement on OpenCollective from Jonah](https://opencollective.com/privacyguides/updates/transitioning-to-privacy-guides) +- [Sept 30, 2021 Twitter thread detailing most of the events now described on this page](https://twitter.com/privacy_guides/status/1443633412800225280) +- [Oct 1, 2021 post by u/dng99 noting subdomain failure](https://www.reddit.com/r/PrivacyGuides/comments/pymthv/comment/hexwrps/) +- [Apr 2, 2022 response by u/dng99 to PrivacyTools' accusatory blog post](https://www.reddit.com/comments/tuo7mm/comment/i35kw5a/) +- [May 16, 2022 response by @TommyTran732 on Twitter](https://twitter.com/TommyTran732/status/1526153497984618496) +- [Sep 3, 2022 post on Techlore's forum by @dngray](https://discuss.techlore.tech/t/has-anyone-seen-this-video-wondering-your-thoughts/792/20) diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/about/services.md b/i18n/bn-IN/about/services.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6483729d --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/about/services.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +# Privacy Guides Services + +We run a number of web services to test out features and promote cool decentralized, federated, and/or open-source projects. Many of these services are available to the public and are detailed below. + +[:material-comment-alert: Report an issue](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/c/services/2){ class="md-button md-button--primary" } + +## Discourse + +- Domain: [discuss.privacyguides.net](https://discuss.privacyguides.net) +- Availability: Public +- Source: [github.com/discourse/discourse](https://github.com/discourse/discourse) + +## Gitea + +- Domain: [code.privacyguides.dev](https://code.privacyguides.dev) +- Availability: Invite-Only + Access may be granted upon request to any team working on *Privacy Guides*-related development or content. +- Source: [snapcraft.io/gitea](https://snapcraft.io/gitea) + +## Matrix + +- Domain: [matrix.privacyguides.org](https://matrix.privacyguides.org) +- Availability: Invite-Only + Access may be granted upon request to Privacy Guides team members, Matrix moderators, third-party Matrix community administrators, Matrix bot operators, and other individuals in need of a reliable Matrix presence. +- Source: [github.com/spantaleev/matrix-docker-ansible-deploy](https://github.com/spantaleev/matrix-docker-ansible-deploy) + +## SearXNG + +- Domain: [search.privacyguides.net](https://search.privacyguides.net) +- Availability: Public +- Source: [github.com/searxng/searxng-docker](https://github.com/searxng/searxng-docker) + +## Invidious + +- Domain: [invidious.privacyguides.net](https://invidious.privacyguides.net) +- Availability: Semi-Public + We host Invidious primarily to serve embedded YouTube videos on our website, this instance is not intended for general-purpose use and may be limited at any time. +- Source: [github.com/iv-org/invidious](https://github.com/iv-org/invidious) diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/about/statistics.md b/i18n/bn-IN/about/statistics.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8f17240c --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/about/statistics.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +--- +title: Traffic Statistics +--- + +## Website Statistics + + +
Stats powered by Plausible Analytics
+ + + + +## Blog Statistics + + +
Stats powered by Plausible Analytics
+ + + diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/advanced/communication-network-types.md b/i18n/bn-IN/advanced/communication-network-types.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1f07a2c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/advanced/communication-network-types.md @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +--- +title: "Types of Communication Networks" +icon: 'material/transit-connection-variant' +description: An overview of several network architectures commonly used by instant messaging applications. +--- + +There are several network architectures commonly used to relay messages between people. These networks can provide different privacy guarantees, which is why it's worth considering your [threat model](../basics/threat-modeling.md) when deciding which app to use. + +[Recommended Instant Messengers](../real-time-communication.md ""){.md-button} + +## Centralized Networks + +![Centralized networks diagram](../assets/img/layout/network-centralized.svg){ align=left } + +Centralized messengers are those where all participants are on the same server or network of servers controlled by the same organization. + +Some self-hosted messengers allow you to set up your own server. Self-hosting can provide additional privacy guarantees, such as no usage logs or limited access to metadata (data about who is talking to whom). Self-hosted centralized messengers are isolated and everyone must be on the same server to communicate. + +**Advantages:** + +- New features and changes can be implemented more quickly. +- Easier to get started with and to find contacts. +- Most mature and stable features ecosystems, as they are easier to program in a centralized software. +- Privacy issues may be reduced when you trust a server that you're self-hosting. + +**Disadvantages:** + +- Can include [restricted control or access](https://drewdevault.com/2018/08/08/Signal.html). This can include things like: +- Being [forbidden from connecting third-party clients](https://github.com/LibreSignal/LibreSignal/issues/37#issuecomment-217211165) to the centralized network that might provide for greater customization or a better experience. Often defined in Terms and Conditions of usage. +- Poor or no documentation for third-party developers. +- The [ownership](https://web.archive.org/web/20210729191953/https://blog.privacytools.io/delisting-wire/), privacy policy, and operations of the service can change easily when a single entity controls it, potentially compromising the service later on. +- Self-hosting requires effort and knowledge of how to set up a service. + +## Federated Networks + +![Federated networks diagram](../assets/img/layout/network-decentralized.svg){ align=left } + +Federated messengers use multiple, independent, decentralized servers that are able to talk to each other (email is one example of a federated service). Federation allows system administrators to control their own server and still be a part of the larger communications network. + +When self-hosted, members of a federated server can discover and communicate with members of other servers, although some servers may choose to remain private by being non-federated (e.g., work team server). + +**Advantages:** + +- Allows for greater control over your own data when running your own server. +- Allows you to choose whom to trust your data with by choosing between multiple "public" servers. +- Often allows for third-party clients which can provide a more native, customized, or accessible experience. +- Server software can be verified that it matches public source code, assuming you have access to the server or you trust the person who does (e.g., a family member). + +**Disadvantages:** + +- Adding new features is more complex because these features need to be standardized and tested to ensure they work with all servers on the network. +- Due to the previous point, features can be lacking, or incomplete or working in unexpected ways compared to centralized platforms, such as message relay when offline or message deletion. +- Some metadata may be available (e.g., information like "who is talking to whom," but not actual message content if E2EE is used). +- Federated servers generally require trusting your server's administrator. They may be a hobbyist or otherwise not a "security professional," and may not serve standard documents like a privacy policy or terms of service detailing how your data is used. +- Server administrators sometimes choose to block other servers, which are a source of unmoderated abuse or break general rules of accepted behavior. This will hinder your ability to communicate with members of those servers. + +## Peer-to-Peer Networks + +![P2P diagram](../assets/img/layout/network-distributed.svg){ align=left } + +P2P messengers connect to a [distributed network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_networking) of nodes to relay a message to the recipient without a third-party server. + +Clients (peers) usually find each other through the use of a [distributed computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing) network. Examples of this include [Distributed Hash Tables](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_hash_table) (DHT), used by [torrents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocol)) and [IPFS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPlanetary_File_System) for example. Another approach is proximity based networks, where a connection is established over WiFi or Bluetooth (for example, Briar or the [Scuttlebutt](https://www.scuttlebutt.nz) social network protocol). + +Once a peer has found a route to its contact via any of these methods, a direct connection between them is made. Although messages are usually encrypted, an observer can still deduce the location and identity of the sender and recipient. + +P2P networks do not use servers, as peers communicate directly between each other and hence cannot be self-hosted. However, some additional services may rely on centralized servers, such as user discovery or relaying offline messages, which can benefit from self-hosting. + +**Advantages:** + +- Minimal information is exposed to third-parties. +- Modern P2P platforms implement E2EE by default. There are no servers that could potentially intercept and decrypt your transmissions, unlike centralized and federated models. + +**Disadvantages:** + +- Reduced feature set: +- Messages can only be sent when both peers are online, however, your client may store messages locally to wait for the contact to return online. +- Generally increases battery usage on mobile devices, because the client must stay connected to the distributed network to learn about who is online. +- Some common messenger features may not be implemented or incompletely, such as message deletion. +- Your IP address and that of the contacts you're communicating with may be exposed if you do not use the software in conjunction with a [VPN](../vpn.md) or [Tor](../tor.md). Many countries have some form of mass surveillance and/or metadata retention. + +## Anonymous Routing + +![Anonymous routing diagram](../assets/img/layout/network-anonymous-routing.svg){ align=left } + +A messenger using [anonymous routing](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5906-5_628) hides either the identity of the sender, the receiver, or evidence that they have been communicating. Ideally, a messenger should hide all three. + +There are [many](https://doi.org/10.1145/3182658) different ways to implement anonymous routing. One of the most famous is [onion routing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion_routing) (i.e. [Tor](tor-overview.md)), which communicates encrypted messages through a virtual [overlay network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlay_network) that hides the location of each node as well as the recipient and sender of each message. The sender and recipient never interact directly and only meet through a secret rendezvous node so that there is no leak of IP addresses nor physical location. Nodes cannot decrypt messages, nor the final destination; only the recipient can. Each intermediary node can only decrypt a part that indicates where to send the still encrypted message next, until it arrives at the recipient who can fully decrypt it, hence the "onion layers." + +Self-hosting a node in an anonymous routing network does not provide the hoster with additional privacy benefits, but rather contributes to the whole network's resilience against identification attacks for everyone's benefit. + +**Advantages:** + +- Minimal to no information is exposed to other parties. +- Messages can be relayed in a decentralized manner even if one of the parties is offline. + +**Disadvantages:** + +- Slow message propagation. +- Often limited to fewer media types, mostly text, since the network is slow. +- Less reliable if nodes are selected by randomized routing, some nodes may be very far from the sender and receiver, adding latency or even failing to transmit messages if one of the nodes goes offline. +- More complex to get started, as the creation and secured backup of a cryptographic private key is required. +- Just like other decentralized platforms, adding features is more complex for developers than on a centralized platform. Hence, features may be lacking or incompletely implemented, such as offline message relaying or message deletion. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/advanced/dns-overview.md b/i18n/bn-IN/advanced/dns-overview.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..21889d85 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/advanced/dns-overview.md @@ -0,0 +1,321 @@ +--- +title: "DNS Overview" +icon: material/dns +description: The Domain Name System is the "phonebook of the internet," helping your browser find the website it's looking for. +--- + +The [Domain Name System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System) is the 'phonebook of the Internet'. DNS translates domain names to IP addresses so browsers and other services can load Internet resources, through a decentralized network of servers. + +## What is DNS? + +When you visit a website, a numerical address is returned. For example, when you visit `privacyguides.org`, the address `192.98.54.105` is returned. + +DNS has existed since the [early days](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System#History) of the Internet. DNS requests made to and from DNS servers are **not** generally encrypted. In a residential setting, a customer is given servers by the ISP via [DHCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol). + +Unencrypted DNS requests are able to be easily **surveilled** and **modified** in transit. In some parts of the world, ISPs are ordered to do primitive [DNS filtering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_blocking). When you request the IP address of a domain that is blocked, the server may not respond or may respond with a different IP address. As the DNS protocol is not encrypted, the ISP (or any network operator) can use [DPI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_packet_inspection) to monitor requests. ISPs can also block requests based on common characteristics, regardless of which DNS server is used. Unencrypted DNS always uses [port](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_(computer_networking)) 53 and always uses UDP. + +Below, we discuss and provide a tutorial to prove what an outside observer may see using regular unencrypted DNS and [encrypted DNS](#what-is-encrypted-dns). + +### Unencrypted DNS + +1. Using [`tshark`](https://www.wireshark.org/docs/man-pages/tshark.html) (part of the [Wireshark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireshark) project) we can monitor and record internet packet flow. This command records packets that meet the rules specified: + + ```bash + tshark -w /tmp/dns.pcap udp port 53 and host 1.1.1.1 or host 8.8.8.8 + ``` + +2. We can then use [`dig`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dig_(command)) (Linux, MacOS, etc.) or [`nslookup`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nslookup) (Windows) to send the DNS lookup to both servers. Software such as web browsers do these lookups automatically, unless they are configured to use encrypted DNS. + + === "Linux, macOS" + + ``` + dig +noall +answer privacyguides.org @1.1.1.1 + dig +noall +answer privacyguides.org @8.8.8.8 + ``` + === "Windows" + + ``` + nslookup privacyguides.org 1.1.1.1 + nslookup privacyguides.org 8.8.8.8 + ``` + +3. Next, we want to [analyse](https://www.wireshark.org/docs/wsug_html_chunked/ChapterIntroduction.html#ChIntroWhatIs) the results: + + === "Wireshark" + + ``` + wireshark -r /tmp/dns.pcap + ``` + + === "tshark" + + ``` + tshark -r /tmp/dns.pcap + ``` + +If you run the Wireshark command above, the top pane shows the "[frames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_frame)", and the bottom pane shows all the data about the selected frame. Enterprise filtering and monitoring solutions (such as those purchased by governments) can do the process automatically, without human interaction, and can aggregate those frames to produce statistical data useful to the network observer. + +| No. | Time | Source | Destination | Protocol | Length | Info | +| --- | -------- | --------- | ----------- | -------- | ------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| 1 | 0.000000 | 192.0.2.1 | 1.1.1.1 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0x58ba A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 2 | 0.293395 | 1.1.1.1 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0x58ba A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | +| 3 | 1.682109 | 192.0.2.1 | 8.8.8.8 | DNS | 104 | Standard query 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org OPT | +| 4 | 2.154698 | 8.8.8.8 | 192.0.2.1 | DNS | 108 | Standard query response 0xf1a9 A privacyguides.org A 198.98.54.105 OPT | + +An observer could modify any of these packets. + +## What is "encrypted DNS"? + +Encrypted DNS can refer to one of a number of protocols, the most common ones being: + +### DNSCrypt + +[**DNSCrypt**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNSCrypt) was one of the first methods of encrypting DNS queries. DNSCrypt operates on port 443 and works with both the TCP or UDP transport protocols. DNSCrypt has never been submitted to the [Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force) nor has it gone through the [Request for Comments (RFC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments) process, so it has not been used widely outside of a few [implementations](https://dnscrypt.info/implementations). As a result, it has been largely replaced by the more popular [DNS over HTTPS](#dns-over-https-doh). + +### DNS over TLS (DoT) + +[**DNS over TLS**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_over_TLS) is another method for encrypting DNS communication that is defined in [RFC 7858](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7858). Support was first implemented in Android 9, iOS 14, and on Linux in [systemd-resolved](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/resolved.conf.html#DNSOverTLS=) in version 237. Preference in the industry has been moving away from DoT to DoH in recent years, as DoT is a [complex protocol](https://dnscrypt.info/faq/) and has varying compliance to the RFC across the implementations that exist. DoT also operates on a dedicated port 853 which can be blocked easily by restrictive firewalls. + +### DNS over HTTPS (DoH) + +[**DNS over HTTPS**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_over_HTTPS) as defined in [RFC 8484](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8484) packages queries in the [HTTP/2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2) protocol and provides security with HTTPS. Support was first added in web browsers such as Firefox 60 and Chrome 83. + +Native implementation of DoH showed up in iOS 14, macOS 11, Microsoft Windows, and Android 13 (however, it won't be enabled [by default](https://android-review.googlesource.com/c/platform/packages/modules/DnsResolver/+/1833144)). General Linux desktop support is waiting on the systemd [implementation](https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/8639) so [installing third-party software is still required](../dns.md#encrypted-dns-proxies). + +## What can an outside party see? + +In this example we will record what happens when we make a DoH request: + +1. First, start `tshark`: + + ```bash + tshark -w /tmp/dns_doh.pcap -f "tcp port https and host 1.1.1.1" + ``` + +2. Second, make a request with `curl`: + + ```bash + curl -vI --doh-url https://1.1.1.1/dns-query https://privacyguides.org + ``` + +3. After making the request, we can stop the packet capture with CTRL + C. + +4. Analyse the results in Wireshark: + + ```bash + wireshark -r /tmp/dns_doh.pcap + ``` + +We can see the [connection establishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol#Connection_establishment) and [TLS handshake](https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ssl/what-happens-in-a-tls-handshake/) that occurs with any encrypted connection. When looking at the "application data" packets that follow, none of them contain the domain we requested or the IP address returned. + +## Why **shouldn't** I use encrypted DNS? + +In locations where there is internet filtering (or censorship), visiting forbidden resources may have its own consequences which you should consider in your [threat model](../basics/threat-modeling.md). We do **not** suggest the use of encrypted DNS for this purpose. Use [Tor](https://torproject.org) or a [VPN](../vpn.md) instead. If you're using a VPN, you should use your VPN's DNS servers. When using a VPN, you are already trusting them with all your network activity. + +When we do a DNS lookup, it's generally because we want to access a resource. Below, we will discuss some of the methods that may disclose your browsing activities even when using encrypted DNS: + +### IP Address + +The simplest way to determine browsing activity might be to look at the IP addresses your devices are accessing. For example, if the observer knows that `privacyguides.org` is at `198.98.54.105`, and your device is requesting data from `198.98.54.105`, there is a good chance you're visiting Privacy Guides. + +This method is only useful when the IP address belongs to a server that only hosts few websites. It's also not very useful if the site is hosted on a shared platform (e.g. Github Pages, Cloudflare Pages, Netlify, WordPress, Blogger, etc.). It also isn't very useful if the server is hosted behind a [reverse proxy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_proxy), which is very common on the modern Internet. + +### Server Name Indication (SNI) + +Server Name Indication is typically used when a IP address hosts many websites. This could be a service like Cloudflare, or some other [Denial-of-service attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack) protection. + +1. Start capturing again with `tshark`. We've added a filter with our IP address so you don't capture many packets: + + ```bash + tshark -w /tmp/pg.pcap port 443 and host 198.98.54.105 + ``` + +2. Then we visit [https://privacyguides.org](https://privacyguides.org). + +3. After visiting the website, we want to stop the packet capture with CTRL + C. + +4. Next we want to analyze the results: + + ```bash + wireshark -r /tmp/pg.pcap + ``` + + We will see the connection establishment, followed by the TLS handshake for the Privacy Guides website. Around frame 5. you'll see a "Client Hello". + +5. Expand the triangle ▸ next to each field: + + ```text + ▸ Transport Layer Security + ▸ TLSv1.3 Record Layer: Handshake Protocol: Client Hello + ▸ Handshake Protocol: Client Hello + ▸ Extension: server_name (len=22) + ▸ Server Name Indication extension + ``` + +6. We can see the SNI value which discloses the website we are visiting. The `tshark` command can give you the value directly for all packets containing a SNI value: + + ```bash + tshark -r /tmp/pg.pcap -Tfields -Y tls.handshake.extensions_server_name -e tls.handshake.extensions_server_name + ``` + +This means even if we are using "Encrypted DNS" servers, the domain will likely be disclosed through SNI. The [TLS v1.3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security#TLS_1.3) protocol brings with it [Encrypted Client Hello](https://blog.cloudflare.com/encrypted-client-hello/), which prevents this kind of leak. + +Governments, in particular [China](https://www.zdnet.com/article/china-is-now-blocking-all-encrypted-https-traffic-using-tls-1-3-and-esni/) and [Russia](https://www.zdnet.com/article/russia-wants-to-ban-the-use-of-secure-protocols-such-as-tls-1-3-doh-dot-esni/), have either already [started blocking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication#Encrypted_Client_Hello) it or expressed a desire to do so. Recently, Russia has [started blocking foreign websites](https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/108) that use the [HTTP/3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/3) standard. This is because the [QUIC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIC) protocol that is a part of HTTP/3 requires that `ClientHello` also be encrypted. + +### Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) + +Another way your browser can disclose your browsing activities is with the [Online Certificate Status Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Certificate_Status_Protocol). When visiting an HTTPS website, the browser might check to see if the website's [certificate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_certificate) has been revoked. This is generally done through the HTTP protocol, meaning it is **not** encrypted. + +The OCSP request contains the certificate "[serial number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_certificate#Common_fields)", which is unique. It is sent to the "OCSP responder" in order to check its status. + +We can simulate what a browser would do using the [`openssl`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSSL) command. + +1. Get the server certificate and use [`sed`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed) to keep just the important part and write it out to a file: + + ```bash + openssl s_client -connect privacyguides.org:443 < /dev/null 2>&1 | + sed -n '/^-*BEGIN/,/^-*END/p' > /tmp/pg_server.cert + ``` + +2. Get the intermediate certificate. [Certificate Authorities (CA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_authority) normally don't sign a certificate directly; they use what is known as an "intermediate" certificate. + + ```bash + openssl s_client -showcerts -connect privacyguides.org:443 < /dev/null 2>&1 | + sed -n '/^-*BEGIN/,/^-*END/p' > /tmp/pg_and_intermediate.cert + ``` + +3. The first certificate in `pg_and_intermediate.cert` is actually the server certificate from step 1. We can use `sed` again to delete until the first instance of END: + + ```bash + sed -n '/^-*END CERTIFICATE-*$/!d;:a n;p;ba' \ + /tmp/pg_and_intermediate.cert > /tmp/intermediate_chain.cert + ``` + +4. Get the OCSP responder for the server certificate: + + ```bash + openssl x509 -noout -ocsp_uri -in /tmp/pg_server.cert + ``` + + Our certificate shows the Lets Encrypt certificate responder. If we want to see all the details of the certificate we can use: + + ```bash + openssl x509 -text -noout -in /tmp/pg_server.cert + ``` + +5. Start the packet capture: + + ```bash + tshark -w /tmp/pg_ocsp.pcap -f "tcp port http" + ``` + +6. Make the OCSP request: + + ```bash + openssl ocsp -issuer /tmp/intermediate_chain.cert \ + -cert /tmp/pg_server.cert \ + -text \ + -url http://r3.o.lencr.org + ``` + +7. Open the capture: + + ```bash + wireshark -r /tmp/pg_ocsp.pcap + ``` + + There will be two packets with the "OCSP" protocol: a "Request" and a "Response". For the "Request" we can see the "serial number" by expanding the triangle ▸ next to each field: + + ```bash + ▸ Online Certificate Status Protocol + ▸ tbsRequest + ▸ requestList: 1 item + ▸ Request + ▸ reqCert + serialNumber + ``` + + For the "Response" we can also see the "serial number": + + ```bash + ▸ Online Certificate Status Protocol + ▸ responseBytes + ▸ BasicOCSPResponse + ▸ tbsResponseData + ▸ responses: 1 item + ▸ SingleResponse + ▸ certID + serialNumber + ``` + +8. Or use `tshark` to filter the packets for the Serial Number: + + ```bash + tshark -r /tmp/pg_ocsp.pcap -Tfields -Y ocsp.serialNumber -e ocsp.serialNumber + ``` + +If the network observer has the public certificate, which is publicly available, they can match the serial number with that certificate and therefore determine the site you're visiting from that. The process can be automated and can associate IP addresses with serial numbers. It is also possible to check [Certificate Transparency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_Transparency) logs for the serial number. + +## Should I use encrypted DNS? + +We made this flow chart to describe when you *should* use encrypted DNS: + +``` mermaid +graph TB + Start[Start] --> anonymous{Trying to be
anonymous?} + anonymous--> | Yes | tor(Use Tor) + anonymous --> | No | censorship{Avoiding
censorship?} + censorship --> | Yes | vpnOrTor(Use
VPN or Tor) + censorship --> | No | privacy{Want privacy
from ISP?} + privacy --> | Yes | vpnOrTor + privacy --> | No | obnoxious{ISP makes
obnoxious
redirects?} + obnoxious --> | Yes | encryptedDNS(Use
encrypted DNS
with 3rd party) + obnoxious --> | No | ispDNS{Does ISP support
encrypted DNS?} + ispDNS --> | Yes | useISP(Use
encrypted DNS
with ISP) + ispDNS --> | No | nothing(Do nothing) +``` + +Encrypted DNS with a third-party should only be used to get around redirects and basic [DNS blocking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_blocking) when you can be sure there won't be any consequences or you're interested in a provider that does some rudimentary filtering. + +[List of recommended DNS servers](../dns.md ""){.md-button} + +## What is DNSSEC? + +[Domain Name System Security Extensions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions) (DNSSEC) is a feature of DNS that authenticates responses to domain name lookups. It does not provide privacy protections for those lookups, but rather prevents attackers from manipulating or poisoning the responses to DNS requests. + +In other words, DNSSEC digitally signs data to help ensure its validity. In order to ensure a secure lookup, the signing occurs at every level in the DNS lookup process. As a result, all answers from DNS can be trusted. + +The DNSSEC signing process is similar to someone signing a legal document with a pen; that person signs with a unique signature that no one else can create, and a court expert can look at that signature and verify that the document was signed by that person. These digital signatures ensure that data has not been tampered with. + +DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS. For example, in the case of a `privacyguides.org` lookup, a root DNS server would sign a key for the `.org` nameserver, and the `.org` nameserver would then sign a key for `privacyguides.org`’s authoritative nameserver. + +Adapted from [DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) overview](https://cloud.google.com/dns/docs/dnssec) by Google and [DNSSEC: An Introduction](https://blog.cloudflare.com/dnssec-an-introduction/) by Cloudflare, both licensed under [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). + +## What is QNAME minimization? + +A QNAME is a "qualified name", for example `discuss.privacyguides.net`. In the past, when resolving a domain name your DNS resolver would ask every server in the chain to provide any information it has about your full query. In this example below, your request to find the IP address for `discuss.privacyguides.net` gets asked of every DNS server provider: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask .net's server... | +| .net's server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | I don't know, ask Privacy Guides' server... | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190! | + +With "QNAME minimization," your DNS resolver now only asks for just enough information to find the next server in the chain. In this example, the root server is only asked for enough information to find the appropriate nameserver for the .net TLD, and so on, without ever knowing the full domain you're trying to visit: + +| Server | Question Asked | Response | +| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | +| Root server | What's the nameserver for .net? | *Provides .net's server* | +| .net's server | What's the nameserver for privacyguides.net? | *Provides Privacy Guides' server* | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the nameserver for discuss.privacyguides.net? | This server! | +| Privacy Guides' server | What's the IP of discuss.privacyguides.net? | 5.161.195.190 | + +While this process can be slightly more inefficient, in this example neither the central root nameservers nor the TLD's nameservers ever receive information about your *full* query, thus reducing the amount of information being transmitted about your browsing habits. Further technical description is defined in [RFC 7816](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7816). + +## What is EDNS Client Subnet (ECS)? + +The [EDNS Client Subnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDNS_Client_Subnet) is a method for a recursive DNS resolver to specify a [subnetwork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnetwork) for the [host or client](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(computing)) which is making the DNS query. + +It's intended to "speed up" delivery of data by giving the client an answer that belongs to a server that is close to them such as a [content delivery network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network), which are often used in video streaming and serving JavaScript web apps. + +This feature does come at a privacy cost, as it tells the DNS server some information about the client's location. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/bn-IN/advanced/payments.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7e046ecd --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/advanced/payments.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +--- +title: Private Payments +icon: material/hand-coin +--- + +There's a reason data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. + +## Cash + +For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangable. + +Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Lower limits without ID such as $3,000 or less exist for exchanges and money transmission. Cash also contains serial numbers. These are almost never tracked by merchants, but they can be used by law enforcement in targeted investigations. + +Despite this, it’s typically the best option. + +## Prepaid Cards & Gift Cards + +It’s relatively simple to purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout to reduce fraud. + +Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (eg: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. + +Gift cards have the downside of being subject to merchant policies, which can have terrible terms and restrictions. For example, some merchants don’t accept payment in gift cards exclusively, or they may cancel the value of the card if they consider you to be a high-risk user. Once you have merchant credit, the merchant has a strong degree of control over this credit. + +Prepaid cards don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. + +Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards can be useful for the savings they bring. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. + +### Online Marketplaces + +If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). + +When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy, more on this below. Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. + +- [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) + +## Virtual Cards + +Another way to protect your information from merchants online is to use virtual, single-use cards which mask your actual banking or billing information. This is primarily useful for protecting you from merchant data breaches, less sophisticated tracking or purchase correlation by marketing agencies, and online data theft. They do **not** assist you in making a purchase completely anonymously, nor do they hide any information from the banking institution themselves. Regular financial institutions which offer virtual cards are subject to "Know Your Customer" (KYC) laws, meaning they may require your ID or other identifying information. + +- [Recommended Payment Masking Services :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#payment-masking-services) + +These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while prepaid gift cards are preferred for one-time transactions. + +## Cryptocurrency + +Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose. + +!!! danger + + The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. + + Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. + +### Privacy Coins + +There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy by making transactions anonymous. We recommend using one which provides transaction anonymity **by default** to avoid operational errors. + +- [Recommended Cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#coins) + +Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://www.forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. + +### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) + +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. + +Anonymous transactions on a public blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, doing so requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical for nearly any enthusiast for many years. + +==Your best option is to avoid these cryptocurrencies entirely and stick with one which provides privacy by default.== Attempting to use other cryptocurrency is outside the scope of this site and strongly discouraged. + +### Wallet Custody + +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. + +### Acquisition + +Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces like [LocalMonero](https://localmonero.co/), a platform which facilitates trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com/), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall. + +## Additional Considerations + +When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself. + +When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/advanced/tor-overview.md b/i18n/bn-IN/advanced/tor-overview.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e0c5b08b --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/advanced/tor-overview.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +--- +title: "Tor Overview" +icon: 'simple/torproject' +description: Tor is a free to use, decentralized network designed for using the internet with as much privacy as possible. +--- + +Tor is a free to use, decentralized network designed for using the internet with as much privacy as possible. If used properly, the network enables private and anonymous browsing and communications. + +## Path Building to Clearnet Services + +"Clearnet services" are websites which you can access with any browser, like [privacyguides.org](https://www.privacyguides.org). Tor lets you connect to these websites anonymously by routing your traffic through a network comprised of thousands of volunteer-run servers called nodes (or relays). + +Every time you [connect to Tor](../tor.md), it will choose three nodes to build a path to the internet—this path is called a "circuit." + +
+ ![Tor path showing your device connecting to an entry node, middle node, and exit node before reaching the destination website](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path.svg#only-light) + ![Tor path showing your device connecting to an entry node, middle node, and exit node before reaching the destination website](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-dark.svg#only-dark) +
Tor circuit pathway
+
+ +Each of these nodes has its own function: + +### The Entry Node + +The entry node, often called the guard node, is the first node to which your Tor client connects. The entry node is able to see your IP address, however it is unable to see what you are connecting to. + +Unlike the other nodes, the Tor client will randomly select an entry node and stick with it for two to three months to protect you from certain attacks.[^1] + +### The Middle Node + +The middle node is the second node to which your Tor client connects. It can see which node the traffic came from—the entry node—and to which node it goes to next. The middle node cannot, see your IP address or the domain you are connecting to. + +For each new circuit, the middle node is randomly selected out of all available Tor nodes. + +### The Exit Node + +The exit node is the point in which your web traffic leaves the Tor network and is forwarded to your desired destination. The exit node is unable to see your IP address, but it does know what site it's connecting to. + +The exit node will be chosen at random from all available Tor nodes ran with an exit relay flag.[^2] + +## Path Building to Onion Services + +"Onion Services" (also commonly referred to as "hidden services") are websites which can only be accessed by the Tor browser. These websites have a long randomly generated domain name ending with `.onion`. + +Connecting to an Onion Service in Tor works very similarly to connecting to a clearnet service, but your traffic is routed through a total of **six** nodes before reaching the destination server. Just like before however, only three of these nodes are contributing to *your* anonymity, the other three nodes protect *the Onion Service's* anonymity, hiding the website's true IP and location in the same manner that Tor Browser is hiding yours. + +
+ ![Tor path showing your traffic being routed through your three Tor nodes plus three additional Tor nodes which hide the website's identity](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-hidden-service.svg#only-light) + ![Tor path showing your traffic being routed through your three Tor nodes plus three additional Tor nodes which hide the website's identity](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-hidden-service-dark.svg#only-dark) +
Tor circuit pathway with Onion Services. Nodes in the blue fence belong to your browser, while nodes in the red fence belong to the server, so their identity is hidden from you.
+
+ +## Encryption + +Tor encrypts each packet (a block of transmitted data) three times with the keys from the exit, middle, and entry node—in that order. + +Once Tor has built a circuit, data transmission is done as follows: + +1. Firstly: when the packet arrives at the entry node, the first layer of encryption is removed. In this encrypted packet, the entry node will find another encrypted packet with the middle node’s address. The entry node will then forward the packet to the middle node. + +2. Secondly: when the middle node receives the packet from the entry node, it too will remove a layer of encryption with its key, and this time finds an encrypted packet with the exit node's address. The middle node will then forward the packet to the exit node. + +3. Lastly: when the exit node receives its packet, it will remove the last layer of encryption with its key. The exit node will see the destination address and forward the packet to that address. + +Below is an alternative diagram showing the process. Each node removes its own layer of encryption, and when the destination server returns data, the same process happens entirely in reverse. For example, the exit node does not know who you are, but it does know which node it came from, and so it adds its own layer of encryption and sends it back. + +
+ ![Tor encryption](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-encryption.svg#only-light) + ![Tor encryption](../assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-encryption-dark.svg#only-dark) +
Sending and receiving data through the Tor Network
+
+ +Tor allows us to connect to a server without any single party knowing the entire path. The entry node knows who you are, but not where you are going; the middle node doesn’t know who you are or where you are going; and the exit node knows where you are going, but not who you are. Because the exit node is what makes the final connection, the destination server will never know your IP address. + +## Caveats + +Though Tor does provide strong privacy guarantees, one must be aware that Tor is not perfect: + +- Well-funded adversaries with the capability to passively watch most network traffic over the globe have a chance of deanonymizing Tor users by means of advanced traffic analysis. Nor does Tor protect you from exposing yourself by mistake, such as if you share too much information about your real identity. +- Tor exit nodes can also monitor traffic that passes through them. This means traffic which is not encrypted, such as plain HTTP traffic, can be recorded and monitored. If such traffic contains personally identifiable information, then it can deanonymize you to that exit node. Thus, we recommend using HTTPS over Tor where possible. + +If you wish to use Tor for browsing the web, we only recommend the **official** Tor Browser—it is designed to prevent fingerprinting. + +- [Tor Browser :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../tor.md#tor-browser) + +## Additional Resources + +- [Tor Browser User Manual](https://tb-manual.torproject.org) +- [How Tor Works - Computerphile](https://invidious.privacyguides.net/embed/QRYzre4bf7I?local=true) (YouTube) +- [Tor Onion Services - Computerphile](https://invidious.privacyguides.net/embed/lVcbq_a5N9I?local=true) (YouTube) + +[^1]: The first relay in your circuit is called an "entry guard" or "guard". It is a fast and stable relay that remains the first one in your circuit for 2-3 months in order to protect against a known anonymity-breaking attack. The rest of your circuit changes with every new website you visit, and all together these relays provide the full privacy protections of Tor. For more information on how guard relays work, see this [blog post](https://blog.torproject.org/improving-tors-anonymity-changing-guard-parameters) and [paper](https://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~hoppernj/single_guard.pdf) on entry guards. ([https://support.torproject.org/tbb/tbb-2/](https://support.torproject.org/tbb/tbb-2/)) + +[^2]: Relay flag: a special (dis-)qualification of relays for circuit positions (for example, "Guard", "Exit", "BadExit"), circuit properties (for example, "Fast", "Stable"), or roles (for example, "Authority", "HSDir"), as assigned by the directory authorities and further defined in the directory protocol specification. ([https://metrics.torproject.org/glossary.html](https://metrics.torproject.org/glossary.html)) diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/android.md b/i18n/bn-IN/android.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..037e61ba --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/android.md @@ -0,0 +1,444 @@ +--- +meta_title: "Android Recommendations: GrapheneOS and DivestOS - Privacy Guides" +title: "অ্যান্ড্রয়েড" +icon: 'ফন্টঅ্যাওসাম/ ব্র্যান্ড / অ্যান্ড্রয়েড' +description: You can replace the operating system on your Android phone with these secure and privacy-respecting alternatives. +cover: android.webp +schema: + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": WebPage + name: Private Android Operating Systems + url: "./" + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": CreativeWork + name: অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + image: /assets/img/android/android.svg + url: https://source.android.com/ + sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system) + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": CreativeWork + name: GrapheneOS + image: /assets/img/android/grapheneos.svg + url: https://grapheneos.org/ + sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GrapheneOS + subjectOf: + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": WebPage + url: "./" + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": CreativeWork + name: Divest + image: /assets/img/android/divestos.svg + url: https://divestos.org/ + sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DivestOS + subjectOf: + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": WebPage + url: "./" + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": Product + name: Pixel + brand: + "@type": Brand + name: Google + image: /assets/img/android/google-pixel.png + sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pixel + review: + "@type": Review + author: + "@type": Organization + name: Privacy Guides + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": MobileApplication + name: Shelter + applicationCategory: Utilities + operatingSystem: অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": MobileApplication + name: Auditor + applicationCategory: Utilities + operatingSystem: অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": MobileApplication + name: Secure Camera + applicationCategory: Utilities + operatingSystem: অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": MobileApplication + name: Secure PDF Viewer + applicationCategory: Utilities + operatingSystem: অ্যান্ড্রয়েড +--- + +![Android logo](assets/img/android/android.svg){ align=right } + +The **Android Open Source Project** is an open-source mobile operating system led by Google which powers the majority of the world's mobile devices. Most phones sold with Android are modified to include invasive integrations and apps such as Google Play Services, so you can significantly improve your privacy on your mobile device by replacing your phone's default installation with a version of Android without these invasive features. + +[:octicons-home-16:](https://source.android.com/){ .card-link title=Homepage } +[:octicons-info-16:](https://source.android.com/docs){ .card-link title=Documentation} +[:octicons-code-16:](https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + +These are the Android operating systems, devices, and apps we recommend to maximize your mobile device's security and privacy. রেকমেন্ডেশন + +[General Android Overview :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](os/android-overview.md ""){.md-button} + +## AOSP এর ডেরিভেটিভস্ + +We recommend installing one of these custom Android operating systems on your device, listed in order of preference, depending on your device's compatibility with these operating systems. + +!!! note + + পুরোনো ডিভাইসগুলিতে (যেমন GrapheneOS CalyxOS এর "extended support" ডিভাইসগুলো) সম্পুর্ন সিকিউরিটি থাকে না, OEM সাপোর্ট দেওয়া বন্ধ করে দেওয়ার জন্য। যেকোনো সফটওয়্যার ইনস্টলড থাকুক না কেনো এইসমস্ত ডিভাইসগুলো কে কখনোই সম্পূর্ণ ভাবে নিরাপদ বিবেচনা করা যাবে না + +### GrapheneOS + +!!! recommendation + + ![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/grapheneos.svg#only-light){ align=right } + ![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/grapheneos-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right } + + প্রাইভেসি এবং সিকিউরিটি এর জন্য **GrapheneOS** সবথেকে ভালো। + + GrapheneOS তে কিছু বাড়তি [সিকিউরিটি](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardening_(computing)) এবং প্রাইভেসি রয়েছে। It has a [hardened memory allocator](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/hardened_malloc), network and sensor permissions, and various other [security features](https://grapheneos.org/features). GrapheneOS also comes with full firmware updates and signed builds, so verified boot is fully supported. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://grapheneos.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://grapheneos.org/faq#privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://grapheneos.org/faq){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://grapheneos.org/source){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://grapheneos.org/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +GrapheneOS supports [Sandboxed Google Play](https://grapheneos.org/usage#sandboxed-google-play), which runs [Google Play Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Services) fully sandboxed like any other regular app. This means you can take advantage of most Google Play Services, such as [push notifications](https://firebase.google.com/docs/cloud-messaging/), while giving you full control over their permissions and access, and while containing them to a specific [work profile](os/android-overview.md#work-profile) or [user profile](os/android-overview.md#user-profiles) of your choice. + +Google Pixel phones are the only devices that currently meet GrapheneOS's [hardware security requirements](https://grapheneos.org/faq#device-support). + +[Why we recommend GrapheneOS over CalyxOS :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/04/21/grapheneos-or-calyxos/ ""){.md-button} + +### DivestOS + +!!! recommendation + + ![DivestOS logo](assets/img/android/divestos.svg){ align=right } + + **DivestOS** is a soft-fork of [LineageOS](https://lineageos.org/). + DivestOS inherits many [supported devices](https://divestos.org/index.php?page=devices&base=LineageOS) from LineageOS. It has signed builds, making it possible to have [verified boot](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot) on some non-Pixel devices. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://divestos.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:simple-torbrowser:](http://divestoseb5nncsydt7zzf5hrfg44md4bxqjs5ifcv4t7gt7u6ohjyyd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://divestos.org/index.php?page=privacy_policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://divestos.org/index.php?page=faq){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/divested-mobile){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://divested.dev/pages/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +DivestOS has automated kernel vulnerability ([CVE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures)) [patching](https://gitlab.com/divested-mobile/cve_checker), fewer proprietary blobs, and a custom [hosts](https://divested.dev/index.php?page=dnsbl) file. Its hardened WebView, [Mulch](https://gitlab.com/divested-mobile/mulch), enables [CFI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control-flow_integrity) for all architectures and [network state partitioning](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Privacy/State_Partitioning), and receives out-of-band updates. DivestOS also includes kernel patches from GrapheneOS and enables all available kernel security features via [defconfig hardening](https://github.com/Divested-Mobile/DivestOS-Build/blob/master/Scripts/Common/Functions.sh#L758). All kernels newer than version 3.4 include full page [sanitization](https://lwn.net/Articles/334747/) and all ~22 Clang-compiled kernels have [`-ftrivial-auto-var-init=zero`](https://reviews.llvm.org/D54604?id=174471) enabled. + +DivestOS implements some system hardening patches originally developed for GrapheneOS. DivestOS 16.0 and higher implements GrapheneOS's [`INTERNET`](https://developer.android.com/training/basics/network-ops/connecting) and SENSORS permission toggle, [hardened memory allocator](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/hardened_malloc), [exec-spawning](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/04/21/grapheneos-or-calyxos/#additional-hardening), [JNI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface) [constification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Const_(computer_programming)), and partial [bionic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic_(software)) hardening patchsets. 17.1 and higher features GrapheneOS's per-network full [MAC randomization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address#Randomization) option, [`ptrace_scope`](https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/LSM/Yama.html) control, and automatic reboot/Wi-Fi/Bluetooth [timeout options](https://grapheneos.org/features). + +DivestOS uses F-Droid as its default app store. Normally, we would recommend avoiding F-Droid due to its numerous [security issues](#f-droid). However, doing so on DivestOS isn't viable; the developers update their apps via their own F-Droid repositories ([DivestOS Official](https://divestos.org/fdroid/official/?fingerprint=E4BE8D6ABFA4D9D4FEEF03CDDA7FF62A73FD64B75566F6DD4E5E577550BE8467) and [DivestOS WebView](https://divestos.org/fdroid/webview/?fingerprint=FB426DA1750A53D7724C8A582B4D34174E64A84B38940E5D5A802E1DFF9A40D2)). We recommend disabling the official F-Droid app and using [Neo Store](https://github.com/NeoApplications/Neo-Store/) with the DivestOS repositories enabled to keep those components up to date. For other apps, our recommended methods of obtaining them still apply. + +!!! warning + + DivestOS firmware update [status](https://gitlab.com/divested-mobile/firmware-empty/-/blob/master/STATUS) and quality control varies across the devices it supports. We still recommend GrapheneOS depending on your device's compatibility. For other devices, DivestOS is a good alternative. + + Not all of the supported devices have verified boot, and some perform it better than others. + +## Android Devices + +When purchasing a device, we recommend getting one as new as possible. The software and firmware of mobile devices are only supported for a limited time, so buying new extends that lifespan as much as possible. + +Avoid buying phones from mobile network operators. These often have a **locked bootloader** and do not support [OEM unlocking](https://source.android.com/devices/bootloader/locking_unlocking). These phone variants will prevent you from installing any kind of alternative Android distribution. + +Be very **careful** about buying second hand phones from online marketplaces. Always check the reputation of the seller. If the device is stolen, there's a possibility of [IMEI blacklisting](https://www.gsma.com/security/resources/imei-blacklisting/). There is also a risk involved with you being associated with the activity of the previous owner. + +A few more tips regarding Android devices and operating system compatibility: + +- Do not buy devices that have reached or are near their end-of-life, additional firmware updates must be provided by the manufacturer. +- Do not buy preloaded LineageOS or /e/ OS phones or any Android phones without proper [Verified Boot](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot) support and firmware updates. These devices also have no way for you to check whether they've been tampered with. +- In short, if a device or Android distribution is not listed here, there is probably a good reason. Check out our [forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/) to find details! + +### Google Pixel + +Google Pixel phones are the **only** devices we recommend for purchase. Pixel phones have stronger hardware security than any other Android devices currently on the market, due to proper AVB support for third-party operating systems and Google's custom [Titan](https://security.googleblog.com/2021/10/pixel-6-setting-new-standard-for-mobile.html) security chips acting as the Secure Element. + +!!! recommendation + + ![Google Pixel 6](assets/img/android/google-pixel.png){ align=right } + + **Google Pixel** devices are known to have good security and properly support [Verified Boot](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot), even when installing custom operating systems. + + Beginning with the **Pixel 6** and **6 Pro**, Pixel devices receive a minimum of 5 years of guaranteed security updates, ensuring a much longer lifespan compared to the 2-4 years competing OEMs typically offer. + + [:material-shopping: Store](https://store.google.com/category/phones){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + +Secure Elements like the Titan M2 are more limited than the processor's Trusted Execution Environment used by most other phones as they are only used for secrets storage, hardware attestation, and rate limiting, not for running "trusted" programs. Phones without a Secure Element have to use the TEE for *all* of those functions, resulting in a larger attack surface. + +Google Pixel phones use a TEE OS called Trusty which is [open-source](https://source.android.com/security/trusty#whyTrusty), unlike many other phones. + +The installation of GrapheneOS on a Pixel phone is easy with their [web installer](https://grapheneos.org/install/web). If you don't feel comfortable doing it yourself and are willing to spend a bit of extra money, check out the [NitroPhone](https://shop.nitrokey.com/shop) as they come preloaded with GrapheneOS from the reputable [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com/about) company. + +A few more tips for purchasing a Google Pixel: + +- If you're after a bargain on a Pixel device, we suggest buying an "**a**" model, just after the next flagship is released. Discounts are usually available because Google will be trying to clear their stock. +- Consider price beating options and specials offered at physical stores. +- Look at online community bargain sites in your country. These can alert you to good sales. +- Google provides a list showing the [support cycle](https://support.google.com/nexus/answer/4457705) for each one of their devices. The price per day for a device can be calculated as: $\text{Cost} \over \text {EOL Date}-\text{Current Date}$, meaning that the longer use of the device the lower cost per day. + +## General Apps + +We recommend a wide variety of Android apps throughout this site. The apps listed here are Android-exclusive and specifically enhance or replace key system functionality. + +### Shelter + +!!! recommendation + + ![Shelter logo](assets/img/android/shelter.svg){ align=right } + + **Shelter** is an app that helps you leverage Android's Work Profile functionality to isolate or duplicate apps on your device. + + Shelter supports blocking contact search cross profiles and sharing files across profiles via the default file manager ([DocumentsUI](https://source.android.com/devices/architecture/modular-system/documentsui)). + + [:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://gitea.angry.im/PeterCxy/Shelter#shelter){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-code-16:](https://gitea.angry.im/PeterCxy/Shelter){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.patreon.com/PeterCxy){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +!!! warning + + Shelter is recommended over [Insular](https://secure-system.gitlab.io/Insular/) and [Island](https://github.com/oasisfeng/island) as it supports [contact search blocking](https://secure-system.gitlab.io/Insular/faq.html). + + When using Shelter, you are placing complete trust in its developer, as Shelter acts as a [Device Admin](https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/admin/device-admin) to create the Work Profile, and it has extensive access to the data stored within the Work Profile. + +### Auditor + +!!! recommendation + + ![Auditor logo](assets/img/android/auditor.svg#only-light){ align=right } + ![Auditor logo](assets/img/android/auditor-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right } + + **Auditor** is an app which leverages hardware security features to provide device integrity monitoring by actively validating the identity of a device and the integrity of its operating system. Currently, it only works with GrapheneOS or the stock operating system for [supported devices](https://attestation.app/about#device-support). + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://attestation.app){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://attestation.app/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://attestation.app/about){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://attestation.app/source){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://attestation.app/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=app.attestation.auditor.play) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Auditor/releases) + - [:material-cube-outline: GrapheneOS App Store](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Apps/releases) + +Auditor performs attestation and intrusion detection by: + +- Using a [Trust On First Use (TOFU)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_on_first_use) model between an *auditor* and *auditee*, the pair establish a private key in the [hardware-backed keystore](https://source.android.com/security/keystore/) of the *Auditor*. +- The *auditor* can either be another instance of the Auditor app or the [Remote Attestation Service](https://attestation.app). +- The *auditor* records the current state and configuration of the *auditee*. +- Should tampering with the operating system of the *auditee* happen after the pairing is complete, the auditor will be aware of the change in the device state and configurations. +- You will be alerted to the change. + +No personally identifiable information is submitted to the attestation service. We recommend that you sign up with an anonymous account and enable remote attestation for continuous monitoring. + +If your [threat model](basics/threat-modeling.md) requires privacy, you could consider using [Orbot](tor.md#orbot) or a VPN to hide your IP address from the attestation service. To make sure that your hardware and operating system is genuine, [perform local attestation](https://grapheneos.org/install/web#verifying-installation) immediately after the device has been installed and prior to any internet connection. + +### Secure Camera + +!!! recommendation + + ![Secure camera logo](assets/img/android/secure_camera.svg#only-light){ align=right } + ![Secure camera logo](assets/img/android/secure_camera-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right } + + **Secure Camera** is a camera app focused on privacy and security which can capture images, videos and QR codes. CameraX vendor extensions (Portrait, HDR, Night Sight, Face Retouch, and Auto) are also supported on available devices. + + [:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://grapheneos.org/usage#camera){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://grapheneos.org/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=app.grapheneos.camera.play) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera/releases) + - [:material-cube-outline: GrapheneOS App Store](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Apps/releases) + +Main privacy features include: + +- Auto removal of [Exif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif) metadata (enabled by default) +- Use of the new [Media](https://developer.android.com/training/data-storage/shared/media) API, therefore [storage permissions](https://developer.android.com/training/data-storage) are not required +- Microphone permission not required unless you want to record sound + +!!! note + + Metadata is not currently deleted from video files but that is planned. + + The image orientation metadata is not deleted. If you enable location (in Secure Camera) that **won't** be deleted either. If you want to delete that later you will need to use an external app such as [ExifEraser](data-redaction.md#exiferaser). + +### Secure PDF Viewer + +!!! recommendation + + ![Secure PDF Viewer logo](assets/img/android/secure_pdf_viewer.svg#only-light){ align=right } + ![Secure PDF Viewer logo](assets/img/android/secure_pdf_viewer-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right } + + **Secure PDF Viewer** is a PDF viewer based on [pdf.js](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF.js) that doesn't require any permissions. The PDF is fed into a [sandboxed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_(software_development)) [webview](https://developer.android.com/guide/webapps/webview). This means that it doesn't require permission directly to access content or files. + + [Content-Security-Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Security_Policy) is used to enforce that the JavaScript and styling properties within the WebView are entirely static content. + + [:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/PdfViewer){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/PdfViewer){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://grapheneos.org/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=app.grapheneos.pdfviewer.play) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/PdfViewer/releases) + - [:material-cube-outline: GrapheneOS App Store](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Apps/releases) + +## Obtaining Applications + +### Obtainium + +!!! recommendation + + ![Obtainium logo](assets/img/android/obtainium.svg){ align=right } + + **Obtainium** is an app manager which allows you to install and update apps directly from the developer's own releases page (i.e. GitHub, GitLab, the developer's website, etc.), rather than a centralized app store/repository. It supports automatic background updates on Android 12 and higher. + + [:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/ImranR98/Obtainium#readme){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/ImranR98/Obtainium){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/sponsors/ImranR98){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/ImranR98/Obtainium/releases) + +Obtainium allows you to download APK installer files from a wide variety of sources, and it is up to you to ensure those sources and apps are legitimate. For example, using Obtainium to install Signal from [Signal's APK landing page](https://signal.org/android/apk/) should be fine, but installing from third-party APK repositories like Aptoide or APKPure may pose additional risks. + +Obtainium can also be used to download apps from F-Droid repositories, and may serve as a useful alternative to the official F-Droid clients. However, we generally recommend against apps built by F-Droid or from unofficial F-Droid repositories: Read [our notes on F-Droid](#f-droid) below for more information. + +### GrapheneOS App Store + +GrapheneOS's app store is available on [GitHub](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Apps/releases). It supports Android 12 and above and is capable of updating itself. The app store has standalone applications built by the GrapheneOS project such as the [Auditor](https://attestation.app/), [Camera](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera), and [PDF Viewer](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/PdfViewer). If you are looking for these applications, we highly recommend that you get them from GrapheneOS's app store instead of the Play Store, as the apps on their store are signed by the GrapheneOS's project own signature that Google does not have access to. + +### Aurora Store + +The Google Play Store requires a Google account to login which is not great for privacy. You can get around this by using an alternative client, such as Aurora Store. + +!!! recommendation + + ![Aurora Store logo](assets/img/android/aurora-store.webp){ align=right } + + **Aurora Store** is a Google Play Store client which does not require a Google Account, Google Play Services, or microG to download apps. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://auroraoss.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-code-16:](https://gitlab.com/AuroraOSS/AuroraStore){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-gitlab: GitLab](https://gitlab.com/AuroraOSS/AuroraStore/-/releases) + +Aurora Store does not allow you to download paid apps with their anonymous account feature. You can optionally log in with your Google account with Aurora Store to download apps you have purchased, which does give access to the list of apps you've installed to Google, however you still benefit from not requiring the full Google Play client and Google Play Services or microG on your device. + +### Manually with RSS Notifications + +For apps that are released on platforms like GitHub and GitLab, you may be able to add an RSS feed to your [news aggregator](/news-aggregators) that will help you keep track of new releases. + +![RSS APK](./assets/img/android/rss-apk-light.png#only-light) ![RSS APK](./assets/img/android/rss-apk-dark.png#only-dark) ![APK Changes](./assets/img/android/rss-changes-light.png#only-light) ![APK Changes](./assets/img/android/rss-changes-dark.png#only-dark) + +#### GitHub + +On GitHub, using [Secure Camera](#secure-camera) as an example, you would navigate to its [releases page](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera/releases) and append `.atom` to the URL: + +`https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera/releases.atom` + +#### GitLab + +On GitLab, using [Aurora Store](#aurora-store) as an example, you would navigate to its [project repository](https://gitlab.com/AuroraOSS/AuroraStore) and append `/-/tags?format=atom` to the URL: + +`https://gitlab.com/AuroraOSS/AuroraStore/-/tags?format=atom` + +#### Verifying APK Fingerprints + +If you download APK files to install manually, you can verify their signature with the [`apksigner`](https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/apksigner) tool, which is a part of Android [build-tools](https://developer.android.com/studio/releases/build-tools). + +1. Install [Java JDK](https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads/). + +2. Download the [Android Studio command line tools](https://developer.android.com/studio#command-tools). + +3. Extract the downloaded archive: + + ```bash + unzip commandlinetools-*.zip + cd cmdline-tools + ./bin/sdkmanager --sdk_root=./ "build-tools;29.0.3" + ``` + +4. Run the signature verification command: + + ```bash + ./build-tools/29.0.3/apksigner verify --print-certs ../Camera-37.apk + ``` + +5. The resulting hashes can then be compared with another source. Some developers such as Signal [show the fingerprints](https://signal.org/android/apk/) on their website. + + ```bash + Signer #1 certificate DN: CN=GrapheneOS + Signer #1 certificate SHA-256 digest: 6436b155b917c2f9a9ed1d15c4993a5968ffabc94947c13f2aeee14b7b27ed59 + Signer #1 certificate SHA-1 digest: 23e108677a2e1b1d6e6b056f3bb951df7ad5570c + Signer #1 certificate MD5 digest: dbbcd0cac71bd6fa2102a0297c6e0dd3 + ``` + +### F-Droid + +![F-Droid logo](assets/img/android/f-droid.svg){ align=right width=120px } + +==We do **not** currently recommend F-Droid as a way to obtain apps.== F-Droid is often recommended as an alternative to Google Play, particularly in the privacy community. The option to add third-party repositories and not be confined to Google's walled garden has led to its popularity. F-Droid additionally has [reproducible builds](https://f-droid.org/en/docs/Reproducible_Builds/) for some applications and is dedicated to free and open-source software. However, there are [notable problems](https://privsec.dev/posts/android/f-droid-security-issues/) with the official F-Droid client, their quality control, and how they build, sign, and deliver packages. + +Due to their process of building apps, apps in the official F-Droid repository often fall behind on updates. F-Droid maintainers also reuse package IDs while signing apps with their own keys, which is not ideal as it gives the F-Droid team ultimate trust. + +Other popular third-party repositories such as [IzzyOnDroid](https://apt.izzysoft.de/fdroid/) alleviate some of these concerns. The IzzyOnDroid repository pulls builds directly from GitHub and is the next best thing to the developers' own repositories. However, it is not something that we can recommend, as apps are typically [removed](https://github.com/vfsfitvnm/ViMusic/issues/240#issuecomment-1225564446) from that respository when they make it to the main F-Droid repository. While that makes sense (since the goal of that particular repository is to host apps before they're accepted into the main F-Droid repository), it can leave you with installed apps which no longer receive updates. + +That said, the [F-Droid](https://f-droid.org/en/packages/) and [IzzyOnDroid](https://apt.izzysoft.de/fdroid/) repositories are home to countless apps, so they can be a useful tool to search for and discover open-source apps that you can then download through Play Store, Aurora Store, or by getting the APK directly from the developer. It is important to keep in mind that some apps in these repositories have not been updated in years and may rely on unsupported libraries, among other things, posing a potential security risk. You should use your best judgement when looking for new apps via this method. + +!!! note + + In some rare cases, the developer of an app will only distribute it through F-Droid ([Gadgetbridge](https://gadgetbridge.org/) is one example of this). If you really need an app like that, we recommend using [Neo Store](https://github.com/NeoApplications/Neo-Store/) instead of the official F-Droid app to obtain it. + +## Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +### Operating Systems + +- Must be open-source software. +- Must support bootloader locking with custom AVB key support. +- Must receive major Android updates within 0-1 months of release. +- Must receive Android feature updates (minor version) within 0-14 days of release. +- Must receive regular security patches within 0-5 days of release. +- Must **not** be "rooted" out of the box. +- Must **not** enable Google Play Services by default. +- Must **not** require system modification to support Google Play Services. + +### Devices + +- Must support at least one of our recommended custom operating systems. +- Must be currently sold new in stores. +- Must receive a minimum of 5 years of security updates. +- Must have dedicated secure element hardware. + +### Applications + +- Applications on this page must not be applicable to any other software category on the site. +- General applications should extend or replace core system functionality. +- Applications should receive regular updates and maintenance. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/account-deletion/exposed_passwords.png b/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/account-deletion/exposed_passwords.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5295c902 Binary files /dev/null and b/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/account-deletion/exposed_passwords.png differ diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/android/rss-apk-dark.png b/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/android/rss-apk-dark.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..974869a4 Binary files /dev/null and b/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/android/rss-apk-dark.png differ diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/android/rss-apk-light.png b/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/android/rss-apk-light.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..21d6ef03 Binary files /dev/null and b/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/android/rss-apk-light.png differ diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/android/rss-changes-dark.png 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PrivacyGuides.org + + + + + PrivacyGuides.org + + + + + Entry + + + + + Middle + + + + + Exit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-encryption.svg b/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-encryption.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f5b1e291 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-encryption.svg @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Your + + Device + + + + Sending data to a website + + + + + Receiving data from a website + + + + + Your + + Device + + + + Entry + + + + + Middle + + + + + Exit + + + + + PrivacyGuides.org + + + + + PrivacyGuides.org + + + + + Entry + + + + + Middle + + + + + Exit + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-dark.svg b/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-dark.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9002c9b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-dark.svg @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Your + Device + + + + Entry + + + + + Middle + + + + + Exit + + + + + PrivacyGuides.org + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-hidden-service-dark.svg b/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-hidden-service-dark.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d7fb035b --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-hidden-service-dark.svg @@ -0,0 +1,225 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Your + + + Device + + + + + + Guard + + + Relay + + + Relay + + + + + hidden...onion + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Rendezvous + + + Relay + + + + + Entry + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-hidden-service.svg b/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-hidden-service.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..98a41573 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path-hidden-service.svg @@ -0,0 +1,225 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Your + + + Device + + + + + + Guard + + + Relay + + + Relay + + + + + hidden...onion + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Rendezvous + + + Relay + + + + + Entry + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/assets/img/how-tor-works/tor-path.svg 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steps to make sure you stay private. +--- + +Often people sign up for services without thinking. Maybe it's a streaming service so you can watch that new show everyone's talking about, or an account that gives you a discount for your favorite fast food place. Whatever the case may be, you should consider the implications for your data now and later on down the line. + +There are risks associated with every new service that you use. Data breaches; disclosure of customer information to third parties; rogue employees accessing data; all are possibilities that must be considered when giving your information out. You need to be confident that you can trust the service, which is why we don't recommend storing valuable data on anything but the most mature and battle-tested products. That usually means services which provide E2EE and have undergone a cryptographic audit. An audit increases assurance that the product was designed without glaring security issues caused by an inexperienced developer. + +It can also be difficult to delete the accounts on some services. Sometimes [overwriting data](account-deletion.md#overwriting-account-information) associated with an account can be possible, but in other cases the service will keep an entire history of changes to the account. + +## Terms of Service & Privacy Policy + +The ToS are the rules that you agree to follow when using the service. With larger services these rules are often enforced by automated systems. Sometimes these automated systems can make mistakes. For example, you may be banned or locked out of your account on some services for using a VPN or VOIP number. Appealing such bans is often difficult, and involves an automated process too, which isn't always successful. This would be one of the reasons why we wouldn't suggest using Gmail for email as an example. Email is crucial for access to other services you might have signed up for. + +The Privacy Policy is how the service says they will use your data and it is worth reading so that you understand how your data will be used. A company or organization might not be legally obligated to follow everything contained in the policy (it depends on the jurisdiction). We would recommend having some idea what your local laws are and what they permit a provider to collect. + +We recommend looking for particular terms such as "data collection", "data analysis", "cookies", "ads" or "3rd-party" services. Sometimes you will be able to opt-out from data collection or from sharing your data, but it is best to choose a service that respects your privacy from the start. + +Keep in mind you're also placing your trust in the company or organization and that they will comply with their own privacy policy. + +## Authentication methods + +There are usually multiple ways to sign up for an account, each with their own benefits and drawbacks. + +### Email and password + +The most common way to create a new account is by an email address and password. When using this method, you should use a password manager and follow [best practices](passwords-overview.md) regarding passwords. + +!!! tip + + You can use your password manager to organize other authentication methods too! Just add the new entry and fill the appropriate fields, you can add notes for things like security questions or a backup key. + +You will be responsible for managing your login credentials. For added security, you can set up [MFA](multi-factor-authentication.md) on your accounts. + +[Recommended password managers](../passwords.md ""){.md-button} + +#### Email aliases + +If you don't want to give your real email address to a service, you have the option to use an alias. We described them in more detail on our email services recommendation page. Essentially, alias services allow you to generate new email addresses that forward all emails to your main address. This can help prevent tracking across services and help you manage the marketing emails that sometimes come with the sign up process. Those can be filtered automatically based on the alias they are sent to. + +Should a service get hacked, you might start receiving phishing or spam emails to the address you used to sign up. Using unique aliases for each service can assist in identifying exactly what service was hacked. + +[Recommended email aliasing services](../email.md#email-aliasing-services ""){.md-button} + +### "Sign in with..." (OAuth) + +OAuth is an authentication protocol that allows you to register for a service without sharing much information with the service provider, if any, by using an existing account you have with another service instead. Whenever you see something along the lines of "Sign in with *provider name*" on a registration form, it's typically using OAuth. + +When you sign in with OAuth, it will open a login page with the provider you choose, and your existing account and new account will be connected. Your password won't be shared, but some basic information typically will (you can review it during the login request). This process is needed every time you want to log in to the same account. + +The main advantages are: + +- **Security**: no risk of being involved in a [data breach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_breach) because the website does not store your credentials. +- **Ease of use**: multiple accounts are managed by a single login. + +But there are disadvantages: + +- **Privacy**: the OAuth provider you log in with will know the services you use. +- **Centralization**: if the account you use for OAuth is compromised or you aren't able to login to it, all other accounts connected to it are affected. + +OAuth authentication can be especially useful in those situations where you could benefit from deeper integration between services. Our recommendation is to limit using OAuth to only where you need it, and always protect the main account with [MFA](multi-factor-authentication.md). + +All the services that use OAuth will be as secure as your underlying provider's account. For example, if you want to secure an account with a hardware key, but that service doesn't support hardware keys, you can secure the account you use with OAuth with a hardware key instead, and now you essentially have hardware MFA on all your accounts. It is worth noting though that weak authentication on your OAuth provider account means that any account tied to that login will also be weak. + +### Phone number + +We recommend avoiding services that require a phone number for sign up. A phone number can identity you across multiple services and depending on data sharing agreements this will make your usage easier to track, particularly if one of those services is breached as the phone number is often **not** encrypted. + +You should avoid giving out your real phone number if you can. Some services will allow the use of VOIP numbers, however these often trigger fraud detection systems, causing an account to be locked down, so we don't recommend that for important accounts. + +In many cases you will need to provide a number that you can receive SMS or calls from, particularly when shopping internationally, in case there is a problem with your order at border screening. It's common for services to use your number as a verification method; don't let yourself get locked out of an important account because you wanted to be clever and give a fake number! + +### Username and password + +Some services allow you to register without using an email address and only require you to set a username and password. These services may provide increased anonymity when combined with a VPN or Tor. Keep in mind that for these accounts there will most likely be **no way to recover your account** in the event you forget your username or password. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/basics/account-deletion.md b/i18n/bn-IN/basics/account-deletion.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cd89ea6f --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/basics/account-deletion.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +--- +title: "Account Deletion" +icon: 'material/account-remove' +description: It's easy to accumulate a large number of internet accounts, here are some tips on how to prune your collection. +--- + +Over time, it can be easy to accumulate a number of online accounts, many of which you may no longer use. Deleting these unused accounts is an important step in reclaiming your privacy, as dormant accounts are vulnerable to data breaches. A data breach is when a service's security is compromised and protected information is viewed, transmitted, or stolen by unauthorized actors. Data breaches are unfortunately all [too common](https://haveibeenpwned.com/PwnedWebsites) these days, and so practicing good digital hygiene is the best way to minimize the impact they have on your life. The goal of this guide then is to help navigate you through the irksome process of account deletion, often made difficult by [deceptive design](https://www.deceptive.design/), for the betterment of your online presence. + +## Finding Old Accounts + +### Password Manager + +If you have a password manager that you've used for your entire digital life, this part will be very easy. Oftentimes, they include built-in functionality for detecting if your credentials were exposed in a data breach—such as Bitwarden's [Data Breach Report](https://bitwarden.com/blog/have-you-been-pwned/). + +
+ ![Bitwarden's Data Breach Report feature](../assets/img/account-deletion/exposed_passwords.png) +
+ +Even if you haven't explicitly used a password manager before, there's a chance you've used the one in your browser or your phone without even realizing it. For example: [Firefox Password Manager](https://support.mozilla.org/kb/password-manager-remember-delete-edit-logins), [Google Password Manager](https://passwords.google.com/intro) and [Edge Password Manager](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/save-or-forget-passwords-in-microsoft-edge-b4beecb0-f2a8-1ca0-f26f-9ec247a3f336). + +Desktop platforms also often have a password manager which may help you recover passwords you've forgotten about: + +- Windows [Credential Manager](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/accessing-credential-manager-1b5c916a-6a16-889f-8581-fc16e8165ac0) +- macOS [Passwords](https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT211145) +- iOS [Passwords](https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT211146) +- Linux, Gnome Keyring, which can be accessed through [Seahorse](https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Seahorse) or [KDE Wallet Manager](https://userbase.kde.org/KDE_Wallet_Manager) + +### Email + +If you didn't use a password manager in the past or you think you have accounts that were never added to your password manager, another option is to search the email account(s) that you believe you signed up on. On your email client, search for keywords such as "verify" or "welcome." Almost every time you make an online account, the service will send a verification link or an introductory message to your email. This can be a good way to find old, forgotten accounts. + +## Deleting Old Accounts + +### Log In + +In order to delete your old accounts, you'll need to first make sure you can log in to them. Again, if the account was in your password manager, this step is easy. If not, you can try to guess your password. Failing that, there are typically options to regain access to your account, commonly available through a "forgot password" link on the login page. It may also be possible that accounts you've abandoned have already been deleted—sometimes services prune all old accounts. + +When attempting to regain access, if the site returns an error message saying that email is not associated with an account, or you never receive a reset link after multiple attempts, then you do not have an account under that email address and should try a different one. If you can't figure out which email address you used, or you no longer have access to that email, you can try contacting the service's customer support. Unfortunately, there is no guarantee that you will be able to reclaim access your account. + +### GDPR (EEA residents only) + +Residents of the EEA have additional rights regarding data erasure specified in [Article 17](https://www.gdpr.org/regulation/article-17.html) of the GDPR. If it's applicable to you, read the privacy policy for any given service to find information on how to exercise your right to erasure. Reading the privacy policy can prove important, as some services have a "Delete Account" option that only disables your account and for real deletion you have to take additional action. Sometimes actual deletion may involve filling out surveys, emailing the data protection officer of the service or even proving your residence in the EEA. If you plan to go this way, do **not** overwrite account information—your identity as an EEA resident may be required. Note that the location of the service does not matter; GDPR applies to anyone serving European users. If the service does not respect your right to erasure, you can contact your national [Data Protection Authority](https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-topic/data-protection/reform/rights-citizens/redress/what-should-i-do-if-i-think-my-personal-data-protection-rights-havent-been-respected_en) and you may be entitled to monetary compensation. + +### Overwriting Account information + +In some situations where you plan to abandon an account, it may make sense to overwrite the account information with fake data. Once you've made sure you can log in, change all the information in your account to falsified information. The reason for this is that many sites will retain information you previously had even after account deletion. The hope is that they will overwrite the previous information with the newest data you entered. However, there is no guarantee that there won't be backups with the prior information. + +For the account email, either create a new alternate email account via your provider of choice or create an alias using an [email aliasing service](../email.md#email-aliasing-services). You can then delete your alternate email address once you are done. We recommend against using temporary email providers, as oftentimes it is possible to reactivate temporary emails. + +### Delete + +You can check [JustDeleteMe](https://justdeleteme.xyz) for instructions on deleting the account for a specific service. Some sites will graciously have a "Delete Account" option, while others will go as far as to force you to speak with a support agent. The deletion process can vary from site to site, with account deletion being impossible on some. + +For services that don't allow account deletion, the best thing to do is falsify all your information as previously mentioned and strengthen account security. To do so, enable [MFA](multi-factor-authentication.md) and any extra security features offered. As well, change the password to a randomly-generated one that is the maximum allowed size (a [password manager](../passwords.md) can be useful for this). + +If you're satisfied that all information you care about is removed, you can safely forget about this account. If not, it might be a good idea to keep the credentials stored with your other passwords and occasionally re-login to reset the password. + +Even when you are able to delete an account, there is no guarantee that all your information will be removed. In fact, some companies are required by law to keep certain information, particularly when related to financial transactions. It's mostly out of your control what happens to your data when it comes to websites and cloud services. + +## Avoid New Accounts + +As the old saying goes, "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure." Whenever you feel tempted to sign up for a new account, ask yourself, "Do I really need this? Can I accomplish what I need to without an account?" It can often be much harder to delete an account than to create one. And even after deleting or changing the info on your account, there might be a cached version from a third-party—like the [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/). Avoid the temptation when you're able to—your future self will thank you! diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/basics/common-misconceptions.md b/i18n/bn-IN/basics/common-misconceptions.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..be1928f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/basics/common-misconceptions.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +--- +title: "Common Misconceptions" +icon: 'material/robot-confused' +description: Privacy isn't a straightforward topic, and it's easy to get caught up in marketing claims and other disinformation. +schema: + - + "@context": https://schema.org + "@type": FAQPage + mainEntity: + - + "@type": Question + name: Is open source software inherently secure? + acceptedAnswer: + "@type": Answer + text: | + Whether the source code is available and how software is licensed does not inherently affect its security in any way. Open-source software has the potential to be more secure than proprietary software, but there is absolutely no guarantee this is the case. When you evaluate software, you should look at the reputation and security of each tool on an individual basis. + - + "@type": Question + name: Can shifting trust to another provider increase privacy? + acceptedAnswer: + "@type": Answer + text: | + We talk about "shifting trust" a lot when discussing solutions like VPNs (which shift the trust you place in your ISP to the VPN provider). While this protects your browsing data from your ISP specifically, the VPN provider you choose still has access to your browsing data: Your data isn't completely secured from all parties. + - + "@type": Question + name: Are privacy-focused solutions inherently trustworthy? + acceptedAnswer: + "@type": Answer + text: | + Focusing solely on the privacy policies and marketing of a tool or provider can blind you to its weaknesses. When you're looking for a more private solution, you should determine what the underlying problem is and find technical solutions to that problem. For example, you may want to avoid Google Drive, which gives Google access to all of your data. The underlying problem in this case is lack of E2EE, so you should make sure that the provider you switch to actually implements E2EE, or use a tool (like Cryptomator) which provides E2EE on any cloud provider. Switching to a "privacy-focused" provider (that doesn't implement E2EE) doesn't solve your problem: it just shifts trust from Google to that provider. + - + "@type": Question + name: How complicated should my threat model be? + acceptedAnswer: + "@type": Answer + text: | + We often see people describing privacy threat models that are overly complex. Often, these solutions include problems like many different email accounts or complicated setups with lots of moving parts and conditions. The replies are usually answers to "What is the best way to do X?" + Finding the "best" solution for yourself doesn't necessarily mean you are after an infallible solution with dozens of conditions—these solutions are often difficult to work with realistically. As we discussed previously, security often comes at the cost of convenience. +--- + +## "Open-source software is always secure" or "Proprietary software is more secure" + +These myths stem from a number of prejudices, but whether the source code is available and how software is licensed does not inherently affect its security in any way. ==Open-source software has the *potential* to be more secure than proprietary software, but there is absolutely no guarantee this is the case.== When you evaluate software, you should look at the reputation and security of each tool on an individual basis. + +Open-source software *can* be audited by third-parties, and is often more transparent about potential vulnerabilities than proprietary counterparts. It also allows you to review the code and disable any suspicious functionality you find yourself. However, *unless you do so*, there is no guarantee that code has ever been evaluated, especially with smaller software projects. The open development process has also sometimes been exploited to introduce new vulnerabilities into even large projects.[^1] + +On the flip side, proprietary software is less transparent, but that doesn't imply that it's not secure. Major proprietary software projects can be audited internally and by third-party agencies, and independent security researchers can still find vulnerabilities with techniques like reverse engineering. + +To avoid biased decisions, it's *vital* that you evaluate the privacy and security standards of the software you use. + +## "Shifting trust can increase privacy" + +We talk about "shifting trust" a lot when discussing solutions like VPNs (which shift the trust you place in your ISP to the VPN provider). While this protects your browsing data from your ISP *specifically*, the VPN provider you choose still has access to your browsing data: Your data isn't completely secured from all parties. This means that: + +1. You must exercise caution when choosing a provider to shift trust to. +2. You should still use other techniques, like E2EE, to protect your data completely. Merely distrusting one provider to trust another is not securing your data. + +## "Privacy-focused solutions are inherently trustworthy" + +Focusing solely on the privacy policies and marketing of a tool or provider can blind you to its weaknesses. When you're looking for a more private solution, you should determine what the underlying problem is and find technical solutions to that problem. For example, you may want to avoid Google Drive, which gives Google access to all of your data. The underlying problem in this case is lack of E2EE, so you should make sure that the provider you switch to actually implements E2EE, or use a tool (like [Cryptomator](../encryption.md#cryptomator-cloud)) which provides E2EE on any cloud provider. Switching to a "privacy-focused" provider (that doesn't implement E2EE) doesn't solve your problem: it just shifts trust from Google to that provider. + +The privacy policies and business practices of providers you choose are very important, but should be considered secondary to technical guarantees of your privacy: You shouldn't shift trust to another provider when trusting a provider isn't a requirement at all. + +## "Complicated is better" + +We often see people describing privacy threat models that are overly complex. Often, these solutions include problems like many different email accounts or complicated setups with lots of moving parts and conditions. The replies are usually answers to "What is the best way to do *X*?" + +Finding the "best" solution for yourself doesn't necessarily mean you are after an infallible solution with dozens of conditions—these solutions are often difficult to work with realistically. As we discussed previously, security often comes at the cost of convenience. Below, we provide some tips: + +1. ==Actions need to serve a particular purpose:== think about how to do what you want with the fewest actions. +2. ==Remove human failure points:== We fail, get tired, and forget things. To maintain security, avoid relying on manual conditions and processes that you have to remember. +3. ==Use the right level of protection for what you intend.== We often see recommendations of so-called law-enforcement or subpoena-proof solutions. These often require specialist knowledge and generally aren't what people want. There's no point in building an intricate threat model for anonymity if you can be easily de-anonymized by a simple oversight. + +So, how might this look? + +One of the clearest threat models is one where people *know who you are* and one where they do not. There will always be situations where you must declare your legal name and there are others where you don't need to. + +1. **Known identity** - A known identity is used for things where you must declare your name. There are many legal documents and contracts where a legal identity is required. This could range from opening a bank account, signing a property lease, obtaining a passport, customs declarations when importing items, or otherwise dealing with your government. These things will usually lead to credentials such as credit cards, credit rating checks, account numbers, and possibly physical addresses. + + We don't suggest using a VPN or Tor for any of these things, as your identity is already known through other means. + + !!! tip + + When shopping online, the use of a [parcel locker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcel_locker) can help keep your physical address private. + +2. **Unknown identity** - An unknown identity could be a stable pseudonym that you regularly use. It is not anonymous because it doesn't change. If you're part of an online community, you may wish to retain a persona that others know. This pseudonym isn't anonymous because—if monitored for long enough—details about the owner can reveal further information, such as the way they write, their general knowledge about topics of interest, etc. + + You may wish to use a VPN for this, to mask your IP address. Financial transactions are more difficult to mask: You could consider using anonymous cryptocurrencies, such as [Monero](https://www.getmonero.org/). Employing altcoin shifting may also help to disguise where your currency originated. Typically, exchanges require KYC (know your customer) to be completed before they'll allow you to exchange fiat currency into any kind of cryptocurrency. Local meet-up options may also be a solution; however, those are often more expensive and sometimes also require KYC. + +3. **Anonymous identity** - Even with experience, anonymous identities are difficult to maintain over long periods of time. They should be short-term and short-lived identities which are rotated regularly. + + Using Tor can help with this. It is also worth noting that greater anonymity is possible through asynchronous communication: Real-time communication is vulnerable to analysis of typing patterns (i.e. more than a paragraph of text, distributed on a forum, via email, etc.) + +[^1]: One notable example of this is the [2021 incident in which University of Minnesota researchers introduced three vulnerabilities into the Linux kernel development project](https://cse.umn.edu/cs/linux-incident). diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/basics/common-threats.md b/i18n/bn-IN/basics/common-threats.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e278c0cb --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/basics/common-threats.md @@ -0,0 +1,148 @@ +--- +title: "Common Threats" +icon: 'material/eye-outline' +description: Your threat model is personal to you, but these are some of the things many visitors to this site care about. +--- + +Broadly speaking, we categorize our recommendations into the [threats](threat-modeling.md) or goals that apply to most people. ==You may be concerned with none, one, a few, or all of these possibilities==, and the tools and services you use depend on what your goals are. You may have specific threats outside of these categories as well, which is perfectly fine! The important part is developing an understanding of the benefits and shortcomings of the tools you choose to use, because virtually none of them will protect you from every threat. + +- :material-incognito: Anonymity - Shielding your online activity from your real identity, protecting you from people who are trying to uncover *your* identity specifically. +- :material-target-account: Targeted Attacks - Being protected from hackers or other malicious actors who are trying to gain access to *your* data or devices specifically. +- :material-bug-outline: Passive Attacks - Being protected from things like malware, data breaches, and other attacks that are made against many people at once. +- :material-server-network: Service Providers - Protecting your data from service providers (e.g. with E2EE, which renders your data unreadable to the server). +- :material-eye-outline: Mass Surveillance - Protection from government agencies, organizations, websites, and services which work together to track your activities. +- :material-account-cash: Surveillance Capitalism - Protecting yourself from big advertising networks, like Google and Facebook, as well as a myriad of other third-party data collectors. +- :material-account-search: Public Exposure - Limiting the information about you that is accessible online—to search engines or the general public. +- :material-close-outline: Censorship - Avoiding censored access to information or being censored yourself when speaking online. + +Some of these threats may be more important to you than others, depending on your specific concerns. For example, a software developer with access to valuable or critical data may be primarily concerned with :material-target-account: Targeted Attacks, but they probably still want to protect their personal data from being swept up in :material-eye-outline: Mass Surveillance programs. Similarly, many people may be primarily concerned with :material-account-search: Public Exposure of their personal data, but they should still be wary of security-focused issues, such as :material-bug-outline: Passive Attacks—like malware affecting their devices. + +## Anonymity vs. Privacy + +:material-incognito: Anonymity + +Anonymity is often confused with privacy, but they're distinct concepts. While privacy is a set of choices you make about how your data is used and shared, anonymity is the complete disassociation of your online activities from your real identity. + +Whistleblowers and journalists, for example, can have a much more extreme threat model which requires total anonymity. That's not only hiding what they do, what data they have, and not getting hacked by malicious actors or governments, but also hiding who they are entirely. They will often sacrifice any kind of convenience if it means protecting their anonymity, privacy, or security, because their lives could depend on it. Most people don't need to go so far. + +## Security and Privacy + +:material-bug-outline: Passive Attacks + +Security and privacy are also often confused, because you need security to obtain any semblance of privacy: Using tools—even if they're private by design—is futile if they could be easily exploited by attackers who later release your data. However, the inverse isn't necessarily true: The most secure service in the world *isn't necessarily* private. The best example of this is trusting data to Google who, given their scale, have had few security incidents by employing industry-leading security experts to secure their infrastructure. Even though Google provides very secure services, very few people would consider their data private in Google's free consumer products (Gmail, YouTube, etc.) + +When it comes to application security, we generally don't (and sometimes can't) know if the software we use is malicious, or might one day become malicious. Even with the most trustworthy developers, there's generally no guarantee that their software doesn't have a serious vulnerability that could later be exploited. + +To minimize the damage that a malicious piece of software *could* do, you should employ security by compartmentalization. For example, this could come in the form of using different computers for different jobs, using virtual machines to separate different groups of related applications, or using a secure operating system with a strong focus on application sandboxing and mandatory access control. + +!!! tip + + Mobile operating systems generally have better application sandboxing than desktop operating systems: Apps can't obtain root access, and require permission for access to system resources. + + Desktop operating systems generally lag behind on proper sandboxing. ChromeOS has similar sandboxing capabilities to Android, and macOS has full system permission control (and developers can opt-in to sandboxing for applications). However, these operating systems do transmit identifying information to their respective OEMs. Linux tends to not submit information to system vendors, but it has poor protection against exploits and malicious apps. This can be mitigated somewhat with specialized distributions which make significant use of virtual machines or containers, such as [Qubes OS](../../desktop/#qubes-os). + +:material-target-account: Targeted Attacks + +Targeted attacks against a specific person are more problematic to deal with. Common attacks include sending malicious documents via email, exploiting vulnerabilities (e.g. in browsers and operating systems), and physical attacks. If this is a concern for you, you should employ more advanced threat mitigation strategies. + +!!! tip + + By design, **web browsers**, **email clients**, and **office applications** typically run untrusted code, sent to you from third parties. Running multiple virtual machines—to separate applications like these from your host system, as well as each other—is one technique you can use to mitigate the chance of an exploit in these applications compromising the rest of your system. For example, technologies like Qubes OS or Microsoft Defender Application Guard on Windows provide convenient methods to do this. + +If you are concerned about **physical attacks** you should use an operating system with a secure verified boot implementation, such as Android, iOS, macOS, or [Windows (with TPM)](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/secure-the-windows-10-boot-process). You should also make sure that your drive is encrypted, and that the operating system uses a TPM or Secure [Enclave](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/secure-enclave-sec59b0b31ff/1/web/1) or [Element](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) to rate limit attempts to enter the encryption passphrase. You should avoid sharing your computer with people you don't trust, because most desktop operating systems don't encrypt data separately per-user. + +## Privacy From Service Providers + +:material-server-network: Service Providers + +We live in a world where almost everything is connected to the internet. Our "private" messages, emails, and social interactions are typically stored on a server, somewhere. Generally, when you send someone a message it's stored on a server, and when your friend wants to read the message the server will show it to them. + +The obvious problem with this is that the service provider (or a hacker who has compromised the server) can access your conversations whenever and however they want, without you ever knowing. This applies to many common services, like SMS messaging, Telegram, and Discord. + +Thankfully, E2EE can alleviate this issue by encrypting communications between you and your desired recipients before they are even sent to the server. The confidentiality of your messages is guaranteed, assuming the service provider doesn't have access to the private keys of either party. + +!!! note "Note on Web-based Encryption" + + In practice, the effectiveness of different E2EE implementations varies. Applications, such as [Signal](../real-time-communication.md#signal), run natively on your device, and every copy of the application is the same across different installations. If the service provider were to introduce a [backdoor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)) in their application—in an attempt to steal your private keys—it could later be detected with [reverse engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering). + + On the other hand, web-based E2EE implementations, such as Proton Mail's webmail or Bitwarden's *Web Vault*, rely on the server dynamically serving JavaScript code to the browser to handle cryptography. A malicious server can target you and send you malicious JavaScript code to steal your encryption key (and it would be extremely hard to notice). Because the server can choose to serve different web clients to different people—even if you noticed the attack—it would be incredibly hard to prove the provider's guilt. + + Therefore, you should use native applications over web clients whenever possible. + +Even with E2EE, service providers can still profile you based on **metadata**, which typically isn't protected. While the service provider can't read your messages, they can still observe important things, such as who you're talking to, how often you message them, and when you're typically active. Protection of metadata is fairly uncommon, and—if it's within your [threat model](threat-modeling.md)—you should pay close attention to the technical documentation of the software you're using to see if there's any metadata minimization or protection at all. + +## Mass Surveillance Programs + +:material-eye-outline: Mass Surveillance + +Mass surveillance is the intricate effort to monitor the "behavior, many activities, or information" of an entire (or substantial fraction of a) population.[^1] It often refers to government programs, such as the ones [disclosed by Edward Snowden in 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)). However, it can also be carried out by corporations, either on behalf of government agencies or by their own initiative. + +!!! abstract "Atlas of Surveillance" + + If you want to learn more about surveillance methods and how they're implemented in your city you can also take a look at the [Atlas of Surveillance](https://atlasofsurveillance.org/) by the [Electronic Frontier Foundation](https://www.eff.org/). + + In France you can take a look at the [Technolopolice website](https://technopolice.fr/villes/) maintained by the non-profit association La Quadrature du Net. + +Governments often justify mass surveillance programs as necessary means to combat terrorism and prevent crime. However, breaching human rights, it's most often used to disproportionately target minority groups and political dissidents, among others. + +!!! quote "ACLU: [*The Privacy Lesson of 9/11: Mass Surveillance is Not the Way Forward*](https://www.aclu.org/news/national-security/the-privacy-lesson-of-9-11-mass-surveillance-is-not-the-way-forward)" + + In the face of [Edward Snowden's disclosures of government programs such as [PRISM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRISM) and [Upstream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_collection)], intelligence officials also admitted that the NSA had for years been secretly collecting records about virtually every American’s phone calls — who’s calling whom, when those calls are made, and how long they last. This kind of information, when amassed by the NSA day after day, can reveal incredibly sensitive details about people’s lives and associations, such as whether they have called a pastor, an abortion provider, an addiction counselor, or a suicide hotline. + +Despite growing mass surveillance in the United States, the government has found that mass surveillance programs like Section 215 have had "little unique value" with respect to stopping actual crimes or terrorist plots, with efforts largely duplicating the FBI's own targeted surveillance programs.[^2] + +Online, you can be tracked via a variety of methods: + +- Your IP address +- Browser cookies +- The data you submit to websites +- Your browser or device fingerprint +- Payment method correlation + +\[This list isn't exhaustive]. + +If you're concerned about mass surveillance programs, you can use strategues like compartmentalizing your online identities, blending in with other users, or, whenever possible, simply avoiding giving out identifying information. + +:material-account-cash: Surveillance Capitalism + +> Surveillance capitalism is an economic system centered around the capture and commodification of personal data for the core purpose of profit-making.[^3] + +For many people, tracking and surveillance by private corporations is a growing concern. Pervasive ad networks, such as those operated by Google and Facebook, span the internet far beyond just the sites they control, tracking your actions along the way. Using tools like content blockers to limit network requests to their servers, and reading the privacy policies of the services you use can help you avoid many basic adversaries (although it can't completely prevent tracking).[^4] + +Additionally, even companies outside of the *AdTech* or tracking industry can share your information with [data brokers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_broker) (such as Cambridge Analytica, Experian, or Datalogix) or other parties. You can't automatically assume your data is safe just because the service you're using doesn't fall within the typical AdTech or tracking business model. The strongest protection against corporate data collection is to encrypt or obfuscate your data whenever possible, making it difficult for different providers to correlate data with each other and build a profile on you. + +## Limiting Public Information + +:material-account-search: Public Exposure + +The best way to keep your data private is simply not making it public in the first place. Deleting unwanted information you find about yourself online is one of the best first steps you can take to regain your privacy. + +- [View our guide on account deletion :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](account-deletion.md) + +On sites where you do share information, checking the privacy settings of your account to limit how widely that data is spread is very important. For example, enable "private mode" on your accounts if given the option: This ensures that your account isn't being indexed by search engines, and that it can't be viewed without your permission. + +If you've already submitted your real information to sites which shouldn't have it, consider using disinformation tactics, like submitting fictitious information related to that online identity. This makes your real information indistinguishable from the false information. + +## Avoiding Censorship + +:material-close-outline: Censorship + +Censorship online can be carried out (to varying degrees) by actors including totalitarian governments, network administrators, and service providers. These efforts to control communication and restrict access to information will always be incompatible with the human right to Freedom of Expression.[^5] + +Censorship on corporate platforms is increasingly common, as platforms like Twitter and Facebook give in to public demand, market pressures, and pressures from government agencies. Government pressures can be covert requests to businesses, such as the White House [requesting the takedown](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/17/technology/on-the-web-a-fine-line-on-free-speech-across-globe.html) of a provocative YouTube video, or overt, such as the Chinese government requiring companies to adhere to a strict regime of censorship. + +People concerned with the threat of censorship can use technologies like [Tor](../advanced/tor-overview.md) to circumvent it, and support censorship-resistant communication platforms like [Matrix](../real-time-communication.md#element), which doesn't have a centralized account authority that can close accounts arbitrarily. + +!!! tip + + While evading censorship itself can be easy, hiding the fact that you are doing it can be very problematic. + + You should consider which aspects of the network your adversary can observe, and whether you have plausible deniability for your actions. For example, using [encrypted DNS](../advanced/dns-overview.md#what-is-encrypted-dns) can help you bypass rudimentary, DNS-based censorship systems, but it can't truly hide what you are visiting from your ISP. A VPN or Tor can help hide what you are visiting from network administrators, but can't hide that you're using those networks in the first place. Pluggable transports (such as Obfs4proxy, Meek, or Shadowsocks) can help you evade firewalls that block common VPN protocols or Tor, but your circumvention attempts can still be detected by methods like probing or [deep packet inspection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_packet_inspection). + +You must always consider the risks of trying to bypass censorship, the potential consequences, and how sophisticated your adversary may be. You should be cautious with your software selection, and have a backup plan in case you are caught. + +[^1]: Wikipedia: [*Mass Surveillance*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillance) and [*Surveillance*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance). +[^2]: United States Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board: [*Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf) +[^3]: Wikipedia: [*Surveillance capitalism*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism) +[^4]: "[Enumerating badness](https://www.ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb/)" (or, "listing all the bad things that we know about"), as many adblockers and antivirus programs do, fails to adequately protect you from new and unknown threats because they have not yet been added to the filter list. You should also employ other mitigation techniques. +[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights). diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/basics/email-security.md b/i18n/bn-IN/basics/email-security.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6fbfda4f --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/basics/email-security.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +--- +meta_title: "Why Email Isn't the Best Choice for Privacy and Security - Privacy Guides" +title: Email Security +icon: material/email +description: Email is inherently insecure in many ways, and these are some of the reasons it isn't our top choice for secure communications. +--- + +Email is an insecure form of communication by default. You can improve your email security with tools such as OpenPGP, which add End-to-End Encryption to your messages, but OpenPGP still has a number of drawbacks compared to encryption in other messaging applications, and some email data can never be encrypted inherently due to how email is designed. + +As a result, email is best used for receiving transactional emails (like notifications, verification emails, password resets, etc.) from the services you sign up for online, not for communicating with others. + +## Email Encryption Overview + +The standard way to add E2EE to emails between different email providers is by using OpenPGP. There are different implementations of the OpenPGP standard, the most common being [GnuPG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard) and [OpenPGP.js](https://openpgpjs.org). + +There is another standard which is popular with business called [S/MIME](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S/MIME), however, it requires a certificate issued from a [Certificate Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_authority) (not all of them issue S/MIME certificates). It has support in [Google Workplace](https://support.google.com/a/topic/9061730?hl=en&ref_topic=9061731) and [Outlook for Web or Exchange Server 2016, 2019](https://support.office.com/en-us/article/encrypt-messages-by-using-s-mime-in-outlook-on-the-web-878c79fc-7088-4b39-966f-14512658f480). + +Even if you use OpenPGP, it does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. This is why we recommend [instant messengers](../real-time-communication.md) which implement forward secrecy over email for person-to-person communications whenever possible. + +## What is the Web Key Directory standard? + +The Web Key Directory (WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted. + +In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you. + +If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from keys.openpgp.org, by setting a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then uploading your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org/). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting). + +If you use a shared domain from a provider which doesn't support WKD, like @gmail.com, you won't be able to share your OpenPGP key with others via this method. + +### What Email Clients Support E2EE? + +Email providers which allow you to use standard access protocols like IMAP and SMTP can be used with any of the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md). Depending on the authentication method, this may lead to the decrease security if either the provider or the email client does not support OATH or a bridge application as [multi-factor authentication](multi-factor-authentication.md) is not possible with plain password authentication. + +### How Do I Protect My Private Keys? + +A smartcard (such as a [YubiKey](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013790259-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-OpenPGP) or [Nitrokey](https://www.nitrokey.com)) works by receiving an encrypted email message from a device (phone, tablet, computer, etc.) running an email/webmail client. The message is then decrypted by the smartcard and the decrypted content is sent back to the device. + +It is advantageous for the decryption to occur on the smartcard to avoid possibly exposing your private key to a compromised device. + +## Email Metadata Overview + +Email metadata is stored in the [message header](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email#Message_header) of the email message and includes some visible headers that you may have seen such as: `To`, `From`, `Cc`, `Date`, `Subject`. There are also a number of hidden headers included by many email clients and providers that can reveal information about your account. + +Client software may use email metadata to show who a message is from and what time it was received. Servers may use it to determine where an email message must be sent, among [other purposes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email#Message_header) which are not always transparent. + +### Who Can View Email Metadata? + +Email metadata is protected from outside observers with [Opportunistic TLS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_TLS) protecting it from outside observers, but it is still able to be seen by your email client software (or webmail) and any servers relaying the message from you to any recipients including your email provider. Sometimes email servers will also use third-party services to protect against spam, which generally also have access to your messages. + +### Why Can't Metadata be E2EE? + +Email metadata is crucial to the most basic functionality of email (where it came from, and where it has to go). E2EE was not built into the email protocols originally, instead requiring add-on software like OpenPGP. Because OpenPGP messages still have to work with traditional email providers, it cannot encrypt email metadata, only the message body itself. That means that even when using OpenPGP, outside observers can see lots of information about your messages, such as who you're emailing, the subject lines, when you're emailing, etc. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/basics/multi-factor-authentication.md b/i18n/bn-IN/basics/multi-factor-authentication.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..78659d10 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/basics/multi-factor-authentication.md @@ -0,0 +1,165 @@ +--- +title: "Multi-Factor Authentication" +icon: 'material/two-factor-authentication' +description: MFA is a critical security mechanism for securing your online accounts, but some methods are stronger than others. +--- + +**Multi-Factor Authentication** (**MFA**) is a security mechanism that requires additional steps beyond entering your username (or email) and password. The most common method is time limited codes you might receive from SMS or an app. + +সাধারণত, যদি কোনো হ্যাকার (বা শত্রু) আপনার পাসওয়ার্ড ডিক্রিপ্ট করতে সক্ষম হয় তাহলে তারা যে অ্যাকাউন্টে ওই পাসওয়ার্ড আছে সেটিতে প্রবেশ করতে সক্ষম হবে। MFA আছে এমন একটি অ্যাকাউন্ট-এর ক্ষেত্রে হ্যাকারকে পাসওয়ার্ড ( যা আপনি *জানেন*) এবং আপনার মালিকানাধীন একটি ডিভাইস (যা আপনার *কাছে আছে*), যেমন আপনার ফোন,উভয়ই থাকলে তবে হ্যাকার হ্যাক করতে সক্ষম হবে। + +MFA পদ্ধতিগুলির নিরাপত্তা বিভিন্নরকম হতে পারে ,আক্রমণকারীর পক্ষে আপনার MFA পদ্ধতিতে অ্যাক্সেস লাভ করা যত কঠিন, ততই ভালো। Examples of MFA methods (from weakest to strongest) include SMS, Email codes, app push notifications, TOTP, Yubico OTP and FIDO. + +## MFA পদ্ধতিগুলির তুলনা + +### এসএমএস বা ইমেইল MFA + +এসএমএস বা ইমেলের ওটিপি কোডগুলির মাধ্যমে MFA-এর ব্যবহার অ্যাকাউন্টগুলিকে সুরক্ষিত করার একটি দুর্বল উপায়৷ ইমেল বা এসএমএস-এর মাধ্যমে কোড পাওয়া "যা আপনার *আছে*" ধারণা থেকে দূরে সরে যায়, কারণ হ্যাকার বিভিন্ন রকম ভাবে আপনার [ফোন নম্বর দখল করতে পারে](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_swap_scam) বা আপনার কোনো ডিভাইস স্পর্শ না করেই আপনার ইমেলে অ্যাক্সেস পেতে পারে। যদি কোনো অননুমোদিত ব্যক্তি আপনার ইমেলের অ্যাক্সেস লাভ করে, তাহলে তারা আপনার সেই ইমেইল ব্যবহার করে পাসওয়ার্ড রিসেট করতে পারে এবং অথেনটিকেশন কোড পেতে পারে, যা শেষ পর্যন্ত তাকে আপনার একাউন্ট-এর সম্পূর্ণ এক্সেস দেবে। + +### মোবাইলের নোটিফিকেশন + +পুশ নোটিফিকেশন MFA এমন একটা পদ্ধতি যেখানে আপনার ফোনের একটি অ্যাপে নোটিফিকেশন পাঠানো হয়, যাতে আপনাকে নতুন অ্যাকাউন্ট লগইন নিশ্চিত করতে বলে। এই পদ্ধতিটি এসএমএস বা ইমেলের চেয়ে তুলনামূলকভাবে অনেক ভালো, যেহেতু একজন আক্রমণকারী সাধারণত লগগড -ইন করা ডিভাইস ছাড়া এই নোটিফিকেশনগুলি পেতে সক্ষম হবে না, যার মানে তাদের প্রথমে আপনার অন্য ডিভাইসগুলির মধ্যে একটিকে হ্যাক করতে হবে ৷ + +আমরা প্রত্যেকেই ভুল করি, এবং আপনি অন্যমনস্কতাবশত লগইন এপ্রুভ করে দিতে পারেন তার সম্ভাবনা রয়েছে। লগইন এর জন্য নোটিফিকেশনগুলি সাধারণত আপনার *সমস্ত ডিভাইসে* একসঙ্গে পাঠানো হয়, যদি আপনার অনেকগুলি ডিভাইস থাকে তবে তা MFA কোড পাওয়ার সম্ভাবনা বৃদ্ধি করে৷ + +পুশ নোটিফিকেশন MFA -এর নিরাপত্তা অ্যাপের গুণমান, সার্ভারের, এবং এটি তৈরিকারী ব্যাক্তির ওপর নির্ভর করে। একটি অ্যাপ্লিকেশন ইনস্টল করার অর্থ হল যে আপনাকে প্রায়ই ক্ষতিকারক পারমিশনগুলি একসেপ্ট করতে হবে, যা ওই অ্যাপ্লিকেশনকে ডিভাইসের অন্যান্য ডেটা অ্যাক্সেস করার অনুমতি দেয়৷ অনেক সময় বিভিন্ন পরিষেবার জন্য আপনাকে বিভিন্ন এপ্লিকেশন ইনস্টল করতে হতে পারে, সেই এপ্লিকেশন টি আবার কোনো পাসওয়ার্ড ছাড়াই ওপেন হতে পারে, যা মোটেও ভালো TOTP জেনারেটার এপ্লিকেশন এর লক্ষণ নয়। + +### সময়-সাপেক্ষ ওয়ান-টাইম পাসওয়ার্ড (TOTP) + +TOTP is one of the most common forms of MFA available. When you set up TOTP, you are generally required to scan a [QR Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_code) which establishes a "[shared secret](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_secret)" with the service that you intend to use. শেয়ার্ড সিক্রেট অথেনটিকেশন অ্যাপের ভিতরে সুরক্ষিত থাকে এবং কখনও কখনও পাসওয়ার্ড দ্বারা সুরক্ষিত থাকে। + +সময়-সাপেক্ষ কোড তারপর শেয়ার্ড সিক্রেট এবং সময় থেকে জেনারেট হয়। As the code is only valid for a short time, without access to the shared secret, an adversary cannot generate new codes. + +যদি আপনার কাছে TOTP সহ একটি হার্ডওয়্যার সিকিউরিটি কী থাকে (যেমন Yubico অথেন্টিকেটর সাথে একটি YubiKey), আমরা সুপারিশ করি যে আপনি হার্ডওয়্যারে আপনার "শেয়ার্ড সিক্রেট " রাখুন৷ YubiKey-এর মতো হার্ডওয়্যার এমনভাবে তৈরী করা হয়েছিল যাতে "শেয়ারড সিক্রেট" বের করা এবং কপি করা কঠিন হয় একটি YubiKey ইন্টারনেটের সাথে যুক্ত থাকে না, কিন্তু TOTP যুক্ত একটি ফোন ইন্টারনেট এর সাথে যুক্ত থাকে। + +[WebAuthn](#fido-fast-identity-online) এর অপরপক্ষে TOTP [ফিশিং](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing) বা রি-উজ এটাক এর বিরুদ্ধে কোন সুরক্ষা প্রদান করে না। If an adversary obtains a valid code from you, they may use it as many times as they like until it expires (generally 60 seconds). + +আপনার উজার-নেম, পাসওয়ার্ড এবং বর্তমান TOTP কোড হাতানোর জন্য, আপনাকে প্রতারণা করার চেষ্টায় একজন আক্ক্রমণকারী একটি অফিসিয়াল পরিষেবার অনুকরণ করে একটি ওয়েবসাইট সেট আপ করতে পারে। আক্রমণকারী সেই রেকর্ড করা তথ্যগুলি ব্যবহার করে প্রকৃত পরিষেবাতে লগ ইন করতে এবং অ্যাকাউন্ট হাইজ্যাক করতে সক্ষম হতে পারে। + +Although not perfect, TOTP is secure enough for most people, and when [hardware security keys](../multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys) are not supported [authenticator apps](../multi-factor-authentication.md#authenticator-apps) are still a good option. + +### হার্ডওয়্যার সিকিউরিটি কী + +The YubiKey stores data on a tamper-resistant solid-state chip which is [impossible to access](https://security.stackexchange.com/a/245772) non-destructively without an expensive process and a forensics laboratory. + +These keys are generally multi-function and provide a number of methods to authenticate. Below are the most common ones. + +#### Yubico OTP + +Yubico OTP is an authentication protocol typically implemented in hardware security keys. When you decide to use Yubico OTP, the key will generate a public ID, private ID, and a Secret Key which is then uploaded to the Yubico OTP server. + +When logging into a website, all you need to do is to physically touch the security key. The security key will emulate a keyboard and print out a one-time password into the password field. + +The service will then forward the one-time password to the Yubico OTP server for validation. A counter is incremented both on the key and Yubico's validation server. The OTP can only be used once, and when a successful authentication occurs, the counter is increased which prevents reuse of the OTP. Yubico provides a [detailed document](https://developers.yubico.com/OTP/OTPs_Explained.html) about the process. + +
+ ![Yubico OTP](../assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/yubico-otp.png) +
+ +There are some benefits and disadvantages to using Yubico OTP when compared to TOTP. + +The Yubico validation server is a cloud based service, and you're placing trust in Yubico that they are storing data securely and not profiling you. The public ID associated with Yubico OTP is reused on every website and could be another avenue for third-parties to profile you. Like TOTP, Yubico OTP does not provide phishing resistance. + +If your threat model requires you to have different identities on different websites, **do not** use Yubico OTP with the same hardware security key across those websites as public ID is unique to each security key. + +#### FIDO (Fast IDentity Online) + +[FIDO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDO_Alliance) includes a number of standards, first there was U2F and then later [FIDO2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDO2_Project) which includes the web standard [WebAuthn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn). + +U2F and FIDO2 refer to the [Client to Authenticator Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_to_Authenticator_Protocol), which is the protocol between the security key and the computer, such as a laptop or phone. It complements WebAuthn which is the component used to authenticate with the website (the "Relying Party") you're trying to log in on. + +WebAuthn is the most secure and private form of second factor authentication. While the authentication experience is similar to Yubico OTP, the key does not print out a one-time password and validate with a third-party server. Instead, it uses [public key cryptography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography) for authentication. + +
+ ![FIDO](../assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/fido.png) +
+ +When you create an account, the public key is sent to the service, then when you log in, the service will require you to "sign" some data with your private key. The benefit of this is that no password data is ever stored by the service, so there is nothing for an adversary to steal. + +This presentation discusses the history of password authentication, the pitfalls (such as password reuse), and discussion of FIDO2 and [WebAuthn](https://webauthn.guide) standards. + +
+ +
+ +FIDO2 and WebAuthn have superior security and privacy properties when compared to any MFA methods. + +Typically for web services it is used with WebAuthn which is a part of the [W3C recommendations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium#W3C_recommendation_(REC)). It uses public key authentication and is more secure than shared secrets used in Yubico OTP and TOTP methods, as it includes the origin name (usually, the domain name) during authentication. Attestation is provided to protect you from phishing attacks, as it helps you to determine that you are using the authentic service and not a fake copy. + +Unlike Yubico OTP, WebAuthn does not use any public ID, so the key is **not** identifiable across different websites. It also does not use any third-party cloud server for authentication. All communication is completed between the key and the website you are logging into. FIDO also uses a counter which is incremented upon use in order to prevent session reuse and cloned keys. + +If a website or service supports WebAuthn for the authentication, it is highly recommended that you use it over any other form of MFA. + +## General Recommendations + +We have these general recommendations: + +### Which Method Should I Use? + +When configuring your MFA method, keep in mind that it is only as secure as your weakest authentication method you use. This means it is important that you only use the best MFA method available. For instance, if you are already using TOTP, you should disable email and SMS MFA. If you are already using FIDO2/WebAuthn, you should not be using Yubico OTP or TOTP on your account. + +### Backups + +You should always have backups for your MFA method. Hardware security keys can get lost, stolen or simply stop working over time. It is recommended that you have a pair of hardware security keys with the same access to your accounts instead of just one. + +When using TOTP with an authenticator app, be sure to back up your recovery keys or the app itself, or copy the "shared secrets" to another instance of the app on a different phone or to an encrypted container (e.g. [VeraCrypt](../encryption.md#veracrypt)). + +### Initial Set Up + +When buying a security key, it is important that you change the default credentials, set up password protection for the key, and enable touch confirmation if your key supports it. Products such as the YubiKey have multiple interfaces with separate credentials for each one of them, so you should go over each interface and set up protection as well. + +### Email and SMS + +If you have to use email for MFA, make sure that the email account itself is secured with a proper MFA method. + +If you use SMS MFA, use a carrier who will not switch your phone number to a new SIM card without account access, or use a dedicated VoIP number from a provider with similar security to avoid a [SIM swap attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_swap_scam). + +[MFA tools we recommend](../multi-factor-authentication.md ""){.md-button} + +## More Places to Set Up MFA + +Beyond just securing your website logins, multi-factor authentication can be used to secure your local logins, SSH keys or even password databases as well. + +### Windows + +Yubico has a dedicated [Credential Provider](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/secauthn/credential-providers-in-windows) that adds Challenge-Response authentication for the username + password login flow for local Windows accounts. If you have a YubiKey with Challenge-Response authentication support, take a look at the [Yubico Login for Windows Configuration Guide](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013708460-Yubico-Login-for-Windows-Configuration-Guide), which will allow you to set up MFA on your Windows computer. + +### macOS + +macOS has [native support](https://support.apple.com/guide/deployment/intro-to-smart-card-integration-depd0b888248/web) for authentication with smart cards (PIV). If you have a smartcard or a hardware security key that supports the PIV interface such as the YubiKey, we recommend that you follow your smartcard/hardware security vendor's documentation and set up second factor authentication for your macOS computer. + +Yubico have a guide [Using Your YubiKey as a Smart Card in macOS](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360016649059) which can help you set up your YubiKey on macOS. + +After your smartcard/security key is set up, we recommend running this command in the Terminal: + +```text +sudo defaults write /Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow DisableFDEAutoLogin -bool YES +``` + +The command will prevent an adversary from bypassing MFA when the computer boots. + +### Linux + +!!! warning + + If the hostname of your system changes (such as due to DHCP), you would be unable to login. It is vital that you set up a proper hostname for your computer before following this guide. + +The `pam_u2f` module on Linux can provide two-factor authentication for logging in on most popular Linux distributions. If you have a hardware security key that supports U2F, you can set up MFA authentication for your login. Yubico has a guide [Ubuntu Linux Login Guide - U2F](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360016649099-Ubuntu-Linux-Login-Guide-U2F) which should work on any distribution. The package manager commands—such as `apt-get`—and package names may however differ. This guide does **not** apply to Qubes OS. + +### Qubes OS + +Qubes OS has support for Challenge-Response authentication with YubiKeys. If you have a YubiKey with Challenge-Response authentication support, take a look at the Qubes OS [YubiKey documentation](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/yubikey/) if you want to set up MFA on Qubes OS. + +### SSH + +#### Hardware Security Keys + +SSH MFA could be set up using multiple different authentication methods that are popular with hardware security keys. We recommend that you check out Yubico's [documentation](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) on how to set this up. + +#### সময়-সাপেক্ষ ওয়ান-টাইম পাসওয়ার্ড (TOTP) + +SSH MFA can also be set up using TOTP. DigitalOcean has provided a tutorial [How To Set Up Multi-Factor Authentication for SSH on Ubuntu 20.04](https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-multi-factor-authentication-for-ssh-on-ubuntu-20-04). Most things should be the same regardless of distribution, however the package manager commands—such as `apt-get`—and package names may differ. + +### KeePass (and KeePassXC) + +KeePass and KeePassXC databases can be secured using Challenge-Response or HOTP as a second-factor authentication. Yubico has provided a document for KeePass [Using Your YubiKey with KeePass](https://support.yubico.com/hc/en-us/articles/360013779759-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-KeePass) and there is also one on the [KeePassXC](https://keepassxc.org/docs/#faq-yubikey-2fa) website. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/basics/passwords-overview.md b/i18n/bn-IN/basics/passwords-overview.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6858d8b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/basics/passwords-overview.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +--- +title: "Introduction to Passwords" +icon: 'material/form-textbox-password' +description: These are some tips and tricks on how to create the strongest passwords and keep your accounts secure. +--- + +Passwords are an essential part of our everyday digital lives. We use them to protect our accounts, our devices and our secrets. Despite often being the only thing between us and an adversary who's after our private information, not a lot of thought is put into them, which often leads to people using passwords that can be easily guessed or brute-forced. + +## Best Practices + +### Use unique passwords for every service + +Imagine this; you sign up for an account with the same e-mail and password on multiple online services. If one of those service providers is malicious, or their service has a data breach that exposes your password in an unencrypted format, all a bad actor would have to do is try that e-mail and password combination across multiple popular services until they get a hit. It doesn't matter how strong that one password is, because they already have it. + +This is called [credential stuffing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credential_stuffing), and it is one of the most common ways that your accounts can be compromised by bad actors. To avoid this, make sure that you never re-use your passwords. + +### Use randomly generated passwords + +==You should **never** rely on yourself to come up with a good password.== We recommend using [randomly generated passwords](#passwords) or [diceware passphrases](#diceware-passphrases) with sufficient entropy to protect your accounts and devices. + +All of our [recommended password managers](../passwords.md) include a built-in password generator that you can use. + +### Rotating Passwords + +You should avoid changing passwords that you have to remember (such as your password manager's master password) too often unless you have reason to believe it has been compromised, as changing it too often exposes you to the risk of forgetting it. + +When it comes to passwords that you don't have to remember (such as passwords stored inside your password manager), if your [threat model](threat-modeling.md) calls for it, we recommend going through important accounts (especially accounts that don't use multi-factor authentication) and changing their password every couple of months, in case they have been compromised in a data breach that hasn't become public yet. Most password managers allow you to set an expiry date for your password to make this easier to manage. + +!!! tip "Checking for data breaches" + + If your password manager lets you check for compromised passwords, make sure to do so and promptly change any password that may have been exposed in a data breach. Alternatively, you could follow [Have I Been Pwned's Latest Breaches feed](https://feeds.feedburner.com/HaveIBeenPwnedLatestBreaches) with the help of a [news aggregator](../news-aggregators.md). + +## Creating strong passwords + +### Passwords + +A lot of services impose certain criteria when it comes to passwords, including a minimum or maximum length, as well as which special characters, if any, can be used. You should use your password manager's built-in password generator to create passwords that are as long and complex as the service will allow by including capitalized and lowercase letters, numbers and special characters. + +If you need a password you can memorize, we recommend a [diceware passphrase](#diceware-passphrases). + +### Diceware Passphrases + +Diceware is a method for creating passphrases which are easy to remember, but hard to guess. + +Diceware passphrases are a great option when you need to memorize or manually input your credentials, such as for your password manager's master password or your device's encryption password. + +An example of a diceware passphrase is `viewable fastness reluctant squishy seventeen shown pencil`. + +To generate a diceware passphrase using real dice, follow these steps: + +!!! note + + These instructions assume that you are using [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) to generate the passphrase, which requires five dice rolls per word. Other wordlists may require more or less rolls per word, and may require a different amount of words to achieve the same entropy. + +1. Roll a six-sided die five times, noting down the number after each roll. + +2. As an example, let's say you rolled `2-5-2-6-6`. Look through the [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) for the word that corresponds to `25266`. + +3. You will find the word `encrypt`. Write that word down. + +4. Repeat this process until your passphrase has as many words as you need, which you should separate with a space. + +!!! warning "Important" + + You should **not** re-roll words until you get a combination of words that appeal to you. The process should be completely random. + +If you don't have access to or would prefer to not use real dice, you can use your password manager's built-in password generator, as most of them have the option to generate diceware passphrases in addition to regular passwords. + +We recommend using [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) to generate your diceware passphrases, as it offers the exact same security as the original list, while containing words that are easier to memorize. There are also [other wordlists in different languages](https://theworld.com/~reinhold/diceware.html#Diceware%20in%20Other%20Languages|outline), if you do not want your passphrase to be in English. + +??? note "Explanation of entropy and strength of diceware passphrases" + + To demonstrate how strong diceware passphrases are, we'll use the aforementioned seven word passphrase (`viewable fastness reluctant squishy seventeen shown pencil`) and [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) as an example. + + One metric to determine the strength of a diceware passphrase is how much entropy it has. The entropy per word in a diceware passphrase is calculated as $\text{log}_2(\text{WordsInList})$ and the overall entropy of the passphrase is calculated as $\text{log}_2(\text{WordsInList}^\text{WordsInPhrase})$. + + Therefore, each word in the aforementioned list results in ~12.9 bits of entropy ($\text{log}_2(7776)$), and a seven word passphrase derived from it has ~90.47 bits of entropy ($\text{log}_2(7776^7)$). + + The [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) contains 7776 unique words. To calculate the amount of possible passphrases, all we have to do is $\text{WordsInList}^\text{WordsInPhrase}$, or in our case, $7776^7$. + + Let's put all of this in perspective: A seven word passphrase using [EFF's large wordlist](https://www.eff.org/files/2016/07/18/eff_large_wordlist.txt) is one of ~1,719,070,799,748,422,500,000,000,000 possible passphrases. + + On average, it takes trying 50% of all the possible combinations to guess your phrase. With that in mind, even if your adversary is capable of ~1,000,000,000,000 guesses per second, it would still take them ~27,255,689 years to guess your passphrase. That is the case even if the following things are true: + + - Your adversary knows that you used the diceware method. + - Your adversary knows the specific wordlist that you used. + - Your adversary knows how many words your passphrase contains. + +To sum it up, diceware passphrases are your best option when you need something that is both easy to remember *and* exceptionally strong. + +## Storing Passwords + +### Password Managers + +The best way to store your passwords is by using a password manager. They allow you to store your passwords in a file or in the cloud and protect them with a single master password. That way, you will only have to remember one strong password, which lets you access the rest of them. + +There are many good options to choose from, both cloud-based and local. Choose one of our recommended password managers and use it to establish strong passwords across all of your accounts. We recommend securing your password manager with a [diceware passphrase](#diceware-passphrases) comprised of at least seven words. + +[List of recommended password managers](../passwords.md ""){.md-button} + +!!! warning "Don't place your passwords and TOTP tokens inside the same password manager" + + When using TOTP codes as [multi-factor authentication](../multi-factor-authentication.md), the best security practice is to keep your TOTP codes in a [separate app](../multi-factor-authentication.md#authenticator-apps). + + Storing your TOTP tokens in the same place as your passwords, while convenient, reduces the accounts to a single factor in the event that an adversary gains access to your password manager. + + Furthermore, we do not recommend storing single-use recovery codes in your password manager. Those should be stored separately such as in an encrypted container on an offline storage device. + +### Backups + +You should store an [encrypted](../encryption.md) backup of your passwords on multiple storage devices or a cloud storage provider. This can help you access your passwords if something happens to your primary device or the service you are using. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/basics/threat-modeling.md b/i18n/bn-IN/basics/threat-modeling.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1dcd5ff6 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/basics/threat-modeling.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +--- +meta_title: "Threat Modeling: The First Step on Your Privacy Journey - Privacy Guides" +title: "Threat Modeling" +icon: 'material/target-account' +description: Balancing security, privacy, and usability is one of the first and most difficult tasks you'll face on your privacy journey. +--- + +Balancing security, privacy, and usability is one of the first and most difficult tasks you'll face on your privacy journey. Everything is a trade-off: The more secure something is, the more restricting or inconvenient it generally is, etc. Often, people find that the problem with the tools they see recommended is that they're just too hard to start using! + +যদি আপনি **সবথেকে** সিকিউর সফটও়্যারগুলো ব্যাবহার করতে চান আপনাকে *কিছু* ব্যবহারযোগ্যতা বিসর্জন দিতে হবে। And, even then, ==nothing is ever fully secure.== There's **high** security, but never **full** security. একারণে থ্রেট মডেল তৈরি করা জরুরি। + +**So, what are these threat models, anyway?** + +==A threat model is a list of the most probable threats to your security and privacy endeavors.== Since it's impossible to protect yourself against **every** attack(er), you should focus on the **most probable** threats. In computer security, a threat is an event that could undermine your efforts to stay private and secure. + +Focusing on the threats that matter to you narrows down your thinking about the protection you need, so you can choose the tools that are right for the job. + +## Creating Your Threat Model + +To identify what could happen to the things you value and determine from whom you need to protect them, you should answer these five questions: + +1. আমি কি রক্ষা করতে চাই? +2. কার থেকে আমি রক্ষা করতে চাই? +3. এটি আমার কতটা রক্ষা করা প্রয়োজন? +4. আমি ব্যর্থ হলে পরিণতি কতটা খারাপ? +5. সম্ভাব্য ফল রোধ করার জন্য আমি কতটা সমস্যার মধ্য দিয়ে যেতে ইচ্ছুক? + +### আমি কি রক্ষা করতে চাই? + +An “asset” is something you value and want to protect. In the context of digital security, ==an asset is usually some kind of information.== For example, your emails, contact lists, instant messages, location, and files are all possible assets. Your devices themselves may also be assets. + +*Make a list of your assets: data that you keep, where it's kept, who has access to it, and what stops others from accessing it.* + +### কার থেকে আমি রক্ষা করতে চাই? + +To answer this question, it's important to identify who might want to target you or your information. ==A person or entity that poses a threat to your assets is an “adversary”.== Examples of potential adversaries are your boss, your former partner, your business competition, your government, or a hacker on a public network. + +*Make a list of your adversaries or those who might want to get ahold of your assets. Your list may include individuals, a government agency, or corporations.* + +Depending on who your adversaries are, under some circumstances, this list might be something you want to destroy after you're done security planning. + +### এটি আমার কতটা রক্ষা করা প্রয়োজন? + +==Risk is the likelihood that a particular threat against a particular asset will actually occur.== It goes hand-in-hand with capability. While your mobile phone provider has the capability to access all of your data, the risk of them posting your private data online to harm your reputation is low. + +It is important to distinguish between what might happen and the probability it may happen. For instance, there is a threat that your building might collapse, but the risk of this happening is far greater in San Francisco (where earthquakes are common) than in Stockholm (where they are not). + +Assessing risks is both a personal and subjective process. Many people find certain threats unacceptable, no matter the likelihood they will occur, because the mere presence of the threat is not worth the cost. In other cases, people disregard high risks because they don't view the threat as a problem. + +*Write down which threats you are going to take seriously, and which may be too rare or too harmless (or too difficult to combat) to worry about.* + +### আমি ব্যর্থ হলে পরিণতি কতটা খারাপ? + +There are many ways that an adversary could gain access to your data. For example, an adversary can read your private communications as they pass through the network, or they can delete or corrupt your data. + +==The motives of adversaries differ widely, as do their tactics.== A government trying to prevent the spread of a video showing police violence may be content to simply delete or reduce the availability of that video. In contrast, a political opponent may wish to gain access to secret content and publish that content without you knowing. + +Security planning involves understanding how bad the consequences could be if an adversary successfully gains access to one of your assets. To determine this, you should consider the capability of your adversary. For example, your mobile phone provider has access to all of your phone records. A hacker on an open Wi-Fi network can access your unencrypted communications. Your government might have stronger capabilities. + +*Write down what your adversary might want to do with your private data.* + +### সম্ভাব্য ফল রোধ করার জন্য আমি কতটা সমস্যার মধ্য দিয়ে যেতে ইচ্ছুক? + +==There is no perfect option for security.== Not everyone has the same priorities, concerns, or access to resources. Your risk assessment will allow you to plan the right strategy for you, balancing convenience, cost, and privacy. + +For example, an attorney representing a client in a national security case may be willing to go to greater lengths to protect communications about that case, such as using encrypted email, than a mother who regularly emails her daughter funny cat videos. + +*Write down what options you have available to you to help mitigate your unique threats. Note if you have any financial constraints, technical constraints, or social constraints.* + +### Try it yourself: Protecting Your Belongings + +These questions can apply to a wide variety of situations, online and offline. As a generic demonstration of how these questions work, let's build a plan to keep your house and possessions safe. + +**আপনি কি রক্ষা করতে চান? (অথবা, *আপনার কাছে কি এমন জিনিস আছে যা রক্ষা করার দরকার?*)** +: + +আপনার জিনিসপত্র এর মধ্যে গয়না, ইলেকট্রনিকস, গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কাগজপত্র অথবা ফটো পড়তে পারে। + +**কার থেকে আপনি রক্ষা করতে চান?** +: + +আপনার সিকিউরিটি এর আক্রমণকারী ডাকাত, রুমমেট বা অতিথি হতে পারে। + +**আপনাকে রক্ষা করতে হবে তার সম্ভাবনা কত?** +: + +আপনার আশেপাশে কি চুরির ইতিহাস আছে? How trustworthy are your roommates or guests? আপনার প্রতিপক্ষের ক্ষমতা কি? আপনার কী কী ঝুঁকি বিবেচনা করা উচিত? + +**আপনি ব্যর্থ হলে পরিণতি কতটা খারাপ?** +: + +আপনার বাড়িতে এমন কিছু আছে যা আপনি অন্য কিছু দিয়ে পরিবর্তন করতে পারবেন না? Do you have the time or money to replace those things? আপনার কি বীমা আছে যা আপনার বাড়ি থেকে চুরি হওয়া জিনিসগুলি কভার করে? + +**সম্ভাব্য ফল রোধ করার জন্য আপনি কতটা সমস্যার মধ্য দিয়ে যেতে ইচ্ছুক?** +: + +আপনি সংবেদনশীল নথি রাখার জন্য একটি সেফ কিনতে ইচ্ছুক? আপনি কি একটি উচ্চ মানের তালা কিনতে সামর্থ্য? আপনার কি স্থানীয় ব্যাঙ্কে কোনও সিকিউরিটি বাক্স খোলার এবং সেখানে আপনার মূল্যবান জিনিসপত্র রাখার সময় আছে? + +আপনি একবার নিজেকে এই প্রশ্নগুলি জিজ্ঞাসা করলে আপনি কী পদক্ষেপ নেবেন তা বুঝতে পারবেন। যদি আপনার জিনিসপত্রগুলো দামী হয়, কিন্তু ডাকাতি হওয়ার সম্ভাবনা কম, তাহলে বেশি টাকা তলাতে খরচ করার দরকার হবে না। But, if the probability of a break-in is high, you'll want to get the best lock on the market and consider adding a security system. + +Making a security plan will help you to understand the threats that are unique to you and to evaluate your assets, your adversaries, and your adversaries' capabilities, along with the likelihood of risks you face. + +## Further Reading + +For people looking to increase their privacy and security online, we've compiled a list of common threats our visitors face or goals our visitors have, to give you some inspiration and demonstrate the basis of our recommendations. + +- [Common Goals and Threats :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](common-threats.md) + +## Sources + +- [EFF Surveillance Self Defense: Your Security Plan](https://ssd.eff.org/en/module/your-security-plan) diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/basics/vpn-overview.md b/i18n/bn-IN/basics/vpn-overview.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d057a1ae --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/basics/vpn-overview.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +--- +meta_title: "How Do VPNs Protect Your Privacy? Our VPN Overview - Privacy Guides" +title: VPN Overview +icon: material/vpn +description: Virtual Private Networks shift risk away from your ISP to a third-party you trust. You should keep these things in mind. +--- + +Virtual Private Networks are a way of extending the end of your network to exit somewhere else in the world. An ISP can see the flow of internet traffic entering and exiting your network termination device (i.e. modem). + +Encryption protocols such as HTTPS are commonly used on the internet, so they may not be able to see exactly what you're posting or reading, but they can get an idea of the [domains you request](../advanced/dns-overview.md#why-shouldnt-i-use-encrypted-dns). + +A VPN can help as it can shift trust to a server somewhere else in the world. As a result, the ISP then only sees that you are connected to a VPN and nothing about the activity that you're passing into it. + +## Should I use a VPN? + +**Yes**, unless you are already using Tor. A VPN does two things: shifting the risks from your Internet Service Provider to itself and hiding your IP from a third-party service. + +VPNs cannot encrypt data outside of the connection between your device and the VPN server. VPN providers can see and modify your traffic the same way your ISP could. And there is no way to verify a VPN provider's "no logging" policies in any way. + +However, they do hide your actual IP from a third-party service, provided that there are no IP leaks. They help you blend in with others and mitigate IP based tracking. + +## When shouldn't I use a VPN? + +Using a VPN in cases where you're using your [known identity](common-misconceptions.md#complicated-is-better) is unlikely be useful. + +Doing so may trigger spam and fraud detection systems, such as if you were to log into your bank's website. + +## What about encryption? + +Encryption offered by VPN providers are between your devices and their servers. It guarantees that this specific link is secure. This is a step up from using unencrypted proxies where an adversary on the network can intercept the communications between your devices and said proxies and modify them. However, encryption between your apps or browsers with the service providers are not handled by this encryption. + +In order to keep what you actually do on the websites you visit private and secure, you must use HTTPS. This will keep your passwords, session tokens, and queries safe from the VPN provider. Consider enabling "HTTPS everywhere" in your browser to mitigate downgrade attacks like [SSL Strip](https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-dc-09/Marlinspike/BlackHat-DC-09-Marlinspike-Defeating-SSL.pdf). + +## Should I use encrypted DNS with a VPN? + +Unless your VPN provider hosts the encrypted DNS servers, **no**. Using DOH/DOT (or any other form of encrypted DNS) with third-party servers will simply add more entities to trust and does **absolutely nothing** to improve your privacy/security. Your VPN provider can still see which websites you visit based on the IP addresses and other methods. Instead of just trusting your VPN provider, you are now trusting both the VPN provider and the DNS provider. + +A common reason to recommend encrypted DNS is that it helps against DNS spoofing. However, your browser should already be checking for [TLS certificates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security#Digital_certificates) with **HTTPS** and warn you about it. If you are not using **HTTPS**, then an adversary can still just modify anything other than your DNS queries and the end result will be little different. + +Needless to say, **you shouldn't use encrypted DNS with Tor**. This would direct all of your DNS requests through a single circuit and would allow the encrypted DNS provider to deanonymize you. + +## Should I use Tor *and* a VPN? + +By using a VPN with Tor, you're creating essentially a permanent entry node, often with a money trail attached. This provides zero additional benefits to you, while increasing the attack surface of your connection dramatically. If you wish to hide your Tor usage from your ISP or your government, Tor has a built-in solution for that: Tor bridges. [Read more about Tor bridges and why using a VPN is not necessary](../advanced/tor-overview.md). + +## What if I need anonymity? + +VPNs cannot provide anonymity. Your VPN provider will still see your real IP address, and often has a money trail that can be linked directly back to you. You cannot rely on "no logging" policies to protect your data. Use [Tor](https://www.torproject.org/) instead. + +## What about VPN providers that provide Tor nodes? + +Do not use that feature. The point of using Tor is that you do not trust your VPN provider. Currently Tor only supports the [TCP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol) protocol. [UDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol) (used in [WebRTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebRTC) for voice and video sharing, the new [HTTP3/QUIC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/3) protocol, etc.), [ICMP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol) and other packets will be dropped. To compensate for this, VPN providers typically will route all non-TCP packets through their VPN server (your first hop). This is the case with [ProtonVPN](https://protonvpn.com/support/tor-vpn/). Additionally, when using this Tor over VPN setup, you do not have control over other important Tor features such as [Isolated Destination Address](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Stream_Isolation) (using a different Tor circuit for every domain you visit). + +The feature should be viewed as a convenient way to access the Tor Network, not to stay anonymous. For proper anonymity, use the Tor Browser, TorSocks, or a Tor gateway. + +## When are VPNs useful? + +A VPN may still be useful to you in a variety of scenarios, such as: + +1. Hiding your traffic from **only** your Internet Service Provider. +1. Hiding your downloads (such as torrents) from your ISP and anti-piracy organizations. +1. Hiding your IP from third-party websites and services, preventing IP based tracking. + +For situations like these, or if you have another compelling reason, the VPN providers we listed above are who we think are the most trustworthy. However, using a VPN provider still means you're *trusting* the provider. In pretty much any other scenario you should be using a secure**-by-design** tool such as Tor. + +## Sources and Further Reading + +1. [VPN - a Very Precarious Narrative](https://schub.io/blog/2019/04/08/very-precarious-narrative.html) by Dennis Schubert +1. [Tor Network Overview](../advanced/tor-overview.md) +1. [IVPN Privacy Guides](https://www.ivpn.net/privacy-guides) +1. ["Do I need a VPN?"](https://www.doineedavpn.com), a tool developed by IVPN to challenge aggressive VPN marketing by helping individuals decide if a VPN is right for them. + +## Related VPN Information + +- [The Trouble with VPN and Privacy Review Sites](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2019/11/20/the-trouble-with-vpn-and-privacy-review-sites/) +- [Free VPN App Investigation](https://www.top10vpn.com/free-vpn-app-investigation/) +- [Hidden VPN owners unveiled: 101 VPN products run by just 23 companies](https://vpnpro.com/blog/hidden-vpn-owners-unveiled-97-vpns-23-companies/) +- [This Chinese company is secretly behind 24 popular apps seeking dangerous permissions](https://vpnpro.com/blog/chinese-company-secretly-behind-popular-apps-seeking-dangerous-permissions/) diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/basics/why-privacy-matters.md b/i18n/bn-IN/basics/why-privacy-matters.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..69a3ae4f --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/basics/why-privacy-matters.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +--- +title: "Why Privacy Matters" +icon: 'material/shield-account' +--- + +In the modern age of digital data exploitation, your privacy has never been more critical, and yet many believe it is already a lost cause. It is not. ==Your privacy is up for grabs==, and you need to care about it. Privacy is about power, and it is so important that this power ends up in the right hands. + +Privacy is ultimately about human information, and this is important because we know that human information confers power over human beings. If we care about our ability to be authentic, fulfilled, and free humans, we have to care about the rules that apply to information about us. So much of our modern society is structured around **information**. When you shop online, read the news, look something up, vote, seek directions, or really anything else, you are relying on information. If we live in an information society, our information matters, and therefore privacy matters. + +## What is Privacy? + +Many people get the concepts of **privacy**, **security**, and **anonymity** confused. You'll see people criticize various products as "not private" when really they mean it doesn't provide anonymity, for example. On this website, we cover all three of these topics, but it is important you understand the difference between them, and when each one comes into play. + +**Privacy** +: + +==Privacy is the assurance that your data is only seen by the parties you intend to view it.== In the context of an instant messenger, for example, end-to-end encryption provides privacy by keeping your message visible only to yourself and the recipient. + +**Security** +: + +Security is the ability to trust the applications you use—that the parties involved are who they say they are—and keep those applications safe. In the context of browsing the web, for example, security can be provided by HTTPS certificates. +: + +Certificates prove you are talking directly to the website you're visiting, and keep attackers on your network from reading or modifying the data sent to or from the website. + +**Anonymity** +: + +Anonymity is the ability to act without a persistent identifier. You might achieve this online with [Tor](../tor.md), which allows you to browse the internet with a random IP address and network connection instead of your own. +: + +**Pseudonymity** is a similar concept, but it allows you to have a persistent identifier without it being tied to your real identity. If everybody knows you as `@GamerGuy12` online, but nobody knows your real name, that is your pseudonym. + +All of these concepts overlap, but it is possible to have any combination of these. The sweet spot for most people is when all three of these concepts overlap. However, it's trickier to achieve than many initially believe. Sometimes, you have to compromise on some of these, and that's okay too. This is where **threat modeling** comes into play, allowing you to make informed decisions about the [software and services](../tools.md) you use. + +[:material-book-outline: Learn More About Threat Modeling](threat-modeling.md ""){.md-button} + +## Privacy vs. Secrecy + +A common counter-argument to pro-privacy movements is the notion that one doesn't need privacy if they have **"nothing to hide."** This is a dangerous misconception, because it creates a sense that people who demand privacy must be deviant, criminal, or wrong. + +==You shouldn't confuse privacy with secrecy.== We know what happens in the bathroom, but you still close the door. That's because you want privacy, not secrecy. There are always certain facts about us—say, personal health information, or sexual behavior—that we wouldn't want the whole world to know, and that's okay. The need for privacy is legitimate, and that's what makes us human. Privacy is about empowering your rights over your own information, not about hiding secrets. + +## Is Privacy About Control? + +A common definition of privacy is that it is the ability to *control* who has access to your data. This is an easy trap to fall into, in fact it is the definition of privacy we operated this website on for a long time. It sounds nice, and it appeals to many people, but in practice it just doesn't work. + +Take cookie consent forms, for example. You may encounter these dozens of times per day on the various websites you visit, with a nice array of checkboxes and sliders which allow you to "curate" your preferences to exactly fit your needs. In the end, we just hit the "I Agree" button, because we just want to read the article or make a purchase. Nobody wants to complete a personal privacy audit on every single website they visit. This is an exercise in [choice architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice_architecture), designed to make you take the easy route out instead of delving into a maze of configuration options that don't need to exist in the first place. + +==Control over your privacy inside most apps is an illusion.== It's a shiny dashboard with all sorts of choices you can make about your data, but rarely the choices you're looking for, like "only use my data to help me." This type of control is meant to make you feel guilty about your choices, that you "had the choice" to make the apps you use more private, and you chose not to. + +Privacy is something we need to have baked into the [software and services](../tools.md) we use by default, you can't bend most apps into being private on your own. + +## Sources + +- [Why Privacy Matters](https://www.amazon.com/Why-Privacy-Matters-Neil-Richards/dp/0190939044) (2021) by Neil Richards +- [The New Oil: Why Privacy & Security Matter](https://thenewoil.org/en/guides/prologue/why/) +- [@Thorin-Oakenpants on GitHub](https://github.com/privacytools/privacytools.io/issues/1760#issuecomment-597497298) diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/calendar.md b/i18n/bn-IN/calendar.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2f3a4aa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/calendar.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +--- +title: "Calendar Sync" +icon: material/calendar +description: Calendars contain some of your most sensitive data; use products that implement encryption at rest. +cover: calendar.webp +--- + +Calendars contain some of your most sensitive data; use products that implement E2EE at rest to prevent a provider from reading them. + +## Tutanota + +!!! recommendation + + ![Tutanota logo](assets/img/calendar/tutanota.svg#only-light){ align=right } + ![Tutanota logo](assets/img/calendar/tutanota-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right } + + **Tutanota** offers a free and encrypted calendar across their supported platforms. Features include: automatic E2EE of all data, sharing features, import/export functionality, multi-factor authentication, and [more](https://tutanota.com/calendar-app-comparison/). + + Multiple calendars and extended sharing functionality is limited to paid subscribers. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://tutanota.com/calendar){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://tutanota.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://tutanota.com/faq){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://tutanota.com/community/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.tutao.tutanota) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/tutanota/id922429609) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/desktop-clients/) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/desktop-clients/) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/desktop-clients/) + - [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/com.tutanota.Tutanota) + - [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://mail.tutanota.com/) + +## Proton Calendar + +!!! recommendation + + ![Proton](assets/img/calendar/proton-calendar.svg){ align=right } + + **Proton Calendar** is an encrypted calendar service available to Proton members via web or mobile clients. Features include: automatic E2EE of all data, sharing features, import/export functionality, and [more](https://proton.me/support/proton-calendar-guide). Those on the free tier get access to 3 calendars, whereas paid subscribers can create up to 25 calendars. Extended sharing functionality is also limited to paid subscribers. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/calendar){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/legal/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://proton.me/support/proton-calendar-guide){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/ProtonMail/WebClients){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=me.proton.android.calendar) + - [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://calendar.proton.me) + +## Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +### Minimum Qualifications + +- Must sync and store information with E2EE to ensure data is not visible to the service provider. + +### Best-Case + +Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page. + +- Should integrate with native OS calendar and contact management apps if applicable. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/cloud.md b/i18n/bn-IN/cloud.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..080217e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/cloud.md @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +--- +meta_title: "The Best Private and Secure Cloud Storage Providers - Privacy Guides" +title: "Cloud Storage" +icon: material/file-cloud +description: Many cloud storage providers require your trust that they will not look at your files. These are private alternatives! +cover: cloud.webp +--- + +Many cloud storage providers require your full trust that they will not look at your files. The alternatives listed below eliminate the need for trust by implementing secure E2EE. + +If these alternatives do not fit your needs, we suggest you look into using encryption software like [Cryptomator](encryption.md#cryptomator-cloud) with another cloud provider. Using Cryptomator in conjunction with **any** cloud provider (including these) may be a good idea to reduce the risk of encryption flaws in a provider's native clients. + +??? question "Looking for Nextcloud?" + + Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](productivity.md) for self-hosting a file management suite, however we do not recommend third-party Nextcloud storage providers at the moment, because we do [not recommend](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/t/dont-recommend-nextcloud-e2ee/10352/29) Nextcloud's built-in E2EE functionality for home users. + +## Proton Drive + +!!! recommendation + + ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } + + **Proton Drive** is a Swiss encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ class="md-button md-button--primary" } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/legal/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://proton.me/support/drive){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/ProtonMail/WebClients){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=me.proton.android.drive) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1509667851) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://proton.me/drive/download) + +The Proton Drive web application has been independently audited by Securitum in [2021](https://proton.me/blog/security-audit-all-proton-apps), full details were not made available, but Securitum's letter of attestation states: + +> Auditors identified two low-severity vulnerabilities. Additionally, five general recommendations were reported. At the same time, we confirm that no important security issues were identified during the pentest. + +Proton Drive's brand new mobile clients have not yet been publicly audited by a third-party. + +## Tresorit + +!!! recommendation + + ![Tresorit logo](assets/img/cloud/tresorit.svg){ align=right } + + **Tresorit** is a Swiss-Hungarian encrypted cloud storage provider founded in 2011. Tresorit is owned by the Swiss Post, the national postal service of Switzerland. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://tresorit.com/){ class="md-button md-button--primary" } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://tresorit.com/legal/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://support.tresorit.com/hc/en-us){ .card-link title=Documentation} + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.tresorit.mobile) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id722163232) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://tresorit.com/download) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://tresorit.com/download) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://tresorit.com/download) + +Tresorit has received a number of independent security audits: + +- [2022](https://tresorit.com/blog/tresorit-receives-iso-27001-certification/): ISO/IEC 27001:2013[^1] Compliance [Certification](https://www.certipedia.com/quality_marks/9108644476) by TÜV Rheinland InterCert Kft +- [2021](https://tresorit.com/blog/fresh-penetration-testing-confirms-tresorit-security/): Penetration Testing by Computest + - This review assessed the security of the Tresorit web client, Android app, Windows app, and associated infrastructure. + - Computest discovered two vulnerabilities which have been resolved. +- [2019](https://tresorit.com/blog/ernst-young-review-verifies-tresorits-security-architecture/): Penetration Testing by Ernst & Young. + - This review analyzed the full source code of Tresorit and validated that the implementation matches the concepts described in Tresorit's [white paper](https://prodfrontendcdn.azureedge.net/202208011608/tresorit-encryption-whitepaper.pdf). + - Ernst & Young additionally tested the web, mobile, and desktop clients: "Test results found no deviation from Tresorit’s data confidentiality claims." + +They have also received the Digital Trust Label, a certification from the [Swiss Digital Initiative](https://www.swiss-digital-initiative.org/digital-trust-label/) which requires passing [35 criteria](https://digitaltrust-label.swiss/criteria/) related to security, privacy, and reliability. + +## Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +### Minimum Requirements + +- Must enforce end-to-end encryption. +- Must offer a free plan or trial period for testing. +- Must support TOTP or FIDO2 multi-factor authentication, or Passkey logins. +- Must offer a web interface which supports basic file management functionality. +- Must allow for easy exports of all files/documents. +- Must use standard, audited encryption. + +### Best-Case + +Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page. + +- Clients should be open-source. +- Clients should be audited in their entirety by an independent third-party. +- Should offer native clients for Linux, Android, Windows, macOS, and iOS. + - These clients should integrate with native OS tools for cloud storage providers, such as Files app integration on iOS, or DocumentsProvider functionality on Android. +- Should support easy file-sharing with other users. +- Should offer at least basic file preview and editing functionality on the web interface. + +[^1]: [ISO/IEC 27001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001):2013 compliance relates to the company's [information security management system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_security_management) and covers the sales, development, maintenance and support of their cloud services. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/bn-IN/cryptocurrency.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0678ce8d --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/cryptocurrency.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +--- +meta_title: "Private Cryptocurrency Blockchains - Privacy Guides" +title: Cryptocurrency +icon: material/bank-circle +cover: cryptocurrency.webp +--- + +Making payments online is one of the biggest challenges to privacy. These cryptocurrencies provide transaction privacy by default (something which is **not** guaranteed by the majority of cryptocurrencies), provided you have a strong understanding of how to make private payments effectively. We strongly encourage you first read our payments overview article before making any purchases: + +[Making Private Payments :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](advanced/payments.md ""){.md-button} + +!!! danger + + Many if not most cryptocurrency projects are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. + +## Monero + +!!! recommendation + + ![Monero logo](assets/img/cryptocurrency/monero.svg){ align=right } + + **Monero** uses a blockchain with privacy-enhancing technologies that obfuscate transactions to achieve anonymity. Every Monero transaction hides the transaction amount, sending and receiving addresses, and source of funds without any hoops to jump through, making it an ideal choice for cryptocurrency novices. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.getmonero.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/user-guides/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/monero-project/monero){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.getmonero.org/get-started/contributing/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +With Monero, outside observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories. + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a noncustodial wallet where the view key stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include: + +- [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com/) (iOS, Android) + - Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com/). +- [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org/) (Desktop) +- [Monerujo](https://www.monerujo.io/) (Android) + +For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or i2p. + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing/) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. + +Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://www.wired.com/story/monero-privacy/) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. + +Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. + +## Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +- Cryptocurrency must provide private/untraceable transactions by default. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/data-redaction.md b/i18n/bn-IN/data-redaction.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5e8cc4ad --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/data-redaction.md @@ -0,0 +1,147 @@ +--- +meta_title: "Remove PII with Metadata Scrubbers and Data Redaction Tools - Privacy Guides" +title: "Data and Metadata Redaction" +icon: material/tag-remove +description: Use these tools to remove metadata like GPS location and other identifying information from photos and files you share. +cover: data-redaction.webp +--- + +When sharing files, be sure to remove associated metadata. Image files commonly include [Exif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif) data. Photos sometimes even include GPS coordinates in the file metadata. + +## Desktop + +### MAT2 + +!!! recommendation + + ![MAT2 logo](assets/img/data-redaction/mat2.svg){ align=right } + + **MAT2** is free software, which allows the metadata to be removed from image, audio, torrent, and document file types. It provides both a command line tool and a graphical user interface via an [extension for Nautilus](https://0xacab.org/jvoisin/mat2/-/tree/master/nautilus), the default file manager of [GNOME](https://www.gnome.org), and [Dolphin](https://0xacab.org/jvoisin/mat2/-/tree/master/dolphin), the default file manager of [KDE](https://kde.org). + + On Linux, a third-party graphical tool [Metadata Cleaner](https://gitlab.com/rmnvgr/metadata-cleaner) powered by MAT2 exists and is [available on Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/fr.romainvigier.MetadataCleaner). + + [:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://0xacab.org/jvoisin/mat2){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://0xacab.org/jvoisin/mat2/-/blob/master/README.md){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://0xacab.org/jvoisin/mat2){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://pypi.org/project/mat2) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://0xacab.org/jvoisin/mat2#requirements-setup-on-macos-os-x-using-homebrew) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://pypi.org/project/mat2) + - [:octicons-globe-16: Web](https://0xacab.org/jvoisin/mat2#web-interface) + +## Mobile + +### ExifEraser (Android) + +!!! recommendation + + ![ExifEraser logo](assets/img/data-redaction/exiferaser.svg){ align=right } + + **ExifEraser** is a modern, permissionless image metadata erasing application for Android. + + It currently supports JPEG, PNG and WebP files. + + [:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/Tommy-Geenexus/exif-eraser){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/Tommy-Geenexus/exif-eraser#readme){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/Tommy-Geenexus/exif-eraser){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.none.tom.exiferaser) + - [:octicons-moon-16: Accrescent](https://accrescent.app/app/com.none.tom.exiferaser) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/Tommy-Geenexus/exif-eraser/releases) + +The metadata that is erased depends on the image's file type: + +* **JPEG**: ICC Profile, Exif, Photoshop Image Resources and XMP/ExtendedXMP metadata will be erased if it exists. +* **PNG**: ICC Profile, Exif and XMP metadata will be erased if it exists. +* **WebP**: ICC Profile, Exif and XMP metadata will be erased if it exists. + +After processing the images, ExifEraser provides you with a full report about what exactly was removed from each image. + +The app offers multiple ways to erase metadata from images. Namely: + +* You can share an image from another application with ExifEraser. +* Through the app itself, you can select a single image, multiple images at once, or even an entire directory. +* It features a "Camera" option, which uses your operating system's camera app to take a photo, and then it removes the metadata from it. +* It allows you to drag photos from another app into ExifEraser when they are both open in split-screen mode. +* Lastly, it allows you to paste an image from your clipboard. + +### Metapho (iOS) + +!!! recommendation + + ![Metapho logo](assets/img/data-redaction/metapho.jpg){ align=right } + + **Metapho** is a simple and clean viewer for photo metadata such as date, file name, size, camera model, shutter speed, and location. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://zininworks.com/metapho){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://zininworks.com/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/metapho/id914457352) + +### PrivacyBlur + +!!! recommendation + + ![PrivacyBlur logo](assets/img/data-redaction/privacyblur.svg){ align=right } + + **PrivacyBlur** is a free app which can blur sensitive portions of pictures before sharing them online. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://privacyblur.app/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://privacyblur.app/privacy.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/MATHEMA-GmbH/privacyblur#readme){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/MATHEMA-GmbH/privacyblur){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.mathema.privacyblur) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/privacyblur/id1536274106) + +!!! warning + + You should **never** use blur to redact [text in images](https://bishopfox.com/blog/unredacter-tool-never-pixelation). If you want to redact text in an image, draw a box over the text. For this, we suggest apps like [Pocket Paint](https://github.com/Catrobat/Paintroid). + +## Command-line + +### ExifTool + +!!! recommendation + + ![ExifTool logo](assets/img/data-redaction/exiftool.png){ align=right } + + **ExifTool** is the original perl library and command-line application for reading, writing, and editing meta information (Exif, IPTC, XMP, and more) in a wide variety of file formats (JPEG, TIFF, PNG, PDF, RAW, and more). + + It's often a component of other Exif removal applications and is in most Linux distribution repositories. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://exiftool.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://exiftool.org/faq.html){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/exiftool/exiftool){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://exiftool.org/#donate){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://exiftool.org) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://exiftool.org) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://exiftool.org) + +!!! example "Deleting data from a directory of files" + + ```bash + exiftool -all= *.file_extension + ``` + +## Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +- Apps developed for open-source operating systems must be open-source. +- Apps must be free and should not include ads or other limitations. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/desktop-browsers.md b/i18n/bn-IN/desktop-browsers.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0a2da32c --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/desktop-browsers.md @@ -0,0 +1,377 @@ +--- +meta_title: "Privacy Respecting Web Browsers for PC and Mac - Privacy Guides" +title: "Desktop Browsers" +icon: material/laptop +description: These web browsers provide stronger privacy protections than Google Chrome. +cover: desktop-browsers.webp +schema: + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": WebPage + name: Private Desktop Browser Recommendations + url: "./" + relatedLink: "../mobile-browsers/" + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": SoftwareApplication + name: Mullvad Browser + image: /assets/img/browsers/mullvad_browser.svg + url: https://mullvad.net/en/browser + applicationCategory: Web Browser + operatingSystem: + - Windows + - macOS + - Linux + subjectOf: + "@type": WebPage + url: "./" + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": SoftwareApplication + name: Firefox + image: /assets/img/browsers/firefox.svg + url: https://firefox.com + sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox + applicationCategory: Web Browser + operatingSystem: + - Windows + - macOS + - Linux + subjectOf: + "@type": WebPage + url: "./" + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": SoftwareApplication + name: Brave + image: /assets/img/browsers/brave.svg + url: https://brave.com + sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_(web_browser) + applicationCategory: Web Browser + operatingSystem: + - Windows + - macOS + - Linux + subjectOf: + "@type": WebPage + url: "./" +--- + +These are our currently recommended desktop web browsers and configurations for standard/non-anonymous browsing. We recommend [Mullvad Browser](#mullvad-browser) if you are focused on strong privacy protections and anti-fingerprinting out of the box, [Firefox](#firefox) for casual internet browsers looking for a good alternative to Google Chrome, and [Brave](#brave) if you need Chromium browser compatibility. + +If you need to browse the internet anonymously, you should use [Tor](tor.md) instead. We make some configuration recommendations on this page, but all browsers other than Tor Browser will be traceable by *somebody* in some manner or another. + +## Mullvad Browser + +!!! recommendation + + ![Mullvad Browser logo](assets/img/browsers/mullvad_browser.svg){ align=right } + + **Mullvad Browser** is a version of [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser) with Tor network integrations removed, aimed at providing Tor Browser's anti-fingerprinting browser technologies to VPN users. It is developed by the Tor Project and distributed by [Mullvad](vpn.md#mullvad), and does **not** require the use of Mullvad's VPN. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://mullvad.net/en/browser){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://mullvad.net/en/help/privacy-policy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://mullvad.net/en/help/tag/mullvad-browser/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://gitlab.torproject.org/tpo/applications/mullvad-browser){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://mullvad.net/en/download/browser/windows) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://mullvad.net/en/download/browser/macos) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://mullvad.net/en/download/browser/linux) + +Like [Tor Browser](tor.md), Mullvad Browser is designed to prevent fingerprinting by making your browser fingerprint identical to all other Mullvad Browser users, and it includes default settings and extensions that are automatically configured by the default security levels: *Standard*, *Safer* and *Safest*. Therefore, it is imperative that you do not modify the browser at all outside adjusting the default [security levels](https://tb-manual.torproject.org/security-settings/). Other modifications would make your fingerprint unique, defeating the purpose of using this browser. If you want to configure your browser more heavily and fingerprinting is not a concern for you, we recommend [Firefox](#firefox) instead. + +### Anti-Fingerprinting + +**Without** using a [VPN](vpn.md), Mullvad Browser provides the same protections against [naive fingerprinting scripts](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js/wiki/3.3-Overrides-%5BTo-RFP-or-Not%5D#-fingerprinting) as other private browsers like Firefox+[Arkenfox](#arkenfox-advanced) or [Brave](#brave). Mullvad Browser provides these protections out of the box, at the expense of some flexibility and convenience that other private browsers can provide. + +==For the strongest anti-fingerprinting protection, we recommend using Mullvad Browser in conjunction **with** a VPN==, whether that is Mullvad or another recommended VPN provider. When using a VPN with Mullvad Browser, you will share a fingerprint and a pool of IP addresses with many other users, giving you a "crowd" to blend in with. This strategy is the only way to thwart advanced tracking scripts, and is the same anti-fingerprinting technique used by Tor Browser. + +Note that while you can use Mullvad Browser with any VPN provider, other people on that VPN must also be using Mullvad Browser for this "crowd" to exist, something which is more likely on Mullvad VPN compared to other providers, particularly this close to the launch of Mullvad Browser. Mullvad Browser does not have built-in VPN connectivity, nor does it check whether you are using a VPN before browsing; your VPN connection has to be configured and managed separately. + +Mullvad Browser comes with the *uBlock Origin* and *NoScript* browser extensions pre-installed. While we typically [don't recommend](#extensions) adding *additional* browser extensions, these extensions that come pre-installed with the browser should **not** be removed or configured outside their default values, because doing so would noticeably make your browser fingerprint distinct from other Mullvad Browser users. It also comes pre-installed with the Mullvad Browser Extension, which *can* be safely removed without impacting your browser fingerprint if you would like, but is also safe to keep even if you don't use Mullvad VPN. + +### Private Browsing Mode + +Mullvad Browser operates in permanent private browsing mode, meaning your history, cookies, and other site data will always be cleared every time the browser is closed. Your bookmarks, browser settings, and extension settings will still be preserved. + +This is required to prevent advanced forms of tracking, but does come at the cost of convenience and some Firefox features, such as Multi-Account Containers. Remember you can always use multiple browsers, for example, you could consider using Firefox+Arkenfox for a few sites that you want to stay logged in on or otherwise don't work properly in Mullvad Browser, and Mullvad Browser for general browsing. + +### Mullvad Leta + +Mullvad Browser comes with DuckDuckGo set as the default [search engine](search-engines.md), but it also comes preinstalled with **Mullvad Leta**, a search engine which requires an active Mullvad VPN subscription to access. Mullvad Leta queries Google's paid search API directly (which is why it is limited to paying subscribers), however because of this limitation it is possible for Mullvad to correlate search queries and Mullvad VPN accounts. For this reason we discourage the use of Mullvad Leta, even though Mullvad collects very little information about their VPN subscribers. + +## Firefox + +!!! recommendation + + ![Firefox logo](assets/img/browsers/firefox.svg){ align=right } + + **Firefox** provides strong privacy settings such as [Enhanced Tracking Protection](https://support.mozilla.org/kb/enhanced-tracking-protection-firefox-desktop), which can help block various [types of tracking](https://support.mozilla.org/kb/enhanced-tracking-protection-firefox-desktop#w_what-enhanced-tracking-protection-blocks). + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://firefox.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.mozilla.org/privacy/firefox/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://firefox-source-docs.mozilla.org/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://donate.mozilla.org/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.mozilla.org/firefox/windows) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.mozilla.org/firefox/mac) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.mozilla.org/firefox/linux) + - [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.mozilla.firefox) + +!!! warning + Firefox includes a unique [download token](https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1677497#c0) in downloads from Mozilla's website and uses telemetry in Firefox to send the token. The token is **not** included in releases from the [Mozilla FTP](https://ftp.mozilla.org/pub/firefox/releases/). + +### Recommended Configuration + +These options can be found in :material-menu: → **Settings** + +#### Search + +- [ ] Uncheck **Provide search suggestions** + +Search suggestion features may not be available in your region. + +Search suggestions send everything you type in the address bar to the default search engine, regardless of whether you submit an actual search. Disabling search suggestions allows you to more precisely control what data you send to your search engine provider. + +#### Privacy & Security + +##### Enhanced Tracking Protection + +- [x] Select **Strict** Enhanced Tracking Protection + +This protects you by blocking social media trackers, fingerprinting scripts (note that this does not protect you from *all* fingerprinting), cryptominers, cross-site tracking cookies, and some other tracking content. ETP protects against many common threats, but it does not block all tracking avenues because it is designed to have minimal to no impact on site usability. + +##### Firefox Suggest (US only) + +[Firefox Suggest](https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/firefox-suggest) is a feature similar to search suggestions which is only available in the US. We recommend disabling it for the same reason we recommend disabling search suggestions. If you don't see these options under the **Address Bar** header, you do not have the new experience and can ignore these changes. + +- [ ] Uncheck **Suggestions from the web** +- [ ] Uncheck **Suggestions from sponsors** + +##### Sanitize on Close + +If you want to stay logged in to particular sites, you can allow exceptions in **Cookies and Site Data** → **Manage Exceptions...** + +- [x] Check **Delete cookies and site data when Firefox is closed** + +This protects you from persistent cookies, but does not protect you against cookies acquired during any one browsing session. When this is enabled, it becomes possible to easily cleanse your browser cookies by simply restarting Firefox. You can set exceptions on a per-site basis, if you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often. + +##### Telemetry + +- [ ] Uncheck **Allow Firefox to send technical and interaction data to Mozilla** +- [ ] Uncheck **Allow Firefox to install and run studies** +- [ ] Uncheck **Allow Firefox to send backlogged crash reports on your behalf** + +> Firefox sends data about your Firefox version and language; device operating system and hardware configuration; memory, basic information about crashes and errors; outcome of automated processes like updates, safebrowsing, and activation to us. When Firefox sends data to us, your IP address is temporarily collected as part of our server logs. + +Additionally, the Firefox Accounts service collects [some technical data](https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/privacy/firefox/#firefox-accounts). If you use a Firefox Account you can opt-out: + +1. Open your [profile settings on accounts.firefox.com](https://accounts.firefox.com/settings#data-collection) +2. Uncheck **Data Collection and Use** > **Help improve Firefox Accounts** + +##### HTTPS-Only Mode + +- [x] Select **Enable HTTPS-Only Mode in all windows** + +This prevents you from unintentionally connecting to a website in plain-text HTTP. Sites without HTTPS are uncommon nowadays, so this should have little to no impact on your day to day browsing. + +#### Sync + +[Firefox Sync](https://hacks.mozilla.org/2018/11/firefox-sync-privacy/) allows your browsing data (history, bookmarks, etc.) to be accessible on all your devices and protects it with E2EE. + +### Arkenfox (advanced) + +!!! tip "Use Mullvad Browser for advanced anti-fingerprinting" + + [Mullvad Browser](#mullvad-browser) provides the same anti-fingerprinting protections as Arkenfox out of the box, and does not require the use of Mullvad's VPN to benefit from these protections. Coupled with a VPN, Mullvad Browser can thwart more advanced tracking scripts which Arkenfox cannot. Arkenfox still has the advantage of being much more flexible, and allowing per-site exceptions for websites which you need to stay logged in to. + +The [Arkenfox project](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js) provides a set of carefully considered options for Firefox. If you [decide](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js/wiki/1.1-To-Arkenfox-or-Not) to use Arkenfox, a [few options](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js/wiki/3.2-Overrides-[Common]) are subjectively strict and/or may cause some websites to not work properly - [which you can easily change](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js/wiki/3.1-Overrides) to suit your needs. We **strongly recommend** reading through their full [wiki](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js/wiki). Arkenfox also enables [container](https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/containers#w_for-advanced-users) support. + +Arkenfox only aims to thwart basic or naive tracking scripts through canvas randomization and Firefox's built-in fingerprint resistance configuration settings. It does not aim to make your browser blend in with a large crowd of other Arkenfox users in the same way Mullvad Browser or Tor Browser do, which is the only way to thwart advanced fingerprint tracking scripts. Remember you can always use multiple browsers, for example, you could consider using Firefox+Arkenfox for a few sites that you want to stay logged in on or otherwise trust, and Mullvad Browser for general browsing. + +## Brave + +!!! recommendation + + ![Brave logo](assets/img/browsers/brave.svg){ align=right } + + **Brave Browser** includes a built-in content blocker and [privacy features](https://brave.com/privacy-features/), many of which are enabled by default. + + Brave is built upon the Chromium web browser project, so it should feel familiar and have minimal website compatibility issues. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://brave.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:simple-torbrowser:](https://brave4u7jddbv7cyviptqjc7jusxh72uik7zt6adtckl5f4nwy2v72qd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://brave.com/privacy/browser/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://support.brave.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads annotate + + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/releases) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://brave.com/download/) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://brave.com/download/) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://brave.com/linux/) (1) + + 1. We advise against using the Flatpak version of Brave, as it replaces Chromium's sandbox with Flatpak's, which is less effective. Additionally, the package is not maintained by Brave Software, Inc. + +### Recommended Configuration + +These options can be found in :material-menu: → **Settings**. + +#### Settings + +##### Shields + +Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields-) feature. We suggest configuring these options [globally](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings-) across all pages that you visit. + +Shields' options can be downgraded on a per-site basis as needed, but by default we recommend setting the following: + +
+ +- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences** +- [x] Select **Aggressive** under Trackers & ads blocking + + ??? warning "Use default filter lists" + Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave://adblock` page. We advise against using this feature; instead, keep the default filter lists. Using extra lists will make you stand out from other Brave users and may also increase attack surface if there is an exploit in Brave and a malicious rule is added to one of the lists you use. + +- [x] Select **Strict** under **Upgrade connections to HTTPS** +- [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1) +- [x] Select **Strict, may break sites** under Block fingerprinting + +
+ +1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode) or the [NoScript](https://noscript.net/) extension. + +##### Social media blocking + +- [ ] Uncheck all social media components + +##### Privacy and security + +
+ +- [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings-#webrtc) +- [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging** +- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)** +- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave** +- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports** +- [ ] Uncheck **Private window with Tor** (1) + + !!! tip "Sanitizing on Close" + + - [x] Select **Clear cookies and site data when you close all windows** in the *Cookies and other site data* menu + + If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section. + +
+ +1. Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. Where [strong anonymity is required](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity-) use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser). + +##### Extensions + +Disable built-in extensions you do not use in **Extensions** + +- [ ] Uncheck **Hangouts** +- [ ] Uncheck **WebTorrent** + +##### Web3 + +Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of features, they should be disabled. + +- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under Default Ethereum wallet and Default Solana wallet +- Set **Method to resolve IPFS resources** to **Disabled** + +##### System + +
+ +- [ ] Uncheck **Continue running apps when Brave is closed** to disable background apps (1) + +
+ +1. This option is not present on all platforms. + +#### Sync + +[Brave Sync](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360059793111-Understanding-Brave-Sync) allows your browsing data (history, bookmarks, etc.) to be accessible on all your devices without requiring an account and protects it with E2EE. + +#### Brave Rewards and Wallet + +**Brave Rewards** lets you recieve Basic Attention Token (BAT) cryptocurrency for performing certain actions within Brave. It relies on a custodial account and KYC from a select number of providers. We do not recommend BAT as a [private cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md), nor do we recommend using a [custodial wallet](advanced/payments.md#other-coins-bitcoin-ethereum-etc), so we would discourage using this feature. + +**Brave Wallet** operates locally on your computer, but does not support any private cryptocurrencies, so we would discourage using this feature as well. + +## Additional Resources + +In general, we recommend keeping your browser extensions to a minimum to decrease your attack surface; they have privileged access within your browser, require you to trust the developer, can make you [stand out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_fingerprint#Browser_fingerprint), and [weaken](https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/g/chromium-extensions/c/0ei-UCHNm34/m/lDaXwQhzBAAJ) site isolation. However, uBlock Origin may prove useful if you value content blocking functionality. + +### uBlock Origin + +!!! recommendation + + ![uBlock Origin logo](assets/img/browsers/ublock_origin.svg){ align=right } + + **uBlock Origin** is a popular content blocker that could help you block ads, trackers, and fingerprinting scripts. + + [:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock#readme){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/ublock-origin/) + - [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/ublock-origin/cjpalhdlnbpafiamejdnhcphjbkeiagm) + - [:simple-microsoftedge: Edge](https://microsoftedge.microsoft.com/addons/detail/ublock-origin/odfafepnkmbhccpbejgmiehpchacaeak) + +We suggest following the [developer's documentation](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode) and picking one of the "modes". Additional filter lists can impact performance and [may increase attack surface](https://portswigger.net/research/ublock-i-exfiltrate-exploiting-ad-blockers-with-css). + +##### Other lists + +These are some other [filter lists](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Dashboard:-Filter-lists) that you may want to consider adding: + +- [x] Check **Privacy** > **AdGuard URL Tracking Protection** +- Add [Actually Legitimate URL Shortener Tool](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DandelionSprout/adfilt/master/LegitimateURLShortener.txt) + +## Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +### Minimum Requirements + +- Must be open-source software. +- Supports automatic updates. +- Receives engine updates in 0-1 days from upstream release. +- Available on Linux, macOS, and Windows. +- Any changes required to make the browser more privacy-respecting should not negatively impact user experience. +- Blocks third-party cookies by default. +- Supports [state partitioning](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Privacy/State_Partitioning) to mitigate cross-site tracking.[^1] + +### Best-Case + +Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page. + +- Includes built-in content blocking functionality. +- Supports cookie compartmentalization (à la [Multi-Account Containers](https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/containers)). +- Supports Progressive Web Apps. + PWAs enable you to install certain websites as if they were native apps on your computer. This can have advantages over installing Electron-based apps, because you benefit from your browser's regular security updates. +- Does not include add-on functionality (bloatware) that does not impact user privacy. +- Does not collect telemetry by default. +- Provides open-source sync server implementation. +- Defaults to a [private search engine](search-engines.md). + +### Extension Criteria + +- Must not replicate built-in browser or OS functionality. +- Must directly impact user privacy, i.e. must not simply provide information. + +[^1]: Brave's implementation is detailed at [Brave Privacy Updates: Partitioning network-state for privacy](https://brave.com/privacy-updates/14-partitioning-network-state/). diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/desktop.md b/i18n/bn-IN/desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..79c52e75 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,199 @@ +--- +title: "Desktop/PC" +icon: simple/linux +description: Linux distributions are commonly recommended for privacy protection and software freedom. +cover: desktop.webp +--- + +Linux distributions are commonly recommended for privacy protection and software freedom. If you don't already use Linux, below are some distributions we suggest trying out, as well as some general privacy and security improvement tips that are applicable to many Linux distributions. + +- [General Linux Overview :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](os/linux-overview.md) + +## Traditional Distributions + +### Fedora Workstation + +!!! recommendation + + ![Fedora logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/fedora-workstation.svg){ align=right } + + **Fedora Workstation** is our recommended distribution for people new to Linux. Fedora generally adopts newer technologies before other distributions e.g., [Wayland](https://wayland.freedesktop.org/), [PipeWire](https://pipewire.org). These new technologies often come with improvements in security, privacy, and usability in general. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://fedoraproject.org/workstation/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/docs/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://whatcanidoforfedora.org/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +Fedora has a semi-rolling release cycle. While some packages like [GNOME](https://www.gnome.org) are frozen until the next Fedora release, most packages (including the kernel) are updated frequently throughout the lifespan of the release. Each Fedora release is supported for one year, with a new version released every 6 months. + +### openSUSE Tumbleweed + +!!! recommendation + + ![openSUSE Tumbleweed logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/opensuse-tumbleweed.svg){ align=right } + + **openSUSE Tumbleweed** is a stable rolling release distribution. + + openSUSE Tumbleweed has a [transactional update](https://kubic.opensuse.org/blog/2018-04-04-transactionalupdates/) system that uses [Btrfs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs) and [Snapper](https://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Snapper_Tutorial) to ensure that snapshots can be rolled back should there be a problem. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://get.opensuse.org/tumbleweed/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://doc.opensuse.org/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://shop.opensuse.org/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +Tumbleweed follows a rolling release model where each update is released as a snapshot of the distribution. When you upgrade your system, a new snapshot is downloaded. Each snapshot is run through a series of automated tests by [openQA](https://openqa.opensuse.org) to ensure its quality. + +### Arch Linux + +!!! recommendation + + ![Arch logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/archlinux.svg){ align=right } + + **Arch Linux** is a lightweight, do-it-yourself (DIY) distribution meaning that you only get what you install. For more information see their [FAQ](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Frequently_asked_questions). + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://archlinux.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://wiki.archlinux.org/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://archlinux.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +Arch Linux has a rolling release cycle. There is no fixed release schedule and packages are updated very frequently. + +Being a DIY distribution, you are [expected to set up and maintain](os/linux-overview.md#arch-based-distributions) your system on your own. Arch has an [official installer](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Archinstall) to make the installation process a little easier. + +A large portion of [Arch Linux’s packages](https://reproducible.archlinux.org) are [reproducible](https://reproducible-builds.org). + +## Immutable Distributions + +### Fedora Silverblue + +!!! recommendation + + ![Fedora Silverblue logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/fedora-silverblue.svg){ align=right } + + **Fedora Silverblue** and **Fedora Kinoite** are immutable variants of Fedora with a strong focus on container workflows. Silverblue comes with the [GNOME](https://www.gnome.org/) desktop environment while Kinoite comes with [KDE](https://kde.org/). Silverblue and Kinoite follow the same release schedule as Fedora Workstation, benefiting from the same fast updates and staying very close to upstream. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://fedoraproject.org/silverblue/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora-silverblue/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://whatcanidoforfedora.org/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +Silverblue (and Kinoite) differ from Fedora Workstation as they replace the [DNF](https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/dnf/) package manager with a much more advanced alternative called [`rpm-ostree`](https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora/latest/system-administrators-guide/package-management/rpm-ostree/). The `rpm-ostree` package manager works by downloading a base image for the system, then overlaying packages over it in a [git](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git)-like commit tree. When the system is updated, a new base image is downloaded and the overlays will be applied to that new image. + +After the update is complete you will reboot the system into the new deployment. `rpm-ostree` keeps two deployments of the system so that you can easily rollback if something breaks in the new deployment. There is also the option to pin more deployments as needed. + +[Flatpak](https://www.flatpak.org) is the primary package installation method on these distributions, as `rpm-ostree` is only meant to overlay packages that cannot stay inside of a container on top of the base image. + +As an alternative to Flatpaks, there is the option of [Toolbox](https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora-silverblue/toolbox/) to create [Podman](https://podman.io) containers with a shared home directory with the host operating system and mimic a traditional Fedora environment, which is a [useful feature](https://containertoolbx.org) for the discerning developer. + +### NixOS + +!!! recommendation + + ![NixOS logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/nixos.svg){ align=right } + + NixOS is an independent distribution based on the Nix package manager with a focus on reproducibility and reliability. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://nixos.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://nixos.org/learn.html){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://nixos.org/donate.html){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +NixOS’s package manager keeps every version of every package in a different folder in the **Nix store**. Due to this you can have different versions of the same package installed on your system. After the package contents have been written to the folder, the folder is made read-only. + +NixOS also provides atomic updates; first it downloads (or builds) the packages and files for the new system generation and then switches to it. There are different ways to switch to a new generation; you can tell NixOS to activate it after reboot or you can switch to it at runtime. You can also *test* the new generation by switching to it at runtime, but not setting it as the current system generation. If something in the update process breaks, you can just reboot and automatically and return to a working version of your system. + +Nix the package manager uses a purely functional language - which is also called Nix - to define packages. + +[Nixpkgs](https://github.com/nixos/nixpkgs) (the main source of packages) are contained in a single GitHub repository. You can also define your own packages in the same language and then easily include them in your config. + +Nix is a source-based package manager; if there’s no pre-built available in the binary cache, Nix will just build the package from source using its definition. It builds each package in a sandboxed *pure* environment, which is as independent of the host system as possible, thus making binaries reproducible. + +## Anonymity-Focused Distributions + +### Whonix + +!!! recommendation + + ![Whonix logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/whonix.svg){ align=right } + + **Whonix** is based on [Kicksecure](#kicksecure), a security-focused fork of Debian. It aims to provide privacy, security, and anonymity on the internet. Whonix is best used in conjunction with [Qubes OS](#qubes-os). + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.whonix.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:simple-torbrowser:](http://www.dds6qkxpwdeubwucdiaord2xgbbeyds25rbsgr73tbfpqpt4a6vjwsyd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Documentation){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Donate){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +Whonix is meant to run as two virtual machines: a “Workstation” and a Tor “Gateway.” All communications from the Workstation must go through the Tor gateway. This means that even if the Workstation is compromised by malware of some kind, the true IP address remains hidden. + +Some of its features include Tor Stream Isolation, [keystroke anonymization](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Keystroke_Deanonymization#Kloak), [encrypted swap](https://github.com/Whonix/swap-file-creator), and a hardened memory allocator. + +Future versions of Whonix will likely include [full system AppArmor policies](https://github.com/Whonix/apparmor-profile-everything) and a [sandbox app launcher](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Sandbox-app-launcher) to fully confine all processes on the system. + +Whonix is best used [in conjunction with Qubes](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Qubes/Why_use_Qubes_over_other_Virtualizers), Qubes-Whonix has various [disadvantages](https://forums.whonix.org/t/qubes-whonix-security-disadvantages-help-wanted/8581) when compared to other hypervisors. + +### Tails + +!!! recommendation + + ![Tails logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/tails.svg){ align=right } + + **Tails** is a live operating system based on Debian that routes all communications through Tor, which can boot on on almost any computer from a DVD, USB stick, or SD card installation. It uses [Tor](tor.md) to preserve privacy and anonymity while circumventing censorship, and it leaves no trace of itself on the computer it is used on after it is powered off. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://tails.boum.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://tails.boum.org/doc/index.en.html){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://tails.boum.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +Tails is great for counter forensics due to amnesia (meaning nothing is written to the disk); however, it is not a hardened distribution like Whonix. It lacks many anonymity and security features that Whonix has and gets updated much less often (only once every six weeks). A Tails system that is compromised by malware may potentially bypass the transparent proxy allowing for the user to be deanonymized. + +Tails includes [uBlock Origin](desktop-browsers.md#ublock-origin) in Tor Browser by default, which may potentially make it easier for adversaries to fingerprint Tails users. [Whonix](desktop.md#whonix) virtual machines may be more leak-proof, however they are not amnesic, meaning data may be recovered from your storage device. + +By design, Tails is meant to completely reset itself after each reboot. Encrypted [persistent storage](https://tails.boum.org/doc/persistent_storage/index.en.html) can be configured to store some data between reboots. + +## Security-focused Distributions + +### Qubes OS + +!!! recommendation + + ![Qubes OS logo](assets/img/qubes/qubes_os.svg){ align=right } + + **Qubes OS** is an open-source operating system designed to provide strong security for desktop computing through secure virtual machines (or "qubes"). Qubes is based on Xen, the X Window System, and Linux. It can run most Linux applications and use most of the Linux drivers. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.qubes-os.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:simple-torbrowser:](http://qubesosfasa4zl44o4tws22di6kepyzfeqv3tg4e3ztknltfxqrymdad.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.qubes-os.org/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/){ .card-link title=Documentation } + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/QubesOS/){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.qubes-os.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +Qubes OS secures the computer by isolating subsystems (e.g., networking, USB, etc.) and applications in separate *qubes*. Should one part of the system be compromised, the extra isolation is likely to protect the rest of the *qubes* and the core system. + +For further information about how Qubes works, read our full [Qubes OS overview](os/qubes-overview.md) page. + +### Kicksecure + +While we [recommend against](os/linux-overview.md#release-cycle) "perpetually outdated" distributions like Debian for Desktop use in most cases, Kicksecure is a Debian-based operating system which has been hardened to be much more than a typical Linux install. + +!!! recommendation + + ![Kicksecure logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/kicksecure.svg){ align=right } + + **Kicksecure**—in oversimplified terms—is a set of scripts, configurations, and packages that substantially reduce the attack surface of Debian. It covers a lot of privacy and hardening recommendations by default. It also serves as the base OS for [Whonix](#whonix). + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.kicksecure.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.kicksecure.com/wiki/Privacy_Policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://www.kicksecure.com/wiki/Documentation){ .card-link title=Documentation } + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/Kicksecure){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.kicksecure.com/wiki/Donate){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +## Criteria + +Choosing a Linux distro that is right for you will come down to a huge variety of personal preferences, and this page is **not** meant to be an exhaustive list of every viable distribution. Our Linux overview page has some advice on [choosing a distro](os/linux-overview.md#choosing-your-distribution) in more detail. The distros on *this* page do all generally follow the guidelines we covered there, and all meet these standards: + +- Free and open-source. +- Receives regular software and kernel updates. +- [Avoids X11](os/linux-overview.md#wayland). + - The notable exception here is Qubes, but the isolation issues which X11 typically has are avoided by virtualization. This isolation only applies to apps *running in different qubes* (virtual machines), apps running in the *same* qube are not protected from each other. +- Supports full-disk encryption during installation. +- Doesn't freeze regular releases for more than 1 year. + - We [recommend against](os/linux-overview.md#release-cycle) "Long Term Support" or "stable" distro releases for desktop usage. +- Supports a wide variety of hardware. +- Preference towards larger projects. + - Maintaining an operating system is a major challenge, and smaller projects have a tendency to make more avoidable mistakes, or delay critical updates (or worse, disappear entirely). We lean towards projects which will likely be around 10 years from now (whether that's due to corporate backing or very significant community support), and away from projects which are hand-built or have a small number of maintainers. + +In addition, [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md) for recommended projects still applies. **Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/dns.md b/i18n/bn-IN/dns.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cddaed4a --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/dns.md @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ +--- +title: "DNS Resolvers" +icon: material/dns +description: These are some encrypted DNS providers we recommend switching to, to replace your ISP's default configuration. +cover: dns.webp +--- + +Encrypted DNS with third-party servers should only be used to get around basic [DNS blocking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_blocking) when you can be sure there won't be any consequences. Encrypted DNS will not help you hide any of your browsing activity. + +[Learn more about DNS :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](advanced/dns-overview.md ""){.md-button} + +## Recommended Providers + +| DNS Provider | Privacy Policy | Protocols | Logging | ECS | Filtering | +| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------ | -------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| [**AdGuard**](https://adguard.com/en/adguard-dns/overview.html) | [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://adguard.com/en/privacy/dns.html) | Cleartext
DoH/3
DoT
DNSCrypt | Some[^1] | No | Based on personal configuration. Filter list being used can be found here. [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://github.com/AdguardTeam/AdGuardDNS) | +| [**Cloudflare**](https://developers.cloudflare.com/1.1.1.1/setting-up-1.1.1.1/) | [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://developers.cloudflare.com/1.1.1.1/privacy/public-dns-resolver/) | Cleartext
DoH/3
DoT | Some[^2] | No | Based on personal configuration. | +| [**Control D**](https://controld.com/free-dns) | [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://controld.com/privacy) | Cleartext
DoH/3
DoT
DoQ | Optional[^3] | No | Based on personal configuration. | +| [**Mullvad**](https://mullvad.net/en/help/dns-over-https-and-dns-over-tls) | [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://mullvad.net/en/help/no-logging-data-policy/) | DoH
DoT | No[^4] | No | Based on personal configuration. Filter list being used can be found here. [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://github.com/mullvad/dns-adblock) | +| [**NextDNS**](https://www.nextdns.io) | [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://www.nextdns.io/privacy) | Cleartext
DoH/3
DoT
DoQ | Optional[^5] | Optional | Based on personal configuration. | +| [**Quad9**](https://quad9.net) | [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://quad9.net/privacy/policy/) | Cleartext
DoH
DoT
DNSCrypt | Some[^6] | Optional | Based on personal configuration, Malware blocking by default. | + +### Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +- Must support [DNSSEC](advanced/dns-overview.md#what-is-dnssec). +- [QNAME Minimization](advanced/dns-overview.md#what-is-qname-minimization). +- Allow for [ECS](advanced/dns-overview.md#what-is-edns-client-subnet-ecs) to be disabled. +- Prefer [anycast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anycast#Addressing_methods) support or geo-steering support. + +## Native Operating System Support + +### অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + +Android 9 and above support DNS over TLS. The settings can be found in: **Settings** → **Network & Internet** → **Private DNS**. + +### Apple Devices + +The latest versions of iOS, iPadOS, tvOS, and macOS, support both DoT and DoH. Both protocols are supported natively via [configuration profiles](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/configuration-profile-enforcement-secf6fb9f053/web) or through the [DNS Settings API](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/networkextension/dns_settings). + +After installation of either a configuration profile or an app that uses the DNS Settings API, the DNS configuration can be selected. If a VPN is active, resolution within the VPN tunnel will use the VPN's DNS settings and not your system-wide settings. + +#### Signed Profiles + +Apple does not provide a native interface for creating encrypted DNS profiles. [Secure DNS profile creator](https://dns.notjakob.com/tool.html) is an unofficial tool for creating your own encrypted DNS profiles, however they will not be signed. Signed profiles are preferred; signing validates a profile's origin and helps to ensure the integrity of the profiles. A green "Verified" label is given to signed configuration profiles. For more information on code signing, see [About Code Signing](https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Security/Conceptual/CodeSigningGuide/Introduction/Introduction.html). **Signed profiles** are offered by [AdGuard](https://adguard.com/en/blog/encrypted-dns-ios-14.html), [NextDNS](https://apple.nextdns.io), and [Quad9](https://www.quad9.net/news/blog/ios-mobile-provisioning-profiles/). + +!!! info + + `systemd-resolved`, which many Linux distributions use to do their DNS lookups, doesn't yet [support DoH](https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/8639). If you want to use DoH, you'll need to install a proxy like [dnscrypt-proxy](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy) and [configure it](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dnscrypt-proxy) to take all the DNS queries from your system resolver and forward them over HTTPS. + +## Encrypted DNS Proxies + +Encrypted DNS proxy software provides a local proxy for the [unencrypted DNS](advanced/dns-overview.md#unencrypted-dns) resolver to forward to. Typically it is used on platforms that don't natively support [encrypted DNS](advanced/dns-overview.md#what-is-encrypted-dns). + +### RethinkDNS + +!!! recommendation + + ![RethinkDNS logo](assets/img/android/rethinkdns.svg#only-light){ align=right } + ![RethinkDNS logo](assets/img/android/rethinkdns-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right } + + **RethinkDNS** is an open-source Android client supporting [DNS-over-HTTPS](advanced/dns-overview.md#dns-over-https-doh), [DNS-over-TLS](advanced/dns-overview.md#dns-over-tls-dot), [DNSCrypt](advanced/dns-overview.md#dnscrypt) and DNS Proxy along with caching DNS responses, locally logging DNS queries and can be used as a firewall too. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://rethinkdns.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://rethinkdns.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.rethinkdns.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/celzero/rethink-app){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.celzero.bravedns) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/celzero/rethink-app/releases) + +### dnscrypt-proxy + +!!! recommendation + + ![dnscrypt-proxy logo](assets/img/dns/dnscrypt-proxy.svg){ align=right } + + **dnscrypt-proxy** is a DNS proxy with support for [DNSCrypt](advanced/dns-overview.md#dnscrypt), [DNS-over-HTTPS](advanced/dns-overview.md#dns-over-https-doh), and [Anonymized DNS](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy/wiki/Anonymized-DNS). + + !!! warning "The anonymized DNS feature does [**not**](advanced/dns-overview.md#why-shouldnt-i-use-encrypted-dns) anonymize other network traffic." + + [:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://opencollective.com/dnscrypt/contribute){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy/wiki/Installation-Windows) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy/wiki/Installation-macOS) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-proxy/wiki/Installation-linux) + +## Self-hosted Solutions + +A self-hosted DNS solution is useful for providing filtering on controlled platforms, such as Smart TVs and other IoT devices, as no client-side software is needed. + +### AdGuard Home + +!!! recommendation + + ![AdGuard Home logo](assets/img/dns/adguard-home.svg){ align=right } + + **AdGuard Home** is an open-source [DNS-sinkhole](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_sinkhole) which uses [DNS filtering](https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/access-management/what-is-dns-filtering/) to block unwanted web content, such as advertisements. + + AdGuard Home features a polished web interface to view insights and manage blocked content. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://adguard.com/adguard-home/overview.html){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://adguard.com/privacy/home.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/AdguardTeam/AdGuardHome/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/AdguardTeam/AdGuardHome){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + +### Pi-hole + +!!! recommendation + + ![Pi-hole logo](assets/img/dns/pi-hole.svg){ align=right } + + **Pi-hole** is an open-source [DNS-sinkhole](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_sinkhole) which uses [DNS filtering](https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/access-management/what-is-dns-filtering/) to block unwanted web content, such as advertisements. + + Pi-hole is designed to be hosted on a Raspberry Pi, but it is not limited to such hardware. The software features a friendly web interface to view insights and manage blocked content. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://pi-hole.net/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://pi-hole.net/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.pi-hole.net/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/pi-hole/pi-hole){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://pi-hole.net/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +[^1]: AdGuard stores aggregated performance metrics of their DNS servers, namely the number of complete requests to a particular server, the number of blocked requests, and the speed of processing requests. They also keep and store the database of domains requested in within last 24 hours. "We need this information to identify and block new trackers and threats." "We also log how many times this or that tracker has been blocked. We need this information to remove outdated rules from our filters." [https://adguard.com/en/privacy/dns.html](https://adguard.com/en/privacy/dns.html) +[^2]: Cloudflare collects and stores only the limited DNS query data that is sent to the 1.1.1.1 resolver. The 1.1.1.1 resolver service does not log personal data, and the bulk of the limited non-personally identifiable query data is stored only for 25 hours. [https://developers.cloudflare.com/1.1.1.1/privacy/public-dns-resolver/](https://developers.cloudflare.com/1.1.1.1/privacy/public-dns-resolver/) +[^3]: Control D only logs for Premium resolvers with custom DNS profiles. Free resolvers do not log data. [https://controld.com/privacy](https://controld.com/privacy) +[^4]: Mullvad's DNS service is available to both subscribers and non-subscribers of Mullvad VPN. Their privacy policy explicitly claims they do not log DNS requests in any way. [https://mullvad.net/en/help/no-logging-data-policy/](https://mullvad.net/en/help/no-logging-data-policy/) +[^5]: NextDNS can provide insights and logging features on an opt-in basis. You can choose retention times and log storage locations for any logs you choose to keep. If it's not specifically requested, no data is logged. [https://nextdns.io/privacy](https://nextdns.io/privacy) +[^6]: Quad9 collects some data for the purposes of threat monitoring and response. That data may then be remixed and shared, such as for the purpose of security research. Quad9 does not collect or record IP addresses or other data they deem personally identifiable. [https://www.quad9.net/privacy/policy/](https://www.quad9.net/privacy/policy/) diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/email-clients.md b/i18n/bn-IN/email-clients.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c02dae71 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/email-clients.md @@ -0,0 +1,241 @@ +--- +title: "Email Clients" +icon: material/email-open +description: These email clients are privacy-respecting and support OpenPGP email encryption. +cover: email-clients.webp +--- + +Our recommendation list contains email clients that support both [OpenPGP](encryption.md#openpgp) and strong authentication such as [Open Authorization (OAuth)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OAuth). OAuth allows you to use [Multi-Factor Authentication](basics/multi-factor-authentication.md) and prevent account theft. + +??? warning "Email does not provide forward secrecy" + + When using end-to-end encryption (E2EE) technology like OpenPGP, email will still have [some metadata](email.md#email-metadata-overview) that is not encrypted in the header of the email. + + OpenPGP also does not support [forward secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed: [How do I protect my private keys?](basics/email-security.md) Consider using a medium that provides forward secrecy: + + [Real-time Communication](real-time-communication.md){ .md-button } + +## Cross-Platform + +### Thunderbird + +!!! recommendation + + ![Thunderbird logo](assets/img/email-clients/thunderbird.svg){ align=right } + + **Thunderbird** is a free, open-source, cross-platform email, newsgroup, news feed, and chat (XMPP, IRC, Twitter) client developed by the Thunderbird community, and previously by the Mozilla Foundation. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.thunderbird.net){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.mozilla.org/privacy/thunderbird){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://support.mozilla.org/products/thunderbird){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://hg.mozilla.org/comm-central){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.thunderbird.net) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.thunderbird.net) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.thunderbird.net) + - [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.mozilla.Thunderbird) + +#### Recommended Configuration + +We recommend changing some of these settings to make Thunderbird a little more private. + +These options can be found in :material-menu: → **Settings** → **Privacy & Security**. + +##### Web Content + +- [ ] Uncheck **Remember websites and links I've visited** +- [ ] Uncheck **Accept cookies from sites** + +##### Telemetry + +- [ ] Uncheck **Allow Thunderbird to send technical and interaction data to Mozilla** + +#### Thunderbird-user.js (advanced) + +[`thunderbird-user.js`](https://github.com/HorlogeSkynet/thunderbird-user.js), is a set of configurations options that aims to disable as many of the web-browsing features within Thunderbird as possible in order to reduce surface area and maintain privacy. Some of the changes are backported from the [Arkenfox project](https://github.com/arkenfox/user.js). + +## Platform Specific + +### Apple Mail (macOS) + +!!! recommendation + + ![Apple Mail logo](assets/img/email-clients/applemail.png){ align=right } + + **Apple Mail** is included in macOS and can be extended to have OpenPGP support with [GPG Suite](encryption.md#gpg-suite), which adds the ability to send PGP-encrypted email. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://support.apple.com/guide/mail/welcome/mac){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.apple.com/legal/privacy/en-ww/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://support.apple.com/mail){ .card-link title=Documentation} + +Apple Mail has the ability to load remote content in the background or block it entirely and hide your IP address from senders on [macOS](https://support.apple.com/guide/mail/mlhl03be2866/mac) and [iOS](https://support.apple.com/guide/iphone/iphf084865c7/ios). + +### Canary Mail (iOS) + +!!! recommendation + + ![Canary Mail logo](assets/img/email-clients/canarymail.svg){ align=right } + + **Canary Mail** is a paid email client designed to make end-to-end encryption seamless with security features such as a biometric app lock. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://canarymail.io){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://canarymail.io/privacy.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://canarymail.zendesk.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.canarymail.android) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1236045954) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://canarymail.io/downloads.html) + +!!! warning + + Canary Mail only recently released a Windows and Android client, though we don't believe they are as stable as their iOS and Mac counterparts. + +Canary Mail is closed-source. We recommend it due to the few choices there are for email clients on iOS that support PGP E2EE. + +### FairEmail (Android) + +!!! recommendation + + ![FairEmail logo](assets/img/email-clients/fairemail.svg){ align=right } + + **FairEmail** is a minimal, open-source email app, using open standards (IMAP, SMTP, OpenPGP) with a low data and battery usage. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://email.faircode.eu){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://github.com/M66B/FairEmail/blob/master/PRIVACY.md){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/M66B/FairEmail/blob/master/FAQ.md){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/M66B/FairEmail){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://email.faircode.eu/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=eu.faircode.email) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/M66B/FairEmail/releases) + +### GNOME Evolution (GNOME) + +!!! recommendation + + ![Evolution logo](assets/img/email-clients/evolution.svg){ align=right } + + **Evolution** is a personal information management application that provides integrated mail, calendaring and address book functionality. Evolution has extensive [documentation](https://help.gnome.org/users/evolution/stable/) to help you get started. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Evolution){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Evolution/PrivacyPolicy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://help.gnome.org/users/evolution/stable/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/evolution/){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.gnome.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.gnome.Evolution) + +### K-9 Mail (Android) + +!!! recommendation + + ![K-9 Mail logo](assets/img/email-clients/k9mail.svg){ align=right } + + **K-9 Mail** is an independent mail application that supports both POP3 and IMAP mailboxes, but only supports push mail for IMAP. + + In the future, K-9 Mail will be the [officially branded](https://k9mail.app/2022/06/13/K-9-Mail-and-Thunderbird.html) Thunderbird client for Android. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://k9mail.app){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://k9mail.app/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.k9mail.app/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/k9mail/k-9){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://k9mail.app/contribute){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.fsck.k9) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/k9mail/k-9/releases) + +!!! warning + + When replying to someone on a mailing list the "reply" option may also include the mailing list. For more information see [thundernest/k-9 #3738](https://github.com/thundernest/k-9/issues/3738). + +### Kontact (KDE) + +!!! recommendation + + ![Kontact logo](assets/img/email-clients/kontact.svg){ align=right } + + **Kontact** is a personal information manager (PIM) application from the [KDE](https://kde.org) project. It provides a mail client, address book, organizer and RSS client. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://kontact.kde.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://kde.org/privacypolicy-apps){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://kontact.kde.org/users/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://invent.kde.org/pim/kmail){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://kde.org/community/donations/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://kontact.kde.org/download) + - [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.kde.kontact) + +### Mailvelope (Browser) + +!!! recommendation + + ![Mailvelope logo](assets/img/email-clients/mailvelope.svg){ align=right } + + **Mailvelope** is a browser extension that enables the exchange of encrypted emails following the OpenPGP encryption standard. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.mailvelope.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.mailvelope.com/en/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://mailvelope.com/faq){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/mailvelope/mailvelope){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/mailvelope) + - [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/mailvelope/kajibbejlbohfaggdiogboambcijhkke) + - [:simple-microsoftedge: Edge](https://microsoftedge.microsoft.com/addons/detail/mailvelope/dgcbddhdhjppfdfjpciagmmibadmoapc) + +### NeoMutt (CLI) + +!!! recommendation + + ![NeoMutt logo](assets/img/email-clients/mutt.svg){ align=right } + + **NeoMutt** is an open-source command line mail reader (or MUA) for Linux and BSD. It's a fork of [Mutt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutt_(email_client)) with added features. + + NeoMutt is a text-based client that has a steep learning curve. It is however, very customizable. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://neomutt.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://neomutt.org/guide/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/neomutt/neomutt){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/russon/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://neomutt.org/distro) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://neomutt.org/distro) + +## Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +### Minimum Qualifications + +- Apps developed for open-source operating systems must be open-source. +- Must not collect telemetry, or have an easy way to disable all telemetry. +- Must support OpenPGP message encryption. + +### Best-Case + +Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page. + +- Should be open-source. +- Should be cross-platform. +- Should not collect any telemetry by default. +- Should support OpenPGP natively, i.e. without extensions. +- Should support storing OpenPGP encrypted emails locally. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/email.md b/i18n/bn-IN/email.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b618dc09 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/email.md @@ -0,0 +1,506 @@ +--- +meta_title: "Encrypted Private Email Recommendations - Privacy Guides" +title: "Email Services" +icon: material/email +description: These email providers offer a great place to store your emails securely, and many offer interoperable OpenPGP encryption with other providers. +cover: email.webp +--- + +Email is practically a necessity for using any online service, however we do not recommend it for person-to-person conversations. Rather than using email to contact other people, consider using an instant messaging medium that supports forward secrecy. + +[Recommended Instant Messengers](real-time-communication.md ""){.md-button} + +For everything else, we recommend a variety of email providers based on sustainable business models and built-in security and privacy features. + +- [OpenPGP-Compatible Email Providers :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](#openpgp-compatible-services) +- [Other Encrypted Providers :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](#more-providers) +- [Email Aliasing Services :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](#email-aliasing-services) +- [Self-Hosted Options :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](#self-hosting-email) + +## OpenPGP Compatible Services + +These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic E2EE emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it. + +
+ +- ![Proton Mail logo](assets/img/email/protonmail.svg){ .twemoji } [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail) +- ![Mailbox.org logo](assets/img/email/mailboxorg.svg){ .twemoji } [Mailbox.org](email.md#mailboxorg) + +
+ +!!! warning + + When using E2EE technology like OpenPGP, email will still have some metadata that is not encrypted in the header of the email. Read more about [email metadata](basics/email-security.md#email-metadata-overview). + + OpenPGP also does not support Forward secrecy, which means if either your or the recipient's private key is ever stolen, all previous messages encrypted with it will be exposed. [How do I protect my private keys?](basics/email-security.md#how-do-i-protect-my-private-keys) + +### Proton Mail + +!!! recommendation + + ![Proton Mail logo](assets/img/email/protonmail.svg){ align=right } + + **Proton Mail** is an email service with a focus on privacy, encryption, security, and ease of use. They have been in operation since **2013**. Proton AG is based in Genève, Switzerland. Accounts start with 500 MB storage with their free plan. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/mail){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:simple-torbrowser:](https://protonmailrmez3lotccipshtkleegetolb73fuirgj7r4o4vfu7ozyd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/legal/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://proton.me/support/mail){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/ProtonMail){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ch.protonmail.android) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id979659905) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/ProtonMail/proton-mail-android/releases) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://proton.me/mail/bridge#download) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://proton.me/mail/bridge#download) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://proton.me/mail/bridge#download) + - [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://mail.proton.me) + +Free accounts have some limitations, such as not being able to search body text and not having access to [Proton Mail Bridge](https://proton.me/mail/bridge), which is required to use a [recommended desktop email client](email-clients.md) (e.g. Thunderbird). Paid accounts include features like Proton Mail Bridge, additional storage, and custom domain support. A [letter of attestation](https://proton.me/blog/security-audit-all-proton-apps) was provided for Proton Mail's apps on 9th November 2021 by [Securitum](https://research.securitum.com). + +If you have the Proton Unlimited, Business, or Visionary Plan, you also get [SimpleLogin](#simplelogin) Premium for free. + +Proton Mail has internal crash reports that they **do not** share with third parties. This can be disabled in: **Settings** > **Go to Settings** > **Account** > **Security and privacy** > **Send crash reports**. + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Custom Domains and Aliases + +Paid Proton Mail subscribers can use their own domain with the service or a [catch-all](https://proton.me/support/catch-all) address. Proton Mail also supports [subaddressing](https://proton.me/support/creating-aliases), which is useful for people who don't want to purchase a domain. + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Private Payment Methods + +Proton Mail [accepts](https://proton.me/support/payment-options) cash by mail in addition to standard credit/debit card, [Bitcoin](advanced/payments.md#other-coins-bitcoin-ethereum-etc), and PayPal payments. + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Account Security + +Proton Mail supports TOTP [two factor authentication](https://proton.me/support/two-factor-authentication-2fa) and [hardware security keys](https://proton.me/support/2fa-security-key) using FIDO2 or U2F standards. The use of a hardware security key requires setting up TOTP two factor authentication first. + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Data Security + +Proton Mail has [zero-access encryption](https://proton.me/blog/zero-access-encryption) at rest for your emails and [calendars](https://proton.me/news/protoncalendar-security-model). Data secured with zero-access encryption is only accessible by you. + +Certain information stored in [Proton Contacts](https://proton.me/support/proton-contacts), such as display names and email addresses, are not secured with zero-access encryption. Contact fields that support zero-access encryption, such as phone numbers, are indicated with a padlock icon. + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Email Encryption + +Proton Mail has [integrated OpenPGP encryption](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) in their webmail. Emails to other Proton Mail accounts are encrypted automatically, and encryption to non-Proton Mail addresses with an OpenPGP key can be enabled easily in your account settings. They also allow you to [encrypt messages to non-Proton Mail addresses](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) without the need for them to sign up for a Proton Mail account or use software like OpenPGP. + +Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Proton's own domains, like @proton.me. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. + +#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination + +If you have a paid account and your [bill is unpaid](https://proton.me/support/delinquency) after 14 days, you won't be able to access your data. After 30 days, your account will become delinquent and won't receive incoming mail. You will continue to be billed during this period. + +#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality + +Proton Mail offers an "Unlimited" account for €9.99/Month, which also enables access to Proton VPN in addition to providing multiple accounts, domains, aliases, and 500GB of storage. + +Proton Mail doesn't offer a digital legacy feature. + +### Mailbox.org + +!!! recommendation + + ![Mailbox.org logo](assets/img/email/mailboxorg.svg){ align=right } + + **Mailbox.org** is an email service with a focus on being secure, ad-free, and privately powered by 100% eco-friendly energy. They have been in operation since 2014. Mailbox.org is based in Berlin, Germany. Accounts start with 2 GB of storage, which can be upgraded as needed. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://mailbox.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://mailbox.org/en/data-protection-privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private){ .card-link title=Documentation} + + ??? downloads + + - [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://login.mailbox.org) + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Custom Domains and Aliases + +Mailbox.org lets you use your own domain, and they support [catch-all](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Using+catch-all+alias+with+own+domain) addresses. Mailbox.org also supports [subaddressing](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/BMBOKBEN/What+is+an+alias+and+how+do+I+use+it), which is useful if you don't want to purchase a domain. + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Private Payment Methods + +Mailbox.org doesn't accept any cryptocurrencies as a result of their payment processor BitPay suspending operations in Germany. However, they do accept Cash by mail, cash payment to bank account, bank transfer, credit card, PayPal and couple of German-specific processors: paydirekt and Sofortüberweisung. + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Account Security + +Mailbox.org supports [two factor authentication](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/How+to+use+two-factor+authentication+-+2FA) for their webmail only. You can use either TOTP or a [YubiKey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YubiKey) via the [YubiCloud](https://www.yubico.com/products/services-software/yubicloud). Web standards such as [WebAuthn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn) are not yet supported. + +#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Data Security + +Mailbox.org allows for encryption of incoming mail using their [encrypted mailbox](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/The+Encrypted+Mailbox). New messages that you receive will then be immediately encrypted with your public key. + +However, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), the software platform used by Mailbox.org, [does not support](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/BMBOKBEN/Encryption+of+calendar+and+address+book) the encryption of your address book and calendar. A [standalone option](calendar.md) may be more appropriate for that information. + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Email Encryption + +Mailbox.org has [integrated encryption](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) in their webmail, which simplifies sending messages to people with public OpenPGP keys. They also allow [remote recipients to decrypt an email](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) on Mailbox.org's servers. This feature is useful when the remote recipient does not have OpenPGP and cannot decrypt a copy of the email in their own mailbox. + +Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like @mailbox.org. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](./basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately. + +#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination + +Your account will be set to a restricted user account when your contract ends, after [30 days it will be irrevocably deleted](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/payment-article/what-happens-at-the-end-of-my-contract). + +#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality + +You can access your Mailbox.org account via IMAP/SMTP using their [.onion service](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/The+Tor+exit+node+of+mailbox.org). However, their webmail interface cannot be accessed via their .onion service and you may experience TLS certificate errors. + +All accounts come with limited cloud storage that [can be encrypted](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Encrypt+files+on+your+Drive). Mailbox.org also offers the alias [@secure.mailbox.org](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Ensuring+E-Mails+are+Sent+Securely), which enforces the TLS encryption on the connection between mail servers, otherwise the message will not be sent at all. Mailbox.org also supports [Exchange ActiveSync](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_ActiveSync) in addition to standard access protocols like IMAP and POP3. + +Mailbox.org has a digital legacy feature for all plans. You can choose whether you want any of your data to be passed to heirs providing that they apply and provide your testament. Alternatively, you can nominate a person by name and address. + +## More Providers + +These providers store your emails with zero-knowledge encryption, making them great options for keeping your stored emails secure. However, they don't support interoperable encryption standards for E2EE communications between different providers. + +
+ +- ![Skiff Mail logo](assets/img/email/skiff-mail.svg){ .twemoji } [Skiff Mail](email.md#skiff-mail) +- ![Tutanota logo](assets/img/email/tutanota.svg){ .twemoji } [Tutanota](email.md#tutanota) + +
+ +### Skiff Mail + +!!! recommendation + + ![Skiff Mail logo](assets/img/email/skiff-mail.svg){ align=right } + + **Skiff Mail** is a web based email service with E2EE that began in 2020 that is based in San Francisco with developers worldwide. Accounts start with 10GB of free storage. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://skiff.com/mail){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://app.skiff.com/docs/db93c237-84c2-4b2b-9588-19a7cd2cd45a#tyGksN9rkqbo2uGYASxsA6HVLjUoly/wTYK8tncTto8=){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://skiff.com/help){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/skiff-org/skiff-apps){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-android: Android](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.skemailmobileapp&pli=1) + - [:simple-appstore: iOS](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/skiff-mail/id1619168801) + - [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://app.skiff.com/mail) + +Skiff has undergone a few [audits](https://skiff.com/transparency) during its development. + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Custom Domains and Aliases + +You can create up to 3 additional @skiff.com email aliases in addition to your primary account address on their free plan. Free accounts can add 1 [custom domain](https://skiff.com/blog/custom-domain-setup), and up to 15 custom domains on a paid plan. You can create unlimited aliases or a [catch-all](https://skiff.com/blog/catch-all-email-alias) alias on your custom domain. + +#### :material-alert-outline:{ .pg-orange } Private Payment Methods + +Skiff Mail accepts cryptocurrency payments via Coinbase Commerce, including Bitcoin and Ethereum, but they do not accept our recommended [cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md), Monero. They also accept credit card payments via Stripe. + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Account Security + +Skiff Mail supports TOTP two-factor authentication and hardware security keys using FIDO2 or U2F standards. The use of a hardware security key requires setting up TOTP two-factor authentication first. + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Data Security + +Skiff Mail has zero access encryption at rest for all of your data. This means the messages and other data stored in your account are only readable by you. + +#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Email Encryption + +Skiff Mail does not use OpenPGP. Emails are only encrypted with E2EE to other Skiff Mail users. Skiff does not have a "temporary inbox" or "passworded email" feature like some other providers have, so that external users cannot receive or reply to messages with E2EE. + +#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination + +Skiff Mail accounts do not expire, but unpaid accounts will be prompted to remove any enabled paid features (such as additional aliases) or renew their plan before the account can be used. + +#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality + +Skiff additionally offers [workspace productivity features](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/t/skiff-pages-drive-productivity-tools/11758/13), but we still prefer [alternative](productivity.md) options for collaborating and file sharing at this time. + +Skiff Mail does not offer a digital legacy feature. + +### Tutanota + +!!! recommendation + + ![Tutanota logo](assets/img/email/tutanota.svg){ align=right } + + **Tutanota** is an email service with a focus on security and privacy through the use of encryption. Tutanota has been in operation since **2011** and is based in Hanover, Germany. Accounts start with 1GB storage with their free plan. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://tutanota.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://tutanota.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://tutanota.com/faq){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://tutanota.com/community/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.tutao.tutanota) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/tutanota/id922429609) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/releases) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://tutanota.com/#download) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://tutanota.com/#download) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://tutanota.com/#download) + - [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://mail.tutanota.com/) + +Tutanota doesn't support the [IMAP protocol](https://tutanota.com/faq/#imap) or the use of third-party [email clients](email-clients.md), and you also won't be able to add [external email accounts](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/issues/544#issuecomment-670473647) to the Tutanota app. Neither [Email import](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/issues/630) or [subfolders](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/issues/927) are currently supported, though this is [due to be changed](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/kickoff-import). Emails can be exported [individually or by bulk selection](https://tutanota.com/howto#generalMail) per folder, which may be inconvenient if you have many folders. + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Custom Domains and Aliases + +Paid Tutanota accounts can use either 15 or 30 aliases depending on their plan and unlimited aliases on [custom domains](https://tutanota.com/faq#custom-domain). Tutanota doesn't allow for [subaddressing (plus addresses)](https://tutanota.com/faq#plus), but you can use a [catch-all](https://tutanota.com/howto#settings-global) with a custom domain. + +#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Private Payment Methods + +Tutanota only directly accepts credit cards and PayPal, however [cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md) can be used to purchase gift cards via their [partnership](https://tutanota.com/faq/#cryptocurrency) with Proxystore. + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Account Security + +Tutanota supports [two factor authentication](https://tutanota.com/faq#2fa) with either TOTP or U2F. + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Data Security + +Tutanota has [zero access encryption at rest](https://tutanota.com/faq#what-encrypted) for your emails, [address book contacts](https://tutanota.com/faq#encrypted-address-book), and [calendars](https://tutanota.com/faq#calendar). This means the messages and other data stored in your account are only readable by you. + +#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Email Encryption + +Tutanota [does not use OpenPGP](https://www.tutanota.com/faq/#pgp). Tutanota accounts can only receive encrypted emails from non-Tutanota email accounts when sent via a [temporary Tutanota mailbox](https://www.tutanota.com/howto/#encrypted-email-external). + +#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination + +Tutanota will [delete inactive free accounts](https://tutanota.com/faq#inactive-accounts) after six months. You can reuse a deactivated free account if you pay. + +#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality + +Tutanota offers the business version of [Tutanota to non-profit organizations](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/secure-email-for-non-profit) for free or with a heavy discount. + +Tutanota also has a business feature called [Secure Connect](https://tutanota.com/secure-connect/). This ensures customer contact to the business uses E2EE. The feature costs €240/y. + +Tutanota doesn't offer a digital legacy feature. + +## Email Aliasing Services + +An email aliasing service allows you to easily generate a new email address for every website you register for. The email aliases you generate are then forwarded to an email address of your choosing, hiding both your "main" email address and the identity of your email provider. True email aliasing is better than plus addressing commonly used and supported by many providers, which allows you to create aliases like yourname+[anythinghere]@example.com, because websites, advertisers, and tracking networks can trivially remove anything after the + sign to know your true email address. + +
+ +- ![addy.io logo](assets/img/email/mini/addy.svg){ .twemoji } [addy.io](email.md#addyio) +- ![SimpleLogin logo](assets/img/email/simplelogin.svg){ .twemoji } [SimpleLogin](email.md#simplelogin) + +
+ +Email aliasing can act as a safeguard in case your email provider ever ceases operation. In that scenario, you can easily re-route your aliases to a new email address. In turn, however, you are placing trust in the aliasing service to continue functioning. + +Using a dedicated email aliasing service also has a number of benefits over a catch-all alias on a custom domain: + +- Aliases can be turned on and off individually when you need them, preventing websites from emailing you randomly. +- Replies are sent from the alias address, shielding your real email address. + +They also have a number of benefits over "temporary email" services: + +- Aliases are permanent and can be turned on again if you need to receive something like a password reset. +- Emails are sent to your trusted mailbox rather than stored by the alias provider. +- Temporary email services typically have public mailboxes which can be accessed by anyone who knows the address, aliases are private to you. + +Our email aliasing recommendations are providers that allow you to create aliases on domains they control, as well as your own custom domain(s) for a modest yearly fee. They can also be self-hosted if you want maximum control. However, using a custom domain can have privacy-related drawbacks: If you are the only person using your custom domain, your actions can be easily tracked across websites simply by looking at the domain name in the email address and ignoring everything before the at (@) sign. + +Using an aliasing service requires trusting both your email provider and your aliasing provider with your unencrypted messages. Some providers mitigate this slightly with automatic PGP encryption, which reduces the number of parties you need to trust from two to one by encrypting incoming emails before they are delivered to your final mailbox provider. + +### addy.io + +!!! recommendation + + ![addy.io logo](assets/img/email/addy.svg#only-light){ align=right } + ![addy.io logo](assets/img/email/addy-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right } + + **addy.io** lets you create 10 domain aliases on a shared domain for free, or unlimited "standard" aliases which are less anonymous. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://addy.io){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://addy.io/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://app.addy.io/docs){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/anonaddy){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://addy.io/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-android: Android](https://addy.io/faq/#is-there-an-android-app) + - [:material-apple-ios: iOS](https://addy.io/faq/#is-there-an-ios-app) + - [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/addy_io/) + - [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/addyio-anonymous-email-fo/iadbdpnoknmbdeolbapdackdcogdmjpe) + +The number of shared aliases (which end in a shared domain like @addy.io) that you can create is limited to 10 on addy.io's free plan, 50 on their $1/month plan and unlimited on the $4/month plan (billed $3 for a year). You can create unlimited standard aliases (which end in a domain like @[username].addy.io or a custom domain on paid plans), however, as previously mentioned, this can be detrimental to privacy because people can trivially tie your standard aliases together based on the domain name alone. They are useful where a shared domain might be blocked by a service. Securitum [audited](https://addy.io/blog/addy-io-passes-independent-security-audit/) addy.io in September 2023 and no significant vulnerabilities [were identified](https://addy.io/addy-io-security-audit.pdf). + +Notable free features: + +- [x] 10 Shared Aliases +- [x] Unlimited Standard Aliases +- [ ] No Outgoing Replies +- [x] 1 Recipient Mailboxes +- [x] Automatic PGP Encryption + +### SimpleLogin + +!!! recommendation + + ![Simplelogin logo](assets/img/email/simplelogin.svg){ align=right } + + **SimpleLogin** is a free service which provides email aliases on a variety of shared domain names, and optionally provides paid features like unlimited aliases and custom domains. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://simplelogin.io){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://simplelogin.io/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://simplelogin.io/docs/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/simple-login){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.simplelogin.android) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1494359858) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/simple-login/Simple-Login-Android/releases) + - [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/simplelogin/) + - [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/dphilobhebphkdjbpfohgikllaljmgbn) + - [:simple-microsoftedge: Edge](https://microsoftedge.microsoft.com/addons/detail/simpleloginreceive-sen/diacfpipniklenphgljfkmhinphjlfff) + - [:simple-safari: Safari](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1494051017) + +SimpleLogin was [acquired by Proton AG](https://proton.me/news/proton-and-simplelogin-join-forces) as of April 8, 2022. If you use Proton Mail for your primary mailbox, SimpleLogin is a great choice. As both products are now owned by the same company you now only have to trust a single entity. We also expect that SimpleLogin will be more tightly integrated with Proton's offerings in the future. SimpleLogin continues to support forwarding to any email provider of your choosing. Securitum [audited](https://simplelogin.io/blog/security-audit/) SimpleLogin in early 2022 and all issues [were addressed](https://simplelogin.io/audit2022/web.pdf). + +You can link your SimpleLogin account in the settings with your Proton account. If you have the Proton Unlimited, Business, or Visionary Plan, you will have SimpleLogin Premium for free. + +Notable free features: + +- [x] 10 Shared Aliases +- [x] Unlimited Replies +- [x] 1 Recipient Mailbox + +## Self-Hosting Email + +Advanced system administrators may consider setting up their own email server. Mail servers require attention and continuous maintenance in order to keep things secure and mail delivery reliable. + +### Combined software solutions + +!!! recommendation + + ![Mailcow logo](assets/img/email/mailcow.svg){ align=right } + + **Mailcow** is a more advanced mail server perfect for those with a bit more Linux experience. It has everything you need in a Docker container: A mail server with DKIM support, antivirus and spam monitoring, webmail and ActiveSync with SOGo, and web-based administration with 2FA support. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://mailcow.email){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://mailcow.github.io/mailcow-dockerized-docs/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/mailcow/mailcow-dockerized){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.servercow.de/mailcow?lang=en#sal){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +!!! recommendation + + ![Mail-in-a-Box logo](assets/img/email/mail-in-a-box.svg){ align=right } + + **Mail-in-a-Box** is an automated setup script for deploying a mail server on Ubuntu. Its goal is to make it easier for people to set up their own mail server. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://mailinabox.email){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://mailinabox.email/guide.html){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/mail-in-a-box/mailinabox){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + +For a more manual approach we've picked out these two articles: + +- [Setting up a mail server with OpenSMTPD, Dovecot and Rspamd](https://poolp.org/posts/2019-09-14/setting-up-a-mail-server-with-opensmtpd-dovecot-and-rspamd/) (2019) +- [How To Run Your Own Mail Server](https://www.c0ffee.net/blog/mail-server-guide/) (August 2017) + +## Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the providers we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements for any Email provider wishing to be recommended, including implementing industry best practices, modern technology and more. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing an Email provider, and conduct your own research to ensure the Email provider you choose is the right choice for you. + +### Technology + +We regard these features as important in order to provide a safe and optimal service. You should consider whether the provider which has the features you require. + +**Minimum to Qualify:** + +- Encrypts email account data at rest with zero-access encryption. +- Export capability as [Mbox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbox) or individual .eml with [RFC5322](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc5322/) standard. +- Allow users to use their own [domain name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name). Custom domain names are important to users because it allows them to maintain their agency from the service, should it turn bad or be acquired by another company which doesn't prioritize privacy. +- Operates on owned infrastructure, i.e. not built upon third-party email service providers. + +**Best Case:** + +- Encrypts all account data (Contacts, Calendars, etc.) at rest with zero-access encryption. +- Integrated webmail E2EE/PGP encryption provided as a convenience. +- Support for [WKD](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) to allow improved discovery of public OpenPGP keys via HTTP. GnuPG users can get a key by typing: `gpg --locate-key example_user@example.com` +- Support for a temporary mailbox for external users. This is useful when you want to send an encrypted email, without sending an actual copy to your recipient. These emails usually have a limited lifespan and then are automatically deleted. They also don't require the recipient to configure any cryptography like OpenPGP. +- Availability of the email provider's services via an [onion service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion). +- [Subaddressing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_address#Subaddressing) support. +- Catch-all or alias functionality for those who own their own domains. +- Use of standard email access protocols such as IMAP, SMTP or [JMAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON_Meta_Application_Protocol). Standard access protocols ensure customers can easily download all of their email, should they want to switch to another provider. + +### Privacy + +We prefer our recommended providers to collect as little data as possible. + +**Minimum to Qualify:** + +- Protect sender's IP address. Filter it from showing in the `Received` header field. +- Don't require personally identifiable information (PII) besides a username and a password. +- Privacy policy that meets the requirements defined by the GDPR. + +**Best Case:** + +- Accepts [anonymous payment options](advanced/payments.md) ([cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md), cash, gift cards, etc.) +- Hosted in a jurisdiction with strong email privacy protection laws. + +### Security + +Email servers deal with a lot of very sensitive data. We expect that providers will adopt best industry practices in order to protect their members. + +**Minimum to Qualify:** + +- Protection of webmail with 2FA, such as TOTP. +- Zero access encryption, builds on encryption at rest. The provider does not have the decryption keys to the data they hold. This prevents a rogue employee leaking data they have access to or remote adversary from releasing data they have stolen by gaining unauthorized access to the server. +- [DNSSEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions) support. +- No TLS errors or vulnerabilities when being profiled by tools such as [Hardenize](https://www.hardenize.com/), [testssl.sh](https://testssl.sh/), or [Qualys SSL Labs](https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest); this includes certificate related errors and weak DH parameters, such as those that led to [Logjam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logjam_(computer_security)). +- A server suite preference (optional on TLSv1.3) for strong cipher suites which support forward secrecy and authenticated encryption. +- A valid [MTA-STS](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8461) and [TLS-RPT](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8460) policy. +- Valid [DANE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS-based_Authentication_of_Named_Entities) records. +- Valid [SPF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sender_Policy_Framework) and [DKIM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DomainKeys_Identified_Mail) records. +- Have a proper [DMARC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMARC) record and policy or use [ARC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticated_Received_Chain) for authentication. If DMARC authentication is being used, the policy must be set to `reject` or `quarantine`. +- A server suite preference of TLS 1.2 or later and a plan for [RFC8996](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc8996/). +- [SMTPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTPS) submission, assuming SMTP is used. +- Website security standards such as: + - [HTTP Strict Transport Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security) + - [Subresource Integrity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subresource_Integrity) if loading things from external domains. +- Must support viewing of [Message headers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email#Message_header), as it is a crucial forensic feature to determine if an email is a phishing attempt. + +**Best Case:** + +- Support for hardware authentication, i.e. U2F and [WebAuthn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn). U2F and WebAuthn are more secure as they use a private key stored on a client-side hardware device to authenticate people, as opposed to a shared secret that is stored on the web server and on the client side when using TOTP. Furthermore, U2F and WebAuthn are more resistant to phishing as their authentication response is based on the authenticated [domain name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name). +- [DNS Certification Authority Authorization (CAA) Resource Record](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6844) in addition to DANE support. +- Implementation of [Authenticated Received Chain (ARC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticated_Received_Chain), this is useful for people who post to mailing lists [RFC8617](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8617). +- Bug-bounty programs and/or a coordinated vulnerability-disclosure process. +- Website security standards such as: + - [Content Security Policy (CSP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Security_Policy) + - [RFC9163 Expect-CT](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc9163/) + +### Trust + +You wouldn't trust your finances to someone with a fake identity, so why trust them with your email? We require our recommended providers to be public about their ownership or leadership. We also would like to see frequent transparency reports, especially in regard to how government requests are handled. + +**Minimum to Qualify:** + +- Public-facing leadership or ownership. + +**Best Case:** + +- Public-facing leadership. +- Frequent transparency reports. + +### Marketing + +With the email providers we recommend we like to see responsible marketing. + +**Minimum to Qualify:** + +- Must self-host analytics (no Google Analytics, Adobe Analytics, etc.). The provider's site must also comply with [DNT (Do Not Track)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Not_Track) for those who wish to opt-out. + +Must not have any marketing which is irresponsible: + +- Claims of "unbreakable encryption." Encryption should be used with the intention that it may not be secret in the future when the technology exists to crack it. +- Making guarantees of protecting anonymity 100%. When someone makes a claim that something is 100% it means there is no certainty for failure. We know people can quite easily deanonymize themselves in a number of ways, e.g.: + + - Reusing personal information e.g. (email accounts, unique pseudonyms, etc.) that they accessed without anonymity software (Tor, VPN, etc.) + - [Browser fingerprinting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_fingerprint#Browser_fingerprint) + +**Best Case:** + +- Clear and easy to read documentation. This includes things like, setting up 2FA, email clients, OpenPGP, etc. + +### Additional Functionality + +While not strictly requirements, there are some other convenience or privacy factors we looked into when determining which providers to recommend. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/encryption.md b/i18n/bn-IN/encryption.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..61fc1aa1 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/encryption.md @@ -0,0 +1,358 @@ +--- +meta_title: "Recommended Encryption Software: VeraCrypt, Cryptomator, PicoCrypt, and OpenPGP - Privacy Guides" +title: "Encryption Software" +icon: material/file-lock +description: Encryption of data is the only way to control who can access it. These tools allow you to encrypt your emails and any other files. +cover: encryption.webp +--- + +Encryption of data is the only way to control who can access it. If you are currently not using encryption software for your hard disk, emails or files, you should pick an option here. + +## Multi-platform + +The options listed here are multi-platform and great for creating encrypted backups of your data. + +### Cryptomator (Cloud) + +!!! recommendation + + ![Cryptomator logo](assets/img/encryption-software/cryptomator.svg){ align=right } + + **Cryptomator** is an encryption solution designed for privately saving files to any cloud provider. It allows you to create vaults that are stored on a virtual drive, the contents of which are encrypted and synced with your cloud storage provider. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://cryptomator.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptomator.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.cryptomator.org/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/cryptomator){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://cryptomator.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.cryptomator) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cryptomator-2/id1560822163) + - [:simple-android: Android](https://cryptomator.org/android) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://cryptomator.org/downloads) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://cryptomator.org/downloads) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://cryptomator.org/downloads) + - [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.cryptomator.Cryptomator) + +Cryptomator uses AES-256 encryption to encrypt both files and filenames. Cryptomator cannot encrypt metadata such as access, modification, and creation timestamps, nor the number and size of files and folders. + +Some Cryptomator cryptographic libraries have been [audited](https://community.cryptomator.org/t/has-there-been-a-security-review-audit-of-cryptomator/44) by Cure53. The scope of the audited libraries includes: [cryptolib](https://github.com/cryptomator/cryptolib), [cryptofs](https://github.com/cryptomator/cryptofs), [siv-mode](https://github.com/cryptomator/siv-mode) and [cryptomator-objc-cryptor](https://github.com/cryptomator/cryptomator-objc-cryptor). The audit did not extend to [cryptolib-swift](https://github.com/cryptomator/cryptolib-swift), which is a library used by Cryptomator for iOS. + +Cryptomator's documentation details its intended [security target](https://docs.cryptomator.org/en/latest/security/security-target/), [security architecture](https://docs.cryptomator.org/en/latest/security/architecture/), and [best practices](https://docs.cryptomator.org/en/latest/security/best-practices/) for use in further detail. + +### Picocrypt (File) + +!!! recommendation + + ![Picocrypt logo](assets/img/encryption-software/picocrypt.svg){ align=right } + + **Picocrypt** is a small and simple encryption tool that provides modern encryption. Picocrypt uses the secure XChaCha20 cipher and the Argon2id key derivation function to provide a high level of security. It uses Go's standard x/crypto modules for its encryption features. + + [:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://opencollective.com/picocrypt){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt/releases) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt/releases) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://github.com/HACKERALERT/Picocrypt/releases) + +### VeraCrypt (Disk) + +!!! recommendation + + ![VeraCrypt logo](assets/img/encryption-software/veracrypt.svg#only-light){ align=right } + ![VeraCrypt logo](assets/img/encryption-software/veracrypt-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right } + + **VeraCrypt** is a source-available freeware utility used for on-the-fly encryption. It can create a virtual encrypted disk within a file, encrypt a partition, or encrypt the entire storage device with pre-boot authentication. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://veracrypt.fr){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://veracrypt.fr/en/Documentation.html){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://veracrypt.fr/code/){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://veracrypt.fr/en/Donation.html){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.veracrypt.fr/en/Downloads.html) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.veracrypt.fr/en/Downloads.html) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.veracrypt.fr/en/Downloads.html) + +VeraCrypt is a fork of the discontinued TrueCrypt project. According to its developers, security improvements have been implemented and issues raised by the initial TrueCrypt code audit have been addressed. + +When encrypting with VeraCrypt, you have the option to select from different [hash functions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VeraCrypt#Encryption_scheme). We suggest you **only** select [SHA-512](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-512) and stick to the [AES](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard) block cipher. + +Truecrypt has been [audited a number of times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueCrypt#Security_audits), and VeraCrypt has also been [audited separately](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VeraCrypt#VeraCrypt_audit). + +## OS Full Disk Encryption + +For encrypting the drive your operating system boots from, we generally recommend enabling the encryption software that comes with your operating system rather than using a third-party tool. This is because your operating system's native encryption tools often make use of OS and hardware-specific features like the [secure cryptoprocessor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_cryptoprocessor) in your device to protect your computer against more advanced physical attacks. For secondary drives and external drives which you *don't* boot from, we still recommend using open-source tools like [VeraCrypt](#veracrypt-disk) over the tools below, because they offer additional flexibility and let you avoid vendor lock-in. + +### BitLocker + +!!! recommendation + + ![BitLocker logo](assets/img/encryption-software/bitlocker.png){ align=right } + + **BitLocker** is the full volume encryption solution bundled with Microsoft Windows. The main reason we recommend it for encrypting your boot drive is because of its [use of TPM](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/tpm/how-windows-uses-the-tpm). ElcomSoft, a forensics company, has written about this feature in [Understanding BitLocker TPM Protection](https://blog.elcomsoft.com/2021/01/understanding-BitLocker-tpm-protection/). + + [:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/BitLocker/BitLocker-overview){ .card-link title=Documentation} + +BitLocker is [only supported](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/turn-on-device-encryption-0c453637-bc88-5f74-5105-741561aae838) on Pro, Enterprise and Education editions of Windows. It can be enabled on Home editions provided that they meet the prerequisites. + +??? example "Enabling BitLocker on Windows Home" + + To enable BitLocker on "Home" editions of Windows, you must have partitions formatted with a [GUID Partition Table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table) and have a dedicated TPM (v1.2, 2.0+) module. You may need to [disable the non-Bitlocker "Device encryption" functionality](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/t/enabling-bitlocker-on-the-windows-11-home-edition/13303/5) (which is inferior because it sends your recovery key to Microsoft's servers) if it is enabled on your device already before following this guide. + + 1. Open a command prompt and check your drive's partition table format with the following command. You should see "**GPT**" listed under "Partition Style": + + ``` + powershell Get-Disk + ``` + + 2. Run this command (in an admin command prompt) to check your TPM version. You should see `2.0` or `1.2` listed next to `SpecVersion`: + + ``` + powershell Get-WmiObject -Namespace "root/cimv2/security/microsofttpm" -Class WIN32_tpm + ``` + + 3. Access [Advanced Startup Options](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/advanced-startup-options-including-safe-mode-b90e7808-80b5-a291-d4b8-1a1af602b617). You need to reboot while pressing the F8 key before Windows starts and go into the *command prompt* in **Troubleshoot** → **Advanced Options** → **Command Prompt**. + + 4. Login with your admin account and type this in the command prompt to start encryption: + + ``` + manage-bde -on c: -used + ``` + + 5. Close the command prompt and continue booting to regular Windows. + + 6. Open an admin command prompt and run the following commands: + + ``` + manage-bde c: -protectors -add -rp -tpm + manage-bde -protectors -enable c: + manage-bde -protectors -get c: > %UserProfile%\Desktop\BitLocker-Recovery-Key.txt + ``` + + !!! tip + + Backup `BitLocker-Recovery-Key.txt` on your Desktop to a separate storage device. Loss of this recovery code may result in loss of data. + +### FileVault + +!!! recommendation + + ![FileVault logo](assets/img/encryption-software/filevault.png){ align=right } + + **FileVault** is the on-the-fly volume encryption solution built into macOS. FileVault is recommended because it [leverages](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/volume-encryption-with-filevault-sec4c6dc1b6e/web) hardware security capabilities present on an Apple silicon SoC or T2 Security Chip. + + [:octicons-info-16:](https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/encrypt-mac-data-with-filevault-mh11785/mac){ .card-link title=Documentation} + +We recommend storing a local recovery key in a secure place as opposed to using your iCloud account for recovery. + +### Linux Unified Key Setup + +!!! recommendation + + ![LUKS logo](assets/img/encryption-software/luks.png){ align=right } + + **LUKS** is the default FDE method for Linux. It can be used to encrypt full volumes, partitions, or create encrypted containers. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/-/blob/main/README.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/-/wikis/home){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + +??? example "Creating and opening encrypted containers" + + ``` + dd if=/dev/urandom of=/path-to-file bs=1M count=1024 status=progress + sudo cryptsetup luksFormat /path-to-file + ``` + + + #### Opening encrypted containers + We recommend opening containers and volumes with `udisksctl` as this uses [Polkit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polkit). Most file managers, such as those included with popular desktop environments, can unlock encrypted files. Tools like [udiskie](https://github.com/coldfix/udiskie) can run in the system tray and provide a helpful user interface. + ``` + udisksctl loop-setup -f /path-to-file + udisksctl unlock -b /dev/loop0 + ``` + +!!! note "Remember to back up volume headers" + + We recommend you always [back up your LUKS headers](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dm-crypt/Device_encryption#Backup_and_restore) in case of partial drive failure. This can be done with: + + ``` + cryptsetup luksHeaderBackup /dev/device --header-backup-file /mnt/backup/file.img + ``` + +## Browser-based + +Browser-based encryption can be useful when you need to encrypt a file but cannot install software or apps on your device. + +### hat.sh + +!!! recommendation + + ![hat.sh logo](assets/img/encryption-software/hat-sh.png#only-light){ align=right } + ![hat.sh logo](assets/img/encryption-software/hat-sh-dark.png#only-dark){ align=right } + + **Hat.sh** is a web application that provides secure client-side file encryption in your browser. It can also be self-hosted and is useful if you need to encrypt a file but cannot install any software on your device due to organizational policies. + + [:octicons-globe-16: Website](https://hat.sh){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://hat.sh/about/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://hat.sh/about/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/sh-dv/hat.sh){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/sh-dv/hat.sh#donations){ .card-link title="Donations methods can be found at the bottom of the website" } + +## Command-line + +Tools with command-line interfaces are useful for integrating [shell scripts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script). + +### Kryptor + +!!! recommendation + + ![Kryptor logo](assets/img/encryption-software/kryptor.png){ align=right } + + **Kryptor** is a free and open-source file encryption and signing tool that makes use of modern and secure cryptographic algorithms. It aims to be a better version of [age](https://github.com/FiloSottile/age) and [Minisign](https://jedisct1.github.io/minisign/) to provide a simple, easier alternative to GPG. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.kryptor.co.uk){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.kryptor.co.uk/features#privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://www.kryptor.co.uk/tutorial){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/samuel-lucas6/Kryptor){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.kryptor.co.uk/#donate){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.kryptor.co.uk) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.kryptor.co.uk) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.kryptor.co.uk) + +### Tomb + +!!! recommendation + + ![Tomb logo](assets/img/encryption-software/tomb.png){ align=right } + + **Tomb** is a command-line shell wrapper for LUKS. It supports steganography via [third-party tools](https://github.com/dyne/Tomb#how-does-it-work). + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.dyne.org/software/tomb){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/dyne/Tomb/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/dyne/Tomb){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.dyne.org/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +## OpenPGP + +OpenPGP is sometimes needed for specific tasks such as digitally signing and encrypting email. PGP has many features and is [complex](https://latacora.micro.blog/2019/07/16/the-pgp-problem.html) as it has been around a long time. For tasks such as signing or encrypting files, we suggest the above options. + +When encrypting with PGP, you have the option to configure different options in your `gpg.conf` file. We recommend staying with the standard options specified in the [GnuPG user FAQ](https://www.gnupg.org/faq/gnupg-faq.html#new_user_gpg_conf). + +!!! tip "Use future defaults when generating a key" + + When [generating keys](https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/c14.html) we suggest using the `future-default` command as this will instruct GnuPG use modern cryptography such as [Curve25519](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve25519#History) and [Ed25519](https://ed25519.cr.yp.to/): + + ```bash + gpg --quick-gen-key alice@example.com future-default + ``` + +### GNU Privacy Guard + +!!! recommendation + + ![GNU Privacy Guard logo](assets/img/encryption-software/gnupg.svg){ align=right } + + **GnuPG** is a GPL-licensed alternative to the PGP suite of cryptographic software. GnuPG is compliant with [RFC 4880](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4880), which is the current IETF specification of OpenPGP. The GnuPG project has been working on an [updated draft](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-openpgp-crypto-refresh/) in an attempt to modernize OpenPGP. GnuPG is a part of the Free Software Foundation's GNU software project and has received major [funding](https://gnupg.org/blog/20220102-a-new-future-for-gnupg.html) from the German government. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://gnupg.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://gnupg.org/privacy-policy.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://gnupg.org/documentation/index.html){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://git.gnupg.org/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi?p=gnupg.git){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.sufficientlysecure.keychain) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://gpg4win.org/download.html) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://gpgtools.org) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://gnupg.org/download/index.html#binary) + +### GPG4win + +!!! recommendation + + ![GPG4win logo](assets/img/encryption-software/gpg4win.svg){ align=right } + + **GPG4win** is a package for Windows from [Intevation and g10 Code](https://gpg4win.org/impressum.html). It includes [various tools](https://gpg4win.org/about.html) that can assist you in using GPG on Microsoft Windows. The project was initiated and originally [funded by](https://web.archive.org/web/20190425125223/https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/news/government-used-cryptography) Germany's Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) in 2005. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://gpg4win.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://gpg4win.org/privacy-policy.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://gpg4win.org/documentation.html){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://git.gnupg.org/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi?p=gpg4win.git;a=summary){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://gpg4win.org/donate.html){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://gpg4win.org/download.html) + +### GPG Suite + +!!! note + + We suggest [Canary Mail](email-clients.md#canary-mail) for using PGP with email on iOS devices. + +!!! recommendation + + ![GPG Suite logo](assets/img/encryption-software/gpgsuite.png){ align=right } + + **GPG Suite** provides OpenPGP support for [Apple Mail](email-clients.md#apple-mail) and macOS. + + We recommend taking a look at their [First steps](https://gpgtools.tenderapp.com/kb/how-to/first-steps-where-do-i-start-where-do-i-begin-setup-gpgtools-create-a-new-key-your-first-encrypted-email) and [Knowledge base](https://gpgtools.tenderapp.com/kb) for support. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://gpgtools.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://gpgtools.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://gpgtools.tenderapp.com/kb){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/GPGTools){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://gpgtools.org) + +### OpenKeychain + +!!! recommendation + + ![OpenKeychain logo](assets/img/encryption-software/openkeychain.svg){ align=right } + + **OpenKeychain** is an Android implementation of GnuPG. It's commonly required by mail clients such as [K-9 Mail](email-clients.md#k-9-mail) and [FairEmail](email-clients.md#fairemail) and other Android apps to provide encryption support. Cure53 completed a [security audit](https://www.openkeychain.org/openkeychain-3-6) of OpenKeychain 3.6 in October 2015. Technical details about the audit and OpenKeychain's solutions can be found [here](https://github.com/open-keychain/open-keychain/wiki/cure53-Security-Audit-2015). + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.openkeychain.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.openkeychain.org/help/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://www.openkeychain.org/faq/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/open-keychain/open-keychain){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.sufficientlysecure.keychain) + +## Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +### Minimum Qualifications + +- Cross-platform encryption apps must be open-source. +- File encryption apps must support decryption on Linux, macOS, and Windows. +- External disk encryption apps must support decryption on Linux, macOS, and Windows. +- Internal (OS) disk encryption apps must be cross-platform or built in to the operating system natively. + +### Best-Case + +Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page. + +- Operating System (FDE) encryption apps should utilize hardware security such as a TPM or Secure Enclave. +- File encryption apps should have first- or third-party support for mobile platforms. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/file-sharing.md b/i18n/bn-IN/file-sharing.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b174e67f --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/file-sharing.md @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ +--- +title: "File Sharing and Sync" +icon: material/share-variant +description: Discover how to privately share your files between your devices, with your friends and family, or anonymously online. +cover: file-sharing.webp +--- + +Discover how to privately share your files between your devices, with your friends and family, or anonymously online. + +## File Sharing + +### Send + +!!! recommendation + + ![Send logo](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/send.svg){ align=right } + + **Send** is a fork of Mozilla’s discontinued Firefox Send service which allows you to send files to others with a link. Files are encrypted on your device so that they cannot be read by the server, and they can be optionally password-protected as well. The maintainer of Send hosts a [public instance](https://send.vis.ee/). You can use other public instances, or you can host Send yourself. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://send.vis.ee){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-server-16:](https://github.com/timvisee/send-instances){ .card-link title="Public Instances"} + [:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/timvisee/send#readme){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/timvisee/send){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/sponsors/timvisee){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +Send can be used via its web interface or via the [ffsend](https://github.com/timvisee/ffsend) CLI. If you are familiar with the command-line and send files frequently, we recommend using the CLI client to avoid JavaScript-based encryption. You can specify the `--host` flag to use a specific server: + +```bash +ffsend upload --host https://send.vis.ee/ FILE +``` + +### OnionShare + +!!! recommendation + + ![OnionShare logo](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/onionshare.svg){ align=right } + + **OnionShare** is an open-source tool that lets you securely and anonymously share a file of any size. It works by starting a web server accessible as a Tor onion service, with an unguessable URL that you can share with the recipients to download or send files. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://onionshare.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:simple-torbrowser:](http://lldan5gahapx5k7iafb3s4ikijc4ni7gx5iywdflkba5y2ezyg6sjgyd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.onionshare.org){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/onionshare/onionshare){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://onionshare.org/#download) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://onionshare.org/#download) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://onionshare.org/#download) + +### Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +- Must not store decrypted data on a remote server. +- Must be open-source software. +- Must either have clients for Linux, macOS, and Windows; or have a web interface. + +## FreedomBox + +!!! recommendation + + ![FreedomBox logo](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/freedombox.svg){ align=right } + + **FreedomBox** is an operating system designed to be run on a [single-board computer (SBC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer). The purpose is to make it easy to set up server applications that you might want to self-host. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://freedombox.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://wiki.debian.org/FreedomBox/Manual){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://salsa.debian.org/freedombox-team/freedombox){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://freedomboxfoundation.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +## File Sync + +### Nextcloud (Client-Server) + +!!! recommendation + + ![Nextcloud logo](assets/img/productivity/nextcloud.svg){ align=right } + + **Nextcloud** is a suite of free and open-source client-server software for creating your own file hosting services on a private server you control. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://nextcloud.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://nextcloud.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://nextcloud.com/support/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/nextcloud){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://nextcloud.com/contribute/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nextcloud.client) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1125420102) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/nextcloud/android/releases) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients) + +!!! danger + + We don't recommend using the [E2EE App](https://apps.nextcloud.com/apps/end_to_end_encryption) for Nextcloud as it may lead to data loss; it is highly experimental and not production quality. + +### Syncthing (P2P) + +!!! recommendation + + ![Syncthing logo](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/syncthing.svg){ align=right } + + **Syncthing** is an open-source peer-to-peer continuous file synchronization utility. It is used to synchronize files between two or more devices over the local network or the internet. Syncthing does not use a centralized server; it uses the [Block Exchange Protocol](https://docs.syncthing.net/specs/bep-v1.html#bep-v1) to transfer data between devices. All data is encrypted using TLS. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://syncthing.net){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.syncthing.net){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/syncthing){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://syncthing.net/donations/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nutomic.syncthingandroid) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://syncthing.net/downloads/) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://syncthing.net/downloads/) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://syncthing.net/downloads/) + - [:simple-freebsd: FreeBSD](https://syncthing.net/downloads/) + +### Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +#### Minimum Requirements + +- Must not require a third-party remote/cloud server. +- Must be open-source software. +- Must either have clients for Linux, macOS, and Windows; or have a web interface. + +#### Best-Case + +Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page. + +- Has mobile clients for iOS and Android, which at least support document previews. +- Supports photo backup from iOS and Android, and optionally supports file/folder sync on Android. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/financial-services.md b/i18n/bn-IN/financial-services.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6cedefcb --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/financial-services.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +--- +title: Financial Services +icon: material/bank +cover: financial-services.webp +--- + +Making payments online is one of the biggest challenges to privacy. These services can assist you in protecting your privacy from merchants and other trackers, provided you have a strong understanding of how to make private payments effectively. We strongly encourage you first read our payments overview article before making any purchases: + +[Making Private Payments :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](advanced/payments.md ""){.md-button} + +## Payment Masking Services + +There are a number of services which provide "virtual debit cards" which you can use with online merchants without revealing your actual banking or billing information in most cases. It's important to note that these financial services are **not** anonymous and are subject to "Know Your Customer" (KYC) laws and may require your ID or other identifying information. These services are primarily useful for protecting you from merchant data breaches, less sophisticated tracking or purchase correlation by marketing agencies, and online data theft; and **not** for making a purchase completely anonymously. + +!!! tip "Check your current bank" + + Many banks and credit card providers offer native virtual card functionality. If you use one which provides this option already, you should use it over the following recommendations in most cases. That way you are not trusting multiple parties with your personal information. + +### Privacy.com (US) + +!!! recommendation + + ![Privacy.com logo](assets/img/financial-services/privacy_com.svg#only-light){ align=right } + ![Privacy.com logo](assets/img/financial-services/privacy_com-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right } + + **Privacy.com**'s free plan allows you to create up to 12 virtual cards per month, set spend limits on those cards, and shut off cards instantly. Their paid plan allows you to create up to 36 cards per month, get 1% cash back on purchases, and hide transaction information from your bank. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://privacy.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://privacy.com/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://support.privacy.com/hc/en-us){ .card-link title=Documentation} + +Privacy.com gives information about the merchants you purchase from to your bank by default. Their paid "discreet merchants" feature hides merchant information from your bank, so your bank only sees that a purchase was made with Privacy.com but not where that money was spent, however that is not foolproof, and of course Privacy.com still has knowledge about the merchants you are spending money with. + +### MySudo (US, Paid) + +!!! recommendation + + ![MySudo logo](assets/img/financial-services/mysudo.svg#only-light){ align=right } + ![MySudo logo](assets/img/financial-services/mysudo-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right } + + **MySudo** provides up to 9 virtual cards depending on the plan you purchase. Their paid plans additionally include functionality which may be useful for making purchases privately, such as virtual phone numbers and email addresses, although we typically recommend other [email aliasing providers](email.md) for extensive email aliasing use. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://mysudo.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://anonyome.com/privacy-policy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://support.mysudo.com/hc/en-us){ .card-link title=Documentation} + +MySudo's virtual cards are currently only available via their iOS app. + +### Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +- Allows the creation of multiple cards which function as a shield between the merchant and your personal finances. +- Cards must not require you to provide accurate billing address information to the merchant. + +## Gift Card Marketplaces + +These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants online with [cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits typically start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). + +### CoinCards + +!!! recommendation + + ![CoinCards logo](assets/img/financial-services/coincards.svg){ align=right } + + **CoinCards** (available in the US and Canada) allows you to purchase gift cards for a large variety of merchants. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://coincards.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://coincards.com/privacy-policy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://coincards.com/frequently-asked-questions/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + +### Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +- Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). +- No ID requirement. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/frontends.md b/i18n/bn-IN/frontends.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..20c7c858 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/frontends.md @@ -0,0 +1,226 @@ +--- +title: "Frontends" +icon: material/flip-to-front +description: These open-source frontends for various internet services allow you to access content without JavaScript or other annoyances. +cover: frontends.webp +--- + +Sometimes services will try to force you to sign up for an account by blocking access to content with annoying popups. They might also break without JavaScript enabled. These frontends can allow you to get around these restrictions. + +If you choose to self-host these frontends, it is important that you have other people using your instance as well in order for you to blend in. You should be careful with where and how you are hosting, as other peoples' usage will be linked to your hosting. + +When you are using an instance run by someone else, make sure to read the privacy policy of that specific instance. They can be modified by their owners and therefore may not reflect the default policy. Some instances have Tor .onion addresses which may grant some privacy as long as your search queries don't contain PII. + +## Twitter + +### Nitter + +!!! recommendation + + ![Nitter logo](assets/img/frontends/nitter.svg){ align=right } + + **Nitter** is a free and open-source frontend for [Twitter](https://twitter.com) that is also self-hostable. + + There are a number of public instances, with some instances having [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) onion services support. + + [:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/zedeus/nitter){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-server-16:](https://github.com/zedeus/nitter/wiki/Instances){ .card-link title="Public Instances"} + [:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/zedeus/nitter/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/zedeus/nitter){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/zedeus/nitter#nitter){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +!!! tip + + Nitter is useful if you want to browse Twitter content without having to log in and if you want to disable JavaScript in your browser, as is the case with [Tor Browser](https://www.torproject.org/) on the Safest security level. It also allows you to [create RSS feeds for Twitter](news-aggregators.md#twitter). + +## TikTok + +### ProxiTok + +!!! recommendation + + ![ProxiTok logo](assets/img/frontends/proxitok.svg){ align=right } + + **ProxiTok** is an open source frontend to the [TikTok](https://www.tiktok.com) website that is also self-hostable. + + There are a number of public instances, with some instances having [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) onion services support. + + [:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/pablouser1/ProxiTok){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-server-16:](https://github.com/pablouser1/ProxiTok/wiki/Public-instances){ .card-link title="Public Instances"} + [:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/pablouser1/ProxiTok/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/pablouser1/ProxiTok){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + +!!! tip + + ProxiTok is useful if you want to disable JavaScript in your browser, such as [Tor Browser](https://www.torproject.org/) on the Safest security level. + +## YouTube + +### FreeTube + +!!! recommendation + + ![FreeTube logo](assets/img/frontends/freetube.svg){ align=right } + + **FreeTube** is a free and open-source desktop application for [YouTube](https://youtube.com). When using FreeTube, your subscription list and playlists are saved locally on your device. + + By default, FreeTube blocks all YouTube advertisements. In addition, FreeTube optionally integrates with [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app) to help you skip sponsored video segments. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://freetubeapp.io){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://freetubeapp.io/privacy.php){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.freetubeapp.io/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/FreeTubeApp/FreeTube){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://liberapay.com/FreeTube){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://freetubeapp.io/#download) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://freetubeapp.io/#download) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://freetubeapp.io/#download) + - [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/io.freetubeapp.FreeTube) + +!!! warning + + When using FreeTube, your IP address may still be known to YouTube, [Invidious](https://instances.invidious.io) or [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app/) depending on your configuration. Consider using a [VPN](vpn.md) or [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) if your [threat model](basics/threat-modeling.md) requires hiding your IP address. + +### Yattee + +!!! recommendation + + ![Yattee logo](assets/img/frontends/yattee.svg){ align=right } + + **Yattee** is a free and open-source privacy oriented video player for iOS, tvOS and macOS for [YouTube](https://youtube.com). When using Yattee, your subscription list are saved locally on your device. + + You will need to take a few [extra steps](https://gonzoknows.com/posts/Yattee/) before you can use Yattee to watch YouTube, due to App Store restrictions. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://github.com/yattee/yattee){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://r.yattee.stream/docs/privacy.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/yattee/yattee/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/yattee/yattee){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/yattee/yattee/wiki/Donations){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-apple: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/yattee/id1595136629) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/yattee/yattee/releases) + +!!! warning + + When using Yattee, your IP address may still be known to YouTube, [Invidious](https://instances.invidious.io), [Piped](https://github.com/TeamPiped/Piped/wiki/Instances) or [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app/) depending on your configuration. Consider using a [VPN](vpn.md) or [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) if your [threat model](basics/threat-modeling.md) requires hiding your IP address. + +By default, Yattee blocks all YouTube advertisements. In addition, Yattee optionally integrates with [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app) to help you skip sponsored video segments. + +### LibreTube (Android) + +!!! recommendation + + ![LibreTube logo](assets/img/frontends/libretube.svg#only-light){ align=right } + ![LibreTube logo](assets/img/frontends/libretube-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right } + + **LibreTube** is a free and open-source Android application for [YouTube](https://youtube.com) which uses the [Piped](#piped) API. + + LibreTube allows you to store your subscription list and playlists locally on your Android device, or to an account on your Piped instance of choice, which allows you to access them seamlessly on other devices as well. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://libre-tube.github.io){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://github.com/libre-tube/LibreTube#privacy-policy-and-disclaimer){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/libre-tube/LibreTube#readme){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/libre-tube/LibreTube){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/libre-tube/LibreTube/releases) + +!!! warning + + When using LibreTube, your IP address will be visible to the [Piped](https://github.com/TeamPiped/Piped/wiki/Instances) instance you choose and/or [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app/) depending on your configuration. Consider using a [VPN](vpn.md) or [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) if your [threat model](basics/threat-modeling.md) requires hiding your IP address. + +By default, LibreTube blocks all YouTube advertisements. Additionally, Libretube uses [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app) to help you skip sponsored video segments. You are able to fully configure the types of segments that SponsorBlock will skip, or disable it completely. There is also a button on the video player itself to disable it for a specific video if desired. + +### NewPipe (Android) + +!!! recommendation annotate + + ![Newpipe logo](assets/img/frontends/newpipe.svg){ align=right } + + **NewPipe** is a free and open-source Android application for [YouTube](https://youtube.com), [SoundCloud](https://soundcloud.com), [media.ccc.de](https://media.ccc.de), [Bandcamp](https://bandcamp.com), and [PeerTube](https://joinpeertube.org/) (1). + + Your subscription list and playlists are saved locally on your Android device. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://newpipe.net){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://newpipe.net/legal/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://teamnewpipe.github.io/documentation/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/TeamNewPipe/NewPipe){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://newpipe.net/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/TeamNewPipe/NewPipe/releases) + +1. The default instance is [FramaTube](https://framatube.org/), however more can be added via **Settings** → **Content** → **PeerTube instances** + +!!! warning + + When using NewPipe, your IP address will be visible to the video providers used. Consider using a [VPN](vpn.md) or [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) if your [threat model](basics/threat-modeling.md) requires hiding your IP address. + +### Invidious + +!!! recommendation + + ![Invidious logo](assets/img/frontends/invidious.svg#only-light){ align=right } + ![Invidious logo](assets/img/frontends/invidious-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right } + + **Invidious** is a free and open-source frontend for [YouTube](https://youtube.com) that is also self-hostable. + + There are a number of public instances, with some instances having [Tor](https://www.torproject.org) onion services support. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://invidious.io){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-server-16:](https://instances.invidious.io){ .card-link title="Public Instances"} + [:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.invidious.io/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/iv-org/invidious){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://invidious.io/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +!!! warning + + Invidious does not proxy video streams by default. Videos watched through Invidious will still make direct connections to Google's servers (e.g. `googlevideo.com`); however, some instances support video proxying—simply enable *Proxy videos* within the instances' settings or add `&local=true` to the URL. + +!!! tip + + Invidious is useful if you want to disable JavaScript in your browser, such as [Tor Browser](https://www.torproject.org/) on the Safest security level. It does not provide privacy by itself, and we don’t recommend logging into any accounts. + +### Piped + +!!! recommendation + + ![Piped logo](assets/img/frontends/piped.svg){ align=right } + + **Piped** is a free and open-source frontend for [YouTube](https://youtube.com) that is also self-hostable. + + Piped requires JavaScript in order to function and there are a number of public instances. + + [:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/TeamPiped/Piped){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-server-16:](https://piped.kavin.rocks/preferences#ddlInstanceSelection){ .card-link title="Public Instances"} + [:octicons-info-16:](https://piped-docs.kavin.rocks/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/TeamPiped/Piped){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/TeamPiped/Piped#donations){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +!!! tip + + Piped is useful if you want to use [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app) without installing an extension or to access age-restricted content without an account. It does not provide privacy by itself, and we don’t recommend logging into any accounts. + +## Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +Recommended frontends... + +- Must be open-source software. +- Must be self-hostable. +- Must provide all basic website functionality available to anonymous users. + +We only consider frontends for websites which are... + +- Not normally accessible without JavaScript. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/index.md b/i18n/bn-IN/index.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..507e0a7f --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +--- +meta_title: "Privacy Guides: Your Independent Privacy and Security Resource" +template: overrides/home.bn.html +social: + cards_layout: home +hide: + - navigation + - toc + - feedback +schema: + - + "@context": https://schema.org + "@type": Organization + "@id": https://www.privacyguides.org/ + name: Privacy Guides + url: https://www.privacyguides.org/en/about/ + logo: https://www.privacyguides.org/en/assets/brand/png/square/pg-yellow.png + sameAs: + - https://twitter.com/privacy_guides + - https://github.com/privacyguides + - https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111710163 + - https://opencollective.com/privacyguides + - https://www.youtube.com/@privacyguides + - https://mastodon.neat.computer/@privacyguides + - + "@context": https://schema.org + "@type": WebSite + name: Privacy Guides + url: "https://www.privacyguides.org/" + sameAs: + - https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111710163 + potentialAction: + "@type": SearchAction + target: + "@type": EntryPoint + urlTemplate: "https://www.privacyguides.org/?q={search_term_string}" + query-input: required name=search_term_string +--- + + +## Why should I care? + +##### “I have nothing to hide. Why should I care about my privacy?” + +Much like the right to interracial marriage, woman's suffrage, freedom of speech, and many others, our right to privacy hasn't always been upheld. In several dictatorships, it still isn't. Generations before ours fought for our right to privacy. ==Privacy is a human right, inherent to all of us,== that we are entitled to (without discrimination). + +You shouldn't confuse privacy with secrecy. We know what happens in the bathroom, but you still close the door. That's because you want privacy, not secrecy. **Everyone** has something to protect. Privacy is something that makes us human. + +[:material-book-outline: Why Privacy Matters](basics/why-privacy-matters.md){ class="md-button md-button--primary" } + +## What should I do? + +##### First, you need to make a plan + +Trying to protect all your data from everyone all the time is impractical, expensive, and exhausting. But don't worry! Security is a process, and, by thinking ahead, you can put together a plan that's right for you. Security isn't just about the tools you use or the software you download. Rather, it begins by understanding the unique threats you face, and how you can mitigate them. + +==This process of identifying threats and defining countermeasures is called **threat modeling**==, and it forms the basis of every good security and privacy plan. + +[:material-book-outline: Learn More About Threat Modeling](basics/threat-modeling.md){ class="md-button md-button--primary" } + +--- + +## We need you! Here's how to get involved: + +[:simple-discourse:](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/){ title="Join our Forum" } +[:simple-mastodon:](https://mastodon.neat.computer/@privacyguides){ rel=me title="Follow us on Mastodon" } +[:material-book-edit:](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org){ title="Contribute to this website" } +[:material-translate:](https://matrix.to/#/#pg-i18n:aragon.sh){ title="Help translate this website" } +[:simple-matrix:](https://matrix.to/#/#privacyguides:matrix.org){ title="Chat with us on Matrix" } +[:material-information-outline:](about/index.md){ title="Learn more about us" } +[:material-hand-coin-outline:](about/donate.md){ title="Support the project" } + +It's important for a website like Privacy Guides to always stay up-to-date. We need our audience to keep an eye on software updates for the applications listed on our site and follow recent news about providers that we recommend. It's hard to keep up with the fast pace of the internet, but we try our best. If you spot an error, think a provider should not be listed, notice a qualified provider is missing, believe a browser plugin is no longer the best choice, or uncover any other issue, please let us know. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/kb-archive.md b/i18n/bn-IN/kb-archive.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..92daee33 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/kb-archive.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +--- +title: KB Archive +icon: material/archive +description: Some pages that used to be in our knowledge base can now be found on our blog. +--- + +# Pages Moved to Blog + +Some pages that used to be in our knowledge base can now be found on our blog: + +- [GrapheneOS vs. CalyxOS](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/04/21/grapheneos-or-calyxos/) +- [Signal Configuration Hardening](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/07/07/signal-configuration-and-hardening/) +- [Linux - System Hardening](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/04/22/linux-system-hardening/) +- [Linux - Application Sandboxing](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/04/22/linux-application-sandboxing/) +- [Secure Data Erasure](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/05/25/secure-data-erasure/) +- [Integrating Metadata Removal](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/04/09/integrating-metadata-removal/) +- [iOS Configuration Guide](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/10/22/ios-configuration-guide/) diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/meta/brand.md b/i18n/bn-IN/meta/brand.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..53cb9ac4 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/meta/brand.md @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +title: Branding Guidelines +--- + +The name of the website is **Privacy Guides** and should **not** be changed to: + +
+- PrivacyGuides +- Privacy guides +- PG +- PG.org +
+ +The name of the subreddit is **r/PrivacyGuides** or **the Privacy Guides Subreddit**. + +Additional branding guidelines can be found at [github.com/privacyguides/brand](https://github.com/privacyguides/brand) + +## Trademark + +"Privacy Guides" and the shield logo are trademarks owned by Jonah Aragon, unlimited usage is granted to the Privacy Guides project. + +Without waiving any of its rights, Privacy Guides does not advise others on the scope of its intellectual property rights. Privacy Guides does not permit or consent to any use of its trademarks in any manner that is likely to cause confusion by implying association with or sponsorship by Privacy Guides. If you are aware of any such use, please contact Jonah Aragon at jonah@privacyguides.org. Consult your legal counsel if you have questions. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/meta/git-recommendations.md b/i18n/bn-IN/meta/git-recommendations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f59b5f81 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/meta/git-recommendations.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +--- +title: Git Recommendations +--- + +If you make changes to this website on GitHub.com's web editor directly, you shouldn't have to worry about this. If you are developing locally and/or are a long-term website editor (who should probably be developing locally!), consider these recommendations. + +## Enable SSH Key Commit Signing + +You can use an existing SSH key for signing, or [create a new one](https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/connecting-to-github-with-ssh/generating-a-new-ssh-key-and-adding-it-to-the-ssh-agent). + +1. Configure your Git client to sign commits and tags by default (remove `--global` to only sign by default for this repo): + ``` + git config --global commit.gpgsign true + git config --global gpg.format ssh + git config --global tag.gpgSign true + ``` +2. Copy your SSH public key to your clipboard, for example: + ``` + pbcopy < ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub + # Copies the contents of the id_ed25519.pub file to your clipboard + ``` +3. Set your SSH key for signing in Git with the following command, replacing the last string in quotes with the public key in your clipboard: + ``` + git config --global user.signingkey 'ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3(...) user@example.com' + ``` + +Ensure you [add your SSH key to your GitHub account](https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/connecting-to-github-with-ssh/adding-a-new-ssh-key-to-your-github-account#adding-a-new-ssh-key-to-your-account) **as a Signing Key** (as opposed to or in addition to as an Authentication Key). + +## Rebase on Git pull + +Use `git pull --rebase` instead of `git pull` when pulling in changes from GitHub to your local machine. This way your local changes will always be "on top of" the latest changes on GitHub, and you avoid merge commits (which are disallowed in this repo). + +You can set this to be the default behavior: + +``` +git config --global pull.rebase true +``` + +## Rebase from `main` before submitting a PR + +If you are working on your own branch, run these commands before submitting a PR: + +``` +git fetch origin +git rebase origin/main +``` diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/meta/translations.md b/i18n/bn-IN/meta/translations.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..30b4c572 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/meta/translations.md @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +--- +title: Translations +--- + +Crowdin has good documentation, and we suggest looking at their [Getting Started](https://support.crowdin.com/crowdin-intro/) guide. Our site is largely written in [Markdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markdown), so it should be easy to contribute. This page contains some helpful pointers for translating some specific syntax you may encounter on our site. + +Please join our localization room on Matrix ([#pg-i18n:aragon.sh](https://matrix.to/#/%23pg-i18n:aragon.sh)) if you have any additional questions, and read our [announcement blog post](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2023/02/26/i18n-announcement/) for additional information about the project. + +Note that the English version of the site is the primary version, meaning changes occur there first. If you notice a language falling behind the English version, please help out. We cannot guarantee the accuracy of all our translations. If you have a suggestion about content specific to your region, please open an issue or pull request to our [main repository](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org). + +## Admonitions + +Throughout the site we use MkDocs's [admonitions](https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/admonitions/#usage), to show information to readers. They come in a few different flavors such as `example`, `warning`, `tip`, etc. + +When admonitions are used they will have an English string on the site by default. This can be [customized](https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/admonitions/#changing-the-title), without too much effort. For example, if you were translating an admonition of type [`warning`](https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/admonitions/#type:warning) to Dutch, this is how you would write it: + +=== "Dutch translation" + + ```text + !!! warning "Waarschuwing" + ``` + +=== "English source text" + + ```text + !!! warning + ``` + +Downloads are a [custom admonition](https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/reference/admonitions/#custom-admonitions) which is written as follows: + +=== "Dutch translation" + + ```text + ??? downloads "Downloaden" + ``` + +=== "English source text" + + ```text + ??? downloads + ``` + +The same goes for other types, such as `tip`, `example`, `warning`, `danger` etc. + +Recommendations are a special type of admonition which do **not** need overriding as they have no visible text, so they are never changed: + +=== "Dutch translation" + + ```text + !!! recommendation + ``` + +=== "English source text" + + ```text + !!! recommendation + ``` + +## Translation output + +Translation software gets the translation quite accurate; however, you need to make sure the translated string is correct. + +For example: + +```text +![Software logo](assets/img/path/to/image.svg){ align=right } +``` + +We have sometimes found that the syntax for inserting an image like above was missing the `![` or an extra space was placed between the text and the path, e.g. `](`. If a translation string is clearly not correct, we encourage you to **delete** it by pressing the trash icon [or vote](https://support.crowdin.com/enterprise/getting-started-for-volunteers/#voting-view) on which one you think sounds best. When invalid strings are deleted, they are removed from the organization's [translation memory](https://support.crowdin.com/enterprise/translation-memory), meaning that when the source string is seen again, it won't suggest the incorrect translation. + +## Punctuation + +For examples like the above admonitions, quotation marks, e.g.: `" "` must be used to specify string text. MkDocs will not correctly interpret other symbols i.e., `「 」` or `« »`. Other punctuation marks are fine for marking regular quotations within the text otherwise. + +## Fullwidth alternatives and Markdown syntax + +CJK writing systems tend to use alternative "fullwidth" variants of common symbols. These are different characters and cannot be used for markdown syntax. + +- Links must use regular parenthesis ie `(` (Left Parenthesis U+0028) and `)` (Right Parenthesis U+0029) and not `（` (Fullwidth Left Parenthesis U+FF08) or `）` (Fullwidth Right Parenthesis U+FF09) +- Indented quoted text must use `:` (Colon U+003A) and not `：` (Fullwidth Colon U+FF1A) +- Pictures must use `!` (Exclamation Mark U+0021) and not `！` (Fullwidth Exclamation Mark U+FF01) diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/meta/uploading-images.md b/i18n/bn-IN/meta/uploading-images.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..55f136f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/meta/uploading-images.md @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +--- +title: Uploading Images +--- + +Here are a couple of general rules for contributing to Privacy Guides: + +## Images + +- We **prefer** SVG images, but if those do not exist we can use PNG images + +Company logos have canvas size of: + +- 128x128px +- 384x128px + +## Optimization + +### PNG + +Use the [OptiPNG](https://sourceforge.net/projects/optipng/) to optimize the PNG image: + +```bash +optipng -o7 file.png +``` + +### SVG + +#### Inkscape + +[Scour](https://github.com/scour-project/scour) all SVG images. + +In Inkscape: + +1. File Save As.. +2. Set type to Optimized SVG (*.svg) + +In the **Options** tab: + +- **Number of significant digits for coordinates** > **5** +- [x] Turn on **Shorten color values** +- [x] Turn on **Convert CSS attributes to XML attributes** +- [x] Turn on **Collapse groups** +- [x] Turn on **Create groups for similar attributes** +- [ ] Turn off **Keep editor data** +- [ ] Turn off **Keep unreferenced definitions** +- [x] Turn on **Work around renderer bugs** + +In the **SVG Output** tab under **Document options**: + +- [ ] Turn off **Remove the XML declaration** +- [x] Turn on **Remove metadata** +- [x] Turn on **Remove comments** +- [x] Turn on **Embeded raster images** +- [x] Turn on **Enable viewboxing** + +In the **SVG Output** under **Pretty-printing**: + +- [ ] Turn off **Format output with line-breaks and indentation** +- **Indentation characters** > Select **Space** +- **Depth of indentation** > **1** +- [ ] Turn off **Strip the "xml:space" attribute from the root SVG element** + +In the **IDs** tab: + +- [x] Turn on **Remove unused IDs** +- [ ] Turn off **Shorten IDs** +- **Prefix shortened IDs with** > `leave blank` +- [x] Turn on **Preserve manually created IDs not ending with digits** +- **Preserve the following IDs** > `leave blank` +- **Preserve IDs starting with** > `leave blank` + +#### CLI + +The same can be achieved with the [Scour](https://github.com/scour-project/scour) command: + +```bash +scour --set-precision=5 \ + --create-groups \ + --renderer-workaround \ + --remove-descriptive-elements \ + --enable-comment-stripping \ + --enable-viewboxing \ + --indent=space \ + --nindent=1 \ + --no-line-breaks \ + --enable-id-stripping \ + --protect-ids-noninkscape \ + input.svg output.svg +``` diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/meta/writing-style.md b/i18n/bn-IN/meta/writing-style.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b9e47a71 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/meta/writing-style.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +--- +title: Writing Style +--- + +Privacy Guides is written in American English, and you should refer to [APA Style guidelines](https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/grammar) when in doubt. + +In general the [United States federal plain language guidelines](https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/) provide a good overview of how to write clearly and concisely. We highlight a few important notes from these guidelines below. + +## Writing for our audience + +Privacy Guides' intended [audience](https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/audience/) is primarily average, technology using adults. Don't dumb down content as if you are addressing a middle-school class, but don't overuse complicated terminology about concepts average computer users wouldn't be familiar with. + +### Address only what people want to know + +People don't need overly complex articles with little relevance to them. Figure out what you want people to accomplish when writing an article, and only include those details. + +> Tell your audience why the material is important to them. Say, “If you want a research grant, here’s what you have to do.” Or, “If you want to mine federal coal, here’s what you should know.” Or, “If you’re planning a trip to Rwanda, read this first.” + +### Address people directly + +We're writing *for* a wide variety of people, but we are writing *to* the person who is actually reading it. Use "you" to address the reader directly. + +> More than any other single technique, using “you” pulls users into the information and makes it relevant to them. +> +> When you use “you” to address users, they are more likely to understand what their responsibility is. + +Source: [plainlanguage.gov](https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/audience/address-the-user/) + +### Avoid "users" + +Avoid calling people "users", in favor of "people", or a more specific description of the group of people you are writing for. + +## Organizing content + +Organization is key. Content should flow from most to least important information, and use headers as much as needed to logically separate different ideas. + +- Limit the document to around five or six sections. Long documents should probably be broken up into separate pages. +- Mark important ideas with **bold** or *italics*. + +Source: [plainlanguage.gov](https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/design/) + +### Begin with a topic sentence + +> If you tell your reader what they’re going to read about, they’re less likely to have to read your paragraph again. Headings help, but they’re not enough. Establish a context for your audience before you provide them with the details. +> +> We often write the way we think, putting our premises first and then our conclusion. It may be the natural way to develop thoughts, but we wind up with the topic sentence at the end of the paragraph. Move it up front and let users know where you’re going. Don’t make readers hold a lot of information in their heads before getting to the point. + +Source: [plainlanguage.gov](https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/organize/have-a-topic-sentence/) + +## Choose your words carefully + +> Words matter. They are the most basic building blocks of written and spoken communication. Don’t complicate things by using jargon, technical terms, or abbreviations that people won’t understand. + +We should try to avoid abbreviations where possible, but technology is full of abbreviations. In general, spell out the abbreviation/acronym the first time it is used on a page, and add the abbreviation to the abbreviation glossary file when it is used repeatedly. + +> Kathy McGinty offers tongue-in-cheek instructions for bulking up your simple, direct sentences: +> +> > There is no escaping the fact that it is considered very important to note that a number of various available applicable studies ipso facto have generally identified the fact that additional appropriate nocturnal employment could usually keep juvenile adolescents off thoroughfares during the night hours, including but not limited to the time prior to midnight on weeknights and/or 2 a.m. on weekends. +> +> And the original, using stronger, simpler words: +> +> > More night jobs would keep youths off the streets. + +## Be concise + +> Unnecessary words waste your audience’s time. Great writing is like a conversation. Omit information that the audience doesn’t need to know. This can be difficult as a subject matter expert so it’s important to have someone look at the information from the audience’s perspective. + +Source: [plainlanguage.gov](https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/concise/) + +## Keep text conversational + +> Verbs are the fuel of writing. They give your sentences power and direction. They enliven your writing and make it more interesting. +> +> Verbs tell your audience what to do. Make sure it’s clear who does what. + +### Use active voice + +> Active voice makes it clear who is supposed to do what. It eliminates ambiguity about responsibilities. Not “It must be done,” but “You must do it.” + +Source: [plainlanguage.gov](https://www.plainlanguage.gov/guidelines/conversational/use-active-voice/) + +### Use "must" for requirements + +> - “must” for an obligation +> - “must not” for a prohibition +> - “may” for a discretionary action +> - “should” for a recommendation diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/mobile-browsers.md b/i18n/bn-IN/mobile-browsers.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6e1ab86e --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/mobile-browsers.md @@ -0,0 +1,226 @@ +--- +meta_title: "Privacy Respecting Mobile Web Browsers for Android and iOS - Privacy Guides" +title: "Mobile Browsers" +icon: material/cellphone-information +description: These browsers are what we currently recommend for standard/non-anonymous internet browsing on your phone. +cover: mobile-browsers.webp +schema: + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": WebPage + name: Private Mobile Browser Recommendations + url: "./" + relatedLink: "../desktop-browsers/" + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": MobileApplication + name: Brave + image: /assets/img/browsers/brave.svg + url: https://brave.com + applicationCategory: Web Browser + operatingSystem: + - অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + subjectOf: + "@type": WebPage + url: "./" + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": MobileApplication + name: Safari + image: /assets/img/browsers/safari.svg + url: https://www.apple.com/safari/ + applicationCategory: Web Browser + operatingSystem: + - iOS + subjectOf: + "@type": WebPage + url: "./" +--- + +These are our currently recommended mobile web browsers and configurations for standard/non-anonymous internet browsing. If you need to browse the internet anonymously, you should use [Tor](tor.md) instead. In general, we recommend keeping extensions to a minimum; they have privileged access within your browser, require you to trust the developer, can make you [stand out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_fingerprint#Browser_fingerprint), and [weaken](https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/g/chromium-extensions/c/0ei-UCHNm34/m/lDaXwQhzBAAJ) site isolation. + +## অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + +On Android, Firefox is still less secure than Chromium-based alternatives: Mozilla's engine, [GeckoView](https://mozilla.github.io/geckoview/), has yet to support [site isolation](https://hacks.mozilla.org/2021/05/introducing-firefox-new-site-isolation-security-architecture) or enable [isolatedProcess](https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1565196). + +### Brave + +!!! recommendation + + ![Brave logo](assets/img/browsers/brave.svg){ align=right } + + **Brave Browser** includes a built-in content blocker and [privacy features](https://brave.com/privacy-features/), many of which are enabled by default. + + Brave is built upon the Chromium web browser project, so it should feel familiar and have minimal website compatibility issues. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://brave.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:simple-torbrowser:](https://brave4u7jddbv7cyviptqjc7jusxh72uik7zt6adtckl5f4nwy2v72qd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://brave.com/privacy/browser/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://support.brave.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads annotate + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.brave.browser) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/releases) + +#### Recommended Configuration + +Tor Browser is the only way to truly browse the internet anonymously. When you use Brave, we recommend changing the following settings to protect your privacy from certain parties, but all browsers other than the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser) will be traceable by *somebody* in some regard or another. + +These options can be found in :material-menu: → **Settings** → **Brave Shields & privacy** + +##### Shields + +Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields-) feature. We suggest configuring these options [globally](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings-) across all pages that you visit. + +##### Brave shields global defaults + +Shields' options can be downgraded on a per-site basis as needed, but by default we recommend setting the following: + +
+ +- [x] Select **Aggressive** under **Block trackers & ads** + + ??? warning "Use default filter lists" + Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave://adblock` page. We advise against using this feature; instead, keep the default filter lists. Using extra lists will make you stand out from other Brave users and may also increase attack surface if there is an exploit in Brave and a malicious rule is added to one of the lists you use. + +- [x] Select **Upgrade connections to HTTPS** +- [x] Select **Always use secure connections** +- [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1) +- [x] Select **Strict, may break sites** under **Block fingerprinting** + +
+ +1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode) or the [NoScript](https://noscript.net/) extension. + +##### Clear browsing data + +- [x] Select **Clear data on exit** + +##### Social Media Blocking + +- [ ] Uncheck all social media components + +##### Other privacy settings + +
+ +- [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP handling policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings-#webrtc) +- [ ] Uncheck **Allow sites to check if you have payment methods saved** +- [ ] Uncheck **IPFS Gateway** (1) +- [x] Select **Close tabs on exit** +- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)** +- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports** +- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave** + +
+ +1. InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) is a decentralized, peer-to-peer network for storing and sharing data in a distributed filesystem. Unless you use the feature, disable it. + +#### Brave Sync + +[Brave Sync](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360059793111-Understanding-Brave-Sync) allows your browsing data (history, bookmarks, etc.) to be accessible on all your devices without requiring an account and protects it with E2EE. + +## iOS + +On iOS, any app that can browse the web is [restricted](https://developer.apple.com/app-store/review/guidelines) to using an Apple-provided [WebKit framework](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/webkit), so there is little reason to use a third-party web browser. + +### Safari + +!!! recommendation + + ![Safari logo](assets/img/browsers/safari.svg){ align=right } + + **Safari** is the default browser in iOS. It includes [privacy features](https://support.apple.com/guide/iphone/browse-the-web-privately-iphb01fc3c85/15.0/ios/15.0) such as [Intelligent Tracking Prevention](https://webkit.org/blog/7675/intelligent-tracking-prevention/), Privacy Report, isolated and ephemeral Private Browsing tabs, iCloud Private Relay, and fingerprinting reduction by presenting a simplified version of the system configuration to websites so more devices look identical. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.apple.com/safari/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.apple.com/legal/privacy/data/en/safari/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://support.apple.com/guide/safari/welcome/mac){ .card-link title=Documentation} + +#### Recommended Configuration + +These options can be found in :gear: **Settings** → **Safari** → **Privacy and Security**. + +##### Cross-Site Tracking Prevention + +- [x] Enable **Prevent Cross-Site Tracking** + +This enables WebKit's [Intelligent Tracking Protection](https://webkit.org/tracking-prevention/#intelligent-tracking-prevention-itp). The feature helps protect against unwanted tracking by using on-device machine learning to stop trackers. ITP protects against many common threats, but it does not block all tracking avenues because it is designed to not interfere with website usability. + +##### Privacy Report + +Privacy Report provides a snapshot of cross-site trackers currently prevented from profiling you on the website you're visiting. It can also display a weekly report to show which trackers have been blocked over time. + +Privacy Report is accessible via the Page Settings menu. + +##### Privacy Preserving Ad Measurement + +- [ ] Disable **Privacy Preserving Ad Measurement** + +Ad click measurement has traditionally used tracking technology that infringes on user privacy. [Private Click Measurement](https://webkit.org/blog/11529/introducing-private-click-measurement-pcm/) is a WebKit feature and proposed web standard aimed towards allowing advertisers to measure the effectiveness of web campaigns without compromising on user privacy. + +The feature has little privacy concerns on its own, so while you can choose to leave it on, we consider the fact that it's automatically disabled in Private Browsing to be an indicator for disabling the feature. + +##### Always-on Private Browsing + +Open Safari and tap the Tabs button, located in the bottom right. Then, expand the Tab Groups list. + +- [x] Select **Private** + +Safari's Private Browsing mode offers additional privacy protections. Private Browsing uses a new [ephemeral](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/urlsessionconfiguration/1410529-ephemeral) session for each tab, meaning tabs are isolated from one another. There are also other smaller privacy benefits with Private Browsing, such as not sending a webpage’s address to Apple when using Safari's translation feature. + +Do note that Private Browsing does not save cookies and website data, so it won't be possible to remain signed into sites. This may be an inconvenience. + +##### iCloud Sync + +Synchronization of Safari History, Tab Groups, iCloud Tabs and saved passwords are E2EE. However, by default, bookmarks are [not](https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT202303). Apple can decrypt and access them in accordance with their [privacy policy](https://www.apple.com/legal/privacy/en-ww/). + +You can enable E2EE for your Safari bookmarks and downloads by enabling [Advanced Data Protection](https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212520). Go to your **Apple ID name → iCloud → Advanced Data Protection**. + +- [x] Turn On **Advanced Data Protection** + +If you use iCloud with Advanced Data Protection disabled, we also recommend checking to ensure Safari's default download location is set to locally on your device. This option can be found in :gear: **Settings** → **Safari** → **General** → **Downloads**. + +### AdGuard + +!!! recommendation + + ![AdGuard logo](assets/img/browsers/adguard.svg){ align=right } + + **AdGuard for iOS** is a free and open-source content-blocking extension for Safari that uses the native [Content Blocker API](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/safariservices/creating_a_content_blocker). + + AdGuard for iOS has some premium features; however, standard Safari content blocking is free of charge. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://adguard.com/en/adguard-ios/overview.html){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://adguard.com/privacy/ios.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://kb.adguard.com/ios){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/AdguardTeam/AdguardForiOS){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id1047223162) + +Additional filter lists do slow things down and may increase your attack surface, so only apply what you need. + +## Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +### Minimum Requirements + +- Must support automatic updates. +- Must receive engine updates in 0-1 days from upstream release. +- Any changes required to make the browser more privacy-respecting should not negatively impact user experience. +- Android browsers must use the Chromium engine. + - Unfortunately, Mozilla GeckoView is still less secure than Chromium on Android. + - iOS browsers are limited to WebKit. + +### Extension Criteria + +- Must not replicate built-in browser or OS functionality. +- Must directly impact user privacy, i.e. must not simply provide information. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/multi-factor-authentication.md b/i18n/bn-IN/multi-factor-authentication.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fa0ab916 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/multi-factor-authentication.md @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +--- +title: "Multi-Factor Authenticators" +icon: 'material/two-factor-authentication' +description: These tools assist you with securing your internet accounts with Multi-Factor Authentication without sending your secrets to a third-party. +cover: multi-factor-authentication.webp +--- + +## Hardware Security Keys + +### YubiKey + +!!! recommendation + + ![YubiKeys](assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/yubikey.png) + + The **YubiKeys** are among the most popular security keys. Some YubiKey models have a wide range of features such as: [Universal 2nd Factor (U2F)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_2nd_Factor), [FIDO2 and WebAuthn](basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#fido-fast-identity-online), [Yubico OTP](basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#yubico-otp), [Personal Identity Verification (PIV)](https://developers.yubico.com/PIV), [OpenPGP](https://developers.yubico.com/PGP/), [TOTP and HOTP](https://developers.yubico.com/OATH) authentication. + + One of the benefits of the YubiKey is that one key can do almost everything (YubiKey 5), you could expect from a hardware security key. We do encourage you to take the [quiz](https://www.yubico.com/quiz/) before purchasing in order to make sure you make the right choice. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.yubico.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.yubico.com/support/terms-conditions/privacy-notice){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.yubico.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + +The [comparison table](https://www.yubico.com/store/compare/) shows the features and how the YubiKeys compare. We highly recommend that you select keys from the YubiKey 5 Series. + +YubiKeys can be programmed using the [YubiKey Manager](https://www.yubico.com/support/download/yubikey-manager/) or [YubiKey Personalization Tools](https://www.yubico.com/support/download/yubikey-personalization-tools/). For managing TOTP codes, you can use the [Yubico Authenticator](https://www.yubico.com/products/yubico-authenticator/). All of Yubico's clients are open-source. + +For models which support HOTP and TOTP, there are 2 slots in the OTP interface which could be used for HOTP and 32 slots to store TOTP secrets. These secrets are stored encrypted on the key and never expose them to the devices they are plugged into. Once a seed (shared secret) is given to the Yubico Authenticator, it will only give out the six-digit codes, but never the seed. This security model helps limit what an attacker can do if they compromise one of the devices running the Yubico Authenticator and make the YubiKey resistant to a physical attacker. + +!!! warning + The firmware of YubiKey is not open-source and is not updatable. If you want features in newer firmware versions, or if there is a vulnerability in the firmware version you are using, you would need to purchase a new key. + +### Nitrokey + +!!! recommendation + + ![Nitrokey](assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/nitrokey.jpg){ align=right } + + **Nitrokey** has a security key capable of [FIDO2 and WebAuthn](basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#fido-fast-identity-online) called the **Nitrokey FIDO2**. For PGP support, you need to purchase one of their other keys such as the **Nitrokey Start**, **Nitrokey Pro 2** or the **Nitrokey Storage 2**. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.nitrokey.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.nitrokey.com/data-privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.nitrokey.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + +The [comparison table](https://www.nitrokey.com/#comparison) shows the features and how the Nitrokey models compare. The **Nitrokey 3** listed will have a combined feature set. + +Nitrokey models can be configured using the [Nitrokey app](https://www.nitrokey.com/download). + +For the models which support HOTP and TOTP, there are 3 slots for HOTP and 15 for TOTP. Some Nitrokeys can act as a password manager. They can store 16 different credentials and encrypt them using the same password as the OpenPGP interface. + +!!! warning + + While Nitrokeys do not release the HOTP/TOTP secrets to the device they are plugged into, the HOTP and TOTP storage is **not** encrypted and is vulnerable to physical attacks. If you are looking to store HOTP or TOTP secrets, we highly recommend that you use a YubiKey instead. + +!!! warning + + Resetting the OpenPGP interface on a Nitrokey will also make the password database [inaccessible](https://docs.nitrokey.com/pro/linux/factory-reset). + +The Nitrokey Pro 2, Nitrokey Storage 2, and the upcoming Nitrokey 3 supports system integrity verification for laptops with the [Coreboot](https://www.coreboot.org/) + [Heads](https://osresearch.net/) firmware. + +Nitrokey's firmware is open-source, unlike the YubiKey. The firmware on modern NitroKey models (except the **NitroKey Pro 2**) is updatable. + +### Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +#### Minimum Requirements + +- Must use high quality, tamper resistant hardware security modules. +- Must support the latest FIDO2 specification. +- Must not allow private key extraction. +- Devices which cost over $35 must support handling OpenPGP and S/MIME. + +#### Best-Case + +Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page. + +- Should be available in USB-C form-factor. +- Should be available with NFC. +- Should support TOTP secret storage. +- Should support secure firmware updates. + +## Authenticator Apps + +Authenticator Apps implement a security standard adopted by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) called **Time-based One-time Passwords**, or **TOTP**. This is a method where websites share a secret with you which is used by your authenticator app to generate a six (usually) digit code based on the current time, which you enter while logging in for the website to check. Typically these codes are regenerated every 30 seconds, and once a new code is generated the old one becomes useless. Even if a hacker gets one six-digit code, there is no way for them to reverse that code to get the original secret or otherwise be able to predict what any future codes might be. + +We highly recommend that you use mobile TOTP apps instead of desktop alternatives as Android and iOS have better security and app isolation than most desktop operating systems. + +### Aegis Authenticator (Android) + +!!! recommendation + + ![Aegis logo](assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/aegis.png){ align=right } + + **Aegis Authenticator** is a free, secure and open-source app to manage your 2-step verification tokens for your online services. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://getaegis.app){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://getaegis.app/aegis/privacy.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/beemdevelopment/Aegis/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/beemdevelopment/Aegis){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.buymeacoffee.com/beemdevelopment){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.beemdevelopment.aegis) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/beemdevelopment/Aegis/releases) + +### Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +- Source code must be publicly available. +- Must not require internet connectivity. +- Must not sync to a third-party cloud sync/backup service. + - **Optional** E2EE sync support with OS-native tools is acceptable, e.g. encrypted sync via iCloud. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/news-aggregators.md b/i18n/bn-IN/news-aggregators.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fdcd5166 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/news-aggregators.md @@ -0,0 +1,174 @@ +--- +title: "News Aggregators" +icon: material/rss +description: These news aggregator clients let you keep up with your favorite blogs and news sites using internet standards like RSS. +cover: news-aggregators.webp +--- + +A [news aggregator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_aggregator) is a way to keep up with your favorite blogs and news sites. + +## Aggregator clients + +### Akregator + +!!! recommendation + + ![Akregator logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/akregator.svg){ align=right } + + **Akregator** is a news feed reader that is a part of the [KDE](https://kde.org) project. It comes with a fast search, advanced archiving functionality and an internal browser for easy news reading. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://apps.kde.org/akregator){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://kde.org/privacypolicy-apps){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.kde.org/?application=akregator){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://invent.kde.org/pim/akregator){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://kde.org/community/donations/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.kde.akregator) + +### Feeder + +!!! recommendation + + ![Feeder logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/feeder.png){ align=right } + + **Feeder** is a modern RSS client for Android that has many [features](https://gitlab.com/spacecowboy/Feeder#features) and works well with folders of RSS feeds. It supports [RSS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS), [Atom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_(Web_standard)), [RDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF%2FXML) and [JSON Feed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON_Feed). + + [:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://gitlab.com/spacecowboy/Feeder){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/spacecowboy/Feeder){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://ko-fi.com/spacecowboy){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nononsenseapps.feeder.play) + +### Fluent Reader + +!!! recommendation + + ![Fluent Reader logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/fluent-reader.svg){ align=right } + + **Fluent Reader** is a secure cross-platform news aggregator that has useful privacy features such as deletion of cookies on exit, strict [content security policies (CSP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Security_Policy) and proxy support, meaning you can use it over [Tor](tor.md). + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://hyliu.me/fluent-reader){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://github.com/yang991178/fluent-reader/wiki/Privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/yang991178/fluent-reader/wiki/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/yang991178/fluent-reader){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/sponsors/yang991178){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://hyliu.me/fluent-reader) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1520907427) + +### GNOME Feeds + +!!! recommendation + + ![GNOME Feeds logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/gfeeds.svg){ align=right } + + **GNOME Feeds** is an [RSS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS) and [Atom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_(Web_standard)) news reader for [GNOME](https://www.gnome.org). It has a simple interface and is quite fast. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://gfeeds.gabmus.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-code-16:](https://gitlab.gnome.org/World/gfeeds){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://liberapay.com/gabmus/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://gfeeds.gabmus.org/#install) + - [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.gabmus.gfeeds) + +### Miniflux + +!!! recommendation + + ![Miniflux logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/miniflux.svg#only-light){ align=right } + ![Miniflux logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/miniflux-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right } + + **Miniflux** is a web-based news aggregator that you can self-host. It supports [RSS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS), [Atom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_(Web_standard)), [RDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF%2FXML) and [JSON Feed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON_Feed). + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://miniflux.app){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://miniflux.app/docs/index.html){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/miniflux/v2){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://miniflux.app/#donations){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +### NetNewsWire + +!!! recommendation + + ![NetNewsWire logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/netnewswire.png){ align=right } + + **NetNewsWire** a free and open-source feed reader for macOS and iOS with a focus on a native design and feature set. It supports the typical feed formats alongside built-in support for Reddit feeds. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://netnewswire.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://netnewswire.com/privacypolicy.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://netnewswire.com/help/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/Ranchero-Software/NetNewsWire){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/netnewswire-rss-reader/id1480640210) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://netnewswire.com) + +### Newsboat + +!!! recommendation + + ![Newsboat logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/newsboat.svg){ align=right } + + **Newsboat** is an RSS/Atom feed reader for the text console. It's an actively maintained fork of [Newsbeuter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsbeuter). It is very lightweight, and ideal for use over [Secure Shell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell). + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://newsboat.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://newsboat.org/releases/2.27/docs/newsboat.html){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/newsboat/newsboat){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + +## Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +- Must be open-source software. +- Must operate locally, i.e. must not be a cloud service. + +## Social Media RSS Support + +Some social media services also support RSS although it's not often advertised. + +### Reddit + +Reddit allows you to subscribe to subreddits via RSS. + +!!! example + Replace `subreddit_name` with the subreddit you wish to subscribe to. + + ```text + https://www.reddit.com/r/{{ subreddit_name }}/new/.rss + ``` + +### Twitter + +Using any of the Nitter [instances](https://github.com/zedeus/nitter/wiki/Instances) you can easily subscribe using RSS. + +!!! example + 1. Pick an instance and set `nitter_instance`. + 2. Replace `twitter_account` with the account name. + + ```text + https://{{ nitter_instance }}/{{ twitter_account }}/rss + ``` + +### YouTube + +You can subscribe YouTube channels without logging in and associating usage information with your Google Account. + +!!! example + + To subscribe to a YouTube channel with an RSS client, first look for its [channel code](https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/6180214). The channel code can be found on the about page of the YouTube channel you wish to subscribe to, under: **About** > **Share** > **Copy channel ID**. Replace `[CHANNEL ID]` below: + + ```text + https://www.youtube.com/feeds/videos.xml?channel_id=[CHANNEL ID] + ``` diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/notebooks.md b/i18n/bn-IN/notebooks.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fa318b5c --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/notebooks.md @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +--- +title: "Notebooks" +icon: material/notebook-edit-outline +description: These encrypted note-taking apps let you keep track of your notes without giving them to a third-party. +cover: notebooks.webp +--- + +Keep track of your notes and journalings without giving them to a third-party. + +If you are currently using an application like Evernote, Google Keep, or Microsoft OneNote, we suggest you pick an alternative here that supports E2EE. + +## Cloud-based + +### Standard Notes + +!!! recommendation + + ![Standard Notes logo](assets/img/notebooks/standard-notes.svg){ align=right } + + **Standard Notes** is a simple and private notes app that makes your notes easy and available everywhere you are. It features E2EE on every platform, and a powerful desktop experience with themes and custom editors. It has also been [independently audited](https://standardnotes.com/help/2/has-standard-notes-completed-a-third-party-security-audit). + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://standardnotes.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://standardnotes.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://standardnotes.com/help){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/standardnotes){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://standardnotes.com/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.standardnotes) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1285392450) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/standardnotes/app/releases) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://standardnotes.com) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://standardnotes.com) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://standardnotes.com) + - [:octicons-globe-16: Web](https://app.standardnotes.com/) + +### Notesnook + +!!! recommendation + + ![Notesnook logo](assets/img/notebooks/notesnook.svg){ align=right } + + **Notesnook** is a free (as in speech) & open-source note-taking app focused on user privacy & ease of use. It features end-to-end encryption on all platforms with a powerful sync to take your notes on the go. You can easily import your notes from Evernote, OneNote & a lot of other apps using their [official importer](https://importer.notesnook.com/). + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://notesnook.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://notesnook.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://help.notesnook.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/streetwriters/notesnook){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/streetwriters/notesnook/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.streetwriters.notesnook) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/notesnook-take-private-notes/id1544027013) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/streetwriters/notesnook/releases) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://notesnook.com/downloads) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://notesnook.com/downloads) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://notesnook.com/downloads) + - [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://notesnook.com/notesnook-web-clipper/) + - [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/notesnook-web-clipper/kljhpemdlcnjohmfmkogahelkcidieaj) + +Notesnook does not support password/PIN protection on the web & desktop apps. However, you can still lock individual notes, and your data is always encrypted in transit and on your device using your master key. + +### Joplin + +!!! recommendation + + ![Joplin logo](assets/img/notebooks/joplin.svg){ align=right } + + **Joplin** is a free, open-source, and fully-featured note-taking and to-do application which can handle a large number of markdown notes organized into notebooks and tags. It offers E2EE and can sync through Nextcloud, Dropbox, and more. It also offers easy import from Evernote and plain-text notes. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://joplinapp.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://joplinapp.org/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://joplinapp.org/help/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/laurent22/joplin){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://joplinapp.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.cozic.joplin) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/joplin/id1315599797) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/laurent22/joplin-android/releases) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://joplinapp.org/#desktop-applications) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://joplinapp.org/#desktop-applications) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://joplinapp.org/#desktop-applications) + - [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/joplin-web-clipper/) + - [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/joplin-web-clipper/alofnhikmmkdbbbgpnglcpdollgjjfek) + +Joplin does not support password/PIN protection for the [application itself or individual notes and notebooks](https://github.com/laurent22/joplin/issues/289). However, your data is still encrypted in transit and at the sync location using your master key. Since January 2023, Joplin supports biometrics app lock for [Android](https://joplinapp.org/changelog_android/#android-v2-10-3-https-github-com-laurent22-joplin-releases-tag-android-v2-10-3-pre-release-2023-01-05t11-29-06z) and [iOS](https://joplinapp.org/changelog_ios/#ios-v12-10-2-https-github-com-laurent22-joplin-releases-tag-ios-v12-10-2-2023-01-20t17-41-13z). + +### Cryptee + +!!! recommendation + + ![Cryptee logo](./assets/img/notebooks/cryptee.svg#only-light){ align=right } + ![Cryptee logo](./assets/img/notebooks/cryptee-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right } + + **Cryptee** is an open-source, web-based E2EE document editor and photo storage application. Cryptee is a PWA, which means that it works seamlessly across all modern devices without requiring native apps for each respective platform. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://crypt.ee){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://crypt.ee/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://crypt.ee/help){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/cryptee){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:octicons-globe-16: PWA](https://crypt.ee/download) + +Cryptee offers 100MB of storage for free, with paid options if you need more. Sign-up doesn't require an e-mail or other personally identifiable information. + +## Local notebooks + +### Org-mode + +!!! recommendation + + ![Org-mode logo](assets/img/notebooks/org-mode.svg){ align=right } + + **Org-mode** is a [major mode](https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Major-Modes.html) for GNU Emacs. Org-mode is for keeping notes, maintaining to-do lists, planning projects, and authoring documents with a fast and effective plain-text system. Synchronization is possible with [file synchronization](file-sharing.md#file-sync) tools. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://orgmode.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://orgmode.org/manuals.html){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/emacs/org-mode.git){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://liberapay.com/bzg){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +## Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +- Clients must be open-source. +- Any cloud sync functionality must be E2EE. +- Must support exporting documents into a standard format. + +### Best Case + +- Local backup/sync functionality should support encryption. +- Cloud-based platforms should support document sharing. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/os/android-overview.md b/i18n/bn-IN/os/android-overview.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..84673306 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/os/android-overview.md @@ -0,0 +1,181 @@ +--- +title: Android Overview +icon: ফন্টঅ্যাওসাম/ ব্র্যান্ড / অ্যান্ড্রয়েড +description: Android is an open-source operating system with strong security protections, which makes it our top choice for phones. +--- + +![Android logo](../assets/img/android/android.svg){ align=right } + +The **Android Open Source Project** is a secure mobile operating system featuring strong [app sandboxing](https://source.android.com/security/app-sandbox), [Verified Boot](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot) (AVB), and a robust [permission](https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/overview) control system. + +## Our Advice + +### Choosing an Android Distribution + +When you buy an Android phone, the device's default operating system often comes with invasive integration with apps and services that are not part of the [Android Open-Source Project](https://source.android.com/). An example of such is Google Play Services, which has irrevocable privileges to access your files, contacts storage, call logs, SMS messages, location, camera, microphone, hardware identifiers, and so on. These apps and services increase the attack surface of your device and are the source of various privacy concerns with Android. + +This problem could be solved by using a custom Android distribution that does not come with such invasive integration. Unfortunately, many custom Android distributions often violate the Android security model by not supporting critical security features such as AVB, rollback protection, firmware updates, and so on. Some distributions also ship [`userdebug`](https://source.android.com/setup/build/building#choose-a-target) builds which expose root via [ADB](https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/adb) and require [more permissive](https://github.com/LineageOS/android_system_sepolicy/search?q=userdebug&type=code) SELinux policies to accommodate debugging features, resulting in a further increased attack surface and weakened security model. + +Ideally, when choosing a custom Android distribution, you should make sure that it upholds the Android security model. At the very least, the distribution should have production builds, support for AVB, rollback protection, timely firmware and operating system updates, and SELinux in [enforcing mode](https://source.android.com/security/selinux/concepts#enforcement_levels). All of our recommended Android distributions satisfy these criteria. + +[Our Android System Recommendations :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../android.md ""){.md-button} + +### Avoid Rooting + +[Rooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooting_(Android)) Android phones can decrease security significantly as it weakens the complete [Android security model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Security_and_privacy). This can decrease privacy should there be an exploit that is assisted by the decreased security. Common rooting methods involve directly tampering with the boot partition, making it impossible to perform successful Verified Boot. Apps that require root will also modify the system partition meaning that Verified Boot would have to remain disabled. Having root exposed directly in the user interface also increases the [attack surface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_surface) of your device and may assist in [privilege escalation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_escalation) vulnerabilities and SELinux policy bypasses. + +Adblockers, which modify the [hosts file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosts_(file)) (AdAway) and firewalls (AFWall+) which require root access persistently are dangerous and should not be used. They are also not the correct way to solve their intended purposes. For Adblocking we suggest encrypted [DNS](../dns.md) or [VPN](../vpn.md) server blocking solutions instead. RethinkDNS, TrackerControl and AdAway in non-root mode will take up the VPN slot (by using a local loopback VPN) preventing you from using privacy enhancing services such as Orbot or a real VPN server. + +AFWall+ works based on the [packet filtering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)#Packet_filter) approach and may be bypassable in some situations. + +We do not believe that the security sacrifices made by rooting a phone are worth the questionable privacy benefits of those apps. + +### Install Updates + +It's important to not use an [end-of-life](https://endoflife.date/android) version of Android. Newer versions of Android not only receive security updates for the operating system but also important privacy enhancing updates too. + +For example, [prior to Android 10](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes) any apps with the [`READ_PHONE_STATE`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission#READ_PHONE_STATE) permission could access sensitive and unique serial numbers of your phone such as [IMEI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mobile_Equipment_Identity), [MEID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_equipment_identifier), or your SIM card's [IMSI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_mobile_subscriber_identity); whereas now they must be system apps to do so. System apps are only provided by the OEM or Android distribution. + +### Sharing Media + +You can avoid giving many apps permission to access your media with Android's built-in sharing features. Many applications allow you to "share" a file with them for media upload. + +For example, if you want to post a picture to Discord you can open your file manager or gallery and share that picture with the Discord app, instead of granting Discord full access to your media and photos. + +## Security Protections + +### Verified Boot + +[Verified Boot](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot) is an important part of the Android security model. It provides protection against [evil maid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_maid_attack) attacks, malware persistence, and ensures security updates cannot be downgraded with [rollback protection](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/verified-boot#rollback-protection). + +Android 10 and above has moved away from full-disk encryption to more flexible [file-based encryption](https://source.android.com/security/encryption/file-based). Your data is encrypted using unique encryption keys, and the operating system files are left unencrypted. + +Verified Boot ensures the integrity of the operating system files, thereby preventing an adversary with physical access from tampering or installing malware on the device. In the unlikely case that malware is able to exploit other parts of the system and gain higher privileged access, Verified Boot will prevent and revert changes to the system partition upon rebooting the device. + +Unfortunately, OEMs are only obliged to support Verified Boot on their stock Android distribution. Only a few OEMs such as Google support custom AVB key enrollment on their devices. Additionally, some AOSP derivatives such as LineageOS or /e/ OS do not support Verified Boot even on hardware with Verified Boot support for third-party operating systems. We recommend that you check for support **before** purchasing a new device. AOSP derivatives which do not support Verified Boot are **not** recommended. + +Many OEMs also have broken implementation of Verified Boot that you have to be aware of beyond their marketing. For example, the Fairphone 3 and 4 are not secure by default, as the [stock bootloader trusts the public AVB signing key](https://forum.fairphone.com/t/bootloader-avb-keys-used-in-roms-for-fairphone-3-4/83448/11). This breaks verified boot on a stock Fairphone device, as the system will boot alternative Android operating systems such (such as /e/) [without any warning](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/boot-flow#locked-devices-with-custom-root-of-trust) about custom operating system usage. + +### Firmware Updates + +Firmware updates are critical for maintaining security and without them your device cannot be secure. OEMs have support agreements with their partners to provide the closed-source components for a limited support period. These are detailed in the monthly [Android Security Bulletins](https://source.android.com/security/bulletin). + +As the components of the phone, such as the processor and radio technologies rely on closed-source components, the updates must be provided by the respective manufacturers. Therefore, it is important that you purchase a device within an active support cycle. [Qualcomm](https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2020/12/16/qualcomm-and-google-announce-collaboration-extend-android-os-support-and) and [Samsung](https://news.samsung.com/us/samsung-galaxy-security-extending-updates-knox/) support their devices for 4 years, while cheaper products often have shorter support cycles. With the introduction of the [Pixel 6](https://support.google.com/pixelphone/answer/4457705), Google now makes their own SoC and they will provide a minimum of 5 years of support. + +EOL devices which are no longer supported by the SoC manufacturer cannot receive firmware updates from OEM vendors or after market Android distributors. This means that security issues with those devices will remain unfixed. + +Fairphone, for example, markets their devices as receiving 6 years of support. However, the SoC (Qualcomm Snapdragon 750G on the Fairphone 4) has a considerably shorter EOL date. This means that firmware security updates from Qualcomm for the Fairphone 4 will end in September 2023, regardless of whether Fairphone continues to release software security updates. + +### Android Permissions + +[Permissions on Android](https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/overview) grant you control over what apps are allowed to access. Google regularly makes [improvements](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/11/privacy/permissions) on the permission system in each successive version. All apps you install are strictly [sandboxed](https://source.android.com/security/app-sandbox), therefore, there is no need to install any antivirus apps. + +A smartphone with the latest version of Android will always be more secure than an old smartphone with an antivirus that you have paid for. It's better not to pay for antivirus software and to save money to buy a new smartphone such as a Google Pixel. + +Android 10: + +- [Scoped Storage](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes#scoped-storage) gives you more control over your files and can limit what can [access external storage](https://developer.android.com/training/data-storage#permissions). Apps can have a specific directory in external storage as well as the ability to store specific types of media there. +- Tighter access on [device location](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes#app-access-device-location) by introducing the `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permission. This prevents apps from accessing the location when running in the background without express permission from the user. + +Android 11: + +- [One-time permissions](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/11/privacy/permissions#one-time) which allows you to grant a permission to an app just once. +- [Auto-reset permissions](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/11/privacy/permissions#auto-reset), which resets [runtime permissions](https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/overview#runtime) that were granted when the app was opened. +- Granular permissions for accessing [phone number](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/11/privacy/permissions#phone-numbers) related features. + +Android 12: + +- A permission to grant only the [approximate location](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/12/behavior-changes-12#approximate-location). +- Auto-reset of [hibernated apps](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/12/behavior-changes-12#app-hibernation). +- [Data access auditing](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/12/behavior-changes-12#data-access-auditing) which makes it easier to determine what part of an app is performing a specific type of data access. + +Android 13: + +- A permission for [nearby wifi access](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/13/behavior-changes-13#nearby-wifi-devices-permission). The MAC addresses of nearby WiFi access points was a popular way for apps to track a user's location. +- More [granular media permissions](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/13/behavior-changes-13#granular-media-permissions), meaning you can grant access to images, videos or audio files only. +- Background use of sensors now requires the [`BODY_SENSORS`](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/13/behavior-changes-13#body-sensors-background-permission) permission. + +An app may request a permission for a specific feature it has. For example, any app that can scan QR codes will require the camera permission. Some apps can request more permissions than they need. + +[Exodus](https://exodus-privacy.eu.org/) can be useful when comparing apps that have similar purposes. If an app requires a lot of permissions and has a lot of advertising and analytics this is probably a bad sign. We recommend looking at the individual trackers and reading their descriptions rather than simply **counting the total** and assuming all items listed are equal. + +!!! warning + + If an app is mostly a web-based service, the tracking may occur on the server side. [Facebook](https://reports.exodus-privacy.eu.org/en/reports/com.facebook.katana/latest/) shows "no trackers" but certainly does track users' interests and behavior across the site. Apps may evade detection by not using standard code libraries produced by the advertising industry, though this is unlikely. + +!!! note + + Privacy-friendly apps such as [Bitwarden](https://reports.exodus-privacy.eu.org/en/reports/com.x8bit.bitwarden/latest/) may show some trackers such as [Google Firebase Analytics](https://reports.exodus-privacy.eu.org/en/trackers/49/). This library includes [Firebase Cloud Messaging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase_Cloud_Messaging) which can provide [push notifications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_technology) in apps. This [is the case](https://fosstodon.org/@bitwarden/109636825700482007) with Bitwarden. That doesn't mean that Bitwarden is using all of the analytics features that are provided by Google Firebase Analytics. + +## Privacy Features + +### User Profiles + +Multiple user profiles can be found in **Settings** → **System** → **Multiple users** and are the simplest way to isolate in Android. + +With user profiles, you can impose restrictions on a specific profile, such as: making calls, using SMS, or installing apps on the device. Each profile is encrypted using its own encryption key and cannot access the data of any other profiles. Even the device owner cannot view the data of other profiles without knowing their password. Multiple user profiles are a more secure method of isolation. + +### Work Profile + +[Work Profiles](https://support.google.com/work/android/answer/6191949) are another way to isolate individual apps and may be more convenient than separate user profiles. + +A **device controller** app such as [Shelter](../android.md#shelter) is required to create a Work Profile without an enterprise MDM, unless you're using a custom Android OS which includes one. + +The work profile is dependent on a device controller to function. Features such as *File Shuttle* and *contact search blocking* or any kind of isolation features must be implemented by the controller. You must also fully trust the device controller app, as it has full access to your data inside of the work profile. + +This method is generally less secure than a secondary user profile; however, it does allow you the convenience of running apps in both the work and personal profiles simultaneously. + +### VPN Killswitch + +Android 7 and above supports a VPN killswitch and it is available without the need to install third-party apps. This feature can prevent leaks if the VPN is disconnected. It can be found in :gear: **Settings** → **Network & internet** → **VPN** → :gear: → **Block connections without VPN**. + +### Global Toggles + +Modern Android devices have global toggles for disabling Bluetooth and location services. Android 12 introduced toggles for the camera and microphone. When not in use, we recommend disabling these features. Apps cannot use disabled features (even if granted individual permission) until re-enabled. + +## Google Services + +If you are using a device with Google services, either your stock operating system or an operating system that safely sandboxes Google Play Services like GrapheneOS, there are a number of additional changes you can make to improve your privacy. We still recommend avoiding Google services entirely, or limiting Google Play services to a specific user/work profile by combining a device controller like *Shelter* with GrapheneOS's Sandboxed Google Play. + +### Advanced Protection Program + +If you have a Google account we suggest enrolling in the [Advanced Protection Program](https://landing.google.com/advancedprotection/). It is available at no cost to anyone with two or more hardware security keys with [FIDO](../basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#fido-fast-identity-online) support. + +The Advanced Protection Program provides enhanced threat monitoring and enables: + +- Stricter two factor authentication; e.g. that [FIDO](../basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#fido-fast-identity-online) **must** be used and disallows the use of [SMS OTPs](../basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#sms-or-email-mfa), [TOTP](../basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#time-based-one-time-password-totp) and [OAuth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OAuth) +- Only Google and verified third-party apps can access account data +- Scanning of incoming emails on Gmail accounts for [phishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing#Email_phishing) attempts +- Stricter [safe browser scanning](https://www.google.com/chrome/privacy/whitepaper.html#malware) with Google Chrome +- Stricter recovery process for accounts with lost credentials + + If you use non-sandboxed Google Play Services (common on stock operating systems), the Advanced Protection Program also comes with [additional benefits](https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/9764949?hl=en) such as: + +- Not allowing app installation outside of the Google Play Store, the OS vendor's app store, or via [`adb`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Debug_Bridge) +- Mandatory automatic device scanning with [Play Protect](https://support.google.com/googleplay/answer/2812853?hl=en#zippy=%2Chow-malware-protection-works%2Chow-privacy-alerts-work) +- Warning you about unverified applications + +### Google Play System Updates + +In the past, Android security updates had to be shipped by the operating system vendor. Android has become more modular beginning with Android 10, and Google can push security updates for **some** system components via the privileged Play Services. + +If you have an EOL device shipped with Android 10 or above and are unable to run any of our recommended operating systems on your device, you are likely going to be better off sticking with your OEM Android installation (as opposed to an operating system not listed here such as LineageOS or /e/ OS). This will allow you to receive **some** security fixes from Google, while not violating the Android security model by using an insecure Android derivative and increasing your attack surface. We would still recommend upgrading to a supported device as soon as possible. + +### Advertising ID + +All devices with Google Play Services installed automatically generate an [advertising ID](https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/6048248?hl=en) used for targeted advertising. Disable this feature to limit the data collected about you. + +On Android distributions with [Sandboxed Google Play](https://grapheneos.org/usage#sandboxed-google-play), go to :gear: **Settings** → **Apps** → **Sandboxed Google Play** → **Google Settings** → **Ads**, and select *Delete advertising ID*. + +On Android distributions with privileged Google Play Services (such as stock OSes), the setting may be in one of several locations. Check + +- :gear: **Settings** → **Google** → **Ads** +- :gear: **Settings** → **Privacy** → **Ads** + +You will either be given the option to delete your advertising ID or to *Opt out of interest-based ads*, this varies between OEM distributions of Android. If presented with the option to delete the advertising ID that is preferred. If not, then make sure to opt out and reset your advertising ID. + +### SafetyNet and Play Integrity API + +[SafetyNet](https://developer.android.com/training/safetynet/attestation) and the [Play Integrity APIs](https://developer.android.com/google/play/integrity) are generally used for [banking apps](https://grapheneos.org/usage#banking-apps). Many banking apps will work fine in GrapheneOS with sandboxed Play services, however some non-financial apps have their own crude anti-tampering mechanisms which might fail. GrapheneOS passes the `basicIntegrity` check, but not the certification check `ctsProfileMatch`. Devices with Android 8 or later have hardware attestation support which cannot be bypassed without leaked keys or serious vulnerabilities. + +As for Google Wallet, we don't recommend this due to their [privacy policy](https://payments.google.com/payments/apis-secure/get_legal_document?ldo=0&ldt=privacynotice&ldl=en), which states you must opt-out if you don't want your credit rating and personal information shared with affiliate marketing services. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/os/ios-overview.md b/i18n/bn-IN/os/ios-overview.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e9951922 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/os/ios-overview.md @@ -0,0 +1,213 @@ +--- +title: iOS Overview +icon: simple/apple +description: iOS is a mobile operating system developed by Apple for the iPhone. +--- + +**iOS** and **iPadOS** are proprietary mobile operating systems developed by Apple for their iPhone and iPad products, respectively. If you have an Apple mobile device, you can increase your privacy by disabling some built-in telemetry features, and hardening some privacy and security settings which are built in to the system. + +## Privacy Notes + +iOS devices are frequently praised by security experts for their robust data protection and adherence to modern best-practices. However, the restrictiveness of Apple's ecosystem—particularly with their mobile devices—does still hamper privacy in a number of ways. + +We generally consider iOS to provide better than average privacy and security protections for most people, compared to stock Android devices from any manufacturer. However, you can achieve even higher standards of privacy with a [custom Android operating system](../android.md) like GrapheneOS, if you want or need to be completely independent of Apple or Google's cloud services. + +### Activation Lock + +All iOS devices must be checked against Apple's Activation Lock servers when they are initially set up or reset, meaning an internet connection is **required** to use an iOS device. + +### Mandatory App Store + +The only source for apps on iOS is Apple's App Store, which requires an Apple ID to access. This means that Apple has a record of every app you install on your device, and can likely tie that information to your actual identity if you provide the App Store with a payment method. + +### Invasive Telemetry + +Apple has historically had problems with properly anonymizing their telemetry on iOS. [In 2019](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jul/26/apple-contractors-regularly-hear-confidential-details-on-siri-recordings), Apple was found to transmit Siri recordings—some containing highly confidential information—to their servers for manual review by third-party contractors. While they temporarily stopped that program after that practice was [widely reported on](https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/23/20830120/apple-contractors-siri-recordings-listening-1000-a-day-globetech-microsoft-cortana), the problem wasn't completely resolved [until 2021](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/jun/07/apple-overhauls-siri-to-address-privacy-concerns-and-improve-performance). + +More recently, Apple has been found to [transmit analytics even when analytics sharing is disabled](https://gizmodo.com/apple-iphone-analytics-tracking-even-when-off-app-store-1849757558) on iOS, and this data [appears](https://twitter.com/mysk_co/status/1594515229915979776) to be easily linked to unique iCloud account identifiers despite supposedly being anonymous. + +## Recommended Configuration + +### iCloud + +The majority of privacy and security concerns with Apple products are related to their cloud services, not their hardware or software. When you use Apple services like iCloud, most of your information is stored on their servers and secured with keys which Apple has access to by default. You can check [Apple's documentation](https://support.apple.com/HT202303) for information on which services are end-to-end encrypted. Anything listed as "in transit" or "on server" means it's possible for Apple to access that data without your permission. This level of access has occasionally been abused by law enforcement to get around the fact that your data is otherwise securely encrypted on your device, and of course Apple is vulnerable to data breaches like any other company. + +Therefore, if you do use iCloud you should [enable **Advanced Data Protection**](https://support.apple.com/HT212520). This encrypts nearly all of your iCloud data with keys stored on your devices (end-to-end encryption), rather than Apple's servers, so that your iCloud data is secured in the event of a data breach, and otherwise hidden from Apple. + +The encryption used by Advanced Data Protection, while strong, [is not *quite* as robust](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/t/apple-advances-user-security-with-powerful-new-data-protections/10778/4) as the encryption offered by other [cloud services](../cloud.md), particularly when it comes to iCloud Drive. While we strongly encourage using Advanced Data Protection if you use iCloud, we would also suggest considering finding an alternative to iCloud from a more [privacy-focused service provider](../tools.md), although it is unlikely most people would be impacted by these encryption quirks. + +You can also protect your data by limiting what you sync to iCloud in the first place. At the top of the **Settings** app, you'll see your name and profile picture if you are signed in to iCloud. Select that, then **iCloud**, and turn off the switches for any services you don't want to sync to iCloud. You may see third-party apps listed under **Show All** if they sync to iCloud, which you can disable here. + +#### iCloud+ + +A paid **iCloud+** subscription (with any iCloud storage plan) comes with some privacy-protecting functionality. While these may provide adequate service for current iCloud customers, we wouldn't recommend purchasing an iCloud+ plan over a [VPN](../vpn.md) and [standalone email aliasing service](../email.md#email-aliasing-services) just for these features alone. + +**Private Relay** is a proxy service which relays your Safari traffic through two servers: one owned by Apple and one owned by a third-party provider (including Akamai, Cloudflare, and Fastly). In theory this should prevent any single provider in the chain—including Apple—from having full visibility into which websites you visit while connected. Unlike a full VPN, Private Relay does not protect traffic from your apps outside of Safari. + +**Hide My Email** is Apple's email aliasing service. You can create an email aliases for free when you *Sign In With Apple* on a website or app, or generate unlimited aliases on demand with a paid iCloud+ plan. Hide My Email has the advantage of using the `@icloud.com` domain for its aliases, which may be less likely to be blocked compared to other email aliasing services, but does not offer functionality offered by standalone services such as automatic PGP encryption or multiple mailbox support. + +#### Media & Purchases + +At the top of the **Settings** app, you'll see your name and profile picture if you are signed in to an Apple ID. Select that, then select **Media & Purchases** > **View Account**. + +- [ ] Turn off **Personalized Recommendations** + +#### Find My + +**Find My** is a service that lets you track your Apple devices and share your location with your friends and family. It also allows you to wipe your device remotely in case it is stolen, preventing a thief from accessing your data. Your Find My [location data is E2EE](https://www.apple.com/legal/privacy/data/en/find-my/) when: + +- Your location is shared with a family member or friend, and you both use iOS 15 or greater. +- Your device is offline and is located by the Find My Network. + +Your location data is not E2EE when your device is online and you use Find My iPhone remotely to locate your device. You will have to make the decision whether these trade-offs are worth the anti-theft benefits of Activation Lock. + +At the top of the **Settings** app, you'll see your name and profile picture if you are signed in to an Apple ID. Select that, then select **Find My**. Here you can choose whether to enable or disable Find My location features. + +### Settings + +Many other privacy-related settings can be found in the **Settings** app. + +#### Airplane Mode + +Enabling **Airplane Mode** stops your phone from contacting cell towers. You will still be able to connect to Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, so whenever you are connected to Wi-Fi you can turn this setting on. + +#### Wi-Fi + +You can enable hardware address randomization to protect you from tracking across Wi-Fi networks. On the network you are currently connected to, press the :material-information: button: + +- [x] Turn on **Private Wi-Fi Address** + +You also have the option to **Limit IP Address Tracking**. This is similar to iCloud Private Relay but only affects connections to "known trackers." Because it only affects connections to potentially malicious servers, this setting is probably fine to leave enabled, but if you don't want *any* traffic to be routed through Apple's servers, you should turn it off. + +#### Bluetooth + +**Bluetooth** should be disabled when you aren't using it as it increases your attack surface. Disabling Bluetooth (or Wi-Fi) via the Control Center only disables it temporarily: you must switch it off in Settings for disabling it to remain effective. + +- [ ] Turn off **Bluetooth** + +#### General + +Your iPhone's device name will by default contain your first name, and this will be visible to anyone on networks you connect to. You should change this to something more generic, like "iPhone." Select **About** > **Name** and enter the device name you prefer. + +It is important to install **Software Updates** frequently to get the latest security fixes. You can enable **Automatic Updates** to keep your phone up-to-date without needing to constantly check for updates. Select **Software Update** > **Automatic Updates**: + +- [x] Turn on **Download iOS Updates** +- [x] Turn on **Install iOS Updates** +- [x] Turn on **Security Responses & System Files** + +**AirDrop** allows you to easily transfer files, but it can allow strangers to send you files you do not want. + +- [x] Select **AirDrop** > **Receiving Off** + +**AirPlay** lets you seamlessly stream content from your iPhone to a TV; however, you might not always want this. Select **AirPlay & Handoff** > **Automatically AirPlay to TVs**: + +- [x] Select **Never** or **Ask** + +**Background App Refresh** allows your apps to refresh their content while you're not using them. This may cause them to make unwanted connections. Turning this off can also save battery life, but it may affect an app's ability to receive updated information, particularly weather and messaging apps. + +Select **Background App Refresh** and switch off any apps you don't want to continue refreshing in the background. If you don't want any apps to refresh in the background, you can select **Background App Refresh** again and turn it **Off**. + +#### Siri & Search + +If you don't want anyone to be able to control your phone with Siri when it is locked, you can turn that off here. + +- [ ] Turn off **Allow Siri When Locked** + +#### Face ID/Touch ID & Passcode + +Setting a strong password on your phone is the most important step you can take for physical device security. You'll have to make tradeoffs here between security and convenience: A longer password will be annoying to type in every time, but a shorter password or PIN will be easier to guess. Setting up Face ID or Touch ID along with a strong password can be a good compromise between usability and security. + +Select **Turn Passcode On** or **Change Passcode** > **Passcode Options** > **Custom Alphanumeric Code**. Make sure that you create a [secure password](https://www.privacyguides.org/basics/passwords-overview/). + +If you wish to use Face ID or Touch ID, you can go ahead and set it up now. Your phone will use the password you set up earlier as a fallback in case your biometric verification fails. Biometric unlock methods are primarily a convenience, although they do stop surveillance cameras or people over your shoulder from watching you input your passcode. + +If you use biometrics, you should know how to turn them off quickly in an emergency. Holding down the side or power button and *either* volume button until you see the Slide to Power Off slider will disable biometrics, requiring your passcode to unlock. Your passcode will also be required after device restarts. + +On some older devices, you may have to press the power button five times to disable biometrics instead, or for devices with Touch ID you may just have to hold down the power button and nothing else. Make sure you try this in advance so you know which method works for your device. + +**Allow Access When Locked** gives you options for what you can allow when your phone is locked. The more of these options you disable, the less someone without your password can do, but the less convenient it will be for you. Pick and choose which of these you don't want someone to have access to if they get their hands on your phone. + +- [ ] Turn off **Today View and Search** +- [ ] Turn off **Notification Center** +- [ ] Turn off **Control Center** +- [ ] Turn off **Lock Screen Widgets** +- [ ] Turn off **Siri** +- [ ] Turn off **Reply with Message** +- [ ] Turn off **Home Control** +- [ ] Turn off **Wallet** +- [ ] Turn off **Return Missed Calls** +- [ ] Turn off **USB Accessories** + +iPhones are already resistant to brute-force attacks by making you wait long periods of time after multiple failed attempts; however, there have historically been exploits to get around this. To be extra safe, you can set your phone to wipe itself after 10 failed passcode attempts. + +!!! warning + + With this setting enabled, someone could intentionally wipe your phone by entering the wrong password many times. Make sure you have proper backups and only enable this setting if you feel comfortable with it. + +- [x] Turn on **Erase Data** + +#### Privacy + +**Location Services** allows you to use features like Find My and Maps. If you don't need these features, you can disable Location Services. Alternatively, you can review and pick which apps can use your location here. Select **Location Services**: + +- [ ] Turn off **Location Services** + +You can decide to allow apps to request to **track** you here. Disabling this disallows all apps from tracking you with your phone's advertising ID. Select **Tracking**: + +- [ ] Turn off **Allow Apps to Request to Track** + +You should turn off **Research Sensor & Usage Data** if you don't wish to participate in studies. Select **Research Sensor & Usage Data**: + +- [ ] Turn off **Sensor & Usage Data Collection** + +**Safety Check** allows you to quickly view and revoke certain people and apps that might have permission to access your data. Here you can perform an **Emergency Reset**, immediately resetting permissions for all people and apps which might have access to device resources, and you can **Manage Sharing & Access** which allows you to go through and customize who and what has access to your device and account resources. + +You should disable analytics if you don't wish to send Apple usage data. Select **Analytics & Improvements**: + +- [ ] Turn off **Share iPhone Analytics** or **Share iPhone & Watch Analytics** +- [ ] Turn off **Share iCloud Analytics** +- [ ] Turn off **Improve Fitness+** +- [ ] Turn off **Improve Safety** +- [ ] Turn off **Improve Siri & Dictation** + +Disable **Personalized Ads** if you don't want targeted ads. Select **Apple Advertising** + +- [ ] Turn off **Personalized Ads** + +**App Privacy Report** is a built-in tool that allows you to see which permissions your apps are using. Select **App Privacy Report**: + +- [x] Select **Turn On App Privacy Report** + +[Lockdown Mode](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/10/27/macos-ventura-privacy-security-updates/#lockdown-mode) is a security setting you can enable to make your phone more resistant to attacks. Be aware that certain apps and features [won't work](https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212650) as they do normally. + +- [x] Select **Turn On Lockdown Mode** + +## Additional Advice + +### E2EE Calls + +Normal phone calls made with the Phone app through your carrier are not E2EE. Both FaceTime Video and FaceTime Audio calls are E2EE, or you can use [another app](../real-time-communication.md) like Signal. + +### Avoid Jailbreaking + +Jailbreaking an iPhone undermines its security and makes you vulnerable. Running untrusted, third-party software could cause your device to be infected with malware. + +### Encrypted iMessage + +The color of the message bubble in the Messages app indicates whether your messages are E2EE or not. A blue bubble indicates that you're using iMessage with E2EE, while a green bubble indicates they're using the outdated SMS and MMS protocols. Currently, the only way to get E2EE in Messages is for both parties to be using iMessage on Apple devices. + +If either you or your messaging partner have iCloud Backup enabled without Advanced Data Protection, the encryption key will be stored on Apple's servers, meaning they can access your messages. Additionally, iMessage's key exchange is not as secure as alternative implementations, like Signal (which allows you to view the recipients key and verify by QR code), so it shouldn't be relied on for particularly sensitive communications. + +### Blacking Out Faces/Information + +If you need to hide information in a photo, you can use Apple's built-in tools to do so. Open the photo you want to edit, press edit in the top right corner of the screen, then press the markup symbol at the top right. Press the plus at the bottom right of the screen, then press the rectangle icon. Now, you can place a rectangle anywhere on the image. Make sure to press the shape icon at the bottom left and select the filled-in rectangle. **Don't** use the highlighter to obfuscate information, because its opacity is not quite 100%. + +### iOS Betas + +Apple always makes beta versions of iOS available early for those that wish to help find and report bugs. We don't recommend installing beta software on your phone. Beta releases are potentially unstable and could have undiscovered security vulnerabilities. + +## Security Highlights + +### Before First Unlock + +If your threat model includes forensic tools and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/os/linux-overview.md b/i18n/bn-IN/os/linux-overview.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..656f95a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/os/linux-overview.md @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ +--- +title: Linux Overview +icon: simple/linux +description: Linux is an open-source, privacy-focused desktop operating system alternative, but not all distribitions are created equal. +--- + +**Linux** is an open-source, privacy-focused desktop operating system alternative. In the face of pervasive telemetry and other privacy-encroaching technologies in mainstream operating systems, Linux desktop has remained the clear choice for people looking for total control over their computers from the ground up. + +Our website generally uses the term “Linux” to describe **desktop** Linux distributions. Other operating systems which also use the Linux kernel such as ChromeOS, Android, and Qubes OS are not discussed on this page. + +[Our Linux Recommendations :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../desktop.md ""){.md-button} + +## Privacy Notes + +There are some notable privacy concerns with Linux which you should be aware of. Despite these drawbacks, desktop Linux distributions are still great for most people who want to: + +- Avoid telemetry that often comes with proprietary operating systems +- Maintain [software freedom](https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.en.html#four-freedoms) +- Use privacy focused systems such as [Whonix](https://www.whonix.org) or [Tails](https://tails.boum.org/) + +### Open Source Security + +It is a [common misconception](../basics/common-misconceptions.md#open-source-software-is-always-secure-or-proprietary-software-is-more-secure) that Linux and other open-source software is inherently secure simply because the source code is available. There is an expectation that community verification occurs regularly, but this isn’t always [the case](https://seirdy.one/posts/2022/02/02/floss-security/). + +In reality, distro security depends on a number of factors, such as project activity, developer experience, the level of rigor applied to code reviews, and how often attention is given to specific parts of the codebase that may go untouched for years. + +### Missing Security Features + +At the moment, desktop Linux [falls behind alternatives](https://discussion.fedoraproject.org/t/fedora-strategy-2028-proposal-fedora-linux-is-as-secure-as-macos/46899/9) like macOS or Android when it comes to certain security features. We hope to see improvements in these areas in the future. + +- **Verified boot** on Linux is not as robust as alternatives such as Apple’s [Secure Boot](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/secac71d5623/web) or Android’s [Verified Boot](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot). Verified boot prevents persistent tampering by malware and [evil maid attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Maid_attack), but is still largely [unavailable on even the most advanced distributions](https://discussion.fedoraproject.org/t/has-silverblue-achieved-verified-boot/27251/3). + +- **Strong sandboxing** for apps on Linux is severely lacking, even with containerized apps like Flatpaks or sandboxing solutions like Firejail. Flatpak is the most promising sandboxing utility for Linux thus far, but is still deficient in many areas and allows for [unsafe defaults](https://flatkill.org/2020/) which allow most apps to trivially bypass their sandbox. + +Additionally, Linux falls behind in implementing [exploit mitigations](https://madaidans-insecurities.github.io/linux.html#exploit-mitigations) which are now standard on other operating systems, such as Arbitrary Code Guard on Windows or Hardened Runtime on macOS. Also, most Linux programs and Linux itself are coded in memory-unsafe languages. Memory corruption bugs are responsible for the [majority of vulnerabilities](https://msrc.microsoft.com/blog/2019/07/a-proactive-approach-to-more-secure-code/) fixed and assigned a CVE. While this is also true for Windows and macOS, they are quickly making progress on adopting memory-safe languages—such as Rust and Swift, respectively—while there is no similar effort to rewrite Linux in a memory-safe language like Rust. + +## Choosing your distribution + +Not all Linux distributions are created equal. Our [Linux recommendation page](../desktop.md) is not meant to be an authoritative source on which distribution you should use, but our recommendations *are* aligned with the following guidelines. These are a few things you should keep in mind when choosing a distribution: + +### Release cycle + +We highly recommend that you choose distributions which stay close to the stable upstream software releases, often referred to as rolling release distributions. This is because frozen release cycle distributions often don’t update package versions and fall behind on security updates. + +For frozen distributions such as [Debian](https://www.debian.org/security/faq#handling), package maintainers are expected to backport patches to fix vulnerabilities rather than bump the software to the “next version” released by the upstream developer. Some security fixes [do not](https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.14565) receive a [CVE ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures) (particularly less popular software) at all and therefore do not make it into the distribution with this patching model. As a result minor security fixes are sometimes held back until the next major release. + +We don’t believe holding packages back and applying interim patches is a good idea, as it diverges from the way the developer might have intended the software to work. [Richard Brown](https://rootco.de/aboutme/) has a presentation about this: + +
+ +
+ +### Traditional vs Atomic updates + +Traditionally, Linux distributions update by sequentially updating the desired packages. Traditional updates such as those used in Fedora, Arch Linux, and Debian based distributions can be less reliable if an error occurs while updating. + +Atomic updating distributions apply updates in full or not at all. Typically, transactional update systems are also atomic. + +A transactional update system creates a snapshot that is made before and after an update is applied. If an update fails at any time (perhaps due to a power failure), the update can be easily rolled back to a “last known good state." + +The Atomic update method is used for immutable distributions like Silverblue, Tumbleweed, and NixOS and can achieve reliability with this model. [Adam Šamalík](https://twitter.com/adsamalik) provided a presentation on how `rpm-ostree` works with Silverblue: + +
+ +
+ +### “Security-focused” distributions + +There is often some confusion between “security-focused” distributions and “pentesting” distributions. A quick search for “the most secure Linux distribution” will often give results like Kali Linux, Black Arch, or Parrot OS. These distributions are offensive penetration testing distributions that bundle tools for testing other systems. They don’t include any “extra security” or defensive mitigations intended for regular use. + +### Arch-based distributions + +Arch and Arch-based distributions are not recommended for those new to Linux (regardless of distribution) as they require regular [system maintenance](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/System_maintenance). Arch does not have a distribution update mechanism for the underlying software choices. As a result you have to stay aware with current trends and adopt technologies as they supersede older practices on your own. + +For a secure system, you are also expected to have sufficient Linux knowledge to properly set up security for their system such as adopting a [mandatory access control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_access_control) system, setting up [kernel module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module#Security) blacklists, hardening boot parameters, manipulating [sysctl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysctl) parameters, and knowing what components they need such as [Polkit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polkit). + +Anyone using the [Arch User Repository (AUR)](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Arch_User_Repository) **must** be comfortable auditing PKGBUILDs that they download from that service. AUR packages are community-produced content and are not vetted in any way, and therefore are vulnerable to software supply chain attacks, which has in fact happened [in the past](https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/malware-found-in-arch-linux-aur-package-repository/). + +The AUR should always be used sparingly, and often there is a lot of bad advice on various pages which direct people to blindly use [AUR helpers](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/AUR_helpers) without sufficient warning. Similar warnings apply to use third-party Personal Package Archives (PPAs) on Debian based distributions or Community Projects (COPR) on Fedora. + +If you are experienced with Linux and wish to use an Arch-based distribution, we generally recommend mainline Arch Linux over any of its derivatives. + +Additionally, we recommend **against** these two Arch derivatives specifically: + +- **Manjaro**: This distribution holds packages back for 2 weeks to make sure that their own changes don’t break, not to make sure that upstream is stable. When AUR packages are used, they are often built against the latest [libraries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)) from Arch’s repositories. +- **Garuda**: They use [Chaotic-AUR](https://aur.chaotic.cx/) which automatically and blindly compiles packages from the AUR. There is no verification process to make sure that the AUR packages don’t suffer from supply chain attacks. + +### Linux-libre kernel and “Libre” distributions + +We recommend **against** using the Linux-libre kernel, since it [removes security mitigations](https://www.phoronix.com/news/GNU-Linux-Libre-5.7-Released) and [suppresses kernel warnings](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=29674846) about vulnerable microcode. + +## General Recommendations + +### Drive Encryption + +Most Linux distributions have an option within its installer for enabling [LUKS](../encryption.md#linux-unified-key-setup) FDE. If this option isn’t set at installation time, you will have to backup your data and re-install, as encryption is applied after [disk partitioning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning), but before [file systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system) are formatted. We also suggest securely erasing your storage device: + +- [Secure Data Erasure :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/05/25/secure-data-erasure/) + +### Swap + +Consider using [ZRAM](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Zram#Using_zram-generator) instead of a traditional swap file or partition to avoid writing potentially sensitive memory data to persistent storage (and improve performance). Fedora-based distributions [use ZRAM by default](https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/SwapOnZRAM). + +If you require suspend-to-disk (hibernation) functionality, you will still need to use a traditional swap file or partition. Make sure that any swap space you do have on a persistent storage device is [encrypted](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dm-crypt/Swap_encryption) at a minimum to mitigate some of these threats. + +### Wayland + +We recommend using a desktop environment that supports the [Wayland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(display_server_protocol)) display protocol, as it was developed with security [in mind](https://lwn.net/Articles/589147/). Its predecessor ([X11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System)) does not support GUI isolation, which allows any window to [record, log, and inject inputs in other windows](https://blog.invisiblethings.org/2011/04/23/linux-security-circus-on-gui-isolation.html), making any attempt at sandboxing futile. While there are options to do nested X11 such as [Xpra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xpra) or [Xephyr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xephyr), they often come with negative performance consequences, and are neither convenient to set up nor preferable over Wayland. + +Fortunately, common environments such as [GNOME](https://www.gnome.org), [KDE](https://kde.org), and the window manager [Sway](https://swaywm.org) have support for Wayland. Some distributions like Fedora and Tumbleweed use it by default, and some others may do so in the future as X11 is in [hard maintenance mode](https://www.phoronix.com/news/X.Org-Maintenance-Mode-Quickly). If you’re using one of those environments it is as easy as selecting the “Wayland” session at the desktop display manager ([GDM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME_Display_Manager), [SDDM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Desktop_Display_Manager)). + +We recommend **against** using desktop environments or window managers that do not have Wayland support, such as Cinnamon (default on Linux Mint), Pantheon (default on Elementary OS), MATE, Xfce, and i3. + +### Proprietary Firmware (Microcode Updates) + +Some Linux distributions (such as [Linux-libre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux-libre)-based or DIY distros) don’t come with the proprietary [microcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcode) updates which patch critical security vulnerabilities. Some notable examples of these vulnerabilities include [Spectre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectre_(security_vulnerability)), [Meltdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meltdown_(security_vulnerability)), [SSB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_Store_Bypass), [Foreshadow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreshadow), [MDS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarchitectural_Data_Sampling), [SWAPGS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAPGS_(security_vulnerability)), and other [hardware vulnerabilities](https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/hw-vuln/index.html). + +We **highly recommend** that you install microcode updates, as they contain important security patches for the CPU which can not be fully mitigated in software alone. Fedora and openSUSE both have the microcode updates applied by default. + +### Updates + +Most Linux distributions will automatically install updates or remind you to do so. It is important to keep your OS up to date so that your software is patched when a vulnerability is found. + +Some distributions (particularly those aimed at advanced users) are more bare bones and expect you to do things yourself (e.g. Arch or Debian). These will require running the "package manager" (`apt`, `pacman`, `dnf`, etc.) manually in order to receive important security updates. + +Additionally, some distributions will not download firmware updates automatically. For that you will need to install [`fwupd`](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Fwupd). + +## Privacy Tweaks + +### MAC Address Randomization + +Many desktop Linux distributions (Fedora, openSUSE, etc.) come with [NetworkManager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager) to configure Ethernet and Wi-Fi settings. + +It is possible to [randomize](https://fedoramagazine.org/randomize-mac-address-nm/) the [MAC address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address) when using NetworkManager. This provides a bit more privacy on Wi-Fi networks as it makes it harder to track specific devices on the network you’re connected to. It does [**not**](https://papers.mathyvanhoef.com/wisec2016.pdf) make you anonymous. + +We recommend changing the setting to **random** instead of **stable**, as suggested in the [article](https://fedoramagazine.org/randomize-mac-address-nm/). + +If you are using [systemd-networkd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd#Ancillary_components), you will need to set [`MACAddressPolicy=random`](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.link.html#MACAddressPolicy=) which will enable [RFC 7844 (Anonymity Profiles for DHCP Clients)](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.network.html#Anonymize=). + +MAC address randomization is primarily beneficial for Wi-Fi connections. For Ethernet connections, randomizing your MAC address provides little (if any) benefit, because a network administrator can trivially identify your device by other means (such as inspecting the port you are connected to on the network switch). Randomizing Wi-Fi MAC addresses depends on support from the Wi-Fi’s firmware. + +### Other Identifiers + +There are other system identifiers which you may wish to be careful about. You should give this some thought to see if it applies to your [threat model](../basics/threat-modeling.md): + +- **Hostnames:** Your system's hostname is shared with the networks you connect to. You should avoid including identifying terms like your name or operating system in your hostname, instead sticking to generic terms or random strings. +- **Usernames:** Similarly, your username is used in a variety of ways across your system. Consider using generic terms like "user" rather than your actual name. +- **Machine ID:**: During installation a unique machine ID is generated and stored on your device. Consider [setting it to a generic ID](https://madaidans-insecurities.github.io/guides/linux-hardening.html#machine-id). + +### System Counting + +The Fedora Project [counts](https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/DNF_Better_Counting) how many unique systems access its mirrors by using a [`countme`](https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/DNF_Better_Counting#Detailed_Description) variable instead of a unique ID. Fedora does this to determine load and provision better servers for updates where necessary. + +This [option](https://dnf.readthedocs.io/en/latest/conf_ref.html#options-for-both-main-and-repo) is currently off by default. We recommend adding `countme=false` to `/etc/dnf/dnf.conf` just in case it is enabled in the future. On systems that use `rpm-ostree` such as Silverblue, the countme option is disabled by masking the [rpm-ostree-countme](https://fedoramagazine.org/getting-better-at-counting-rpm-ostree-based-systems/) timer. + +openSUSE also uses a [unique ID](https://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Statistics) to count systems, which can be disabled by deleting the `/var/lib/zypp/AnonymousUniqueId` file. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/os/macos-overview.md b/i18n/bn-IN/os/macos-overview.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6a38f1f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/os/macos-overview.md @@ -0,0 +1,253 @@ +--- +title: macOS Overview +icon: material/apple-finder +description: macOS is Apple's desktop operating system that works with their hardware to provide strong security. +--- + +**macOS** is a Unix operating system developed by Apple for their Mac computers. To enhance privacy on macOS, you can disable telemetry features and harden existing privacy and security settings. + +Older Intel-based Macs and Hackintoshes do not support all the security features that macOS offers. To enhance data security, we recommend using a newer Mac with [Apple silicon](https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT211814). + +## Privacy Notes + +There are a few notable privacy concerns with macOS that you should consider. These pertain to the operating system itself, and not Apple's other apps and services. + +### Activation Lock + +Brand new Apple silicon devices can be set up without an internet connection. However, recovering or resetting your Mac will **require** an internet connection to Apple's servers to check against the Activation Lock database of lost or stolen devices. + +### App Revocation Checks + +macOS performs online checks when you open an app to verify whether an app contains known malware, and whether the developer’s signing certificate is revoked. + +Previously, these checks were performed via an unencrypted OCSP protocol which could leak information about the apps you ran to your network. Apple upgraded their OCSP service to use HTTPS encryption in 2021, and [posted information](https://support.apple.com/HT202491) about their logging policy for this service. They additionally promised to add a mechanism for people to opt-out of this online check, but this has not been added to macOS as of July 2023. + +While you [can](https://eclecticlight.co/2021/02/23/how-to-run-apps-in-private/) manually opt out of this check relatively easily, we recommend against doing so unless you would be badly compromised by the revocation checks performed by macOS, because they serve an important role in ensuring compromised apps are blocked from running. + +## Recommended Configuration + +Your account when you first set up your Mac will be an Administrator account, which has higher privileges than a Standard user account. macOS has a number of protections which prevent malware and other programs from abusing your Administrator privileges, so it is generally safe to use this account. + +However, exploits in protective utilities like `sudo` have been [discovered in the past](https://bogner.sh/2014/03/another-mac-os-x-sudo-password-bypass/). If you want to avoid the possibility that programs you run abuse your Administrator privileges, you could consider creating a second, Standard user account which you use for day-to-day operations. This has the added benefit of making it more obvious when an app needs admin access, because it will prompt you for credentials every time. + +If you do use a second account, it is not strictly required to ever log in to your original Administrator account from the macOS login screen. When you are doing something as a Standard user which requires Administrator permissions, the system should prompt you for authentication, where you can enter your Administrator credentials as your Standard user on a one-time basis. Apple provides [guidance](https://support.apple.com/HT203998) on hiding your Administrator account if you prefer to only see a single account on your login screen. + +Alternatively, you can use a utility like [macOS Enterprise Privileges](https://github.com/SAP/macOS-enterprise-privileges) to escalate to Administrator rights on-demand, but this may be vulnerable to some undiscovered exploit, like all software-based protections. + +### iCloud + +The majority of privacy and security concerns with Apple products are related to their *cloud services*, not their hardware or software. When you use Apple services like iCloud, most of your information is stored on their servers and secured with keys *which Apple has access to* by default. This level of access has occasionally been abused by law enforcement to get around the fact that your data is otherwise securely encrypted on your device, and of course Apple is vulnerable to data breaches like any other company. + +Therefore, if you use iCloud you should [enable **Advanced Data Protection**](https://support.apple.com/HT212520). This encrypts nearly all of your iCloud data with keys stored on your devices (end-to-end encryption), rather than Apple's servers, so that your iCloud data is secured in the event of a data breach, and otherwise hidden from Apple. + +### System Settings + +There are a number of built-in settings you should confirm or change to harden your system. Open the **Settings** app: + +#### Bluetooth + +- [ ] Uncheck **Bluetooth** (unless you are currently using it) + +#### Network + +Depending on if you are using **Wi-Fi** or **Ethernet** (denoted by a green dot and the word "connected"), click on the corresponding icon. + +Click on the "Details" button by your network name: + +- [x] Check **Limit IP address tracking** + +##### Firewall + +Your firewall blocks unwanted network connections. The stricter your firewall settings are, the more secure your Mac is. However, certain services will be blocked. You should configure your firewall to be as strict as you can without blocking services you use. + +- [x] Check **Firewall** + +Click the **Options** button: + +- [x] Check **Block all incoming connections** + +If this configuration is too strict, you can come back and uncheck this. However, macOS will typically prompt you to allow incoming connections for an app if the app requests it. + +#### General + +By default, your device name will be something like "[your name]'s iMac". Because this name is publicly broadcast on your network, you'll want to change your device name to something generic like "Mac". + +Click on **About** and type your desired device name into the **Name** field. + +##### Software Updates + +You should automatically install all available updates to make sure your Mac has the latest security fixes. + +Click the small :material-information-outline: icon next to **Automatic Updates**: + +- [x] Check **Check for updates** + +- [x] Check **Download new updates when available** + +- [x] Check **Install macOS updates** + +- [x] Check **Install application updates from the App Store** + +- [x] Check **Install Security Responses and system files** + +#### Privacy & Security + +Whenever an application requests a permission, it will show up here. You can decide which applications you want to allow or deny specific permissions. + +##### Location Services + +You can individually allow location services per-app. If you don't need apps to use your location, turning off location services entirely is the most private option. + +- [ ] Uncheck **Location Services** + +##### Analytics & Improvements + +Decide whether you want to share analytics data with Apple and developers. + +- [ ] Uncheck **Share Mac Analytics** + +- [ ] Uncheck **Improve Siri & Dictation** + +- [ ] Uncheck **Share with app developers** + +- [ ] Uncheck **Share iCloud Analytics** (visible if you are signed in to iCloud) + +##### Apple Advertising + +Decide whether you want personalized ads based on your usage. + +- [ ] Uncheck **Personalized Ads** + +##### FileVault + +On modern devices with a Secure Enclave (Apple T2 Security Chip, Apple silicon), your data is always encrypted, but is decrypted automatically by a hardware key if your device doesn't detect it's been tampered with. Enabling FileVault additionally requires your password to decrypt your data, greatly improving security, especially when powered off or before the first login after powering on. + +On older Intel-based Mac computers, FileVault is the only form of disk encryption available by default, and should always be enabled. + +- [x] Click **Turn On** + +##### Lockdown Mode + +[Lockdown Mode](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/10/27/macos-ventura-privacy-security-updates/#lockdown-mode) disables some features in order to improve security. Some apps or features won't work the same way they do when it's off, for example, [JIT](https://hacks.mozilla.org/2017/02/a-crash-course-in-just-in-time-jit-compilers/) and [WASM](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/WebAssembly) are disabled in Safari with Lockdown Mode enabled. We recommend enabling Lockdown Mode and seeing whether it significantly impacts your usage, many of the changes it makes are easy to live with. + +- [x] Click **Turn On** + +### MAC Address Randomization + +macOS uses a randomized MAC address when performing Wi-Fi scans while disconnected from a network. However, when you connect to a preferred Wi-Fi network, the MAC address used is never randomized. Full MAC address randomization is an advanced topic, and most people don't need to worry about performing the following steps. + +Unlike iOS, macOS doesn't give you an option to randomize your MAC address in the settings, so if you wish to change this identifier, you'll need to do it with a command or a script. To set a random MAC address, first disconnect from the network if you're already connected, then open **Terminal** and enter this command to randomize your MAC address: + +``` zsh +openssl rand -hex 6 | sed 's/^\(.\{1\}\)./\12/; s/\(..\)/\1:/g; s/.$//' | xargs sudo ifconfig en0 ether +``` + +`en0` is the name of the interface you're changing the MAC address for. This might not be the right one on every Mac, so to check you can hold the option key and click the Wi-Fi symbol at the top right of your screen. "Interface name" should be displayed at the top of the dropdown menu. + +This command sets your MAC address to a randomized, "locally administered" address, matching the behavior of iOS, Windows, and Android's MAC address randomization features. This means that every character in the MAC address is fully randomized except the second character, which denotes the MAC address as *locally administered* and not in conflict with any actual hardware. This method is most compatible with modern networks. An alternative method is to set the first six characters of the MAC address to one of Apple's existing *Organizational Unique Identifiers*, which we'll leave as an exercise to the reader. That method is more likely to conflict with some networks, but may be less noticeable. Given the prevalence of randomized, locally administered MAC addresses in other modern operating systems, we don't think either method has significant privacy advantages over the other. + +When you connect to the network again, you'll connect with a random MAC address. This will be reset on reboot. + +Your MAC address is not the only unique information about your device which is broadcast on the network, your hostname is another piece of information which could uniquely identify you. You may wish to set your hostname to something generic like "MacBook Air", "Laptop", "John's MacBook Pro", or "iPhone" in **System Settings** > **General** > **Sharing**. Some [privacy scripts](https://github.com/sunknudsen/privacy-guides/tree/master/how-to-spoof-mac-address-and-hostname-automatically-at-boot-on-macos#guide) allow you to easily generate hostnames with random names. + +## Security Protections + +macOS employs defense in depth by relying on multiple layers of software and hardware-based protections, with different properties. This ensures that a failure in one layer does not compromise the system's overall security. + +### Software Security + +!!! warning + + macOS allows you to install beta updates. These are unstable and may come with extra telemetry since they're for testing purposes. Because of this, we recommend you avoid beta software in general. + +#### Signed System Volume + +macOS's system components are protected in a read-only signed system volume, meaning that neither you nor malware can alter important system files. + +The system volume is verified while it's running and any data that's not signed with a valid cryptographic signature from Apple will be rejected. + +#### System Integrity Protection + +macOS sets certain security restrictions that can't be overridden. These are called Mandatory Access Controls, and they form the basis of the sandbox, parental controls, and System Integrity Protection on macOS. + +System Integrity Protection makes critical file locations read-only to protect against modification from malicious code. This is on top of the hardware-based Kernel Integrity Protection that keeps the kernel from being modified in-memory. + +#### Application Security + +##### App Sandbox + +macOS apps downloaded from the App Store are required to be sandboxed usng the [App Sandbox](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/app_sandbox). + +!!! warning + + Software downloaded from outside the official App Store is not required to be sandboxed. You should avoid non-App Store software as much as possible. + +##### Antivirus + +macOS comes with two forms of malware defense: + +1. Protection against launching malware in the first place is provided by the App Store's review process for App Store applications, or *Notarization* (part of *Gatekeeper*), a process where third-party apps are scanned for known malware by Apple before they are allowed to run. +2. Protection against other malware and remediation from existing malware on your system is provided by *XProtect*, a more traditional antivirus software built-in to macOS. + +We recommend against installing third-party antivirus software as they typically do not have the system-level access required to properly function anyways, because of Apple's limitations on third-party apps, and because granting the high levels of access they do ask for often poses an even greater security and privacy risk to your computer. + +##### Backups + +macOS comes with automatic backup software called [Time Machine](https://support.apple.com/HT201250), so you can create encrypted backups to an external or network drive in the event of corrupted/deleted files. + +### Hardware Security + +Many modern security features in macOS—such as modern Secure Boot, hardware-level exploit mitigation, OS integrity checks, and file-based encryption—rely on Apple silicon, and Apple's newer hardware always has the [best security](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/apple-soc-security-sec87716a080/1/web/1). We only encourage the use of Apple silicon, and not older Intel-based Mac computers or Hackintoshes. + +Some of these modern security features are available on older Intel-based Mac computers with the Apple T2 Security Chip, but that chip is susceptible to the *checkm8* exploit which could compromise its security. + +If you use Bluetooth accessories such as a keyboard, we recommend that you use official Apple ones as their firmware will automatically be updated for you by macOS. Using third party accessories is fine, but you should remember to install firmware updates for them regularly. + +Apple's SoCs focus on minimizing attack surface by relegating security functions to dedicated hardware with limited functionality. + +#### Boot ROM + +macOS prevents malware persistence by only allowing official Apple software to run at boot time; this is known as secure boot. Mac computers verify this with a bit of read-only memory on the SoC called the boot ROM, which is laid down during the manufacturing of the chip. + +The boot ROM forms the hardware root of trust. This ensures that malware cannot tamper with the boot process. When your Mac boots up, the boot ROM is the first thing that runs, forming the first link in the chain of trust. + +Mac computers can be configured to boot in three security modes: *Full Security*, *Reduced Security*, and *Permissive Security*, with the default setting being Full Security. You should ideally be using Full Security mode and avoid things like **kernel extensions** that force you to lower your security mode. Make sure to [check](https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/change-security-settings-startup-disk-a-mac-mchl768f7291/mac) that you're using Full Security mode. + +#### Secure Enclave + +The Secure Enclave is a security chip built into devices with Apple silicon which is responsible for storing and generating encryption keys for data at rest as well as Face ID and Touch ID data. It contains its own separate boot ROM. + +You can think of the Secure Enclave as your device's security hub: it has an AES encryption engine and a mechanism to securely store your encryption keys, and it's separated from the rest of the system, so even if the main processor is compromised, it should still be safe. + +#### Touch ID + +Apple's Touch ID feature allows you to securely unlock your devices using biometrics. + +Your biometric data never leaves your device; it's stored only in the Secure Enclave. + +#### Hardware Microphone Disconnect + +All laptops with Apple silicon or the T2 chip feature a hardware disconnect for the built-in microphone whenever the lid is closed. This means that there is no way for an attacker to listen to your Mac's microphone even if the operating system is compromised. + +Note that the camera does not have a hardware disconnect, since its view is obscured when the lid is closed anyway. + +#### Peripheral Processor Security + +Computers have built-in processors other than the main CPU that handle things like networking, graphics, power management, etc. These processors can have insufficient security and become compromised, therefore Apple tries to minimize the need for these processors in their hardware. + +When it is necessary to use one of these processors, Apple works with the vendor to ensure that the processor + +- runs verified firmware from the primary CPU on startup +- has its own Secure Boot chain +- follows minimum cryptographic standards +- ensures known bad firmware is properly revoked +- has its debug interfaces disabled +- is signed with Apple's cryptographic keys + +#### Direct Memory Access Protections + +Apple silicon separates each component that requires direct memory access. For example, a Thunderbolt port can't access memory designated for the kernel. + +## Sources + +- [Apple Platform Security](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/welcome/web) diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/os/qubes-overview.md b/i18n/bn-IN/os/qubes-overview.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a255bd21 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/os/qubes-overview.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +--- +title: "Qubes Overview" +icon: simple/qubesos +description: Qubes is an operating system built around isolating apps within *qubes* (formerly "VMs") for heightened security. +--- + +[**Qubes OS**](../desktop.md#qubes-os) is an open-source operating system which uses the [Xen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen) hypervisor to provide strong security for desktop computing through isolated *qubes*, (which are Virtual Machines). You can assign each *qube* a level of trust based on its purpose. Qubes OS provides security by using isolation. It only permits actions on a per-case basis and therefore is the opposite of [badness enumeration](https://www.ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb/). + +## How does Qubes OS work? + +Qubes uses [compartmentalization](https://www.qubes-os.org/intro/) to keep the system secure. Qubes are created from templates, the defaults being for Fedora, Debian and [Whonix](../desktop.md#whonix). Qubes OS also allows you to create once-use [disposable](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/how-to-use-disposables/) *qubes*. + +??? "The term *qubes* is gradually being updated to avoid referring to them as "virtual machines"." + + Some of the information here and on the Qubes OS documentation may contain conflicting language as the "appVM" term is gradually being changed to "qube". Qubes are not entire virtual machines, but maintain similar functionalities to VMs. + +![Qubes architecture](../assets/img/qubes/qubes-trust-level-architecture.png) +
Qubes Architecture, Credit: What is Qubes OS Intro
+ +Each qube has a [colored border](https://www.qubes-os.org/screenshots/) that can help you keep track of the domain in which it runs. You could, for example, use a specific color for your banking browser, while using a different color for a general untrusted browser. + +![Colored border](../assets/img/qubes/r4.0-xfce-three-domains-at-work.png) +
Qubes window borders, Credit: Qubes Screenshots
+ +## Why Should I use Qubes? + +Qubes OS is useful if your [threat model](../basics/threat-modeling.md) requires strong security and isolation, such as if you think you'll be opening untrusted files from untrusted sources. A typical reason for using Qubes OS is to open documents from unknown sources, but the idea is that if a single qube is compromised it won't affect the rest of the system. + +Qubes OS utilizes [dom0](https://wiki.xenproject.org/wiki/Dom0) Xen VM for controlling other *qubes* on the host OS, all of which display individual application windows within dom0's desktop environment. There are many uses for this type of architecture. Here are some tasks you can perform. You can see just how much more secure these processes are made by incorporating multiple steps. + +### Copying and Pasting Text + +You can [copy and paste text](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/how-to-copy-and-paste-text/) using `qvm-copy-to-vm` or the below instructions: + +1. Press **Ctrl+C** to tell the *qube* you're in that you want to copy something. +2. Press **Ctrl+Shift+C** to tell the *qube* to make this buffer available to the global clipboard. +3. Press **Ctrl+Shift+V** in the destination *qube* to make the global clipboard available. +4. Press **Ctrl+V** in the destination *qube* to paste the contents in the buffer. + +### File Exchange + +To copy and paste files and directories (folders) from one *qube* to another, you can use the option **Copy to Other AppVM...** or **Move to Other AppVM...**. The difference is that the **Move** option will delete the original file. Either option will protect your clipboard from being leaked to any other *qubes*. This is more secure than air-gapped file transfer. An air-gapped computer will still be forced to parse partitions or file systems. That is not required with the inter-qube copy system. + +??? "Qubes do not have their own filesystems." + + You can [copy and move files](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/how-to-copy-and-move-files/) between *qubes*. When doing so the changes aren't immediately made and can be easily undone in case of an accident. When you run a *qube*, it does not have a persistent filesystem. You can create and delete files, but these changes are ephemeral. + +### Inter-VM Interactions + +The [qrexec framework](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/qrexec/) is a core part of Qubes which allows communication between domains. It is built on top of the Xen library *vchan*, which facilitates [isolation through policies](https://www.qubes-os.org/news/2020/06/22/new-qrexec-policy-system/). + +## Additional Resources + +For additional information we encourage you to consult the extensive Qubes OS documentation pages located on the [Qubes OS Website](https://www.qubes-os.org/doc/). Offline copies can be downloaded from the Qubes OS [documentation repository](https://github.com/QubesOS/qubes-doc). + +- [Arguably the world's most secure operating system](https://www.opentech.fund/news/qubes-os-arguably-the-worlds-most-secure-operating-system-motherboard/) (Open Technology Fund) +- [Software compartmentalization vs. physical separation](https://invisiblethingslab.com/resources/2014/Software_compartmentalization_vs_physical_separation.pdf) (J. Rutkowska) +- [Partitioning my digital life into security domains](https://blog.invisiblethings.org/2011/03/13/partitioning-my-digital-life-into.html) (J. Rutkowska) +- [Related Articles](https://www.qubes-os.org/news/categories/#articles) (Qubes OS) diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/passwords.md b/i18n/bn-IN/passwords.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7defe823 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/passwords.md @@ -0,0 +1,343 @@ +--- +meta_title: "The Best Password Managers to Protect Your Privacy and Security - Privacy Guides" +title: "Password Managers" +icon: material/form-textbox-password +description: Password managers allow you to securely store and manage passwords and other credentials. +cover: passwords.webp +schema: + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": WebPage + name: Password Manager Recommendations + url: "./" + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": SoftwareApplication + name: Bitwarden + image: /assets/img/password-management/bitwarden.svg + url: https://bitwarden.com + sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwarden + applicationCategory: Password Manager + operatingSystem: + - Windows + - macOS + - Linux + - অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + - iOS + subjectOf: + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": WebPage + url: "./" + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": SoftwareApplication + name: 1Password + image: /assets/img/password-management/1password.svg + url: https://1password.com + sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Password + applicationCategory: Password Manager + operatingSystem: + - Windows + - macOS + - Linux + - অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + - iOS + subjectOf: + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": WebPage + url: "./" + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": SoftwareApplication + name: Psono + image: /assets/img/password-management/psono.svg + url: https://psono.com + applicationCategory: Password Manager + operatingSystem: + - অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + - iOS + subjectOf: + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": WebPage + url: "./" + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": SoftwareApplication + name: KeePassXC + image: /assets/img/password-management/keepassxc.svg + url: https://keepassxc.org/ + sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KeePassXC + applicationCategory: Password Manager + operatingSystem: + - Windows + - macOS + - Linux + subjectOf: + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": WebPage + url: "./" + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": SoftwareApplication + name: KeePassDX + image: /assets/img/password-management/keepassdx.svg + url: https://www.keepassdx.com/ + applicationCategory: Password Manager + operatingSystem: অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + subjectOf: + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": WebPage + url: "./" + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": SoftwareApplication + name: Strongbox + image: /assets/img/password-management/strongbox.svg + url: https://strongboxsafe.com/ + applicationCategory: Password Manager + operatingSystem: iOS + subjectOf: + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": WebPage + url: "./" + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": SoftwareApplication + name: gopass + image: /assets/img/password-management/gopass.svg + url: https://www.gopass.pw/ + applicationCategory: Password Manager + operatingSystem: + - Windows + - macOS + - Linux + - FreeBSD + subjectOf: + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": WebPage + url: "./" +--- + +Password managers allow you to securely store and manage passwords and other credentials with the use of a master password. + +[Introduction to Passwords :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](./basics/passwords-overview.md) + +!!! info + + Built-in password managers in software like browsers and operating systems are sometimes not as good as dedicated password manager software. The advantage of a built-in password manager is good integration with the software, but it can often be very simple and lack privacy and security features standalone offerings have. + + For example, the password manager in Microsoft Edge doesn't offer E2EE at all. Google's password manager has [optional](https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/11350823) E2EE, and [Apple's](https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT202303) offers E2EE by default. + +## Cloud-based + +These password managers sync your passwords to a cloud server for easy accessibility from all your devices and safety against device loss. + +### Bitwarden + +!!! recommendation + + ![Bitwarden logo](assets/img/password-management/bitwarden.svg){ align=right } + + **Bitwarden** is a free and open-source password manager. It aims to solve password management problems for individuals, teams, and business organizations. Bitwarden is among the best and safest solutions to store all of your logins and passwords while conveniently keeping them synced between all of your devices. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://bitwarden.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://bitwarden.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://bitwarden.com/help/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/bitwarden){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.x8bit.bitwarden) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/bitwarden-password-manager/id1137397744) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/bitwarden/mobile/releases) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://bitwarden.com/download) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://bitwarden.com/download) + - [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/com.bitwarden.desktop) + - [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/bitwarden-password-manager) + - [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/bitwarden-free-password-m/nngceckbapebfimnlniiiahkandclblb) + - [:simple-microsoftedge: Edge](https://microsoftedge.microsoft.com/addons/detail/jbkfoedolllekgbhcbcoahefnbanhhlh) + +Bitwarden also features [Bitwarden Send](https://bitwarden.com/products/send/), which allows you to share text and files securely with [end-to-end encryption](https://bitwarden.com/help/send-encryption). A [password](https://bitwarden.com/help/send-privacy/#send-passwords) can be required along with the send link. Bitwarden Send also features [automatic deletion](https://bitwarden.com/help/send-lifespan). + +You need the [Premium Plan](https://bitwarden.com/help/about-bitwarden-plans/#compare-personal-plans) to be able to share files. The free plan only allows text sharing. + +Bitwarden's server-side code is [open-source](https://github.com/bitwarden/server), so if you don't want to use the Bitwarden cloud, you can easily host your own Bitwarden sync server. + +**Vaultwarden** is an alternative implementation of Bitwarden's sync server written in Rust and compatible with official Bitwarden clients, perfect for self-hosted deployment where running the official resource-heavy service might not be ideal. If you are looking to self-host Bitwarden on your own server, you almost certainly want to use Vaultwarden over Bitwarden's official server code. + +[:octicons-repo-16: Vaultwarden Repository](https://github.com/dani-garcia/vaultwarden ""){.md-button} [:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/dani-garcia/vaultwarden/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation} +[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/dani-garcia/vaultwarden){ .card-link title="Source Code" } +[:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/sponsors/dani-garcia){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +### 1Password + +!!! recommendation + + ![1Password logo](assets/img/password-management/1password.svg){ align=right } + + **1Password** is a password manager with a strong focus on security and ease-of-use, which allows you to store passwords, credit cards, software licenses, and any other sensitive information in a secure digital vault. Your vault is hosted on 1Password's servers for a [monthly fee](https://1password.com/sign-up/). 1Password is [audited](https://support.1password.com/security-assessments/) on a regular basis and provides exceptional customer support. 1Password is closed source; however, the security of the product is thoroughly documented in their [security white paper](https://1passwordstatic.com/files/security/1password-white-paper.pdf). + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://1password.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://1password.com/legal/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://support.1password.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.onepassword.android) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1511601750?mt=8) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://1password.com/downloads/windows/) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://1password.com/downloads/mac/) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://1password.com/downloads/linux/) + +Traditionally, **1Password** has offered the best password manager user experience for people using macOS and iOS; however, it has now achieved feature-parity across all platforms. It boasts many features geared towards families and less technical people, as well as advanced functionality. + +Your 1Password vault is secured with both your master password and a randomized 34-character security key to encrypt your data on their servers. This security key adds a layer of protection to your data because your data is secured with high entropy regardless of your master password. Many other password manager solutions are entirely reliant on the strength of your master password to secure your data. + +One advantage 1Password has over Bitwarden is its first-class support for native clients. While Bitwarden relegates many duties, especially account management features, to their web vault interface, 1Password makes nearly every feature available within its native mobile or desktop clients. 1Password's clients also have a more intuitive UI, which makes them easier to use and navigate. + +### Psono + +!!! recommendation + + ![Psono logo](assets/img/password-management/psono.svg){ align=right } + + **Psono** is a free and open-source password manager from Germany, with a focus on password management for teams. Psono supports secure sharing of passwords, files, bookmarks, and emails. All secrets are protected by a master password. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://psono.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://psono.com/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://doc.psono.com){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://gitlab.com/psono){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.psono.psono) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/psono-password-manager/id1545581224) + - [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/psono-pw-password-manager) + - [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/psonopw-password-manager/eljmjmgjkbmpmfljlmklcfineebidmlo) + - [:simple-docker: Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com/r/psono/psono-client) + +Psono provides extensive documentation for their product. The web-client for Psono can be self-hosted; alternatively, you can choose the full Community Edition or the Enterprise Edition with additional features. + +### Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +#### Minimum Requirements + +- Must utilize strong, standards-based/modern E2EE. +- Must have thoroughly documented encryption and security practices. +- Must have a published audit from a reputable, independent third-party. +- All non-essential telemetry must be optional. +- Must not collect more PII than is necessary for billing purposes. + +#### Best-Case + +Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page. + +- Telemetry should be opt-in (disabled by default) or not collected at all. +- Should be open-source and reasonably self-hostable. + +## Local Storage + +These options allow you to manage an encrypted password database locally. + +### KeePassXC + +!!! recommendation + + ![KeePassXC logo](assets/img/password-management/keepassxc.svg){ align=right } + + **KeePassXC** is a community fork of KeePassX, a native cross-platform port of KeePass Password Safe, with the goal to extend and improve it with new features and bugfixes to provide a feature-rich, cross-platform and modern open-source password manager. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://keepassxc.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://keepassxc.org/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://keepassxc.org/docs/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/keepassxreboot/keepassxc){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://keepassxc.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://keepassxc.org/download/#windows) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://keepassxc.org/download/#mac) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://keepassxc.org/download/#linux) + - [:simple-flathub: Flatpak](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.keepassxc.KeePassXC) + - [:simple-firefoxbrowser: Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/addon/keepassxc-browser) + - [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/keepassxc-browser/oboonakemofpalcgghocfoadofidjkkk) + +KeePassXC stores its export data as [CSV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values) files. This may mean data loss if you import this file into another password manager. We advise you check each record manually. + +### KeePassDX (Android) + +!!! recommendation + + ![KeePassDX logo](assets/img/password-management/keepassdx.svg){ align=right } + + **KeePassDX** is a lightweight password manager for Android, allows editing encrypted data in a single file in KeePass format and can fill in the forms in a secure way. [Contributor Pro](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.kunzisoft.keepass.pro) allows unlocking cosmetic content and non-standard protocol features, but more importantly, it helps and encourages development. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.keepassdx.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/Kunzisoft/KeePassDX/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/Kunzisoft/KeePassDX){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.keepassdx.com/#donation){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.kunzisoft.keepass.free) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/Kunzisoft/KeePassDX/releases) + +### Strongbox (iOS & macOS) + +!!! recommendation + + ![Strongbox logo](assets/img/password-management/strongbox.svg){ align=right } + + **Strongbox** is a native, open-source password manager for iOS and macOS. Supporting both KeePass and Password Safe formats, Strongbox can be used in tandem with other password managers, like KeePassXC, on non-Apple platforms. By employing a [freemium model](https://strongboxsafe.com/pricing/), Strongbox offers most features under its free tier with more convenience-oriented [features](https://strongboxsafe.com/comparison/)—such as biometric authentication—locked behind a subscription or perpetual license. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://strongboxsafe.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://strongboxsafe.com/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://strongboxsafe.com/getting-started/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/strongbox-password-safe/Strongbox){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/strongbox-password-safe/Strongbox#supporting-development){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/strongbox-keepass-pwsafe/id897283731) + +Additionally, there is an offline-only version offered: [Strongbox Zero](https://apps.apple.com/app/strongbox-keepass-pwsafe/id1581589638). This version is stripped down in an attempt to reduce attack surface. + +### Command-line + +These products are minimal password managers that can be used within scripting applications. + +#### gopass + +!!! recommendation + + ![gopass logo](assets/img/password-management/gopass.svg){ align=right } + + **gopass** is a password manager for the command line written in Go. It works on all major desktop and server operating systems (Linux, macOS, BSD, Windows). + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.gopass.pw){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/gopasspw/gopass/tree/master/docs){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/gopasspw/gopass){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/sponsors/dominikschulz){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.gopass.pw/#install-windows) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.gopass.pw/#install-macos) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.gopass.pw/#install-linux) + - [:simple-freebsd: FreeBSD](https://www.gopass.pw/#install-bsd) + +### Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +- Must be cross-platform. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/productivity.md b/i18n/bn-IN/productivity.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..de2ce413 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/productivity.md @@ -0,0 +1,174 @@ +--- +title: "Productivity Tools" +icon: material/file-sign +description: Most online office suites do not support E2EE, meaning the cloud provider has access to everything you do. +cover: productivity.webp +--- + +Most online office suites do not support E2EE, meaning the cloud provider has access to everything you do. The privacy policy may legally protect your rights, but it does not provide technical access constraints. + +## Collaboration Platforms + +### Nextcloud + +!!! recommendation + + ![Nextcloud logo](assets/img/productivity/nextcloud.svg){ align=right } + + **Nextcloud** is a suite of free and open-source client-server software for creating your own file hosting services on a private server you control. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://nextcloud.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://nextcloud.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://nextcloud.com/support/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/nextcloud){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://nextcloud.com/contribute/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nextcloud.client) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1125420102) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/nextcloud/android/releases) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients) + +!!! danger + + We don't recommend using the [E2EE App](https://apps.nextcloud.com/apps/end_to_end_encryption) for Nextcloud as it may lead to data loss; it is highly experimental and not production quality. For this reason, we don't recommend third-party Nextcloud providers. + +### CryptPad + +!!! recommendation + + ![CryptPad logo](assets/img/productivity/cryptpad.svg){ align=right } + + **CryptPad** is a private-by-design alternative to popular office tools. All content on this web service is end-to-end encrypted and can be shared with other users easily. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://cryptpad.fr){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptpad.fr/pad/#/2/pad/view/GcNjAWmK6YDB3EO2IipRZ0fUe89j43Ryqeb4fjkjehE/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.cryptpad.fr/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/xwiki-labs/cryptpad){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://opencollective.com/cryptpad){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +### Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +In general, we define collaboration platforms as full-fledged suites which could reasonably act as a replacement to collaboration platforms like Google Drive. + +- Open-source. +- Makes files accessible via WebDAV unless it is impossible due to E2EE. +- Has sync clients for Linux, macOS, and Windows. +- Supports document and spreadsheet editing. +- Supports real-time document collaboration. +- Supports exporting documents to standard document formats (e.g. ODF). + +#### Best-Case + +Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page. + +- Should store files in a conventional filesystem. +- Should support TOTP or FIDO2 multi-factor authentication support, or Passkey logins. + +## Office Suites + +### LibreOffice + +!!! recommendation + + ![LibreOffice logo](assets/img/productivity/libreoffice.svg){ align=right } + + **LibreOffice** is a free and open-source office suite with extensive functionality. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.libreoffice.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.libreoffice.org/about-us/privacy/privacy-policy-en/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://documentation.libreoffice.org/en/english-documentation/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://www.libreoffice.org/about-us/source-code){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://www.libreoffice.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/android-and-ios/) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/android-and-ios/) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/download/) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/download/) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.libreoffice.org/download/download/) + - [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.libreoffice.LibreOffice) + +### OnlyOffice + +!!! recommendation + + ![OnlyOffice logo](assets/img/productivity/onlyoffice.svg){ align=right } + + **OnlyOffice** is a cloud-based free and open-source office suite with extensive functionality, including integration with Nextcloud. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.onlyoffice.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://help.onlyoffice.com/products/files/doceditor.aspx?fileid=5048502&doc=SXhWMEVzSEYxNlVVaXJJeUVtS0kyYk14YWdXTEFUQmRWL250NllHNUFGbz0_IjUwNDg1MDIi0){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://helpcenter.onlyoffice.com/userguides.aspx){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/ONLYOFFICE){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.onlyoffice.documents) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id944896972) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.onlyoffice.com/download-desktop.aspx) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.onlyoffice.com/download-desktop.aspx) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.onlyoffice.com/download-desktop.aspx) + - [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.onlyoffice.desktopeditors) + +### Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +In general, we define office suites as applications which could reasonably act as a replacement for Microsoft Word for most needs. + +- Must be cross-platform. +- Must be open-source software. +- Must function offline. +- Must support editing documents, spreadsheets, and slideshows. +- Must export files to standard document formats. + +## Paste services + +### PrivateBin + +!!! recommendation + + ![PrivateBin logo](assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right } + + **PrivateBin** is a minimalist, open-source online pastebin where the server has zero knowledge of pasted data. Data is encrypted/decrypted in the browser using 256-bit AES. It is the improved version of ZeroBin. There is a [list of instances](https://privatebin.info/directory/). + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://privatebin.info){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-server-16:](https://privatebin.info/directory/){ .card-link title="Public Instances"} + [:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/PrivateBin/PrivateBin/wiki/FAQ){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/PrivateBin/PrivateBin){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + +### Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +#### Minimum Requirements + +- Must be open-source. +- Must implement "zero-trust" end-to-end encryption. +- Must support password-protected files. + + +#### Best-Case + +Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page. + +- Should have a published audit from a reputable, independent third-party. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/real-time-communication.md b/i18n/bn-IN/real-time-communication.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9500ff07 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/real-time-communication.md @@ -0,0 +1,197 @@ +--- +meta_title: "The Best Private Instant Messengers - Privacy Guides" +title: "Real-Time Communication" +icon: material/chat-processing +description: Other instant messengers make all of your private conversations available to the company that runs them. +cover: real-time-communication.webp +--- + +These are our recommendations for encrypted real-time communication. + +[Types of Communication Networks :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](./advanced/communication-network-types.md) + +## Encrypted Messengers + +These messengers are great for securing your sensitive communications. + +### Signal + +!!! recommendation + + ![Signal logo](assets/img/messengers/signal.svg){ align=right } + + **Signal** is a mobile app developed by Signal Messenger LLC. The app provides instant messaging, as well as voice and video calling. + + All communications are E2EE. Contact lists are encrypted using your Signal PIN and the server does not have access to them. Personal profiles are also encrypted and only shared with contacts you chat with. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://signal.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://signal.org/legal/#privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://support.signal.org/hc/en-us){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/signalapp){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://signal.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.thoughtcrime.securesms) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id874139669) + - [:simple-android: Android](https://signal.org/android/apk/) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://signal.org/download/windows) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://signal.org/download/macos) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://signal.org/download/linux) + +Signal supports [private groups](https://signal.org/blog/signal-private-group-system/). The server has no record of your group memberships, group titles, group avatars, or group attributes. Signal has minimal metadata when [Sealed Sender](https://signal.org/blog/sealed-sender/) is enabled. The sender address is encrypted along with the message body, and only the recipient address is visible to the server. Sealed Sender is only enabled for people in your contacts list, but can be enabled for all recipients with the increased risk of receiving spam. Signal requires your phone number as a personal identifier. + +The protocol was independently [audited](https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/1013.pdf) in 2016. The specification for the Signal protocol can be found in their [documentation](https://signal.org/docs/). + +We have some additional tips on configuring and hardening your Signal installation: + +[Signal Configuration and Hardening :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](https://blog.privacyguides.org/2022/07/07/signal-configuration-and-hardening/) + +### SimpleX Chat + +!!! recommendation + + ![Simplex logo](assets/img/messengers/simplex.svg){ align=right } + + **SimpleX** Chat is an instant messenger that is decentralized and doesn't depend on any unique identifiers such as phone numbers or usernames. Users of SimpleX Chat can scan a QR code or click an invite link to participate in group conversations. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://simplex.chat){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://github.com/simplex-chat/simplex-chat/blob/stable/PRIVACY.md){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/simplex-chat/simplex-chat/tree/stable/docs){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/simplex-chat){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=chat.simplex.app) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/simplex-chat/id1605771084) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/simplex-chat/simplex-chat/releases) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://simplex.chat/downloads/#desktop-app) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://simplex.chat/downloads/#desktop-app) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://simplex.chat/downloads/#desktop-app) + +SimpleX Chat [was audited](https://simplex.chat/blog/20221108-simplex-chat-v4.2-security-audit-new-website.html) by Trail of Bits in October 2022. + +SimpleX Chat supports basic group chatting functionality, direct messaging, and editing of messages and markdown. E2EE Audio and Video calls are also supported. Your data can be exported, and imported onto another device, as there are no central servers where this is backed up. + +### Briar + +!!! recommendation + + ![Briar logo](assets/img/messengers/briar.svg){ align=right } + + **Briar** is an encrypted instant messenger that [connects](https://briarproject.org/how-it-works/) to other clients using the Tor Network. Briar can also connect via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth when in local proximity. Briar’s local mesh mode can be useful when internet availability is a problem. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://briarproject.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://briarproject.org/privacy-policy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://code.briarproject.org/briar/briar/-/wikis/home){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://code.briarproject.org/briar/briar){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://briarproject.org/){ .card-link title="Donation options are listed on the bottom of the homepage" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.briarproject.briar.android) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://briarproject.org/download-briar-desktop/) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://briarproject.org/download-briar-desktop/) + - [:simple-flathub: Flathub](https://flathub.org/apps/details/org.briarproject.Briar) + +To add a contact on Briar, you must both add each other first. You can either exchange `briar://` links or scan a contact’s QR code if they are nearby. + +The client software was independently [audited](https://briarproject.org/news/2017-beta-released-security-audit/), and the anonymous routing protocol uses the Tor network which has also been audited. + +Briar has a fully [published specification](https://code.briarproject.org/briar/briar-spec). + +Briar supports Forward Secrecy by using the Bramble [Handshake](https://code.briarproject.org/briar/briar-spec/blob/master/protocols/BHP.md) and [Transport](https://code.briarproject.org/briar/briar-spec/blob/master/protocols/BTP.md) protocol. + +## Additional Options + +!!! warning + + These messengers do not have [Forward Secrecy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy), and while they fulfill certain needs that our previous recommendations may not, we do not recommend them for long-term or sensitive communications. Any key compromise among message recipients would affect the confidentiality of **all** past communications. + +### Element + +!!! recommendation + + ![Element logo](assets/img/messengers/element.svg){ align=right } + + **Element** is the reference client for the [Matrix](https://matrix.org/docs/guides/introduction) protocol, an [open standard](https://matrix.org/docs/spec) for secure decentralized real-time communication. + + Messages and files shared in private rooms (those which require an invite) are by default E2EE as are one to one voice and video calls. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://element.io/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://element.io/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://element.io/help){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/vector-im){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=im.vector.app) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/vector/id1083446067) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/vector-im/element-android/releases) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://element.io/get-started) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://element.io/get-started) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://element.io/get-started) + - [:octicons-globe-16: Web](https://app.element.io) + +Profile pictures, reactions, and nicknames are not encrypted. + +Group voice and video calls are [not](https://github.com/vector-im/element-web/issues/12878) E2EE, and use Jitsi, but this is expected to change with [Native Group VoIP Signalling](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/pull/3401). Group calls have [no authentication](https://github.com/vector-im/element-web/issues/13074) currently, meaning that non-room participants can also join the calls. We recommend that you do not use this feature for private meetings. + +The Matrix protocol itself [theoretically supports PFS](https://gitlab.matrix.org/matrix-org/olm/blob/master/docs/megolm.md#partial-forward-secrecy), however this is [not currently supported in Element](https://github.com/vector-im/element-web/issues/7101) due to it breaking some aspects of the user experience such as key backups and shared message history. + +The protocol was independently [audited](https://matrix.org/blog/2016/11/21/matrixs-olm-end-to-end-encryption-security-assessment-released-and-implemented-cross-platform-on-riot-at-last) in 2016. The specification for the Matrix protocol can be found in their [documentation](https://spec.matrix.org/latest/). The [Olm](https://matrix.org/docs/projects/other/olm) cryptographic ratchet used by Matrix is an implementation of Signal’s [Double Ratchet algorithm](https://signal.org/docs/specifications/doubleratchet/). + +### Session + +!!! recommendation + + ![Session logo](assets/img/messengers/session.svg){ align=right } + + **Session** is a decentralized messenger with a focus on private, secure, and anonymous communications. Session offers support for direct messages, group chats, and voice calls. + + Session uses the decentralized [Oxen Service Node Network](https://oxen.io/) to store and route messages. Every encrypted message is routed through three nodes in the Oxen Service Node Network, making it virtually impossible for the nodes to compile meaningful information on those using the network. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://getsession.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://getsession.org/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://getsession.org/faq){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/oxen-io){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=network.loki.messenger) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1470168868) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/oxen-io/session-android/releases) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://getsession.org/download) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://getsession.org/download) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://getsession.org/download) + +Session allows for E2EE in one-on-one chats or closed groups which allow for up to 100 members. Open groups have no restriction on the number of members, but are open by design. + +Session does [not](https://getsession.org/blog/session-protocol-technical-information) support PFS, which is when an encryption system automatically and frequently changes the keys it uses to encrypt and decrypt information, such that if the latest key is compromised it exposes a smaller portion of sensitive information. + +Oxen requested an independent audit for Session in March of 2020. The audit [concluded](https://getsession.org/session-code-audit) in April of 2021, “The overall security level of this application is good and makes it usable for privacy-concerned people.” + +Session has a [whitepaper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.04609.pdf) describing the technicals of the app and protocol. + +## Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +- Must have open-source clients. +- Must use E2EE for private messages by default. +- Must support E2EE for all messages. +- Must have been independently audited. + +### Best-Case + +Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page. + +- Should have Forward Secrecy. +- Should have open-source servers. +- Should be decentralized, i.e. federated or P2P. +- Should use E2EE for all messages by default. +- Should support Linux, macOS, Windows, Android, and iOS. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/router.md b/i18n/bn-IN/router.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bfa8d0a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/router.md @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +--- +title: "Router Firmware" +icon: material/router-wireless +description: These alternative operating systems can be used to secure your router or Wi-Fi access point. +cover: router.webp +--- + +Below are a few alternative operating systems, that can be used on routers, Wi-Fi access points, etc. + +## OpenWrt + +!!! recommendation + + ![OpenWrt logo](assets/img/router/openwrt.svg#only-light){ align=right } + ![OpenWrt logo](assets/img/router/openwrt-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right } + + **OpenWrt** is a Linux-based operating system; it's primarily used on embedded devices to route network traffic. It includes util-linux, uClibc, and BusyBox. All of the components have been optimized for home routers. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://openwrt.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://openwrt.org/docs/start){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/openwrt/openwrt){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://openwrt.org/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +You can consult OpenWrt's [table of hardware](https://openwrt.org/toh/start) to check if your device is supported. + +## OPNsense + +!!! recommendation + + ![OPNsense logo](assets/img/router/opnsense.svg){ align=right } + + **OPNsense** is an open source, FreeBSD-based firewall and routing platform which incorporates many advanced features such as traffic shaping, load balancing, and VPN capabilities, with many more features available in the form of plugins. OPNsense is commonly deployed as a perimeter firewall, router, wireless access point, DHCP server, DNS server, and VPN endpoint. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://opnsense.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.opnsense.org/index.html){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/opnsense){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://opnsense.org/donate/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +OPNsense was originally developed as a fork of [pfSense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PfSense), and both projects are noted for being free and reliable firewall distributions which offer features often only found in expensive commercial firewalls. Launched in 2015, the developers of OPNsense [cited](https://docs.opnsense.org/history/thefork.html) a number of security and code-quality issues with pfSense which they felt necessitated a fork of the project, as well as concerns about Netgate's majority acquisition of pfSense and the future direction of the pfSense project. + +## Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +- Must be open source. +- Must receive regular updates. +- Must support a wide variety of hardware. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/search-engines.md b/i18n/bn-IN/search-engines.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ea5b4db9 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/search-engines.md @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +--- +meta_title: "Recommended Search Engines: Anonymous Google Alternatives - Privacy Guides" +title: "Search Engines" +icon: material/search-web +description: These privacy-respecting search engines don't build an advertising profile based on your searches. +cover: search-engines.webp +--- + +Use a search engine that doesn't build an advertising profile based on your searches. + +The recommendations here are based on the merits of each service's privacy policy. There is **no guarantee** that these privacy policies are honored. + +Consider using a [VPN](vpn.md) or [Tor](https://www.torproject.org/) if your threat model requires hiding your IP address from the search provider. + +## Brave Search + +!!! recommendation + + ![Brave Search logo](assets/img/search-engines/brave-search.svg){ align=right } + + **Brave Search** is developed by Brave and serves results primarily from its own, independent index. The index is optimized against Google Search and therefore may provide more contextually accurate results compared to other alternatives. + + Brave Search includes unique features such as Discussions, which highlights conversation-focused results—such as forum posts. + + We recommend you disable [Anonymous usage metrics](https://search.brave.com/help/usage-metrics) as it is enabled by default and can be disabled within settings. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://search.brave.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:simple-torbrowser:](https://search.brave4u7jddbv7cyviptqjc7jusxh72uik7zt6adtckl5f4nwy2v72qd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://search.brave.com/help/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://search.brave.com/help){ .card-link title=Documentation} + +Brave Search is based in the United States. Their [privacy policy](https://search.brave.com/help/privacy-policy) states they collect aggregated usage metrics, which includes the operating system and browser in use, however no personally identifiable information is collected. IP addresses are temporarily processed, but are not retained. + +## DuckDuckGo + +!!! recommendation + + ![DuckDuckGo logo](assets/img/search-engines/duckduckgo.svg){ align=right } + + **DuckDuckGo** is one of the more mainstream private search engine options. Notable DuckDuckGo search features include [bangs](https://duckduckgo.com/bang) and many [instant answers](https://help.duckduckgo.com/duckduckgo-help-pages/features/instant-answers-and-other-features/). The search engine relies on a commercial Bing API to serve most results, but it does use numerous [other sources](https://help.duckduckgo.com/results/sources/) for instant answers and other non-primary results. + + DuckDuckGo is the default search engine for the Tor Browser and is one of the few available options on Apple’s Safari browser. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://duckduckgo.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:simple-torbrowser:](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://duckduckgo.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://help.duckduckgo.com/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + +DuckDuckGo is based in the United States. Their [privacy policy](https://duckduckgo.com/privacy) states they **do** log your searches for product improvement purposes, but not your IP address or any other personally identifying information. + +DuckDuckGo offers two [other versions](https://help.duckduckgo.com/features/non-javascript/) of their search engine, both of which do not require JavaScript. These versions do lack features, however. These versions can also be used in conjunction with their [Tor onion address](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion/) by appending [/lite](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion/lite) or [/html](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion/html) for the respective version. + +## SearXNG + +!!! recommendation + + ![SearXNG logo](assets/img/search-engines/searxng.svg){ align=right } + + **SearXNG** is an open-source, self-hostable, metasearch engine, aggregating the results of other search engines while not storing any information itself. It is an actively maintained fork of [SearX](https://github.com/searx/searx). + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://searxng.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-server-16:](https://searx.space/){ .card-link title="Public Instances"} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/searxng/searxng){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + +SearXNG is a proxy between you and the search engines it aggregates from. Your search queries will still be sent to the search engines that SearXNG gets its results from. + +When self-hosting, it is important that you have other people using your instance so that the queries would blend in. You should be careful with where and how you are hosting SearXNG, as people looking up illegal content on your instance could draw unwanted attention from authorities. + +When you are using a SearXNG instance, be sure to go read their privacy policy. Since SearXNG instances may be modified by their owners, they do not necessarily reflect their privacy policy. Some instances run as a Tor hidden service, which may grant some privacy as long as your search queries does not contain PII. + +## Startpage + +!!! recommendation + + ![Startpage logo](assets/img/search-engines/startpage.svg#only-light){ align=right } + ![Startpage logo](assets/img/search-engines/startpage-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right } + + **Startpage** is a private search engine known for serving [Google and Bing](https://support.startpage.com/hc/en-us/articles/4522435533844-What-is-the-relationship-between-Startpage-and-your-search-partners-like-Google-and-Microsoft-Bing-) search results. One of Startpage's unique features is the [Anonymous View](https://www.startpage.com/en/anonymous-view/), which puts forth efforts to standardize user activity to make it more difficult to be uniquely identified. The feature can be useful for hiding [some](https://support.startpage.com/hc/en-us/articles/4455540212116-The-Anonymous-View-Proxy-technical-details) network and browser properties. Unlike the name suggests, the feature should not be relied upon for anonymity. If you are looking for anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser) instead. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.startpage.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.startpage.com/en/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://support.startpage.com/hc/en-us/categories/4481917470356-Startpage-Search-Engine){ .card-link title=Documentation} + +!!! warning + + Startpage regularly limits service access to certain IP addresses, such as IPs reserved for VPNs or Tor. [DuckDuckGo](#duckduckgo) and [Brave Search](#brave-search) are friendlier options if your threat model requires hiding your IP address from the search provider. + +Startpage is based in the Netherlands. According to their [privacy policy](https://www.startpage.com/en/privacy-policy/), they log details such as: operating system, type of browser, and language. They do not log your IP address, search queries, or other personally identifying information. + +Startpage's majority shareholder is System1 who is an adtech company. We don't believe that to be an issue as they have a distinctly separate [privacy policy](https://system1.com/terms/privacy-policy). The Privacy Guides team reached out to Startpage [back in 2020](https://web.archive.org/web/20210118031008/https://blog.privacytools.io/relisting-startpage/) to clear up any concerns with System1's sizeable investment into the service. We were satisfied with the answers we received. + +## Criteria + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. + +!!! example "This section is new" + + We are working on establishing defined criteria for every section of our site, and this may be subject to change. If you have any questions about our criteria, please [ask on our forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest) and don't assume we didn't consider something when making our recommendations if it is not listed here. There are many factors considered and discussed when we recommend a project, and documenting every single one is a work-in-progress. + +### Minimum Requirements + +- Must not collect personally identifiable information per their privacy policy. +- Must not allow users to create an account with them. + +### Best-Case + +Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page. + +- Should be based on open-source software. +- Should not block Tor exit node IP addresses. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/tools.md b/i18n/bn-IN/tools.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2151c697 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/tools.md @@ -0,0 +1,469 @@ +--- +meta_title: "The Best Privacy Tools, Services, and Ad-Free Recommendations - Privacy Guides" +title: "Privacy Tools" +icon: material/tools +hide: + - toc +description: Privacy Guides is the most transparent and reliable website for finding software, apps, and services that protect your personal data from mass surveillance programs and other internet threats. +--- + +If you're looking for a specific solution to something, these are the hardware and software tools we recommend in a variety of categories. Our recommended privacy tools are primarily chosen based on security features, with additional emphasis on decentralized and open-source tools. They are applicable to a variety of threat models ranging from protection against global mass surveillance programs and avoiding big tech companies to mitigating attacks, but only you can determine what will work best for your needs. + +If you want assistance figuring out the best privacy tools and alternative programs for your needs, start a discussion on our [forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/) or our [Matrix](https://matrix.to/#/#privacyguides:matrix.org) community! + +For more details about each project, why they were chosen, and additional tips or tricks we recommend, click the "Learn more" link in each section, or click on the recommendation itself to be taken to that specific section of the page. + +## Tor Network + +
+ +- ![Tor Browser logo](assets/img/browsers/tor.svg){ .twemoji } [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser) +- ![Orbot logo](assets/img/self-contained-networks/orbot.svg){ .twemoji } [Orbot (Smartphone Tor Proxy)](tor.md#orbot) +- ![Onion Browser logo](assets/img/self-contained-networks/onion_browser.svg){ .twemoji } [Onion Browser (Tor for iOS)](tor.md#onion-browser) +- ![Snowflake logo](assets/img/browsers/snowflake.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Snowflake logo](assets/img/browsers/snowflake-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Snowflake](tor.md#snowflake) (1) + +
+ +1. Snowflake does not increase privacy, however it allows you to easily contribute to the Tor network and help people in censored networks achieve better privacy. + +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](tor.md) + +## Desktop Web Browsers + +
+ +- ![Mullvad Browser logo](assets/img/browsers/mullvad_browser.svg){ .twemoji } [Mullvad Browser](desktop-browsers.md#mullvad-browser) +- ![Firefox logo](assets/img/browsers/firefox.svg){ .twemoji } [Firefox](desktop-browsers.md#firefox) +- ![Brave logo](assets/img/browsers/brave.svg){ .twemoji } [Brave](desktop-browsers.md#brave) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](desktop-browsers.md) + +### Additional Resources + +
+ +- ![uBlock Origin logo](assets/img/browsers/ublock_origin.svg){ .twemoji } [uBlock Origin](desktop-browsers.md#ublock-origin) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](desktop-browsers.md#additional-resources) + +## Mobile Web Browsers + +
+ +- ![Brave logo](assets/img/browsers/brave.svg){ .twemoji } [Brave (Android)](mobile-browsers.md#brave) +- ![Safari logo](assets/img/browsers/safari.svg){ .twemoji } [Safari (iOS)](mobile-browsers.md#safari) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](mobile-browsers.md) + +### Additional Resources + +
+ +- ![AdGuard logo](assets/img/browsers/adguard.svg){ .twemoji } [AdGuard for iOS](mobile-browsers.md#adguard) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](mobile-browsers.md#adguard) + +## Service Providers + +### Cloud Storage + +
+ +- ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ .twemoji } [Proton Drive](cloud.md#proton-drive) +- ![Tresorit logo](assets/img/cloud/tresorit.svg){ .twemoji } [Tresorit](cloud.md#tresorit) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](cloud.md) + +### DNS + +#### DNS Providers + +We [recommend](dns.md#recommended-providers) a number of encrypted DNS servers based on a variety of criteria, such as [Mullvad](https://mullvad.net/en/help/dns-over-https-and-dns-over-tls) and [Quad9](https://quad9.net/) amongst others. We recommend for you to read our pages on DNS before choosing a provider. In many cases, using an alternative DNS provider is not recommended. + +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](dns.md) + +#### Encrypted DNS Proxies + +
+ +- ![RethinkDNS logo](assets/img/android/rethinkdns.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![RethinkDNS logo](assets/img/android/rethinkdns-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [RethinkDNS](dns.md#rethinkdns) +- ![dnscrypt-proxy logo](assets/img/dns/dnscrypt-proxy.svg){ .twemoji } [dnscrypt-proxy](dns.md#dnscrypt-proxy) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](dns.md#encrypted-dns-proxies) + +#### Self-hosted Solutions + +
+ +- ![AdGuard Home logo](assets/img/dns/adguard-home.svg){ .twemoji } [AdGuard Home](dns.md#adguard-home) +- ![Pi-hole logo](assets/img/dns/pi-hole.svg){ .twemoji } [Pi-hole](dns.md#pi-hole) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](dns.md#self-hosted-solutions) + +### Email + +
+ +- ![Proton Mail logo](assets/img/email/protonmail.svg){ .twemoji } [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail) +- ![Mailbox.org logo](assets/img/email/mailboxorg.svg){ .twemoji } [Mailbox.org](email.md#mailboxorg) +- ![Skiff Mail logo](assets/img/email/skiff-mail.svg){ .twemoji } [Skiff Mail](email.md#skiff-mail) +- ![Tutanota logo](assets/img/email/tutanota.svg){ .twemoji } [Tutanota](email.md#tutanota) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](email.md) + +#### Email Aliasing Services + +
+ +- ![addy.io logo](assets/img/email/mini/addy.svg){ .twemoji } [addy.io](email.md#addyio) +- ![SimpleLogin logo](assets/img/email/simplelogin.svg){ .twemoji } [SimpleLogin](email.md#simplelogin) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](email.md#email-aliasing-services) + +#### Self-Hosting Email + +
+ +- ![mailcow logo](assets/img/email/mailcow.svg){ .twemoji } [mailcow](email.md#self-hosting-email) +- ![Mail-in-a-Box logo](assets/img/email/mail-in-a-box.svg){ .twemoji } [Mail-in-a-Box](email.md#self-hosting-email) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](email.md#self-hosting-email) + +### Financial Services + +#### Payment Masking Services + +
+ +- ![Privacy.com logo](assets/img/financial-services/privacy_com.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Privacy.com logo](assets/img/financial-services/privacy_com-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Privacy.com](financial-services.md#privacycom-us) +- ![MySudo logo](assets/img/financial-services/mysudo.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![MySudo logo](assets/img/financial-services/mysudo-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [MySudo](financial-services.md#mysudo-us-paid) +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](financial-services.md#payment-masking-services) + +#### Online Gift Card Marketplaces + +
+ +- ![CoinCards logo](assets/img/financial-services/coincards.svg){ .twemoji } [CoinCards](financial-services.md#coincards) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) + +### Search Engines + +
+ +- ![Brave Search logo](assets/img/search-engines/brave-search.svg){ .twemoji } [Brave Search](search-engines.md#brave-search) +- ![DuckDuckGo logo](assets/img/search-engines/duckduckgo.svg){ .twemoji } [DuckDuckGo](search-engines.md#duckduckgo) +- ![SearXNG logo](assets/img/search-engines/searxng.svg){ .twemoji } [SearXNG](search-engines.md#searxng) +- ![Startpage logo](assets/img/search-engines/startpage.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Startpage logo](assets/img/search-engines/startpage-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Startpage](search-engines.md#startpage) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](search-engines.md) + +### VPN Providers + +??? danger "VPNs do not provide anonymity" + + Using a VPN will **not** keep your browsing habits anonymous, nor will it add additional security to non-secure (HTTP) traffic. + + If you are looking for **anonymity**, you should use the Tor Browser **instead** of a VPN. + + If you're looking for added **security**, you should always ensure you're connecting to websites using HTTPS. A VPN is not a replacement for good security practices. + + [Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](vpn.md) + +
+ +- ![Proton VPN logo](assets/img/vpn/protonvpn.svg){ .twemoji } [Proton VPN](vpn.md#proton-vpn) +- ![IVPN logo](assets/img/vpn/mini/ivpn.svg){ .twemoji } [IVPN](vpn.md#ivpn) +- ![Mullvad logo](assets/img/vpn/mullvad.svg){ .twemoji } [Mullvad](vpn.md#mullvad) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](vpn.md) + +## Software + +### Calendar Sync + +
+ +- ![Tutanota logo](assets/img/calendar/tutanota.svg){ .twemoji } [Tutanota](calendar.md#tutanota) +- ![Proton Calendar logo](assets/img/calendar/proton-calendar.svg){ .twemoji } [Proton Calendar](calendar.md#proton-calendar) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](calendar.md) + +### Cryptocurrency + +
+ +- ![Monero logo](assets/img/cryptocurrency/monero.svg){ .twemoji } [Monero](cryptocurrency.md#monero) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](cryptocurrency.md) + +### Data and Metadata Redaction + +
+ +- ![MAT2 logo](assets/img/data-redaction/mat2.svg){ .twemoji } [MAT2](data-redaction.md#mat2) +- ![ExifEraser logo](assets/img/data-redaction/exiferaser.svg){ .twemoji } [ExifEraser (Android)](data-redaction.md#exiferaser-android) +- ![Metapho logo](assets/img/data-redaction/metapho.jpg){ .twemoji } [Metapho (iOS)](data-redaction.md#metapho-ios) +- ![PrivacyBlur logo](assets/img/data-redaction/privacyblur.svg){ .twemoji } [PrivacyBlur](data-redaction.md#privacyblur) +- ![ExifTool logo](assets/img/data-redaction/exiftool.png){ .twemoji } [ExifTool (CLI)](data-redaction.md#exiftool) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](data-redaction.md) + +### Email Clients + +
+ +- ![Thunderbird logo](assets/img/email-clients/thunderbird.svg){ .twemoji } [Thunderbird](email-clients.md#thunderbird) +- ![Apple Mail logo](assets/img/email-clients/applemail.png){ .twemoji } [Apple Mail (macOS)](email-clients.md#apple-mail-macos) +- ![Canary Mail logo](assets/img/email-clients/canarymail.svg){ .twemoji } [Canary Mail (iOS)](email-clients.md#canary-mail-ios) +- ![FairEmail logo](assets/img/email-clients/fairemail.svg){ .twemoji } [FairEmail (Android)](email-clients.md#fairemail-android) +- ![GNOME Evolution logo](assets/img/email-clients/evolution.svg){ .twemoji } [GNOME Evolution (Linux)](email-clients.md#gnome-evolution-gnome) +- ![K-9 Mail logo](assets/img/email-clients/k9mail.svg){ .twemoji } [K-9 Mail (Android)](email-clients.md#k-9-mail-android) +- ![Kontact logo](assets/img/email-clients/kontact.svg){ .twemoji } [Kontact (Linux)](email-clients.md#kontact-kde) +- ![Mailvelope logo](assets/img/email-clients/mailvelope.svg){ .twemoji } [Mailvelope (PGP in standard webmail)](email-clients.md#mailvelope-browser) +- ![NeoMutt logo](assets/img/email-clients/mutt.svg){ .twemoji } [NeoMutt (CLI)](email-clients.md#neomutt-cli) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](email-clients.md) + +### Encryption Software + +??? info "Operating System Disk Encryption" + + For encrypting your operating system drive, we typically recommend using whichever encryption tool your operating system provides, whether that is **BitLocker** on Windows, **FileVault** on macOS, or **LUKS** on Linux. These tools are included with the operating system and typically use hardware encryption elements such as a TPM that other full-disk encryption software like VeraCrypt do not. VeraCrypt is still suitable for non-operating system disks such as external drives, especially drives that may be accessed from multiple operating systems. + + [Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](encryption.md##operating-system-included-full-disk-encryption-fde) + +
+ +- ![Cryptomator logo](assets/img/encryption-software/cryptomator.svg){ .twemoji } [Cryptomator](encryption.md#cryptomator-cloud) +- ![Picocrypt logo](assets/img/encryption-software/picocrypt.svg){ .twemoji } [Picocrypt](encryption.md#picocrypt-file) +- ![VeraCrypt logo](assets/img/encryption-software/veracrypt.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![VeraCrypt logo](assets/img/encryption-software/veracrypt-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [VeraCrypt (FDE)](encryption.md#veracrypt-disk) +- ![Hat.sh logo](assets/img/encryption-software/hat-sh.png#only-light){ .twemoji }![Hat.sh logo](assets/img/encryption-software/hat-sh-dark.png#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Hat.sh (Browser-based)](encryption.md#hatsh) +- ![Kryptor logo](assets/img/encryption-software/kryptor.png){ .twemoji } [Kryptor](encryption.md#kryptor) +- ![Tomb logo](assets/img/encryption-software/tomb.png){ .twemoji } [Tomb](encryption.md#tomb) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](encryption.md) + +#### OpenPGP Clients + +
+ +- ![GnuPG logo](assets/img/encryption-software/gnupg.svg){ .twemoji } [GnuPG](encryption.md#gnu-privacy-guard) +- ![GPG4Win logo](assets/img/encryption-software/gpg4win.svg){ .twemoji } [GPG4Win (Windows)](encryption.md#gpg4win) +- ![GPG Suite logo](assets/img/encryption-software/gpgsuite.png){ .twemoji } [GPG Suite (macOS)](encryption.md#gpg-suite) +- ![OpenKeychain logo](assets/img/encryption-software/openkeychain.svg){ .twemoji } [OpenKeychain](encryption.md#openkeychain) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](encryption.md#openpgp) + +### File Sharing and Sync + +
+ +- ![Send logo](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/send.svg){ .twemoji } [Send](file-sharing.md#send) +- ![OnionShare logo](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/onionshare.svg){ .twemoji } [OnionShare](file-sharing.md#onionshare) +- ![FreedomBox logo](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/freedombox.svg){ .twemoji } [FreedomBox](file-sharing.md#freedombox) +- ![Nextcloud logo](assets/img/productivity/nextcloud.svg){ .twemoji } [Nextcloud (Self-Hostable)](file-sharing.md#nextcloud-client-server) +- ![Syncthing logo](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/syncthing.svg){ .twemoji } [Syncthing](file-sharing.md#syncthing-p2p) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](file-sharing.md) + +### Frontends + +
+ +- ![Nitter logo](assets/img/frontends/nitter.svg){ .twemoji } [Nitter (Twitter, Web)](frontends.md#nitter) +- ![FreeTube logo](assets/img/frontends/freetube.svg){ .twemoji } [FreeTube (YouTube, Desktop)](frontends.md#freetube) +- ![Yattee logo](assets/img/frontends/yattee.svg){ .twemoji } [Yattee (YouTube; iOS, tvOS, macOS)](frontends.md#yattee) +- ![LibreTube logo](assets/img/frontends/libretube.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![LibreTube logo](assets/img/frontends/libretube-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [LibreTube (YouTube, Android)](frontends.md#libretube-android) +- ![NewPipe logo](assets/img/frontends/newpipe.svg){ .twemoji } [NewPipe (YouTube, Android)](frontends.md#newpipe-android) +- ![Invidious logo](assets/img/frontends/invidious.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Invidious logo](assets/img/frontends/invidious-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Invidious (YouTube, Web)](frontends.md#invidious) +- ![Piped logo](assets/img/frontends/piped.svg){ .twemoji } [Piped (YouTube, Web)](frontends.md#piped) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](frontends.md) + +### Multi-Factor Authentication Tools + +
+ +- ![YubiKeys](assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/mini/yubico.svg){ .twemoji } [YubiKey](multi-factor-authentication.md#yubikey) +- ![Nitrokey](assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/mini/nitrokey.svg){ .twemoji } [Nitrokey](multi-factor-authentication.md#nitrokey) +- ![Aegis logo](assets/img/multi-factor-authentication/aegis.png){ .twemoji } [Aegis Authenticator (Android)](multi-factor-authentication.md#aegis-authenticator-android) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md) + +### News Aggregators + +
+ +- ![Akregator logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/akregator.svg){ .twemoji } [Akregator](news-aggregators.md#akregator) +- ![Feeder logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/feeder.png){ .twemoji} [Feeder (Android)](news-aggregators.md#feeder) +- ![Fluent Reader logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/fluent-reader.svg){ .twemoji } [Fluent Reader](news-aggregators.md#fluent-reader) +- ![GNOME Feeds logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/gfeeds.svg){ .twemoji } [GNOME Feeds](news-aggregators.md#gnome-feeds) +- ![Miniflux logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/miniflux.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Miniflux logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/miniflux-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Miniflux](news-aggregators.md#miniflux) +- ![NetNewsWire logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/netnewswire.png){ .twemoji } [NetNewsWire](news-aggregators.md#netnewswire) +- ![Newsboat logo](assets/img/news-aggregators/newsboat.svg){ .twemoji } [Newsboat](news-aggregators.md#newsboat) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](news-aggregators.md) + +### Notebooks + +
+ +- ![Standard Notes logo](assets/img/notebooks/standard-notes.svg){ .twemoji } [Standard Notes](notebooks.md#standard-notes) +- ![Notesnook logo](assets/img/notebooks/notesnook.svg){ .twemoji } [Notesnook](notebooks.md#notesnook) +- ![Joplin logo](assets/img/notebooks/joplin.svg){ .twemoji } [Joplin](notebooks.md#joplin) +- ![Cryptee logo](assets/img/notebooks/cryptee.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Cryptee logo](assets/img/notebooks/cryptee-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Cryptee](notebooks.md#cryptee) +- ![Org-mode logo](assets/img/notebooks/org-mode.svg){ .twemoji } [Org-mode](notebooks.md#org-mode) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](notebooks.md) + +### Password Managers + +
+ +- ![Bitwarden logo](assets/img/password-management/bitwarden.svg){ .twemoji } [Bitwarden](passwords.md#bitwarden) +- ![1Password logo](assets/img/password-management/1password.svg){ .twemoji } [1Password](passwords.md#1password) +- ![Psono logo](assets/img/password-management/psono.svg){ .twemoji } [Psono](passwords.md#psono) +- ![KeePassXC logo](assets/img/password-management/keepassxc.svg){ .twemoji } [KeePassXC](passwords.md#keepassxc) +- ![KeePassDX logo](assets/img/password-management/keepassdx.svg){ .twemoji } [KeePassDX (Android)](passwords.md#keepassdx-android) +- ![Strongbox logo](assets/img/password-management/strongbox.svg){ .twemoji } [Strongbox (iOS & macOS)](passwords.md#strongbox-ios-macos) +- ![gopass logo](assets/img/password-management/gopass.svg){ .twemoji } [gopass](passwords.md#gopass) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](passwords.md) + +### Productivity Tools + +
+ +- ![Nextcloud logo](assets/img/productivity/nextcloud.svg){ .twemoji } [Nextcloud (Self-Hostable)](productivity.md#nextcloud) +- ![LibreOffice logo](assets/img/productivity/libreoffice.svg){ .twemoji } [LibreOffice](productivity.md#libreoffice) +- ![OnlyOffice logo](assets/img/productivity/onlyoffice.svg){ .twemoji } [OnlyOffice](productivity.md#onlyoffice) +- ![CryptPad logo](assets/img/productivity/cryptpad.svg){ .twemoji } [CryptPad](productivity.md#cryptpad) +- ![PrivateBin logo](assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ .twemoji } [PrivateBin (Pastebin)](productivity.md#privatebin) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](productivity.md) + +### Real-Time Communication + +
+ +- ![Signal logo](assets/img/messengers/signal.svg){ .twemoji } [Signal](real-time-communication.md#signal) +- ![Briar logo](assets/img/messengers/briar.svg){ .twemoji } [Briar](real-time-communication.md#briar) +- ![SimpleX Chat logo](assets/img/messengers/simplex.svg){ .twemoji } [SimpleX Chat](real-time-communication.md#simplex-chat) +- ![Element logo](assets/img/messengers/element.svg){ .twemoji } [Element](real-time-communication.md#element) +- ![Session logo](assets/img/messengers/session.svg){ .twemoji } [Session](real-time-communication.md#session) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](real-time-communication.md) + +## Operating Systems + +### Mobile + +
+ +- ![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/grapheneos.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/grapheneos-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [GrapheneOS](android.md#grapheneos) +- ![DivestOS logo](assets/img/android/divestos.svg){ .twemoji } [DivestOS](android.md#divestos) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](android.md) + +#### Android Apps + +
+ +- ![Obtainium logo](assets/img/android/obtainium.svg){ .twemoji } [Obtainium (App Manager)](android.md#obtainium) +- ![Aurora Store logo](assets/img/android/aurora-store.webp){ .twemoji } [Aurora Store (Google Play Client)](android.md#aurora-store) +- ![Shelter logo](assets/img/android/mini/shelter.svg){ .twemoji } [Shelter (Work Profiles)](android.md#shelter) +- ![Auditor logo](assets/img/android/auditor.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/auditor-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Auditor (Supported Devices)](android.md#auditor) +- ![Secure Camera logo](assets/img/android/secure_camera.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Secure Camera logo](assets/img/android/secure_camera-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Secure Camera](android.md#secure-camera) +- ![Secure PDF Viewer logo](assets/img/android/secure_pdf_viewer.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/secure_pdf_viewer-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [Secure PDF Viewer](android.md#secure-pdf-viewer) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](android.md#general-apps) + +### Desktop/PC + +
+ +- ![Qubes OS logo](assets/img/qubes/qubes_os.svg){ .twemoji } [Qubes OS (Xen VM Distribution)](desktop.md#qubes-os) +- ![Fedora logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/fedora-workstation.svg){ .twemoji } [Fedora Workstation](desktop.md#fedora-workstation) +- ![openSUSE Tumbleweed logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/opensuse-tumbleweed.svg){ .twemoji } [OpenSUSE Tumbleweed](desktop.md#opensuse-tumbleweed) +- ![Arch logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/archlinux.svg){ .twemoji } [Arch Linux](desktop.md#arch-linux) +- ![Fedora Silverblue logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/fedora-silverblue.svg){ .twemoji } [Fedora Silverblue & Kinoite](desktop.md#fedora-silverblue) +- ![nixOS logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/nixos.svg){ .twemoji } [NixOS](desktop.md#nixos) +- ![Whonix logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/whonix.svg){ .twemoji } [Whonix (Tor)](desktop.md#whonix) +- ![Tails logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/tails.svg){ .twemoji } [Tails (Live Boot)](desktop.md#tails) +- ![Kicksecure logo](assets/img/linux-desktop/kicksecure.svg){ .twemoji } [Kicksecure](desktop.md#kicksecure) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](desktop.md) + +### Router Firmware + +
+ +- ![OpenWrt logo](assets/img/router/openwrt.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![OpenWrt logo](assets/img/router/openwrt-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [OpenWrt](router.md#openwrt) +- ![OPNsense logo](assets/img/router/opnsense.svg){ .twemoji } [OPNsense](router.md#opnsense) + +
+ +[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](router.md) diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/tor.md b/i18n/bn-IN/tor.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e1c674b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/tor.md @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ +--- +meta_title: "Tor Browser and Network: Anonymous Web Browsing - Privacy Guides" +title: "Tor Network" +icon: simple/torproject +description: Protect your internet browsing from prying eyes by using the Tor network, a secure network which circumvents censorship. +cover: tor.webp +schema: + - + "@context": http://schema.org + "@type": SoftwareApplication + name: Tor Browser + image: /assets/img/browsers/tor.svg + url: https://www.torproject.org + sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(network) + applicationCategory: Web Browser + operatingSystem: + - Windows + - macOS + - Linux + - অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + subjectOf: + "@type": WebPage + url: "./" +--- + +![Tor logo](assets/img/self-contained-networks/tor.svg){ align=right } + +The **Tor** network is a group of volunteer-operated servers that allows you to connect for free and improve your privacy and security on the Internet. Individuals and organizations can also share information over the Tor network with ".onion hidden services" without compromising their privacy. Because Tor traffic is difficult to block and trace, Tor is an effective censorship circumvention tool. + +[:octicons-home-16:](https://www.torproject.org){ .card-link title=Homepage } +[:simple-torbrowser:](http://2gzyxa5ihm7nsggfxnu52rck2vv4rvmdlkiu3zzui5du4xyclen53wid.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" } +[:octicons-info-16:](https://tb-manual.torproject.org/){ .card-link title=Documentation} +[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitweb.torproject.org/tor.git){ .card-link title="Source Code" } +[:octicons-heart-16:](https://donate.torproject.org/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +Tor works by routing your internet traffic through those volunteer-operated servers, instead of making a direct connection to the site you're trying to visit. This obfuscates where the traffic is coming from, and no server in the connection path is able to see the full path of where the traffic is coming from and going to, meaning even the servers you are using to connect cannot break your anonymity. + +[Detailed Tor Overview :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](advanced/tor-overview.md ""){.md-button} + +## Connecting to Tor + +There are a variety of ways to connect to the Tor network from your device, the most commonly used being the **Tor Browser**, a fork of Firefox designed for anonymous browsing for desktop computers and Android. In addition to the apps listed below, there are also operating systems designed specifically to connect to the Tor network such as [Whonix](desktop.md#whonix) on [Qubes OS](desktop.md#qubes-os), which provide even greater security and protections than the standard Tor Browser. + +### Tor Browser + +!!! recommendation + + ![Tor Browser logo](assets/img/browsers/tor.svg){ align=right } + + **Tor Browser** is the choice if you need anonymity, as it provides you with access to the Tor network and bridges, and it includes default settings and extensions that are automatically configured by the default security levels: *Standard*, *Safer* and *Safest*. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.torproject.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:simple-torbrowser:](http://2gzyxa5ihm7nsggfxnu52rck2vv4rvmdlkiu3zzui5du4xyclen53wid.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://tb-manual.torproject.org/){ .card-link title=Documentation } + [:octicons-code-16:](https://gitweb.torproject.org/tor-browser.git/){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://donate.torproject.org/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.torproject.torbrowser) + - [:simple-android: Android](https://www.torproject.org/download/#android) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.torproject.org/download/) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.torproject.org/download/) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.torproject.org/download/) + +!!! danger + + You should **never** install any additional extensions on Tor Browser or edit `about:config` settings, including the ones we suggest for Firefox. Browser extensions and non-standard settings make you stand out from others on the Tor network, thus making your browser easier to [fingerprint](https://support.torproject.org/glossary/browser-fingerprinting). + +The Tor Browser is designed to prevent fingerprinting, or identifying you based on your browser configuration. Therefore, it is imperative that you do **not** modify the browser beyond the default [security levels](https://tb-manual.torproject.org/security-settings/). + +### Orbot + +!!! recommendation + + ![Orbot logo](assets/img/self-contained-networks/orbot.svg){ align=right } + + **Orbot** is a free Tor VPN for smartphones which routes traffic from any app on your device through the Tor network. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://orbot.app/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://orbot.app/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://orbot.app/faqs){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://orbot.app/code){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://orbot.app/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.torproject.android) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/orbot/id1609461599) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/guardianproject/orbot/releases) + +We previously recommended enabling the *Isolate Destination Address* preference in Orbot settings. While this setting can theoretically improve privacy by enforcing the use of a different circuit for each IP address you connect to, it doesn't provide a practical advantage for most applications (especially web browsing), can come with a significant performance penalty, and increases the load on the Tor network. We no longer recommend adjusting this setting from its default value unless you know you need to.[^1] + +!!! tip "Tips for Android" + + Orbot can proxy individual apps if they support SOCKS or HTTP proxying. It can also proxy all your network connections using [VpnService](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/net/VpnService) and can be used with the VPN killswitch in :gear: **Settings** → **Network & internet** → **VPN** → :gear: → **Block connections without VPN**. + + Orbot is often outdated on the Guardian Project's [F-Droid repository](https://guardianproject.info/fdroid) and [Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.torproject.android), so consider downloading directly from the [GitHub repository](https://github.com/guardianproject/orbot/releases) instead. + + All versions are signed using the same signature so they should be compatible with each other. + +### Onion Browser + +!!! recommendation + + ![Onion Browser logo](assets/img/self-contained-networks/onion_browser.svg){ align=right } + + **Onion Browser** is an open-source browser that lets you browse the web anonymously over the Tor network on iOS devices and is endorsed by the [Tor Project](https://support.torproject.org/glossary/onion-browser/). + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://onionbrowser.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://onionbrowser.com/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://onionbrowser.com/faqs){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/OnionBrowser/OnionBrowser){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://onionbrowser.com/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id519296448) + +## Relays and Bridges + +### Snowflake + +!!! recommendation + + ![Snowflake logo](assets/img/browsers/snowflake.svg#only-light){ align=right } + ![Snowflake logo](assets/img/browsers/snowflake-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right } + + **Snowflake** allows you to donate bandwidth to the Tor Project by operating a "Snowflake proxy" within your browser. + + People who are censored can use Snowflake proxies to connect to the Tor network. Snowflake is a great way to contribute to the network even if you don't have the technical know-how to run a Tor relay or bridge. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://snowflake.torproject.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://gitlab.torproject.org/tpo/anti-censorship/pluggable-transports/snowflake/-/wikis/Technical%20Overview){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://gitweb.torproject.org/pluggable-transports/snowflake.git/){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + [:octicons-heart-16:](https://donate.torproject.org/){ .card-link title=Contribute } + +You can enable Snowflake in your browser by opening it in another tab and turning the switch on. You can leave it running in the background while you browse to contribute your connection. We don't recommend installing Snowflake as a browser extension; adding third-party extensions can increase your attack surface. + +[Run Snowflake in your Browser :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](https://snowflake.torproject.org/embed.html ""){.md-button} + +Snowflake does not increase your privacy in any way, nor is it used to connect to the Tor network within your personal browser. However, if your internet connection is uncensored, you should consider running it to help people in censored networks achieve better privacy themselves. There is no need to worry about which websites people are accessing through your proxy—their visible browsing IP address will match their Tor exit node, not yours. + +Running a Snowflake proxy is low-risk, even moreso than running a Tor relay or bridge which are already not particularly risky endeavours. However, it does still proxy traffic through your network which can be impactful in some ways, especially if your network is bandwidth-limited. Make sure you understand [how Snowflake works](https://gitlab.torproject.org/tpo/anti-censorship/pluggable-transports/snowflake/-/wikis/home) before deciding whether to run a proxy. + +[^1]: The `IsolateDestAddr` setting is discussed on the [Tor mailing list](https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-talk/2012-May/024403.html) and [Whonix's Stream Isolation documentation](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Stream_Isolation), where both projects suggest that it is usually not a good approach for most people. diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/vpn.md b/i18n/bn-IN/vpn.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6538a869 --- /dev/null +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/vpn.md @@ -0,0 +1,330 @@ +--- +meta_title: "Private VPN Service Recommendations and Comparison, No Sponsors or Ads - Privacy Guides" +title: "VPN Services" +icon: material/vpn +description: These are the best VPN services for protecting your privacy and security online. Find a provider here that isn’t out to spy on you. +cover: vpn.webp +--- + +If you're looking for additional **privacy** from your ISP, on a public Wi-Fi network, or while torrenting files, a VPN may be the solution for you as long as you understand the risks involved. We think these providers are a cut above the rest: + +
+ +- ![Proton VPN logo](assets/img/vpn/protonvpn.svg){ .twemoji } [Proton VPN](#proton-vpn) +- ![IVPN logo](assets/img/vpn/mini/ivpn.svg){ .twemoji } [IVPN](#ivpn) +- ![Mullvad logo](assets/img/vpn/mullvad.svg){ .twemoji } [Mullvad](#mullvad) + +
+ +!!! danger "VPNs do not provide anonymity" + + Using a VPN will **not** keep your browsing habits anonymous, nor will it add additional security to non-secure (HTTP) traffic. + + If you are looking for **anonymity**, you should use the Tor Browser **instead** of a VPN. + + If you're looking for added **security**, you should always ensure you're connecting to websites using HTTPS. A VPN is not a replacement for good security practices. + + [Download Tor](https://www.torproject.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Tor Myths & FAQ](advanced/tor-overview.md){ .md-button } + +[Detailed VPN Overview :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](basics/vpn-overview.md ""){.md-button} + +## Recommended Providers + +Our recommended providers use encryption, accept Monero, support WireGuard & OpenVPN, and have a no logging policy. Read our [full list of criteria](#criteria) for more information. + +### Proton VPN + +!!! recommendation annotate + + ![Proton VPN logo](assets/img/vpn/protonvpn.svg){ align=right } + + **Proton VPN** is a strong contender in the VPN space, and they have been in operation since 2016. Proton AG is based in Switzerland and offers a limited free tier, as well as a more featured premium option. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://protonvpn.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://protonvpn.com/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://protonvpn.com/support/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/ProtonVPN){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ch.protonvpn.android) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id1437005085) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/ProtonVPN/android-app/releases) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://protonvpn.com/download-windows) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://protonvpn.com/support/linux-vpn-setup/) + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } 68 Countries + +Proton VPN has [servers in 68 countries](https://protonvpn.com/vpn-servers).(1) Picking a VPN provider with a server nearest to you will reduce latency of the network traffic you send. This is because of a shorter route (fewer hops) to the destination. +{ .annotate } + +1. Last checked: 2023-07-28 + +We also think it's better for the security of the VPN provider's private keys if they use [dedicated servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_hosting_service), instead of cheaper shared solutions (with other customers) such as [virtual private servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_server). + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Independently Audited + +As of January 2020, Proton VPN has undergone an independent audit by SEC Consult. SEC Consult found some medium and low risk vulnerabilities in Proton VPN's Windows, Android, and iOS applications, all of which were "properly fixed" by Proton VPN before the reports were published. None of the issues identified would have provided an attacker remote access to your device or traffic. You can view individual reports for each platform at [protonvpn.com](https://protonvpn.com/blog/open-source/). In April 2022 Proton VPN underwent [another audit](https://protonvpn.com/blog/no-logs-audit/) and the report was [produced by Securitum](https://protonvpn.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/securitum-protonvpn-nologs-20220330.pdf). A [letter of attestation](https://proton.me/blog/security-audit-all-proton-apps) was provided for Proton VPN's apps on 9th November 2021 by [Securitum](https://research.securitum.com). + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Open-Source Clients + +Proton VPN provides the source code for their desktop and mobile clients in their [GitHub organization](https://github.com/ProtonVPN). + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Accepts Cash + +Proton VPN, in addition to accepting credit/debit cards, PayPal, and [Bitcoin](advanced/payments.md#other-coins-bitcoin-ethereum-etc), also accepts **cash/local currency** as an anonymous form of payment. + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } WireGuard Support + +Proton VPN mostly supports the WireGuard® protocol. [WireGuard](https://www.wireguard.com) is a newer protocol that uses state-of-the-art [cryptography](https://www.wireguard.com/protocol/). Additionally, WireGuard aims to be simpler and more performant. + +Proton VPN [recommends](https://protonvpn.com/blog/wireguard/) the use of WireGuard with their service. On Proton VPN's Windows, macOS, iOS, Android, ChromeOS, and Android TV apps, WireGuard is the default protocol; however, [support](https://protonvpn.com/support/how-to-change-vpn-protocols/) for the protocol is not present in their Linux app. + +#### :material-alert-outline:{ .pg-orange } Remote Port Forwarding + +Proton VPN currently only supports ephemeral remote [port forwarding](https://protonvpn.com/support/port-forwarding/) via NAT-PMP, with 60 second lease times. The Windows app provides an easy to access option for it, while on other operating systems you'll need to run your own [NAT-PMP client](https://protonvpn.com/support/port-forwarding-manual-setup/). Torrent applications often support NAT-PMP natively. + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Mobile Clients + +In addition to providing standard OpenVPN configuration files, Proton VPN has mobile clients for [App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/protonvpn-fast-secure-vpn/id1437005085), [Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ch.protonvpn.android&hl=en_US), and [GitHub](https://github.com/ProtonVPN/android-app/releases) allowing for easy connections to their servers. + +#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality + +Proton VPN clients support two factor authentication on all platforms except Linux at the moment. Proton VPN has their own servers and datacenters in Switzerland, Iceland and Sweden. They offer adblocking and known malware domains blocking with their DNS service. Additionally, Proton VPN also offers "Tor" servers allowing you to easily connect to onion sites, but we still strongly recommend using [the official Tor Browser](https://www.torproject.org/) for this purpose. + +#### :material-alert-outline:{ .pg-orange } Killswitch feature is broken on Intel-based Macs + +System crashes [may occur](https://protonvpn.com/support/macos-t2-chip-kill-switch/) on Intel-based Macs when using the VPN killswitch. If you require this feature, and you are using a Mac with Intel chipset, you should consider using another VPN service. + +### IVPN + +!!! recommendation + + ![IVPN logo](assets/img/vpn/ivpn.svg){ align=right } + + **IVPN** is another premium VPN provider, and they have been in operation since 2009. IVPN is based in Gibraltar. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://www.ivpn.net/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://www.ivpn.net/privacy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://www.ivpn.net/knowledgebase/general/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/ivpn){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.ivpn.client) + - [:octicons-moon-16: Accrescent](https://accrescent.app/app/net.ivpn.client) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/ivpn-serious-privacy-protection/id1193122683) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://www.ivpn.net/apps-windows/) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://www.ivpn.net/apps-macos/) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://www.ivpn.net/apps-linux/) + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } 35 Countries + +IVPN has [servers in 35 countries](https://www.ivpn.net/server-locations).(1) Picking a VPN provider with a server nearest to you will reduce latency of the network traffic you send. This is because of a shorter route (fewer hops) to the destination. +{ .annotate } + +1. Last checked: 2023-07-28 + +We also think it's better for the security of the VPN provider's private keys if they use [dedicated servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_hosting_service), instead of cheaper shared solutions (with other customers) such as [virtual private servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_server). + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Independently Audited + +IVPN has undergone a [no-logging audit from Cure53](https://cure53.de/audit-report_ivpn.pdf) which concluded in agreement with IVPN's no-logging claim. IVPN has also completed a [comprehensive pentest report Cure53](https://cure53.de/summary-report_ivpn_2019.pdf) in January 2020. IVPN has also said they plan to have [annual reports](https://www.ivpn.net/blog/independent-security-audit-concluded) in the future. A further review was conducted [in April 2022](https://www.ivpn.net/blog/ivpn-apps-security-audit-2022-concluded/) and was produced by Cure53 [on their website](https://cure53.de/pentest-report_IVPN_2022.pdf). + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Open-Source Clients + +As of February 2020 [IVPN applications are now open-source](https://www.ivpn.net/blog/ivpn-applications-are-now-open-source). Source code can be obtained from their [GitHub organization](https://github.com/ivpn). + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Accepts Cash and Monero + +In addition to accepting credit/debit cards and PayPal, IVPN accepts Bitcoin, **Monero** and **cash/local currency** (on annual plans) as anonymous forms of payment. + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } WireGuard Support + +IVPN supports the WireGuard® protocol. [WireGuard](https://www.wireguard.com) is a newer protocol that uses state-of-the-art [cryptography](https://www.wireguard.com/protocol/). Additionally, WireGuard aims to be simpler and more performant. + +IVPN [recommends](https://www.ivpn.net/wireguard/) the use of WireGuard with their service and, as such, the protocol is the default on all of IVPN's apps. IVPN also offers a WireGuard configuration generator for use with the official WireGuard [apps](https://www.wireguard.com/install/). + +#### :material-alert-outline:{ .pg-orange } Remote Port Forwarding + +IVPN previously supported port forwarding, but removed the option in [June 2023](https://www.ivpn.net/blog/gradual-removal-of-port-forwarding). Missing this feature could negatively impact certain applications, especially peer-to-peer applications like torrent clients. + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Mobile Clients + +In addition to providing standard OpenVPN configuration files, IVPN has mobile clients for [App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/ivpn-serious-privacy-protection/id1193122683), [Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.ivpn.client), and [GitHub](https://github.com/ivpn/android-app/releases) allowing for easy connections to their servers. + +#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality + +IVPN clients support two factor authentication (Mullvad's clients do not). IVPN also provides "[AntiTracker](https://www.ivpn.net/antitracker)" functionality, which blocks advertising networks and trackers from the network level. + +### Mullvad + +!!! recommendation + + ![Mullvad logo](assets/img/vpn/mullvad.svg){ align=right } + + **Mullvad** is a fast and inexpensive VPN with a serious focus on transparency and security. They have been in operation since **2009**. Mullvad is based in Sweden and does not have a free trial. + + [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://mullvad.net){ .md-button .md-button--primary } + [:simple-torbrowser:](http://o54hon2e2vj6c7m3aqqu6uyece65by3vgoxxhlqlsvkmacw6a7m7kiad.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" } + [:octicons-eye-16:](https://mullvad.net/en/help/privacy-policy/){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } + [:octicons-info-16:](https://mullvad.net/en/help/){ .card-link title=Documentation} + [:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/mullvad){ .card-link title="Source Code" } + + ??? downloads + + - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.mullvad.mullvadvpn) + - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/mullvad-vpn/id1488466513) + - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/mullvad/mullvadvpn-app/releases) + - [:simple-windows11: Windows](https://mullvad.net/en/download/windows/) + - [:simple-apple: macOS](https://mullvad.net/en/download/macos/) + - [:simple-linux: Linux](https://mullvad.net/en/download/linux/) + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } 43 Countries + +Mullvad has [servers in 43 countries](https://mullvad.net/servers/).(1) Picking a VPN provider with a server nearest to you will reduce latency of the network traffic you send. This is because of a shorter route (fewer hops) to the destination. +{ .annotate } + +1. Last checked: 2023-07-28 + +We also think it's better for the security of the VPN provider's private keys if they use [dedicated servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_hosting_service), instead of cheaper shared solutions (with other customers) such as [virtual private servers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_server). + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Independently Audited + +Mullvad's VPN clients have been audited by Cure53 and Assured AB in a pentest report [published at cure53.de](https://cure53.de/pentest-report_mullvad_v2.pdf). The security researchers concluded: + +> Cure53 and Assured AB are happy with the results of the audit and the software leaves an overall positive impression. With security dedication of the in-house team at the Mullvad VPN compound, the testers have no doubts about the project being on the right track from a security standpoint. + +In 2020 a second audit [was announced](https://mullvad.net/blog/2020/6/25/results-available-audit-mullvad-app/) and the [final audit report](https://cure53.de/pentest-report_mullvad_2020_v2.pdf) was made available on Cure53's website: + +> The results of this May-June 2020 project targeting the Mullvad complex are quite positive. [...] The overall application ecosystem used by Mullvad leaves a sound and structured impression. The overall structure of the application makes it easy to roll out patches and fixes in a structured manner. More than anything, the findings spotted by Cure53 showcase the importance of constantly auditing and re-assessing the current leak vectors, in order to always ensure privacy of the end-users. With that being said, Mullvad does a great job protecting the end-user from common PII leaks and privacy related risks. + +In 2021 an infrastructure audit [was announced](https://mullvad.net/en/blog/2021/1/20/no-pii-or-privacy-leaks-found-cure53s-infrastructure-audit/) and the [final audit report](https://cure53.de/pentest-report_mullvad_2021_v1.pdf) was made available on Cure53's website. Another report was commissioned [in June 2022](https://mullvad.net/en/blog/2022/6/22/vpn-server-audit-found-no-information-leakage-or-logging-of-customer-data/) and is available on [Assured's website](https://www.assured.se/publications/Assured_Mullvad_relay_server_audit_report_2022.pdf). + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Open-Source Clients + +Mullvad provides the source code for their desktop and mobile clients in their [GitHub organization](https://github.com/mullvad/mullvadvpn-app). + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Accepts Cash and Monero + +Mullvad, in addition to accepting credit/debit cards and PayPal, accepts Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, **Monero** and **cash/local currency** as anonymous forms of payment. They also accept Swish and bank wire transfers. + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } WireGuard Support + +Mullvad supports the WireGuard® protocol. [WireGuard](https://www.wireguard.com) is a newer protocol that uses state-of-the-art [cryptography](https://www.wireguard.com/protocol/). Additionally, WireGuard aims to be simpler and more performant. + +Mullvad [recommends](https://mullvad.net/en/help/why-wireguard/) the use of WireGuard with their service. It is the default or only protocol on Mullvad's Android, iOS, macOS, and Linux apps, but on Windows you have to [manually enable](https://mullvad.net/en/help/how-turn-wireguard-mullvad-app/) WireGuard. Mullvad also offers a WireGuard configuration generator for use with the official WireGuard [apps](https://www.wireguard.com/install/). + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } IPv6 Support + +Mullvad allows you to [access services hosted on IPv6](https://mullvad.net/en/blog/2014/9/15/ipv6-support/), as opposed to other providers which block IPv6 connections. + +#### :material-alert-outline:{ .pg-orange } Remote Port Forwarding + +Mullvad previously supported port forwarding, but removed the option in [May 2023](https://mullvad.net/en/blog/2023/5/29/removing-the-support-for-forwarded-ports/). Missing this feature could negatively impact certain applications, especially peer-to-peer applications like torrent clients. + +#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Mobile Clients + +Mullvad has published [App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/mullvad-vpn/id1488466513) and [Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.mullvad.mullvadvpn) clients, both supporting an easy-to-use interface as opposed to requiring you to manually configure your WireGuard connection. The Android client is also available on [GitHub](https://github.com/mullvad/mullvadvpn-app/releases). + +#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality + +Mullvad is very transparent about which nodes they [own or rent](https://mullvad.net/en/servers/). They use [ShadowSocks](https://shadowsocks.org/) in their ShadowSocks + OpenVPN configuration, making them more resistant against firewalls with [Deep Packet Inspection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_packet_inspection) trying to block VPNs. Supposedly, [China has to use a different method to block ShadowSocks servers](https://github.com/net4people/bbs/issues/22). Mullvad's website is also accessible via Tor at [o54hon2e2vj6c7m3aqqu6uyece65by3vgoxxhlqlsvkmacw6a7m7kiad.onion](http://o54hon2e2vj6c7m3aqqu6uyece65by3vgoxxhlqlsvkmacw6a7m7kiad.onion). + +## Criteria + +!!! danger + + It is important to note that using a VPN provider will not make you anonymous, but it will give you better privacy in certain situations. A VPN is not a tool for illegal activities. Don't rely on a "no log" policy. + +**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the providers we recommend. This allows us to provide completely objective recommendations.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements for any VPN provider wishing to be recommended, including strong encryption, independent security audits, modern technology, and more. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing a VPN provider, and conduct your own research to ensure the VPN provider you choose is as trustworthy as possible. + +### Technology + +We require all our recommended VPN providers to provide OpenVPN configuration files to be used in any client. **If** a VPN provides their own custom client, we require a killswitch to block network data leaks when disconnected. + +**Minimum to Qualify:** + +- Support for strong protocols such as WireGuard & OpenVPN. +- Killswitch built in to clients. +- Multihop support. Multihopping is important to keep data private in case of a single node compromise. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open-source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what your device is actually doing. + +**Best Case:** + +- WireGuard and OpenVPN support. +- Killswitch with highly configurable options (enable/disable on certain networks, on boot, etc.) +- Easy-to-use VPN clients +- Supports [IPv6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6). We expect that servers will allow incoming connections via IPv6 and allow you to access services hosted on IPv6 addresses. +- Capability of [remote port forwarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_forwarding#Remote_port_forwarding) assists in creating connections when using P2P ([Peer-to-Peer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer)) file sharing software or hosting a server (e.g., Mumble). + +### Privacy + +We prefer our recommended providers to collect as little data as possible. Not collecting personal information on registration, and accepting anonymous forms of payment are required. + +**Minimum to Qualify:** + +- [Anonymous cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md) **or** cash payment option. +- No personal information required to register: Only username, password, and email at most. + +**Best Case:** + +- Accepts multiple [anonymous payment options](advanced/payments.md). +- No personal information accepted (autogenerated username, no email required, etc.). + +### Security + +A VPN is pointless if it can't even provide adequate security. We require all our recommended providers to abide by current security standards for their OpenVPN connections. Ideally, they would use more future-proof encryption schemes by default. We also require an independent third-party to audit the provider's security, ideally in a very comprehensive manner and on a repeated (yearly) basis. + +**Minimum to Qualify:** + +- Strong Encryption Schemes: OpenVPN with SHA-256 authentication; RSA-2048 or better handshake; AES-256-GCM or AES-256-CBC data encryption. +- Forward Secrecy. +- Published security audits from a reputable third-party firm. + +**Best Case:** + +- Strongest Encryption: RSA-4096. +- Forward Secrecy. +- Comprehensive published security audits from a reputable third-party firm. +- Bug-bounty programs and/or a coordinated vulnerability-disclosure process. + +### Trust + +You wouldn't trust your finances to someone with a fake identity, so why trust them with your internet data? We require our recommended providers to be public about their ownership or leadership. We also would like to see frequent transparency reports, especially in regard to how government requests are handled. + +**Minimum to Qualify:** + +- Public-facing leadership or ownership. + +**Best Case:** + +- Public-facing leadership. +- Frequent transparency reports. + +### Marketing + +With the VPN providers we recommend we like to see responsible marketing. + +**Minimum to Qualify:** + +- Must self-host analytics (i.e., no Google Analytics). The provider's site must also comply with [DNT (Do Not Track)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Not_Track) for people who want to opt-out. + +Must not have any marketing which is irresponsible: + +- Making guarantees of protecting anonymity 100%. When someone makes a claim that something is 100% it means there is no certainty for failure. We know people can quite easily deanonymize themselves in a number of ways, e.g.: + - Reusing personal information (e.g., email accounts, unique pseudonyms, etc.) that they accessed without anonymity software (Tor, VPN, etc.) + - [Browser fingerprinting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_fingerprint#Browser_fingerprint) +- Claim that a single circuit VPN is "more anonymous" than Tor, which is a circuit of three or more hops that regularly changes. +- Use responsible language: i.e., it is okay to say that a VPN is "disconnected" or "not connected", however claiming that someone is "exposed", "vulnerable" or "compromised" is needless use of alarming language that may be incorrect. For example, that person might simply be on another VPN provider's service or using Tor. + +**Best Case:** + +Responsible marketing that is both educational and useful to the consumer could include: + +- An accurate comparison to when [Tor](tor.md) should be used instead. +- Availability of the VPN provider's website over a [.onion service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion) + +### Additional Functionality + +While not strictly requirements, there are some factors we looked into when determining which providers to recommend. These include adblocking/tracker-blocking functionality, warrant canaries, multihop connections, excellent customer support, the number of allowed simultaneous connections, etc. diff --git a/i18n/bn/android.md b/i18n/bn/android.md index 037e61ba..400d1a6c 100644 --- a/i18n/bn/android.md +++ b/i18n/bn/android.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ --- meta_title: "Android Recommendations: GrapheneOS and DivestOS - Privacy Guides" -title: "অ্যান্ড্রয়েড" -icon: 'ফন্টঅ্যাওসাম/ ব্র্যান্ড / অ্যান্ড্রয়েড' +title: "Android" +icon: 'simple/android' description: You can replace the operating system on your Android phone with these secure and privacy-respecting alternatives. cover: android.webp schema: @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ schema: - "@context": http://schema.org "@type": CreativeWork - name: অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + name: Android image: /assets/img/android/android.svg url: https://source.android.com/ sameAs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system) @@ -58,25 +58,25 @@ schema: "@type": MobileApplication name: Shelter applicationCategory: Utilities - operatingSystem: অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + operatingSystem: Android - "@context": http://schema.org "@type": MobileApplication name: Auditor applicationCategory: Utilities - operatingSystem: অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + operatingSystem: Android - "@context": http://schema.org "@type": MobileApplication name: Secure Camera applicationCategory: Utilities - operatingSystem: অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + operatingSystem: Android - "@context": http://schema.org "@type": MobileApplication name: Secure PDF Viewer applicationCategory: Utilities - operatingSystem: অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + operatingSystem: Android --- ![Android logo](assets/img/android/android.svg){ align=right } @@ -87,17 +87,17 @@ The **Android Open Source Project** is an open-source mobile operating system le [:octicons-info-16:](https://source.android.com/docs){ .card-link title=Documentation} [:octicons-code-16:](https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/){ .card-link title="Source Code" } -These are the Android operating systems, devices, and apps we recommend to maximize your mobile device's security and privacy. রেকমেন্ডেশন +These are the Android operating systems, devices, and apps we recommend to maximize your mobile device's security and privacy. To learn more about Android: [General Android Overview :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](os/android-overview.md ""){.md-button} -## AOSP এর ডেরিভেটিভস্ +## AOSP Derivatives We recommend installing one of these custom Android operating systems on your device, listed in order of preference, depending on your device's compatibility with these operating systems. !!! note - পুরোনো ডিভাইসগুলিতে (যেমন GrapheneOS CalyxOS এর "extended support" ডিভাইসগুলো) সম্পুর্ন সিকিউরিটি থাকে না, OEM সাপোর্ট দেওয়া বন্ধ করে দেওয়ার জন্য। যেকোনো সফটওয়্যার ইনস্টলড থাকুক না কেনো এইসমস্ত ডিভাইসগুলো কে কখনোই সম্পূর্ণ ভাবে নিরাপদ বিবেচনা করা যাবে না + End-of-life devices (such as GrapheneOS or CalyxOS's "extended support" devices) do not have full security patches (firmware updates) due to the OEM discontinuing support. These devices cannot be considered completely secure regardless of installed software. ### GrapheneOS @@ -106,9 +106,9 @@ We recommend installing one of these custom Android operating systems on your de ![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/grapheneos.svg#only-light){ align=right } ![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/grapheneos-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right } - প্রাইভেসি এবং সিকিউরিটি এর জন্য **GrapheneOS** সবথেকে ভালো। + **GrapheneOS** is the best choice when it comes to privacy and security. - GrapheneOS তে কিছু বাড়তি [সিকিউরিটি](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardening_(computing)) এবং প্রাইভেসি রয়েছে। It has a [hardened memory allocator](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/hardened_malloc), network and sensor permissions, and various other [security features](https://grapheneos.org/features). GrapheneOS also comes with full firmware updates and signed builds, so verified boot is fully supported. + GrapheneOS provides additional [security hardening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardening_(computing)) and privacy improvements. It has a [hardened memory allocator](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/hardened_malloc), network and sensor permissions, and various other [security features](https://grapheneos.org/features). GrapheneOS also comes with full firmware updates and signed builds, so verified boot is fully supported. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://grapheneos.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://grapheneos.org/faq#privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/bn/basics/multi-factor-authentication.md b/i18n/bn/basics/multi-factor-authentication.md index 78659d10..ae57848d 100644 --- a/i18n/bn/basics/multi-factor-authentication.md +++ b/i18n/bn/basics/multi-factor-authentication.md @@ -6,39 +6,39 @@ description: MFA is a critical security mechanism for securing your online accou **Multi-Factor Authentication** (**MFA**) is a security mechanism that requires additional steps beyond entering your username (or email) and password. The most common method is time limited codes you might receive from SMS or an app. -সাধারণত, যদি কোনো হ্যাকার (বা শত্রু) আপনার পাসওয়ার্ড ডিক্রিপ্ট করতে সক্ষম হয় তাহলে তারা যে অ্যাকাউন্টে ওই পাসওয়ার্ড আছে সেটিতে প্রবেশ করতে সক্ষম হবে। MFA আছে এমন একটি অ্যাকাউন্ট-এর ক্ষেত্রে হ্যাকারকে পাসওয়ার্ড ( যা আপনি *জানেন*) এবং আপনার মালিকানাধীন একটি ডিভাইস (যা আপনার *কাছে আছে*), যেমন আপনার ফোন,উভয়ই থাকলে তবে হ্যাকার হ্যাক করতে সক্ষম হবে। +Normally, if a hacker (or adversary) is able to figure out your password then they’d gain access to the account that password belongs to. An account with MFA forces the hacker to have both the password (something you *know*) and a device that you own (something you *have*), like your phone. -MFA পদ্ধতিগুলির নিরাপত্তা বিভিন্নরকম হতে পারে ,আক্রমণকারীর পক্ষে আপনার MFA পদ্ধতিতে অ্যাক্সেস লাভ করা যত কঠিন, ততই ভালো। Examples of MFA methods (from weakest to strongest) include SMS, Email codes, app push notifications, TOTP, Yubico OTP and FIDO. +MFA methods vary in security, but are based on the premise that the more difficult it is for an attacker to gain access to your MFA method, the better. Examples of MFA methods (from weakest to strongest) include SMS, Email codes, app push notifications, TOTP, Yubico OTP and FIDO. -## MFA পদ্ধতিগুলির তুলনা +## MFA Method Comparison -### এসএমএস বা ইমেইল MFA +### SMS or Email MFA -এসএমএস বা ইমেলের ওটিপি কোডগুলির মাধ্যমে MFA-এর ব্যবহার অ্যাকাউন্টগুলিকে সুরক্ষিত করার একটি দুর্বল উপায়৷ ইমেল বা এসএমএস-এর মাধ্যমে কোড পাওয়া "যা আপনার *আছে*" ধারণা থেকে দূরে সরে যায়, কারণ হ্যাকার বিভিন্ন রকম ভাবে আপনার [ফোন নম্বর দখল করতে পারে](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_swap_scam) বা আপনার কোনো ডিভাইস স্পর্শ না করেই আপনার ইমেলে অ্যাক্সেস পেতে পারে। যদি কোনো অননুমোদিত ব্যক্তি আপনার ইমেলের অ্যাক্সেস লাভ করে, তাহলে তারা আপনার সেই ইমেইল ব্যবহার করে পাসওয়ার্ড রিসেট করতে পারে এবং অথেনটিকেশন কোড পেতে পারে, যা শেষ পর্যন্ত তাকে আপনার একাউন্ট-এর সম্পূর্ণ এক্সেস দেবে। +Receiving OTP codes via SMS or email are one of the weaker ways to secure your accounts with MFA. Obtaining a code by email or SMS takes away from the "something you *have*" idea, because there are a variety of ways a hacker could [take over your phone number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_swap_scam) or gain access to your email without having physical access to any of your devices at all. If an unauthorized person gained access to your email, they would be able to use that access to both reset your password and receive the authentication code, giving them full access to your account. -### মোবাইলের নোটিফিকেশন +### Push Notifications -পুশ নোটিফিকেশন MFA এমন একটা পদ্ধতি যেখানে আপনার ফোনের একটি অ্যাপে নোটিফিকেশন পাঠানো হয়, যাতে আপনাকে নতুন অ্যাকাউন্ট লগইন নিশ্চিত করতে বলে। এই পদ্ধতিটি এসএমএস বা ইমেলের চেয়ে তুলনামূলকভাবে অনেক ভালো, যেহেতু একজন আক্রমণকারী সাধারণত লগগড -ইন করা ডিভাইস ছাড়া এই নোটিফিকেশনগুলি পেতে সক্ষম হবে না, যার মানে তাদের প্রথমে আপনার অন্য ডিভাইসগুলির মধ্যে একটিকে হ্যাক করতে হবে ৷ +Push notification MFA takes the form of a message being sent to an app on your phone asking you to confirm new account logins. This method is a lot better than SMS or email, since an attacker typically wouldn't be able to get these push notifications without having an already logged-in device, which means they would need to compromise one of your other devices first. -আমরা প্রত্যেকেই ভুল করি, এবং আপনি অন্যমনস্কতাবশত লগইন এপ্রুভ করে দিতে পারেন তার সম্ভাবনা রয়েছে। লগইন এর জন্য নোটিফিকেশনগুলি সাধারণত আপনার *সমস্ত ডিভাইসে* একসঙ্গে পাঠানো হয়, যদি আপনার অনেকগুলি ডিভাইস থাকে তবে তা MFA কোড পাওয়ার সম্ভাবনা বৃদ্ধি করে৷ +We all make mistakes, and there is the risk that you might accept the login attempt by accident. Push notification login authorizations are typically sent to *all* your devices at once, widening the availability of the MFA code if you have many devices. -পুশ নোটিফিকেশন MFA -এর নিরাপত্তা অ্যাপের গুণমান, সার্ভারের, এবং এটি তৈরিকারী ব্যাক্তির ওপর নির্ভর করে। একটি অ্যাপ্লিকেশন ইনস্টল করার অর্থ হল যে আপনাকে প্রায়ই ক্ষতিকারক পারমিশনগুলি একসেপ্ট করতে হবে, যা ওই অ্যাপ্লিকেশনকে ডিভাইসের অন্যান্য ডেটা অ্যাক্সেস করার অনুমতি দেয়৷ অনেক সময় বিভিন্ন পরিষেবার জন্য আপনাকে বিভিন্ন এপ্লিকেশন ইনস্টল করতে হতে পারে, সেই এপ্লিকেশন টি আবার কোনো পাসওয়ার্ড ছাড়াই ওপেন হতে পারে, যা মোটেও ভালো TOTP জেনারেটার এপ্লিকেশন এর লক্ষণ নয়। +The security of push notification MFA is dependent on both the quality of the app, the server component and the trust of the developer who produces it. Installing an app may also require you to accept invasive privileges that grant access to other data on your device. An individual app also requires that you have a specific app for each service which may not require a password to open, unlike a good TOTP generator app. -### সময়-সাপেক্ষ ওয়ান-টাইম পাসওয়ার্ড (TOTP) +### Time-based One-time Password (TOTP) -TOTP is one of the most common forms of MFA available. When you set up TOTP, you are generally required to scan a [QR Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_code) which establishes a "[shared secret](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_secret)" with the service that you intend to use. শেয়ার্ড সিক্রেট অথেনটিকেশন অ্যাপের ভিতরে সুরক্ষিত থাকে এবং কখনও কখনও পাসওয়ার্ড দ্বারা সুরক্ষিত থাকে। +TOTP is one of the most common forms of MFA available. When you set up TOTP, you are generally required to scan a [QR Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_code) which establishes a "[shared secret](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_secret)" with the service that you intend to use. The shared secret is secured inside of the authenticator app's data, and is sometimes protected by a password. -সময়-সাপেক্ষ কোড তারপর শেয়ার্ড সিক্রেট এবং সময় থেকে জেনারেট হয়। As the code is only valid for a short time, without access to the shared secret, an adversary cannot generate new codes. +The time-limited code is then derived from the shared secret and the current time. As the code is only valid for a short time, without access to the shared secret, an adversary cannot generate new codes. -যদি আপনার কাছে TOTP সহ একটি হার্ডওয়্যার সিকিউরিটি কী থাকে (যেমন Yubico অথেন্টিকেটর সাথে একটি YubiKey), আমরা সুপারিশ করি যে আপনি হার্ডওয়্যারে আপনার "শেয়ার্ড সিক্রেট " রাখুন৷ YubiKey-এর মতো হার্ডওয়্যার এমনভাবে তৈরী করা হয়েছিল যাতে "শেয়ারড সিক্রেট" বের করা এবং কপি করা কঠিন হয় একটি YubiKey ইন্টারনেটের সাথে যুক্ত থাকে না, কিন্তু TOTP যুক্ত একটি ফোন ইন্টারনেট এর সাথে যুক্ত থাকে। +If you have a hardware security key with TOTP support (such as a YubiKey with [Yubico Authenticator](https://www.yubico.com/products/yubico-authenticator/)), we recommend that you store your "shared secrets" on the hardware. Hardware such as the YubiKey was developed with the intention of making the "shared secret" difficult to extract and copy. A YubiKey is also not connected to the Internet, unlike a phone with a TOTP app. -[WebAuthn](#fido-fast-identity-online) এর অপরপক্ষে TOTP [ফিশিং](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing) বা রি-উজ এটাক এর বিরুদ্ধে কোন সুরক্ষা প্রদান করে না। If an adversary obtains a valid code from you, they may use it as many times as they like until it expires (generally 60 seconds). +Unlike [WebAuthn](#fido-fast-identity-online), TOTP offers no protection against [phishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing) or reuse attacks. If an adversary obtains a valid code from you, they may use it as many times as they like until it expires (generally 60 seconds). -আপনার উজার-নেম, পাসওয়ার্ড এবং বর্তমান TOTP কোড হাতানোর জন্য, আপনাকে প্রতারণা করার চেষ্টায় একজন আক্ক্রমণকারী একটি অফিসিয়াল পরিষেবার অনুকরণ করে একটি ওয়েবসাইট সেট আপ করতে পারে। আক্রমণকারী সেই রেকর্ড করা তথ্যগুলি ব্যবহার করে প্রকৃত পরিষেবাতে লগ ইন করতে এবং অ্যাকাউন্ট হাইজ্যাক করতে সক্ষম হতে পারে। +An adversary could set up a website to imitate an official service in an attempt to trick you into giving out your username, password and current TOTP code. If the adversary then uses those recorded credentials they may be able to log into the real service and hijack the account. Although not perfect, TOTP is secure enough for most people, and when [hardware security keys](../multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys) are not supported [authenticator apps](../multi-factor-authentication.md#authenticator-apps) are still a good option. -### হার্ডওয়্যার সিকিউরিটি কী +### Hardware security keys The YubiKey stores data on a tamper-resistant solid-state chip which is [impossible to access](https://security.stackexchange.com/a/245772) non-destructively without an expensive process and a forensics laboratory. @@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ Qubes OS has support for Challenge-Response authentication with YubiKeys. If you SSH MFA could be set up using multiple different authentication methods that are popular with hardware security keys. We recommend that you check out Yubico's [documentation](https://developers.yubico.com/SSH/) on how to set this up. -#### সময়-সাপেক্ষ ওয়ান-টাইম পাসওয়ার্ড (TOTP) +#### Time-based One-time Password (TOTP) SSH MFA can also be set up using TOTP. DigitalOcean has provided a tutorial [How To Set Up Multi-Factor Authentication for SSH on Ubuntu 20.04](https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-multi-factor-authentication-for-ssh-on-ubuntu-20-04). Most things should be the same regardless of distribution, however the package manager commands—such as `apt-get`—and package names may differ. diff --git a/i18n/bn/basics/threat-modeling.md b/i18n/bn/basics/threat-modeling.md index 1dcd5ff6..2cf64c5e 100644 --- a/i18n/bn/basics/threat-modeling.md +++ b/i18n/bn/basics/threat-modeling.md @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ description: Balancing security, privacy, and usability is one of the first and Balancing security, privacy, and usability is one of the first and most difficult tasks you'll face on your privacy journey. Everything is a trade-off: The more secure something is, the more restricting or inconvenient it generally is, etc. Often, people find that the problem with the tools they see recommended is that they're just too hard to start using! -যদি আপনি **সবথেকে** সিকিউর সফটও়্যারগুলো ব্যাবহার করতে চান আপনাকে *কিছু* ব্যবহারযোগ্যতা বিসর্জন দিতে হবে। And, even then, ==nothing is ever fully secure.== There's **high** security, but never **full** security. একারণে থ্রেট মডেল তৈরি করা জরুরি। +If you wanted to use the **most** secure tools available, you'd have to sacrifice *a lot* of usability. And, even then, ==nothing is ever fully secure.== There's **high** security, but never **full** security. That's why threat models are important. **So, what are these threat models, anyway?** @@ -19,19 +19,19 @@ Focusing on the threats that matter to you narrows down your thinking about the To identify what could happen to the things you value and determine from whom you need to protect them, you should answer these five questions: -1. আমি কি রক্ষা করতে চাই? -2. কার থেকে আমি রক্ষা করতে চাই? -3. এটি আমার কতটা রক্ষা করা প্রয়োজন? -4. আমি ব্যর্থ হলে পরিণতি কতটা খারাপ? -5. সম্ভাব্য ফল রোধ করার জন্য আমি কতটা সমস্যার মধ্য দিয়ে যেতে ইচ্ছুক? +1. What do I want to protect? +2. Who do I want to protect it from? +3. How likely is it that I will need to protect it? +4. How bad are the consequences if I fail? +5. How much trouble am I willing to go through to try to prevent potential consequences? -### আমি কি রক্ষা করতে চাই? +### What do I want to protect? An “asset” is something you value and want to protect. In the context of digital security, ==an asset is usually some kind of information.== For example, your emails, contact lists, instant messages, location, and files are all possible assets. Your devices themselves may also be assets. *Make a list of your assets: data that you keep, where it's kept, who has access to it, and what stops others from accessing it.* -### কার থেকে আমি রক্ষা করতে চাই? +### Who do I want to protect it from? To answer this question, it's important to identify who might want to target you or your information. ==A person or entity that poses a threat to your assets is an “adversary”.== Examples of potential adversaries are your boss, your former partner, your business competition, your government, or a hacker on a public network. @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ To answer this question, it's important to identify who might want to target you Depending on who your adversaries are, under some circumstances, this list might be something you want to destroy after you're done security planning. -### এটি আমার কতটা রক্ষা করা প্রয়োজন? +### How likely is it that I will need to protect it? ==Risk is the likelihood that a particular threat against a particular asset will actually occur.== It goes hand-in-hand with capability. While your mobile phone provider has the capability to access all of your data, the risk of them posting your private data online to harm your reputation is low. @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Assessing risks is both a personal and subjective process. Many people find cert *Write down which threats you are going to take seriously, and which may be too rare or too harmless (or too difficult to combat) to worry about.* -### আমি ব্যর্থ হলে পরিণতি কতটা খারাপ? +### How bad are the consequences if I fail? There are many ways that an adversary could gain access to your data. For example, an adversary can read your private communications as they pass through the network, or they can delete or corrupt your data. @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ Security planning involves understanding how bad the consequences could be if an *Write down what your adversary might want to do with your private data.* -### সম্ভাব্য ফল রোধ করার জন্য আমি কতটা সমস্যার মধ্য দিয়ে যেতে ইচ্ছুক? +### How much trouble am I willing to go through to try to prevent potential consequences? ==There is no perfect option for security.== Not everyone has the same priorities, concerns, or access to resources. Your risk assessment will allow you to plan the right strategy for you, balancing convenience, cost, and privacy. @@ -71,32 +71,32 @@ For example, an attorney representing a client in a national security case may b These questions can apply to a wide variety of situations, online and offline. As a generic demonstration of how these questions work, let's build a plan to keep your house and possessions safe. -**আপনি কি রক্ষা করতে চান? (অথবা, *আপনার কাছে কি এমন জিনিস আছে যা রক্ষা করার দরকার?*)** +**What do you want to protect? (Or, *what do you have that is worth protecting?*)** : -আপনার জিনিসপত্র এর মধ্যে গয়না, ইলেকট্রনিকস, গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কাগজপত্র অথবা ফটো পড়তে পারে। +Your assets might include jewelry, electronics, important documents, or photos. -**কার থেকে আপনি রক্ষা করতে চান?** +**Who do you want to protect it from?** : -আপনার সিকিউরিটি এর আক্রমণকারী ডাকাত, রুমমেট বা অতিথি হতে পারে। +Your adversaries might include burglars, roommates, or guests. -**আপনাকে রক্ষা করতে হবে তার সম্ভাবনা কত?** +**How likely is it that you will need to protect it?** : -আপনার আশেপাশে কি চুরির ইতিহাস আছে? How trustworthy are your roommates or guests? আপনার প্রতিপক্ষের ক্ষমতা কি? আপনার কী কী ঝুঁকি বিবেচনা করা উচিত? +Does your neighborhood have a history of burglaries? How trustworthy are your roommates or guests? What are the capabilities of your adversaries? What are the risks you should consider? -**আপনি ব্যর্থ হলে পরিণতি কতটা খারাপ?** +**How bad are the consequences if you fail?** : -আপনার বাড়িতে এমন কিছু আছে যা আপনি অন্য কিছু দিয়ে পরিবর্তন করতে পারবেন না? Do you have the time or money to replace those things? আপনার কি বীমা আছে যা আপনার বাড়ি থেকে চুরি হওয়া জিনিসগুলি কভার করে? +Do you have anything in your house that you cannot replace? Do you have the time or money to replace those things? Do you have insurance that covers goods stolen from your home? -**সম্ভাব্য ফল রোধ করার জন্য আপনি কতটা সমস্যার মধ্য দিয়ে যেতে ইচ্ছুক?** +**How much trouble are you willing to go through to prevent these consequences?** : -আপনি সংবেদনশীল নথি রাখার জন্য একটি সেফ কিনতে ইচ্ছুক? আপনি কি একটি উচ্চ মানের তালা কিনতে সামর্থ্য? আপনার কি স্থানীয় ব্যাঙ্কে কোনও সিকিউরিটি বাক্স খোলার এবং সেখানে আপনার মূল্যবান জিনিসপত্র রাখার সময় আছে? +Are you willing to buy a safe for sensitive documents? Can you afford to buy a high-quality lock? Do you have time to open a security box at your local bank and keep your valuables there? -আপনি একবার নিজেকে এই প্রশ্নগুলি জিজ্ঞাসা করলে আপনি কী পদক্ষেপ নেবেন তা বুঝতে পারবেন। যদি আপনার জিনিসপত্রগুলো দামী হয়, কিন্তু ডাকাতি হওয়ার সম্ভাবনা কম, তাহলে বেশি টাকা তলাতে খরচ করার দরকার হবে না। But, if the probability of a break-in is high, you'll want to get the best lock on the market and consider adding a security system. +Only once you have asked yourself these questions will you be in a position to assess what measures to take. If your possessions are valuable, but the probability of a break-in is low, then you may not want to invest too much money in a lock. But, if the probability of a break-in is high, you'll want to get the best lock on the market and consider adding a security system. Making a security plan will help you to understand the threats that are unique to you and to evaluate your assets, your adversaries, and your adversaries' capabilities, along with the likelihood of risks you face. diff --git a/i18n/bn/basics/why-privacy-matters.md b/i18n/bn/basics/why-privacy-matters.md index 69a3ae4f..e982a333 100644 --- a/i18n/bn/basics/why-privacy-matters.md +++ b/i18n/bn/basics/why-privacy-matters.md @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ All of these concepts overlap, but it is possible to have any combination of the A common counter-argument to pro-privacy movements is the notion that one doesn't need privacy if they have **"nothing to hide."** This is a dangerous misconception, because it creates a sense that people who demand privacy must be deviant, criminal, or wrong. -==You shouldn't confuse privacy with secrecy.== We know what happens in the bathroom, but you still close the door. That's because you want privacy, not secrecy. There are always certain facts about us—say, personal health information, or sexual behavior—that we wouldn't want the whole world to know, and that's okay. The need for privacy is legitimate, and that's what makes us human. Privacy is about empowering your rights over your own information, not about hiding secrets. +==You shouldn't confuse privacy with secrecy.== We know what happens in the bathroom, but you still close the door. কারণ আমরা ব্যক্তিগত গোপনীয়তা চাই, গুপ্ত ব্যাপার রাখা নয়। There are always certain facts about us—say, personal health information, or sexual behavior—that we wouldn't want the whole world to know, and that's okay. The need for privacy is legitimate, and that's what makes us human. Privacy is about empowering your rights over your own information, not about hiding secrets. ## Is Privacy About Control? diff --git a/i18n/bn/dns.md b/i18n/bn/dns.md index cddaed4a..61f4a228 100644 --- a/i18n/bn/dns.md +++ b/i18n/bn/dns.md @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Encrypted DNS with third-party servers should only be used to get around basic [ ## Native Operating System Support -### অ্যান্ড্রয়েড +### Android Android 9 and above support DNS over TLS. The settings can be found in: **Settings** → **Network & Internet** → **Private DNS**. diff --git a/i18n/bn/index.md b/i18n/bn/index.md index 507e0a7f..7f67aa14 100644 --- a/i18n/bn/index.md +++ b/i18n/bn/index.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ --- -meta_title: "Privacy Guides: Your Independent Privacy and Security Resource" +meta_title: "প্রাইভেসি গাইড: তোমার স্বাধীন গোপনীয়তা ও নিরাপত্তা বিষয়ক তথ্যভাণ্ডার" template: overrides/home.bn.html social: cards_layout: home @@ -38,19 +38,19 @@ schema: --- -## Why should I care? +## আমার কি যায় আসে? -##### “I have nothing to hide. Why should I care about my privacy?” +##### “আমার কিছু লুকানোর নেই। ব্যক্তিগত গোপনীয়তা নিয়ে কেন আমি ভাববো?” -Much like the right to interracial marriage, woman's suffrage, freedom of speech, and many others, our right to privacy hasn't always been upheld. In several dictatorships, it still isn't. Generations before ours fought for our right to privacy. ==Privacy is a human right, inherent to all of us,== that we are entitled to (without discrimination). +আন্তঃজাতিগত বিবাহ, নারীর অধিকার, বাকস্বাধীনতা, এবং আরো অন্যান্য বিষয়ের মতো আমাদের ব্যক্তিগত গোপনীয়তা সবসময় সম্মান করা হয়নি। অনেক স্বৈরশাসনে, তা এখনো সম্মান করা হয় না। আমাদের আগের প্রজন্ম ব্যক্তিগত গোপনীয়তার অধিকারের জন্য লড়াই করেছে। ==ব্যক্তিগত গোপনীয়তা একটি সর্বজনীন মানবাধিকার,== যেটা কোনো বৈষম্য ছাড়া আমাদের প্রাপ্য। -You shouldn't confuse privacy with secrecy. We know what happens in the bathroom, but you still close the door. That's because you want privacy, not secrecy. **Everyone** has something to protect. Privacy is something that makes us human. +ব্যক্তিগত গোপনীয়তা, গুপ্তভাব থেকে আলাদা। আমরা সবাই জানি গোসলখানায় কি হয়, কিন্তু তাও আমরা দরজা বন্ধ করি। কারণ আমরা ব্যক্তিগত গোপনীয়তা চাই, গুপ্ত ব্যাপার রাখা নয়। **প্রত্যেকেরই** রক্ষা করার মতো কোনো কিছু আছে। ব্যক্তিগত গোপনীয়তা আমাদেরকে মানুষ করে তোলে। -[:material-book-outline: Why Privacy Matters](basics/why-privacy-matters.md){ class="md-button md-button--primary" } +[:material-book-outline: কেন ব্যক্তিগত গোপনীয়তা প্রয়োজন](basics/why-privacy-matters.md){ class="md-button md-button--primary" } -## What should I do? +## আমার কী করা উচিত? -##### First, you need to make a plan +##### প্রথমত, তোমার একটা পরিকল্পনা দরকার Trying to protect all your data from everyone all the time is impractical, expensive, and exhausting. But don't worry! Security is a process, and, by thinking ahead, you can put together a plan that's right for you. Security isn't just about the tools you use or the software you download. Rather, it begins by understanding the unique threats you face, and how you can mitigate them. diff --git a/i18n/bn/mobile-browsers.md b/i18n/bn/mobile-browsers.md index 6e1ab86e..8d7b0e9e 100644 --- a/i18n/bn/mobile-browsers.md +++ b/i18n/bn/mobile-browsers.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ schema: url: https://brave.com applicationCategory: Web Browser operatingSystem: - - অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + - Android subjectOf: "@type": WebPage url: "./" @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ schema: These are our currently recommended mobile web browsers and configurations for standard/non-anonymous internet browsing. If you need to browse the internet anonymously, you should use [Tor](tor.md) instead. In general, we recommend keeping extensions to a minimum; they have privileged access within your browser, require you to trust the developer, can make you [stand out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_fingerprint#Browser_fingerprint), and [weaken](https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/g/chromium-extensions/c/0ei-UCHNm34/m/lDaXwQhzBAAJ) site isolation. -## অ্যান্ড্রয়েড +## Android On Android, Firefox is still less secure than Chromium-based alternatives: Mozilla's engine, [GeckoView](https://mozilla.github.io/geckoview/), has yet to support [site isolation](https://hacks.mozilla.org/2021/05/introducing-firefox-new-site-isolation-security-architecture) or enable [isolatedProcess](https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1565196). diff --git a/i18n/bn/os/android-overview.md b/i18n/bn/os/android-overview.md index 84673306..bffa9e33 100644 --- a/i18n/bn/os/android-overview.md +++ b/i18n/bn/os/android-overview.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ --- title: Android Overview -icon: ফন্টঅ্যাওসাম/ ব্র্যান্ড / অ্যান্ড্রয়েড +icon: simple/android description: Android is an open-source operating system with strong security protections, which makes it our top choice for phones. --- diff --git a/i18n/bn/passwords.md b/i18n/bn/passwords.md index 7defe823..3cc11265 100644 --- a/i18n/bn/passwords.md +++ b/i18n/bn/passwords.md @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ schema: - Windows - macOS - Linux - - অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + - Android - iOS subjectOf: "@context": http://schema.org @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ schema: - Windows - macOS - Linux - - অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + - Android - iOS subjectOf: "@context": http://schema.org @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ schema: url: https://psono.com applicationCategory: Password Manager operatingSystem: - - অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + - Android - iOS subjectOf: "@context": http://schema.org @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ schema: image: /assets/img/password-management/keepassdx.svg url: https://www.keepassdx.com/ applicationCategory: Password Manager - operatingSystem: অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + operatingSystem: Android subjectOf: "@context": http://schema.org "@type": WebPage diff --git a/i18n/bn/tor.md b/i18n/bn/tor.md index e1c674b0..0b2c74d2 100644 --- a/i18n/bn/tor.md +++ b/i18n/bn/tor.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ --- -meta_title: "Tor Browser and Network: Anonymous Web Browsing - Privacy Guides" -title: "Tor Network" +meta_title: "টর ব্রাউজার ও নেটওয়ার্ক: বেনামী ওয়েব পরিব্রাজন - প্রাইভেসি গাইডস" +title: "টর নেটওয়ার্ক" icon: simple/torproject description: Protect your internet browsing from prying eyes by using the Tor network, a secure network which circumvents censorship. cover: tor.webp @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ schema: - Windows - macOS - Linux - - অ্যান্ড্রয়েড + - Android subjectOf: "@type": WebPage url: "./" @@ -117,9 +117,9 @@ We previously recommended enabling the *Isolate Destination Address* preference - [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id519296448) -## Relays and Bridges +## রিলে এবং ব্রিজ -### Snowflake +### স্নোফ্লেক !!! recommendation diff --git a/i18n/es/encryption.md b/i18n/es/encryption.md index dd3f9716..3da798f2 100644 --- a/i18n/es/encryption.md +++ b/i18n/es/encryption.md @@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ BitLocker es [únicamente compatible](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/window ??? example "Habilitación de BitLocker en Windows Home" - Para habilitar BitLocker en las ediciones "Home" de Windows, debe tener particiones formateadas con una [tabla de partición GUID](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla_de_particiones_GUID) y tener un módulo TPM (v1.2, 2.0+) dedicado. You may need to [disable the non-Bitlocker "Device encryption" functionality](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/t/enabling-bitlocker-on-the-windows-11-home-edition/13303/5) (which is inferior because it sends your recovery key to Microsoft's servers) if it is enabled on your device already before following this guide. + Para habilitar BitLocker en las ediciones "Home" de Windows, debe tener particiones formateadas con una [tabla de partición GUID](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla_de_particiones_GUID) y tener un módulo TPM (v1.2, 2.0+) dedicado. Puede que necesite [desactivar la característica del "Cifrado de dispositivo" que no es de Bitlocker](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/t/enabling-bitlocker-on-the-windows-11-home-edition/13303/5) (que es inferior porque envía tu clave de recuperación a los servidores de Microsoft) si ya está activado en su dispositivo antes de seguir esta guía. 1. Abra un símbolo del sistema y verifique el formato de la tabla de particiones de su unidad con el siguiente comando. Debería ver "**GPT**" listado bajo "Partition Style": diff --git a/includes/abbreviations.bn-IN.txt b/includes/abbreviations.bn-IN.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b6e948d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/abbreviations.bn-IN.txt @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +*[2FA]: 2-Factor Authentication +*[ADB]: Android Debug Bridge +*[AOSP]: Android Open Source Project +*[ATA]: Advanced Technology Attachment +*[attack surface]: The total number of possible entry points for unauthorized access to a system +*[AVB]: Android Verified Boot +*[cgroups]: Control Groups +*[CLI]: Command Line Interface +*[CSV]: Comma-Separated Values +*[CVE]: Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures +*[digital legacy feature]: Digital Legacy refers to features that allow you to give other people access to your data when you die +*[DNSSEC]: Domain Name System Security Extensions +*[DNS]: Domain Name System +*[DoH]: DNS over HTTPS +*[DoQ]: DNS over QUIC +*[DoH3]: DNS over HTTP/3 +*[DoT]: DNS over TLS +*[E2EE]: End-to-End Encryption/Encrypted +*[ECS]: EDNS Client Subnet +*[EEA]: European Economic Area +*[entropy]: A measurement of how unpredictable something is +*[EOL]: End-of-Life +*[Exif]: Exchangeable image file format +*[FCM]: Firebase Cloud Messaging +*[FDE]: Full Disk Encryption +*[FIDO]: Fast IDentity Online +*[FS]: Forward Secrecy +*[fork]: A new software project created by copying an existing project and adding to it independently +*[GDPR]: General Data Protection Regulation +*[GPG]: GNU Privacy Guard (PGP implementation) +*[GPS]: Global Positioning System +*[GUI]: Graphical User Interface +*[GnuPG]: GNU Privacy Guard (PGP implementation) +*[HDD]: Hard Disk Drive +*[HOTP]: HMAC (Hash-based Message Authentication Code) based One-Time Password +*[HTTPS]: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure +*[HTTP]: Hypertext Transfer Protocol +*[hypervisor]: Computer software, firmware, or hardware that splits the resources of a CPU among multiple operating systems +*[ICCID]: Integrated Circuit Card Identifier +*[IMAP]: Internet Message Access Protocol +*[IMEI]: International Mobile Equipment Identity +*[IMSI]: International Mobile Subscriber Identity +*[IP]: Internet Protocol +*[IPv4]: Internet Protocol version 4 +*[IPv6]: Internet Protocol version 6 +*[ISP]: Internet Service Provider +*[ISPs]: Internet Service Providers +*[JNI]: Java Native Interface +*[KYC]: Know Your Customer +*[LUKS]: Linux Unified Key Setup (Full-Disk Encryption) +*[MAC]: Media Access Control +*[MDAG]: Microsoft Defender Application Guard +*[MEID]: Mobile Equipment Identifier +*[MFA]: Multi-Factor Authentication +*[NVMe]: Nonvolatile Memory Express +*[NAT]: Network address translation +*[NAT-PMP]: NAT Port Mapping Protocol +*[NTP]: Network Time Protocol +*[OCI]: Open Container Initiative +*[OCSP]: Online Certificate Status Protocol +*[OEM]: Original Equipment Manufacturer +*[OEMs]: Original Equipment Manufacturers +*[OS]: Operating System +*[OTP]: One-Time Password +*[OTPs]: One-Time Passwords +*[OpenPGP]: Open-source implementation of Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) +*[P2P]: Peer-to-Peer +*[PAM]: Linux Pluggable Authentication Modules +*[POP3]: Post Office Protocol 3 +*[PGP]: Pretty Good Privacy (see OpenPGP) +*[PII]: Personally Identifiable Information +*[QNAME]: Qualified Name +*[rolling release]: Updates which are released frequently rather than set intervals +*[RSS]: Really Simple Syndication +*[SELinux]: Security-Enhanced Linux +*[SIM]: Subscriber Identity Module +*[SMS]: Short Message Service (standard text messaging) +*[SMTP]: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol +*[SNI]: Server Name Indication +*[SSD]: Solid-State Drive +*[SSH]: Secure Shell +*[SUID]: Set Owner User ID +*[SaaS]: Software as a Service (cloud software) +*[SoC]: System on Chip +*[SSO]: Single sign-on +*[TCP]: Transmission Control Protocol +*[TEE]: Trusted Execution Environment +*[TLS]: Transport Layer Security +*[ToS]: Terms of Service +*[TOTP]: Time-based One-Time Password +*[TPM]: Trusted Platform Module +*[U2F]: Universal 2nd Factor +*[UEFI]: Unified Extensible Firmware Interface +*[UDP]: User Datagram Protocol +*[VPN]: Virtual Private Network +*[VoIP]: Voice over IP (Internet Protocol) +*[W3C]: World Wide Web Consortium +*[XMPP]: Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol +*[PWA]: Progressive Web App diff --git a/includes/abbreviations.bn.txt b/includes/abbreviations.bn.txt index b6e948d5..40a47c7d 100644 --- a/includes/abbreviations.bn.txt +++ b/includes/abbreviations.bn.txt @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -*[2FA]: 2-Factor Authentication -*[ADB]: Android Debug Bridge -*[AOSP]: Android Open Source Project -*[ATA]: Advanced Technology Attachment -*[attack surface]: The total number of possible entry points for unauthorized access to a system +*[২এফএ]: ২-ধাপ প্রমাণীকরণ +*[এডিবি]: অ্যান্ড্রয়েড ডিবাগ ব্রিজ +*[এওএসপি]: অ্যান্ড্রয়েড মুক্ত উৎস প্রকল্প +*[এটিএ]: অ্যাডভান্সড টেকনোলজি অ্যাটাচমেন্ট +*[অ্যাটাক সার্ফেস]: The total number of possible entry points for unauthorized access to a system *[AVB]: Android Verified Boot *[cgroups]: Control Groups *[CLI]: Command Line Interface diff --git a/includes/strings.bn-IN.yml b/includes/strings.bn-IN.yml new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1eebfce3 --- /dev/null +++ b/includes/strings.bn-IN.yml @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +#The strings in these files need to be copied MANUALLY to /config/mkdocs.LANG.yml +#This file exists just so these strings can be originally translated on Crowdin. +config: + description: প্রাইভেসী গাইডস হলো আপনার অনলাইন প্রাইভেসী এবং সিকিউরিটি সম্পর্কে জানবার প্রধান জায়গা। + copyright: + - + 1: | + Privacy Guides is a non-profit, socially motivated website that provides information for protecting your data security and privacy. + - + 2: | + We do not make money from recommending certain products, and we do not use affiliate links. + - + 3: | + Privacy Guides and contributors. + - + 4: | + Content licensed under CC BY-ND 4.0. + feedback: + question: Was this page helpful? + yes: This page was helpful + yes-note: Thanks for your feedback! + no: This page could be improved + no-note: | + Thanks for your feedback! Help us improve this page by opening a discussion on our forum. + theme: + dark: Switch to dark mode + light: Switch to light mode + system: Switch to system theme +nav: + Home: Home + Knowledge Base: Knowledge Base + Technology Essentials: Technology Essentials + Operating Systems: Operating Systems + Advanced Topics: Advanced Topics + Recommendations: Recommendations + Internet Browsing: Internet Browsing + Providers: Providers + Software: Software + About: About + Community: Community + Online Services: Online Services + Code of Conduct: Code of Conduct + Contributing: Contributing + Writing Guide: Writing Guide + Technical Guides: Technical Guides + Changelog: Changelog + Forum: Forum + Blog: Blog +site: + homepage_card: | + A socially motivated website which provides information about protecting your online data privacy and security. + translation: | + You're viewing the English copy of Privacy Guides, translated by our fantastic language team on Crowdin. If you notice an error, or see any untranslated sections on this page, please consider helping out! For more information and tips see our translation guide. diff --git a/includes/strings.bn.yml b/includes/strings.bn.yml index 1eebfce3..ab0a57eb 100644 --- a/includes/strings.bn.yml +++ b/includes/strings.bn.yml @@ -1,53 +1,53 @@ #The strings in these files need to be copied MANUALLY to /config/mkdocs.LANG.yml #This file exists just so these strings can be originally translated on Crowdin. config: - description: প্রাইভেসী গাইডস হলো আপনার অনলাইন প্রাইভেসী এবং সিকিউরিটি সম্পর্কে জানবার প্রধান জায়গা। + description: প্রাইভেসি গাইড হলো তোমার অনলাইনে ব্যক্তিগত গোপনীয়তা ও নিরাপত্তা বিষয়ক কেন্দ্রীয় তথ্যভাণ্ডার। copyright: - 1: | - Privacy Guides is a non-profit, socially motivated website that provides information for protecting your data security and privacy. + প্রাইভেসি গাইড একটি অলাভজনক, সামাজিকভাবে দায়বদ্ধ একটি ওয়েবসাইট যা তথ্য নিরাপত্তা ও গোপনীয়তা বিষয়ক জ্ঞান বিতরণ করে। - 2: | - We do not make money from recommending certain products, and we do not use affiliate links. + কোনো নির্দিষ্ট পণ্য সুপারিশ করলে আমরা কোনো অর্থ পাই না, এবং আমরা কোনো অ্যাফিলিয়েট সংযোগ ব্যবহার করি না। - 3: | - Privacy Guides and contributors. + প্রাইভেসি গাইড এবং অবদানকারী। - 4: | - Content licensed under CC BY-ND 4.0. + সব লেখা ও ছবি "সিসি বাই-এনডি ৪.০‍‍‍‍‍" অধীনে প্রকাশিত feedback: - question: Was this page helpful? - yes: This page was helpful - yes-note: Thanks for your feedback! - no: This page could be improved + question: এই পাতা কি তোমাকে সাহায্য করেছে? + yes: এই পাতা সহায়ক ছিল + yes-note: পর্যালোচনার জন্য ধন্যবাদ! + no: এই পাতা আরো উন্নত করা সম্ভব no-note: | - Thanks for your feedback! Help us improve this page by opening a discussion on our forum. + তোমার মতামতের জন্য ধন্যবাদ! এই পাতা উন্নত করতে আমাদের ফোরামে একটা আলোচনা শুরু করতে পারো। theme: - dark: Switch to dark mode - light: Switch to light mode - system: Switch to system theme + dark: অন্ধকার রঙ চালু করো + light: আলোকিত রঙ চালু করো + system: সিস্টেমের রঙে পরিবর্তন করো nav: - Home: Home - Knowledge Base: Knowledge Base - Technology Essentials: Technology Essentials - Operating Systems: Operating Systems - Advanced Topics: Advanced Topics - Recommendations: Recommendations - Internet Browsing: Internet Browsing - Providers: Providers - Software: Software - About: About - Community: Community - Online Services: Online Services - Code of Conduct: Code of Conduct - Contributing: Contributing - Writing Guide: Writing Guide - Technical Guides: Technical Guides - Changelog: Changelog - Forum: Forum - Blog: Blog + Home: মূলপাতা + Knowledge Base: তথ্যভিত্তি + Technology Essentials: প্রযুক্তিগত আবশ্যকতা + Operating Systems: অপারেটিং সিস্টেম + Advanced Topics: উচ্চতর বিষয়সমূহ + Recommendations: প্রস্তাবনা + Internet Browsing: ইন্টারনেট পরিব্রাজন + Providers: সরবরাহকারী + Software: সফটওয়্যার + About: পরিচিতি + Community: সম্প্রদায় + Online Services: অনলাইন সেবা + Code of Conduct: আচরণবিধি + Contributing: অবদান + Writing Guide: লেখার নির্দেশিকা + Technical Guides: প্রযুক্তিগত নির্দেশিকা + Changelog: পরিবর্তনসূচি + Forum: ফোরাম + Blog: ব্লগ site: homepage_card: | - A socially motivated website which provides information about protecting your online data privacy and security. + একটি সামাজিকভাবে দায়বদ্ধ ওয়েবসাইট যা তথ্য নিরাপত্তা ও গোপনীয়তা বিষয়ক জ্ঞান বিতরণ করে। translation: | - You're viewing the English copy of Privacy Guides, translated by our fantastic language team on Crowdin. If you notice an error, or see any untranslated sections on this page, please consider helping out! For more information and tips see our translation guide. + তুমি প্রাইভেসি গাইডের বাংলা সংস্করণ দেখছো, যা ক্রাউডিনে আমাদের অসাধারণ ভাষা বিষয়ক দল অনুবাদ করেছে। তুমি যদি কোনো সমস্যা দেখো বা পাতার কোনো অংশ অনুবাদ করা হয়নি এমন দেখো, অনুগ্রহ করে আমাদেরকে সাহায্য করার ব্যাপারে ভেবো! আরো তথ্য ও পরামর্শের জন্য আমাদের অনুবাদ নির্দেশিকা দেখো। diff --git a/theme/overrides/home.bn-IN.html b/theme/overrides/home.bn-IN.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b8235e36 --- /dev/null +++ b/theme/overrides/home.bn-IN.html @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ + +{% extends "main.html" %} +{% block extrahead %} + + + + + + {{ super() }} +{% endblock %} +{% block tabs %} + {{ super() }} + +
+
+
+
+

আপনার অনলাইন প্রাইভেসী রক্ষা করার জন্য গাইড।

+

বড়ো কোম্পানিগুলি আপনার অনলাইন কার্যক্রম-এর ওপর নজরদারি করছে। প্রাইভেসী গাইডস হলো আপনার অনলাইন প্রাইভেসী এবং সিকিউরিটি সম্পর্কে জানবার প্রধান জায়গা।

+ + আপনার প্রাইভেসি এর যাত্রা শুরু করুন + + + প্রস্তাবিত সরঞ্জাম + +
+
+
+
+{% endblock %} diff --git a/theme/overrides/home.bn.html b/theme/overrides/home.bn.html index b8235e36..633ab951 100644 --- a/theme/overrides/home.bn.html +++ b/theme/overrides/home.bn.html @@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ {% extends "main.html" %} {% block extrahead %} - - - - + + + + {{ super() }} {% endblock %} {% block tabs %} @@ -36,13 +36,13 @@
-

আপনার অনলাইন প্রাইভেসী রক্ষা করার জন্য গাইড।

-

বড়ো কোম্পানিগুলি আপনার অনলাইন কার্যক্রম-এর ওপর নজরদারি করছে। প্রাইভেসী গাইডস হলো আপনার অনলাইন প্রাইভেসী এবং সিকিউরিটি সম্পর্কে জানবার প্রধান জায়গা।

- - আপনার প্রাইভেসি এর যাত্রা শুরু করুন +

তোমার অনলাইন গোপনীয়তা ফিরত পাওয়ার নির্দেশিকা

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বড় বড় প্রতিষ্ঠান তোমার অনলাইন ক্রিয়াকলাপ নজরে রাখছে। প্রাইভেসি গাইড তোমার অনলাইনে ব্যক্তিগত গোপনীয়তা ও নিরাপত্তা বিষয়ক কেন্দ্রীয় তথ্যভাণ্ডার, যাতে তুমি নিজেকে রক্ষা করতে পারো।

+ + তোমার গোপনীয়তার গুরুত্ব বিষয়ক ভ্রমণের শুরু - - প্রস্তাবিত সরঞ্জাম + + পরামর্শকৃত যন্ত্রাবলী