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i18n/ar/basics/common-threats.md

@@ -189,4 +189,4 @@ You must always consider the risks of trying to bypass censorship, the potential
 [^2]: United States Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board: [*Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf)
 [^3]: Wikipedia: [*Surveillance capitalism*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
 [^4]: "[Enumerating badness](https://ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb)" (or, "listing all the bad things that we know about"), as many content blockers and antivirus programs do, fails to adequately protect you from new and unknown threats because they have not yet been added to the filter list. You should also employ other mitigation techniques.
-[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).
+[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

i18n/ar/basics/hardware.md

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+---
+title: Choosing Your Hardware
+icon: material/chip
+description: Software isn't all that matters; learn about the hardware tools you use every day to protect your privacy.
+---
+
+When it comes to discussions about privacy, hardware is often not thought about as much as what software we use. Your hardware should be considered the foundation on which you build the rest of your privacy setup.
+
+## Picking a Computer
+
+The internals of your devices process and store all of your digital data. It is important that all devices are supported by the manufacturer and developers by continuing to receive security updates.
+
+### Hardware Security Programs
+
+Some devices will have a "hardware security program", which is a collaboration between vendors on best practices and recommendations when designing hardware, for example:
+
+- [Windows Secured-core PCs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-highly-secure-11) meet a higher security criteria specified by Microsoft. These protections aren't only applicable to Windows users; Users of other operating systems can still take advantage of features like [DMA protection](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt) and the ability to completely distrust Microsoft certificates.
+- [Android Ready SE](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) is a collaboration between vendors to ensure their devices follow [best practices](https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/hardware) and include tamper resistant hardware backed storage for things like encryption keys.
+- macOS running on an Apple SoC takes advantage of [hardware security](../os/macos-overview.md#hardware-security) which may not be available with third party operating systems.
+- [ChromeOS security](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper) is at its best when running on a Chromebook as it is able to make use of available hardware features such as the [hardware root-of-trust](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper/#hardware-root-of-trust-and-verified-boot).
+
+Even if you don't use these operating systems, participation in these programs may indicate that the manufacturer is following best practices when it comes to hardware security and updates.
+
+### Preinstalled OS
+
+New computers nearly always come with Windows preinstalled, unless you buy a Mac or a specialty Linux machine. It's usually a good idea to wipe the drive and install a fresh copy of your operating system of choice, even if that means just reinstalling Windows from scratch. Due to agreements between hardware vendors and shady software vendors, the default Windows install often comes preloaded with bloatware, [adware](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/technology/lenovo-gets-a-slap-on-the-wrist-for-superfish-adware-scandal), or even [malware](https://zdnet.com/article/dell-poweredge-motherboards-ship-with-malware).
+
+### Firmware Updates
+
+Hardware often has security issues that are discovered and patched through firmware updates for your hardware.
+
+Almost every component of your computer requires firmware to operate, from your motherboard to your storage devices. It is ideal for all the components of your device to be fully supported. Apple devices, Chromebooks, most Android phones, and Microsoft Surface devices will handle firmware updates for you as long as the device is supported.
+
+If you build your own PC, you may need to manually update your motherboard's firmware by downloading it from your OEM's website. If you use Linux, consider using the built-in [`fwupd`](https://fwupd.org) tool that will let you check for and apply any firmware updates available for your motherboard.
+
+### TPM/Secure Cryptoprocessor
+
+Most computers and phones come equipped with a TPM (or a similar secure cryptoprocessor) which safely stores your encryption keys and handles other security-related functions. If you're currently using a machine that doesn't have one of these, you might benefit from purchasing a newer computer that has this feature. Some desktop and server motherboards have a "TPM header" which can accept a small accessory board containing the TPM.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+Virtual TPMs are susceptible to side-channel attacks and external TPMs, as a result of being separate from the CPU on the motherboard, are vulnerable to [sniffing](https://pulsesecurity.co.nz/articles/TPM-sniffing) when an attacker has access to the hardware. The solution to this problem is to include the secure processor inside the CPU itself, which is the case for Apple's chips and Microsoft's [Pluton](https://microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/11/17/meet-the-microsoft-pluton-processor-the-security-chip-designed-for-the-future-of-windows-pcs).
+
+</div>
+
+### Biometrics
+
+Many devices come equipped with a fingerprint reader or face recognition capabilities. These can be very convenient, but they aren't perfect and sometimes fail. Most devices will fall back to a PIN or password when this happens, meaning that the security of your devices is still only as good as your password.
+
+Biometrics can prevent someone from watching you type in your password, so if shoulder-surfing is part of your threat model then biometrics are a good option.
+
+Most implementations of face authentication require you to be looking at your phone and also only work from a relatively close distance, so you don't need to worry too much about someone pointing your phone at your face to unlock it without your consent. You can still disable biometrics when your phone is locked if you want. On iOS, you can hold the side button and a volume button for 3 seconds to disable Face ID on models that support it. On Android, hold the power button and press Lockdown on the menu.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+Some devices do not have the proper hardware for secure face authentication. There's two main types of face authentication: 2D and 3D. 3D face authentication makes use of a dot projector that lets the device create a 3D depth map of your face. Make sure that your device has this capability.
+
+</div>
+
+Android defines three [security classes](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/biometric/measure#biometric-classes) for biometrics; you should check that your device is Class 3 before enabling biometrics.
+
+### Device Encryption
+
+If your device is [encrypted](../encryption.md), your data is most secure when your device is completely powered off (as opposed to merely asleep), i.e. before you've entered your encryption key or lock screen password for the first time. On phones, this state of higher security is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and "After First Unlock" (AFU) once you enter the correct password after a reboot/power-on. AFU is considerably less secure against digital forensics toolkits and other exploits, compared to BFU. Therefore, if you are concerned about an attacker with physical access to your device, you should turn it off fully whenever you aren't using it.
+
+This may be impractical, so consider whether it's worth it, but in either case even AFU mode is effective against most threats, given you are using a strong encryption key.
+
+## External Hardware
+
+Some threats can't be protected against by your internal components alone. Many of these options are highly situational; please evaluate if they are really necessary for your threat model.
+
+### Hardware Security Keys
+
+Hardware keys are devices that use strong cryptography to authenticate you to a device or account. The idea is that because they can not be copied, you can use them to secure accounts in such a way that they can only be accessed with physical possession of the key, eliminating many remote attacks.
+
+[Recommended Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../security-keys.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Learn More about Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys){ .md-button }
+
+### Camera/Microphone
+
+If you don't want to trust your OS's permission controls to prevent the camera from activating in the first place, you can buy camera blockers that physically prevent light from reaching the camera. You could also buy a device that doesn't have a built-in camera and use an external camera that you can unplug whenever you're done using it. Some devices come with built-in camera blockers or hardware switches that physically disconnect the camera from power.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+You should only buy covers that fit your laptop and won't cause damage when you close the lid. Covering the camera will interfere with automatic brightness and face authentication features.
+
+</div>
+
+For microphone access, in most cases you will need to trust your OS's built-in permission controls. Alternatively, buy a device that doesn't have a built-in microphone and use an external microphone that you can unplug when you're done using it. Some devices, like a [MacBook or an iPad](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/hardware-microphone-disconnect-secbbd20b00b/web), feature a hardware disconnect for the microphone when you close the lid.
+
+Many computers have a BIOS option to disable the camera and microphone. When disabled there, the hardware won't even appear as a device on a booted system.
+
+### Privacy Screens
+
+Privacy screens are a film you can put over your normal screen so that the screen is only visible from a certain angle. These are good if your threat model includes others peeking at your screen, but it is not foolproof as anyone could just move to a different viewing angle and see what's on your screen.
+
+### Dead Man's Switches
+
+A dead man's switch stops a piece of machinery from operating without the presence of a human operator. These were originally designed as a safety measure, but the same concept can be applied to an electronic device to lock it when you're not present.
+
+Some laptops are able to [detect](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/managing-presence-sensing-settings-in-windows-11-82285c93-440c-4e15-9081-c9e38c1290bb) when you're present and can lock automatically when you aren't sitting in front of the screen. You should check the settings in your OS to see if your computer supports this feature.
+
+You can also get cables, like [Buskill](https://buskill.in), that will lock or wipe your computer when the cable is disconnected.
+
+### Anti-Interdiction/Evil Maid Attack
+
+The best way to prevent a targeted attack against you before a device is in your possession is to purchase a device in a physical store, rather than ordering it to your address.
+
+Make sure your device supports secure boot/verified boot, and you have it enabled. Try to avoid leaving your device unattended whenever possible.
+
+## Secure your Network
+
+### Compartmentalization
+
+Many solutions exist that allow you to separate what you're doing on a computer, such as virtual machines and sandboxing. However, the best compartmentalization is physical separation. This is useful especially for situations where certain software requires you to bypass security features in your OS, such as with anti-cheat software bundled with many games.
+
+For gaming, it may be useful to designate one machine as your "gaming" machine and only use it for that one task. Keep it on a separate VLAN. This may require the use of a managed switch and a router that supports segregated networks.
+
+Most consumer routers allow you to do this by enabling a separate "guest" network that can't talk to your main network. All untrusted devices can go here, including IoT devices like your smart fridge, thermostat, TV, etc.
+
+### Minimalism
+
+As the saying goes, "less is more". The fewer devices you have connected to your network, the less potential attack surface you'll have and the less work it will be to make sure they all stay up-to-date.
+
+You may find it useful to go around your home and make a list of every connected device you have to help you keep track.
+
+### Routers
+
+Your router handles all your network traffic and acts as your first line of defense between you and the open internet.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+A lot of routers come with storage to put your files on so you can access them from any computer on your network. We recommend you don't use networking devices for things other than networking. In the event your router was compromised, your files would also be compromised.
+
+</div>
+
+The most important thing to think about with routers is keeping them up-to-date. Many modern routers will automatically install updates, but many others won't. You should check on your router's settings page for this option. That page can usually be accessed by typing `192.168.1.1` or `192.168.0.1` into the URL bar of any browser assuming you're on the same network. You can also check in the network settings of your OS for "router" or "gateway".
+
+If your router does not support automatic updates, you will need to go to the manufacturer's site to download the updates and apply them manually.
+
+Many consumer-grade routers aren't supported for very long. If your router isn't supported by the manufacturer anymore, you can check if it's supported by [FOSS firmware](../router.md). You can also buy routers that come with FOSS firmware installed by default; these tend to be supported longer than most routers.
+
+Some ISPs provide a combined router/modem. It can be beneficial for security to purchase a separate router and set your ISP router/modem into modem-only mode. This way, even when your ISP-provided router is no longer getting updates, you can still get security updates and patches. It also means any problems that affect your modem won't affect your router and vice versa.

i18n/ar/desktop-browsers.md

@@ -265,9 +265,7 @@ Brave adds a "[referral code](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/Brave%
 
 These options can be found in :material-menu: → **Settings**.
 
-#### Settings
-
-##### Shields
+#### Shields
 
 Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields) feature. We suggest configuring these options [globally](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings) across all pages that you visit.
 
@@ -275,7 +273,6 @@ Shields' options can be downgraded on a per-site basis as needed, but by default
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 - [x] Select **Aggressive** under *Trackers & ads blocking*
 
 <details class="warning" markdown>
@@ -288,6 +285,7 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 - [x] Select **Strict** under *Upgrade connections to HTTPS*
 - [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
 - [x] Check **Block fingerprinting**
+- [x] Select **Block third-party cookies**
 - [x] Check **Forget me when I close this site** (2)
 - [ ] Uncheck all social media components
 
@@ -296,42 +294,54 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode).
 2. If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis by clicking on the Shield icon in the address bar.
 
-##### Privacy and security
+#### Privacy and security
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
+- [x] Select **Don't allow sites to use the V8 optimizer** under *Security* → *Manage V8 security* (1)
+- [x] Select **Automatically remove permissions from unused sites** under *Sites and Shields Settings*
 - [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
 - [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Private window with Tor** (1)
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect AMP pages**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect tracking URLs**
+- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 
 </div>
 
-1. Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. Where [strong anonymity is required](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
+1. Disabling the V8 optimizer reduces your attack surface by disabling [*some*](https://grapheneos.social/@GrapheneOS/112708049232710156) parts of JavaScript Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.
 
 <div class="admonition tip" markdown>
 <p class="admonition-title">Sanitizing on close</p>
 
-- [x] In the *Sites and Shields Settings* menu, under Content, after clicking on the *On-device site data* menu, select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows**.
+- [x] Select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows** under *Sites and Shields Settings* → *Content* → *Additional content settings* → *On-device site data*.
 
 If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
 
 </div>
 
-##### Extensions
+##### Tor windows
 
-- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you do not use
+[**Private Window with Tor**](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) allows you to route your traffic through the Tor network in Private Windows and access .onion services, which may be useful in some cases. However, Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. If your threat model requires strong anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
 
-##### Web3
+##### Data Collection
 
-Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of features, they should be disabled.
+- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
 
-- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet* and *Default Solana wallet*
+#### Web3
+
+Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of these features, they should be disabled.
+
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet*
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Solana wallet*
 - Set *Method to resolve IPFS resources* to **Disabled**
 
-##### System
+#### Extensions
+
+- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you don't use
+
+#### System
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 

i18n/ar/os/ios-overview.md

@@ -227,4 +227,4 @@ Apple always makes beta versions of iOS available early for those that wish to h
 
 ### Before First Unlock
 
-If your threat model includes forensic tools and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.
+If your threat model includes forensic tools, and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.

i18n/ar/os/windows/index.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This section is a work in progress, because it takes considerably more time and
 
 ## Privacy Notes
 
-Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
+Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
 
 With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as:
 

i18n/bn-IN/basics/common-threats.md

@@ -189,4 +189,4 @@ You must always consider the risks of trying to bypass censorship, the potential
 [^2]: United States Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board: [*Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf)
 [^3]: Wikipedia: [*Surveillance capitalism*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
 [^4]: "[Enumerating badness](https://ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb)" (or, "listing all the bad things that we know about"), as many content blockers and antivirus programs do, fails to adequately protect you from new and unknown threats because they have not yet been added to the filter list. You should also employ other mitigation techniques.
-[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).
+[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

i18n/bn-IN/basics/hardware.md

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+---
+title: Choosing Your Hardware
+icon: material/chip
+description: Software isn't all that matters; learn about the hardware tools you use every day to protect your privacy.
+---
+
+When it comes to discussions about privacy, hardware is often not thought about as much as what software we use. Your hardware should be considered the foundation on which you build the rest of your privacy setup.
+
+## Picking a Computer
+
+The internals of your devices process and store all of your digital data. It is important that all devices are supported by the manufacturer and developers by continuing to receive security updates.
+
+### Hardware Security Programs
+
+Some devices will have a "hardware security program", which is a collaboration between vendors on best practices and recommendations when designing hardware, for example:
+
+- [Windows Secured-core PCs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-highly-secure-11) meet a higher security criteria specified by Microsoft. These protections aren't only applicable to Windows users; Users of other operating systems can still take advantage of features like [DMA protection](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt) and the ability to completely distrust Microsoft certificates.
+- [Android Ready SE](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) is a collaboration between vendors to ensure their devices follow [best practices](https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/hardware) and include tamper resistant hardware backed storage for things like encryption keys.
+- macOS running on an Apple SoC takes advantage of [hardware security](../os/macos-overview.md#hardware-security) which may not be available with third party operating systems.
+- [ChromeOS security](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper) is at its best when running on a Chromebook as it is able to make use of available hardware features such as the [hardware root-of-trust](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper/#hardware-root-of-trust-and-verified-boot).
+
+Even if you don't use these operating systems, participation in these programs may indicate that the manufacturer is following best practices when it comes to hardware security and updates.
+
+### Preinstalled OS
+
+New computers nearly always come with Windows preinstalled, unless you buy a Mac or a specialty Linux machine. It's usually a good idea to wipe the drive and install a fresh copy of your operating system of choice, even if that means just reinstalling Windows from scratch. Due to agreements between hardware vendors and shady software vendors, the default Windows install often comes preloaded with bloatware, [adware](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/technology/lenovo-gets-a-slap-on-the-wrist-for-superfish-adware-scandal), or even [malware](https://zdnet.com/article/dell-poweredge-motherboards-ship-with-malware).
+
+### Firmware Updates
+
+Hardware often has security issues that are discovered and patched through firmware updates for your hardware.
+
+Almost every component of your computer requires firmware to operate, from your motherboard to your storage devices. It is ideal for all the components of your device to be fully supported. Apple devices, Chromebooks, most Android phones, and Microsoft Surface devices will handle firmware updates for you as long as the device is supported.
+
+If you build your own PC, you may need to manually update your motherboard's firmware by downloading it from your OEM's website. If you use Linux, consider using the built-in [`fwupd`](https://fwupd.org) tool that will let you check for and apply any firmware updates available for your motherboard.
+
+### TPM/Secure Cryptoprocessor
+
+Most computers and phones come equipped with a TPM (or a similar secure cryptoprocessor) which safely stores your encryption keys and handles other security-related functions. If you're currently using a machine that doesn't have one of these, you might benefit from purchasing a newer computer that has this feature. Some desktop and server motherboards have a "TPM header" which can accept a small accessory board containing the TPM.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+Virtual TPMs are susceptible to side-channel attacks and external TPMs, as a result of being separate from the CPU on the motherboard, are vulnerable to [sniffing](https://pulsesecurity.co.nz/articles/TPM-sniffing) when an attacker has access to the hardware. The solution to this problem is to include the secure processor inside the CPU itself, which is the case for Apple's chips and Microsoft's [Pluton](https://microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/11/17/meet-the-microsoft-pluton-processor-the-security-chip-designed-for-the-future-of-windows-pcs).
+
+</div>
+
+### Biometrics
+
+Many devices come equipped with a fingerprint reader or face recognition capabilities. These can be very convenient, but they aren't perfect and sometimes fail. Most devices will fall back to a PIN or password when this happens, meaning that the security of your devices is still only as good as your password.
+
+Biometrics can prevent someone from watching you type in your password, so if shoulder-surfing is part of your threat model then biometrics are a good option.
+
+Most implementations of face authentication require you to be looking at your phone and also only work from a relatively close distance, so you don't need to worry too much about someone pointing your phone at your face to unlock it without your consent. You can still disable biometrics when your phone is locked if you want. On iOS, you can hold the side button and a volume button for 3 seconds to disable Face ID on models that support it. On Android, hold the power button and press Lockdown on the menu.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+Some devices do not have the proper hardware for secure face authentication. There's two main types of face authentication: 2D and 3D. 3D face authentication makes use of a dot projector that lets the device create a 3D depth map of your face. Make sure that your device has this capability.
+
+</div>
+
+Android defines three [security classes](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/biometric/measure#biometric-classes) for biometrics; you should check that your device is Class 3 before enabling biometrics.
+
+### Device Encryption
+
+If your device is [encrypted](../encryption.md), your data is most secure when your device is completely powered off (as opposed to merely asleep), i.e. before you've entered your encryption key or lock screen password for the first time. On phones, this state of higher security is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and "After First Unlock" (AFU) once you enter the correct password after a reboot/power-on. AFU is considerably less secure against digital forensics toolkits and other exploits, compared to BFU. Therefore, if you are concerned about an attacker with physical access to your device, you should turn it off fully whenever you aren't using it.
+
+This may be impractical, so consider whether it's worth it, but in either case even AFU mode is effective against most threats, given you are using a strong encryption key.
+
+## External Hardware
+
+Some threats can't be protected against by your internal components alone. Many of these options are highly situational; please evaluate if they are really necessary for your threat model.
+
+### Hardware Security Keys
+
+Hardware keys are devices that use strong cryptography to authenticate you to a device or account. The idea is that because they can not be copied, you can use them to secure accounts in such a way that they can only be accessed with physical possession of the key, eliminating many remote attacks.
+
+[Recommended Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../security-keys.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Learn More about Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys){ .md-button }
+
+### Camera/Microphone
+
+If you don't want to trust your OS's permission controls to prevent the camera from activating in the first place, you can buy camera blockers that physically prevent light from reaching the camera. You could also buy a device that doesn't have a built-in camera and use an external camera that you can unplug whenever you're done using it. Some devices come with built-in camera blockers or hardware switches that physically disconnect the camera from power.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+You should only buy covers that fit your laptop and won't cause damage when you close the lid. Covering the camera will interfere with automatic brightness and face authentication features.
+
+</div>
+
+For microphone access, in most cases you will need to trust your OS's built-in permission controls. Alternatively, buy a device that doesn't have a built-in microphone and use an external microphone that you can unplug when you're done using it. Some devices, like a [MacBook or an iPad](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/hardware-microphone-disconnect-secbbd20b00b/web), feature a hardware disconnect for the microphone when you close the lid.
+
+Many computers have a BIOS option to disable the camera and microphone. When disabled there, the hardware won't even appear as a device on a booted system.
+
+### Privacy Screens
+
+Privacy screens are a film you can put over your normal screen so that the screen is only visible from a certain angle. These are good if your threat model includes others peeking at your screen, but it is not foolproof as anyone could just move to a different viewing angle and see what's on your screen.
+
+### Dead Man's Switches
+
+A dead man's switch stops a piece of machinery from operating without the presence of a human operator. These were originally designed as a safety measure, but the same concept can be applied to an electronic device to lock it when you're not present.
+
+Some laptops are able to [detect](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/managing-presence-sensing-settings-in-windows-11-82285c93-440c-4e15-9081-c9e38c1290bb) when you're present and can lock automatically when you aren't sitting in front of the screen. You should check the settings in your OS to see if your computer supports this feature.
+
+You can also get cables, like [Buskill](https://buskill.in), that will lock or wipe your computer when the cable is disconnected.
+
+### Anti-Interdiction/Evil Maid Attack
+
+The best way to prevent a targeted attack against you before a device is in your possession is to purchase a device in a physical store, rather than ordering it to your address.
+
+Make sure your device supports secure boot/verified boot, and you have it enabled. Try to avoid leaving your device unattended whenever possible.
+
+## Secure your Network
+
+### Compartmentalization
+
+Many solutions exist that allow you to separate what you're doing on a computer, such as virtual machines and sandboxing. However, the best compartmentalization is physical separation. This is useful especially for situations where certain software requires you to bypass security features in your OS, such as with anti-cheat software bundled with many games.
+
+For gaming, it may be useful to designate one machine as your "gaming" machine and only use it for that one task. Keep it on a separate VLAN. This may require the use of a managed switch and a router that supports segregated networks.
+
+Most consumer routers allow you to do this by enabling a separate "guest" network that can't talk to your main network. All untrusted devices can go here, including IoT devices like your smart fridge, thermostat, TV, etc.
+
+### Minimalism
+
+As the saying goes, "less is more". The fewer devices you have connected to your network, the less potential attack surface you'll have and the less work it will be to make sure they all stay up-to-date.
+
+You may find it useful to go around your home and make a list of every connected device you have to help you keep track.
+
+### Routers
+
+Your router handles all your network traffic and acts as your first line of defense between you and the open internet.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+A lot of routers come with storage to put your files on so you can access them from any computer on your network. We recommend you don't use networking devices for things other than networking. In the event your router was compromised, your files would also be compromised.
+
+</div>
+
+The most important thing to think about with routers is keeping them up-to-date. Many modern routers will automatically install updates, but many others won't. You should check on your router's settings page for this option. That page can usually be accessed by typing `192.168.1.1` or `192.168.0.1` into the URL bar of any browser assuming you're on the same network. You can also check in the network settings of your OS for "router" or "gateway".
+
+If your router does not support automatic updates, you will need to go to the manufacturer's site to download the updates and apply them manually.
+
+Many consumer-grade routers aren't supported for very long. If your router isn't supported by the manufacturer anymore, you can check if it's supported by [FOSS firmware](../router.md). You can also buy routers that come with FOSS firmware installed by default; these tend to be supported longer than most routers.
+
+Some ISPs provide a combined router/modem. It can be beneficial for security to purchase a separate router and set your ISP router/modem into modem-only mode. This way, even when your ISP-provided router is no longer getting updates, you can still get security updates and patches. It also means any problems that affect your modem won't affect your router and vice versa.

i18n/bn-IN/desktop-browsers.md

@@ -265,9 +265,7 @@ Brave adds a "[referral code](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/Brave%
 
 These options can be found in :material-menu: → **Settings**.
 
-#### Settings
-
-##### Shields
+#### Shields
 
 Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields) feature. We suggest configuring these options [globally](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings) across all pages that you visit.
 
@@ -275,7 +273,6 @@ Shields' options can be downgraded on a per-site basis as needed, but by default
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 - [x] Select **Aggressive** under *Trackers & ads blocking*
 
 <details class="warning" markdown>
@@ -288,6 +285,7 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 - [x] Select **Strict** under *Upgrade connections to HTTPS*
 - [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
 - [x] Check **Block fingerprinting**
+- [x] Select **Block third-party cookies**
 - [x] Check **Forget me when I close this site** (2)
 - [ ] Uncheck all social media components
 
@@ -296,42 +294,54 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode).
 2. If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis by clicking on the Shield icon in the address bar.
 
-##### Privacy and security
+#### Privacy and security
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
+- [x] Select **Don't allow sites to use the V8 optimizer** under *Security* → *Manage V8 security* (1)
+- [x] Select **Automatically remove permissions from unused sites** under *Sites and Shields Settings*
 - [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
 - [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Private window with Tor** (1)
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect AMP pages**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect tracking URLs**
+- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 
 </div>
 
-1. Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. Where [strong anonymity is required](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
+1. Disabling the V8 optimizer reduces your attack surface by disabling [*some*](https://grapheneos.social/@GrapheneOS/112708049232710156) parts of JavaScript Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.
 
 <div class="admonition tip" markdown>
 <p class="admonition-title">Sanitizing on close</p>
 
-- [x] In the *Sites and Shields Settings* menu, under Content, after clicking on the *On-device site data* menu, select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows**.
+- [x] Select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows** under *Sites and Shields Settings* → *Content* → *Additional content settings* → *On-device site data*.
 
 If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
 
 </div>
 
-##### Extensions
+##### Tor windows
 
-- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you do not use
+[**Private Window with Tor**](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) allows you to route your traffic through the Tor network in Private Windows and access .onion services, which may be useful in some cases. However, Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. If your threat model requires strong anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
 
-##### Web3
+##### Data Collection
 
-Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of features, they should be disabled.
+- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
 
-- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet* and *Default Solana wallet*
+#### Web3
+
+Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of these features, they should be disabled.
+
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet*
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Solana wallet*
 - Set *Method to resolve IPFS resources* to **Disabled**
 
-##### System
+#### Extensions
+
+- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you don't use
+
+#### System
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 

i18n/bn-IN/os/ios-overview.md

@@ -227,4 +227,4 @@ Apple always makes beta versions of iOS available early for those that wish to h
 
 ### Before First Unlock
 
-If your threat model includes forensic tools and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.
+If your threat model includes forensic tools, and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.

i18n/bn-IN/os/windows/index.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This section is a work in progress, because it takes considerably more time and
 
 ## Privacy Notes
 
-Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
+Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
 
 With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as:
 

i18n/bn/basics/common-threats.md

@@ -189,4 +189,4 @@ You must always consider the risks of trying to bypass censorship, the potential
 [^2]: United States Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board: [*Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf)
 [^3]: Wikipedia: [*Surveillance capitalism*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
 [^4]: "[Enumerating badness](https://ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb)" (or, "listing all the bad things that we know about"), as many content blockers and antivirus programs do, fails to adequately protect you from new and unknown threats because they have not yet been added to the filter list. You should also employ other mitigation techniques.
-[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).
+[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

i18n/bn/basics/hardware.md

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+---
+title: Choosing Your Hardware
+icon: material/chip
+description: Software isn't all that matters; learn about the hardware tools you use every day to protect your privacy.
+---
+
+When it comes to discussions about privacy, hardware is often not thought about as much as what software we use. Your hardware should be considered the foundation on which you build the rest of your privacy setup.
+
+## Picking a Computer
+
+The internals of your devices process and store all of your digital data. It is important that all devices are supported by the manufacturer and developers by continuing to receive security updates.
+
+### Hardware Security Programs
+
+Some devices will have a "hardware security program", which is a collaboration between vendors on best practices and recommendations when designing hardware, for example:
+
+- [Windows Secured-core PCs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-highly-secure-11) meet a higher security criteria specified by Microsoft. These protections aren't only applicable to Windows users; Users of other operating systems can still take advantage of features like [DMA protection](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt) and the ability to completely distrust Microsoft certificates.
+- [Android Ready SE](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) is a collaboration between vendors to ensure their devices follow [best practices](https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/hardware) and include tamper resistant hardware backed storage for things like encryption keys.
+- macOS running on an Apple SoC takes advantage of [hardware security](../os/macos-overview.md#hardware-security) which may not be available with third party operating systems.
+- [ChromeOS security](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper) is at its best when running on a Chromebook as it is able to make use of available hardware features such as the [hardware root-of-trust](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper/#hardware-root-of-trust-and-verified-boot).
+
+Even if you don't use these operating systems, participation in these programs may indicate that the manufacturer is following best practices when it comes to hardware security and updates.
+
+### Preinstalled OS
+
+New computers nearly always come with Windows preinstalled, unless you buy a Mac or a specialty Linux machine. It's usually a good idea to wipe the drive and install a fresh copy of your operating system of choice, even if that means just reinstalling Windows from scratch. Due to agreements between hardware vendors and shady software vendors, the default Windows install often comes preloaded with bloatware, [adware](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/technology/lenovo-gets-a-slap-on-the-wrist-for-superfish-adware-scandal), or even [malware](https://zdnet.com/article/dell-poweredge-motherboards-ship-with-malware).
+
+### Firmware Updates
+
+Hardware often has security issues that are discovered and patched through firmware updates for your hardware.
+
+Almost every component of your computer requires firmware to operate, from your motherboard to your storage devices. It is ideal for all the components of your device to be fully supported. Apple devices, Chromebooks, most Android phones, and Microsoft Surface devices will handle firmware updates for you as long as the device is supported.
+
+If you build your own PC, you may need to manually update your motherboard's firmware by downloading it from your OEM's website. If you use Linux, consider using the built-in [`fwupd`](https://fwupd.org) tool that will let you check for and apply any firmware updates available for your motherboard.
+
+### TPM/Secure Cryptoprocessor
+
+Most computers and phones come equipped with a TPM (or a similar secure cryptoprocessor) which safely stores your encryption keys and handles other security-related functions. If you're currently using a machine that doesn't have one of these, you might benefit from purchasing a newer computer that has this feature. Some desktop and server motherboards have a "TPM header" which can accept a small accessory board containing the TPM.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+Virtual TPMs are susceptible to side-channel attacks and external TPMs, as a result of being separate from the CPU on the motherboard, are vulnerable to [sniffing](https://pulsesecurity.co.nz/articles/TPM-sniffing) when an attacker has access to the hardware. The solution to this problem is to include the secure processor inside the CPU itself, which is the case for Apple's chips and Microsoft's [Pluton](https://microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/11/17/meet-the-microsoft-pluton-processor-the-security-chip-designed-for-the-future-of-windows-pcs).
+
+</div>
+
+### Biometrics
+
+Many devices come equipped with a fingerprint reader or face recognition capabilities. These can be very convenient, but they aren't perfect and sometimes fail. Most devices will fall back to a PIN or password when this happens, meaning that the security of your devices is still only as good as your password.
+
+Biometrics can prevent someone from watching you type in your password, so if shoulder-surfing is part of your threat model then biometrics are a good option.
+
+Most implementations of face authentication require you to be looking at your phone and also only work from a relatively close distance, so you don't need to worry too much about someone pointing your phone at your face to unlock it without your consent. You can still disable biometrics when your phone is locked if you want. On iOS, you can hold the side button and a volume button for 3 seconds to disable Face ID on models that support it. On Android, hold the power button and press Lockdown on the menu.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+Some devices do not have the proper hardware for secure face authentication. There's two main types of face authentication: 2D and 3D. 3D face authentication makes use of a dot projector that lets the device create a 3D depth map of your face. Make sure that your device has this capability.
+
+</div>
+
+Android defines three [security classes](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/biometric/measure#biometric-classes) for biometrics; you should check that your device is Class 3 before enabling biometrics.
+
+### Device Encryption
+
+If your device is [encrypted](../encryption.md), your data is most secure when your device is completely powered off (as opposed to merely asleep), i.e. before you've entered your encryption key or lock screen password for the first time. On phones, this state of higher security is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and "After First Unlock" (AFU) once you enter the correct password after a reboot/power-on. AFU is considerably less secure against digital forensics toolkits and other exploits, compared to BFU. Therefore, if you are concerned about an attacker with physical access to your device, you should turn it off fully whenever you aren't using it.
+
+This may be impractical, so consider whether it's worth it, but in either case even AFU mode is effective against most threats, given you are using a strong encryption key.
+
+## External Hardware
+
+Some threats can't be protected against by your internal components alone. Many of these options are highly situational; please evaluate if they are really necessary for your threat model.
+
+### Hardware Security Keys
+
+Hardware keys are devices that use strong cryptography to authenticate you to a device or account. The idea is that because they can not be copied, you can use them to secure accounts in such a way that they can only be accessed with physical possession of the key, eliminating many remote attacks.
+
+[Recommended Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../security-keys.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Learn More about Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys){ .md-button }
+
+### Camera/Microphone
+
+If you don't want to trust your OS's permission controls to prevent the camera from activating in the first place, you can buy camera blockers that physically prevent light from reaching the camera. You could also buy a device that doesn't have a built-in camera and use an external camera that you can unplug whenever you're done using it. Some devices come with built-in camera blockers or hardware switches that physically disconnect the camera from power.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+You should only buy covers that fit your laptop and won't cause damage when you close the lid. Covering the camera will interfere with automatic brightness and face authentication features.
+
+</div>
+
+For microphone access, in most cases you will need to trust your OS's built-in permission controls. Alternatively, buy a device that doesn't have a built-in microphone and use an external microphone that you can unplug when you're done using it. Some devices, like a [MacBook or an iPad](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/hardware-microphone-disconnect-secbbd20b00b/web), feature a hardware disconnect for the microphone when you close the lid.
+
+Many computers have a BIOS option to disable the camera and microphone. When disabled there, the hardware won't even appear as a device on a booted system.
+
+### Privacy Screens
+
+Privacy screens are a film you can put over your normal screen so that the screen is only visible from a certain angle. These are good if your threat model includes others peeking at your screen, but it is not foolproof as anyone could just move to a different viewing angle and see what's on your screen.
+
+### Dead Man's Switches
+
+A dead man's switch stops a piece of machinery from operating without the presence of a human operator. These were originally designed as a safety measure, but the same concept can be applied to an electronic device to lock it when you're not present.
+
+Some laptops are able to [detect](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/managing-presence-sensing-settings-in-windows-11-82285c93-440c-4e15-9081-c9e38c1290bb) when you're present and can lock automatically when you aren't sitting in front of the screen. You should check the settings in your OS to see if your computer supports this feature.
+
+You can also get cables, like [Buskill](https://buskill.in), that will lock or wipe your computer when the cable is disconnected.
+
+### Anti-Interdiction/Evil Maid Attack
+
+The best way to prevent a targeted attack against you before a device is in your possession is to purchase a device in a physical store, rather than ordering it to your address.
+
+Make sure your device supports secure boot/verified boot, and you have it enabled. Try to avoid leaving your device unattended whenever possible.
+
+## Secure your Network
+
+### Compartmentalization
+
+Many solutions exist that allow you to separate what you're doing on a computer, such as virtual machines and sandboxing. However, the best compartmentalization is physical separation. This is useful especially for situations where certain software requires you to bypass security features in your OS, such as with anti-cheat software bundled with many games.
+
+For gaming, it may be useful to designate one machine as your "gaming" machine and only use it for that one task. Keep it on a separate VLAN. This may require the use of a managed switch and a router that supports segregated networks.
+
+Most consumer routers allow you to do this by enabling a separate "guest" network that can't talk to your main network. All untrusted devices can go here, including IoT devices like your smart fridge, thermostat, TV, etc.
+
+### Minimalism
+
+As the saying goes, "less is more". The fewer devices you have connected to your network, the less potential attack surface you'll have and the less work it will be to make sure they all stay up-to-date.
+
+You may find it useful to go around your home and make a list of every connected device you have to help you keep track.
+
+### Routers
+
+Your router handles all your network traffic and acts as your first line of defense between you and the open internet.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+A lot of routers come with storage to put your files on so you can access them from any computer on your network. We recommend you don't use networking devices for things other than networking. In the event your router was compromised, your files would also be compromised.
+
+</div>
+
+The most important thing to think about with routers is keeping them up-to-date. Many modern routers will automatically install updates, but many others won't. You should check on your router's settings page for this option. That page can usually be accessed by typing `192.168.1.1` or `192.168.0.1` into the URL bar of any browser assuming you're on the same network. You can also check in the network settings of your OS for "router" or "gateway".
+
+If your router does not support automatic updates, you will need to go to the manufacturer's site to download the updates and apply them manually.
+
+Many consumer-grade routers aren't supported for very long. If your router isn't supported by the manufacturer anymore, you can check if it's supported by [FOSS firmware](../router.md). You can also buy routers that come with FOSS firmware installed by default; these tend to be supported longer than most routers.
+
+Some ISPs provide a combined router/modem. It can be beneficial for security to purchase a separate router and set your ISP router/modem into modem-only mode. This way, even when your ISP-provided router is no longer getting updates, you can still get security updates and patches. It also means any problems that affect your modem won't affect your router and vice versa.

i18n/bn/desktop-browsers.md

@@ -265,9 +265,7 @@ Brave adds a "[referral code](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/Brave%
 
 These options can be found in :material-menu: → **Settings**.
 
-#### Settings
-
-##### Shields
+#### Shields
 
 Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields) feature. We suggest configuring these options [globally](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings) across all pages that you visit.
 
@@ -275,7 +273,6 @@ Shields' options can be downgraded on a per-site basis as needed, but by default
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 - [x] Select **Aggressive** under *Trackers & ads blocking*
 
 <details class="warning" markdown>
@@ -288,6 +285,7 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 - [x] Select **Strict** under *Upgrade connections to HTTPS*
 - [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
 - [x] Check **Block fingerprinting**
+- [x] Select **Block third-party cookies**
 - [x] Check **Forget me when I close this site** (2)
 - [ ] Uncheck all social media components
 
@@ -296,42 +294,54 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode).
 2. If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis by clicking on the Shield icon in the address bar.
 
-##### Privacy and security
+#### Privacy and security
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
+- [x] Select **Don't allow sites to use the V8 optimizer** under *Security* → *Manage V8 security* (1)
+- [x] Select **Automatically remove permissions from unused sites** under *Sites and Shields Settings*
 - [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
 - [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Private window with Tor** (1)
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect AMP pages**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect tracking URLs**
+- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 
 </div>
 
-1. Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. Where [strong anonymity is required](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
+1. Disabling the V8 optimizer reduces your attack surface by disabling [*some*](https://grapheneos.social/@GrapheneOS/112708049232710156) parts of JavaScript Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.
 
 <div class="admonition tip" markdown>
 <p class="admonition-title">Sanitizing on close</p>
 
-- [x] In the *Sites and Shields Settings* menu, under Content, after clicking on the *On-device site data* menu, select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows**.
+- [x] Select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows** under *Sites and Shields Settings* → *Content* → *Additional content settings* → *On-device site data*.
 
 If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
 
 </div>
 
-##### Extensions
+##### Tor windows
 
-- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you do not use
+[**Private Window with Tor**](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) allows you to route your traffic through the Tor network in Private Windows and access .onion services, which may be useful in some cases. However, Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. If your threat model requires strong anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
 
-##### Web3
+##### Data Collection
 
-Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of features, they should be disabled.
+- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
 
-- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet* and *Default Solana wallet*
+#### Web3
+
+Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of these features, they should be disabled.
+
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet*
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Solana wallet*
 - Set *Method to resolve IPFS resources* to **Disabled**
 
-##### System
+#### Extensions
+
+- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you don't use
+
+#### System
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 

i18n/bn/os/ios-overview.md

@@ -227,4 +227,4 @@ Apple always makes beta versions of iOS available early for those that wish to h
 
 ### Before First Unlock
 
-If your threat model includes forensic tools and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.
+If your threat model includes forensic tools, and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.

i18n/bn/os/windows/index.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This section is a work in progress, because it takes considerably more time and
 
 ## Privacy Notes
 
-Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
+Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
 
 With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as:
 

i18n/cs/basics/common-threats.md

@@ -189,4 +189,4 @@ You must always consider the risks of trying to bypass censorship, the potential
 [^2]: United States Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board: [*Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf)
 [^3]: Wikipedia: [*Surveillance capitalism*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
 [^4]: "[Enumerating badness](https://ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb)" (or, "listing all the bad things that we know about"), as many content blockers and antivirus programs do, fails to adequately protect you from new and unknown threats because they have not yet been added to the filter list. You should also employ other mitigation techniques.
-[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).
+[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

i18n/cs/basics/hardware.md

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+---
+title: Choosing Your Hardware
+icon: material/chip
+description: Software isn't all that matters; learn about the hardware tools you use every day to protect your privacy.
+---
+
+When it comes to discussions about privacy, hardware is often not thought about as much as what software we use. Your hardware should be considered the foundation on which you build the rest of your privacy setup.
+
+## Picking a Computer
+
+The internals of your devices process and store all of your digital data. It is important that all devices are supported by the manufacturer and developers by continuing to receive security updates.
+
+### Hardware Security Programs
+
+Some devices will have a "hardware security program", which is a collaboration between vendors on best practices and recommendations when designing hardware, for example:
+
+- [Windows Secured-core PCs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-highly-secure-11) meet a higher security criteria specified by Microsoft. These protections aren't only applicable to Windows users; Users of other operating systems can still take advantage of features like [DMA protection](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt) and the ability to completely distrust Microsoft certificates.
+- [Android Ready SE](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) is a collaboration between vendors to ensure their devices follow [best practices](https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/hardware) and include tamper resistant hardware backed storage for things like encryption keys.
+- macOS running on an Apple SoC takes advantage of [hardware security](../os/macos-overview.md#hardware-security) which may not be available with third party operating systems.
+- [ChromeOS security](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper) is at its best when running on a Chromebook as it is able to make use of available hardware features such as the [hardware root-of-trust](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper/#hardware-root-of-trust-and-verified-boot).
+
+Even if you don't use these operating systems, participation in these programs may indicate that the manufacturer is following best practices when it comes to hardware security and updates.
+
+### Preinstalled OS
+
+New computers nearly always come with Windows preinstalled, unless you buy a Mac or a specialty Linux machine. It's usually a good idea to wipe the drive and install a fresh copy of your operating system of choice, even if that means just reinstalling Windows from scratch. Due to agreements between hardware vendors and shady software vendors, the default Windows install often comes preloaded with bloatware, [adware](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/technology/lenovo-gets-a-slap-on-the-wrist-for-superfish-adware-scandal), or even [malware](https://zdnet.com/article/dell-poweredge-motherboards-ship-with-malware).
+
+### Firmware Updates
+
+Hardware often has security issues that are discovered and patched through firmware updates for your hardware.
+
+Almost every component of your computer requires firmware to operate, from your motherboard to your storage devices. It is ideal for all the components of your device to be fully supported. Apple devices, Chromebooks, most Android phones, and Microsoft Surface devices will handle firmware updates for you as long as the device is supported.
+
+If you build your own PC, you may need to manually update your motherboard's firmware by downloading it from your OEM's website. If you use Linux, consider using the built-in [`fwupd`](https://fwupd.org) tool that will let you check for and apply any firmware updates available for your motherboard.
+
+### TPM/Secure Cryptoprocessor
+
+Most computers and phones come equipped with a TPM (or a similar secure cryptoprocessor) which safely stores your encryption keys and handles other security-related functions. If you're currently using a machine that doesn't have one of these, you might benefit from purchasing a newer computer that has this feature. Some desktop and server motherboards have a "TPM header" which can accept a small accessory board containing the TPM.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+Virtual TPMs are susceptible to side-channel attacks and external TPMs, as a result of being separate from the CPU on the motherboard, are vulnerable to [sniffing](https://pulsesecurity.co.nz/articles/TPM-sniffing) when an attacker has access to the hardware. The solution to this problem is to include the secure processor inside the CPU itself, which is the case for Apple's chips and Microsoft's [Pluton](https://microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/11/17/meet-the-microsoft-pluton-processor-the-security-chip-designed-for-the-future-of-windows-pcs).
+
+</div>
+
+### Biometrics
+
+Many devices come equipped with a fingerprint reader or face recognition capabilities. These can be very convenient, but they aren't perfect and sometimes fail. Most devices will fall back to a PIN or password when this happens, meaning that the security of your devices is still only as good as your password.
+
+Biometrics can prevent someone from watching you type in your password, so if shoulder-surfing is part of your threat model then biometrics are a good option.
+
+Most implementations of face authentication require you to be looking at your phone and also only work from a relatively close distance, so you don't need to worry too much about someone pointing your phone at your face to unlock it without your consent. You can still disable biometrics when your phone is locked if you want. On iOS, you can hold the side button and a volume button for 3 seconds to disable Face ID on models that support it. On Android, hold the power button and press Lockdown on the menu.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+Some devices do not have the proper hardware for secure face authentication. There's two main types of face authentication: 2D and 3D. 3D face authentication makes use of a dot projector that lets the device create a 3D depth map of your face. Make sure that your device has this capability.
+
+</div>
+
+Android defines three [security classes](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/biometric/measure#biometric-classes) for biometrics; you should check that your device is Class 3 before enabling biometrics.
+
+### Device Encryption
+
+If your device is [encrypted](../encryption.md), your data is most secure when your device is completely powered off (as opposed to merely asleep), i.e. before you've entered your encryption key or lock screen password for the first time. On phones, this state of higher security is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and "After First Unlock" (AFU) once you enter the correct password after a reboot/power-on. AFU is considerably less secure against digital forensics toolkits and other exploits, compared to BFU. Therefore, if you are concerned about an attacker with physical access to your device, you should turn it off fully whenever you aren't using it.
+
+This may be impractical, so consider whether it's worth it, but in either case even AFU mode is effective against most threats, given you are using a strong encryption key.
+
+## External Hardware
+
+Some threats can't be protected against by your internal components alone. Many of these options are highly situational; please evaluate if they are really necessary for your threat model.
+
+### Hardware Security Keys
+
+Hardware keys are devices that use strong cryptography to authenticate you to a device or account. The idea is that because they can not be copied, you can use them to secure accounts in such a way that they can only be accessed with physical possession of the key, eliminating many remote attacks.
+
+[Recommended Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../security-keys.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Learn More about Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys){ .md-button }
+
+### Camera/Microphone
+
+If you don't want to trust your OS's permission controls to prevent the camera from activating in the first place, you can buy camera blockers that physically prevent light from reaching the camera. You could also buy a device that doesn't have a built-in camera and use an external camera that you can unplug whenever you're done using it. Some devices come with built-in camera blockers or hardware switches that physically disconnect the camera from power.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+You should only buy covers that fit your laptop and won't cause damage when you close the lid. Covering the camera will interfere with automatic brightness and face authentication features.
+
+</div>
+
+For microphone access, in most cases you will need to trust your OS's built-in permission controls. Alternatively, buy a device that doesn't have a built-in microphone and use an external microphone that you can unplug when you're done using it. Some devices, like a [MacBook or an iPad](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/hardware-microphone-disconnect-secbbd20b00b/web), feature a hardware disconnect for the microphone when you close the lid.
+
+Many computers have a BIOS option to disable the camera and microphone. When disabled there, the hardware won't even appear as a device on a booted system.
+
+### Privacy Screens
+
+Privacy screens are a film you can put over your normal screen so that the screen is only visible from a certain angle. These are good if your threat model includes others peeking at your screen, but it is not foolproof as anyone could just move to a different viewing angle and see what's on your screen.
+
+### Dead Man's Switches
+
+A dead man's switch stops a piece of machinery from operating without the presence of a human operator. These were originally designed as a safety measure, but the same concept can be applied to an electronic device to lock it when you're not present.
+
+Some laptops are able to [detect](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/managing-presence-sensing-settings-in-windows-11-82285c93-440c-4e15-9081-c9e38c1290bb) when you're present and can lock automatically when you aren't sitting in front of the screen. You should check the settings in your OS to see if your computer supports this feature.
+
+You can also get cables, like [Buskill](https://buskill.in), that will lock or wipe your computer when the cable is disconnected.
+
+### Anti-Interdiction/Evil Maid Attack
+
+The best way to prevent a targeted attack against you before a device is in your possession is to purchase a device in a physical store, rather than ordering it to your address.
+
+Make sure your device supports secure boot/verified boot, and you have it enabled. Try to avoid leaving your device unattended whenever possible.
+
+## Secure your Network
+
+### Compartmentalization
+
+Many solutions exist that allow you to separate what you're doing on a computer, such as virtual machines and sandboxing. However, the best compartmentalization is physical separation. This is useful especially for situations where certain software requires you to bypass security features in your OS, such as with anti-cheat software bundled with many games.
+
+For gaming, it may be useful to designate one machine as your "gaming" machine and only use it for that one task. Keep it on a separate VLAN. This may require the use of a managed switch and a router that supports segregated networks.
+
+Most consumer routers allow you to do this by enabling a separate "guest" network that can't talk to your main network. All untrusted devices can go here, including IoT devices like your smart fridge, thermostat, TV, etc.
+
+### Minimalism
+
+As the saying goes, "less is more". The fewer devices you have connected to your network, the less potential attack surface you'll have and the less work it will be to make sure they all stay up-to-date.
+
+You may find it useful to go around your home and make a list of every connected device you have to help you keep track.
+
+### Routers
+
+Your router handles all your network traffic and acts as your first line of defense between you and the open internet.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+A lot of routers come with storage to put your files on so you can access them from any computer on your network. We recommend you don't use networking devices for things other than networking. In the event your router was compromised, your files would also be compromised.
+
+</div>
+
+The most important thing to think about with routers is keeping them up-to-date. Many modern routers will automatically install updates, but many others won't. You should check on your router's settings page for this option. That page can usually be accessed by typing `192.168.1.1` or `192.168.0.1` into the URL bar of any browser assuming you're on the same network. You can also check in the network settings of your OS for "router" or "gateway".
+
+If your router does not support automatic updates, you will need to go to the manufacturer's site to download the updates and apply them manually.
+
+Many consumer-grade routers aren't supported for very long. If your router isn't supported by the manufacturer anymore, you can check if it's supported by [FOSS firmware](../router.md). You can also buy routers that come with FOSS firmware installed by default; these tend to be supported longer than most routers.
+
+Some ISPs provide a combined router/modem. It can be beneficial for security to purchase a separate router and set your ISP router/modem into modem-only mode. This way, even when your ISP-provided router is no longer getting updates, you can still get security updates and patches. It also means any problems that affect your modem won't affect your router and vice versa.

i18n/cs/desktop-browsers.md

@@ -265,9 +265,7 @@ Brave adds a "[referral code](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/Brave%
 
 These options can be found in :material-menu: → **Settings**.
 
-#### Settings
-
-##### Shields
+#### Shields
 
 Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields) feature. We suggest configuring these options [globally](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings) across all pages that you visit.
 
@@ -275,7 +273,6 @@ Shields' options can be downgraded on a per-site basis as needed, but by default
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 - [x] Select **Aggressive** under *Trackers & ads blocking*
 
 <details class="warning" markdown>
@@ -288,6 +285,7 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 - [x] Select **Strict** under *Upgrade connections to HTTPS*
 - [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
 - [x] Check **Block fingerprinting**
+- [x] Select **Block third-party cookies**
 - [x] Check **Forget me when I close this site** (2)
 - [ ] Uncheck all social media components
 
@@ -296,42 +294,54 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode).
 2. If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis by clicking on the Shield icon in the address bar.
 
-##### Privacy and security
+#### Privacy and security
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
+- [x] Select **Don't allow sites to use the V8 optimizer** under *Security* → *Manage V8 security* (1)
+- [x] Select **Automatically remove permissions from unused sites** under *Sites and Shields Settings*
 - [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
 - [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Private window with Tor** (1)
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect AMP pages**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect tracking URLs**
+- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 
 </div>
 
-1. Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. Where [strong anonymity is required](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
+1. Disabling the V8 optimizer reduces your attack surface by disabling [*some*](https://grapheneos.social/@GrapheneOS/112708049232710156) parts of JavaScript Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.
 
 <div class="admonition tip" markdown>
 <p class="admonition-title">Sanitizing on close</p>
 
-- [x] In the *Sites and Shields Settings* menu, under Content, after clicking on the *On-device site data* menu, select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows**.
+- [x] Select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows** under *Sites and Shields Settings* → *Content* → *Additional content settings* → *On-device site data*.
 
 If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
 
 </div>
 
-##### Extensions
+##### Tor windows
 
-- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you do not use
+[**Private Window with Tor**](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) allows you to route your traffic through the Tor network in Private Windows and access .onion services, which may be useful in some cases. However, Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. If your threat model requires strong anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
 
-##### Web3
+##### Data Collection
 
-Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of features, they should be disabled.
+- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
 
-- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet* and *Default Solana wallet*
+#### Web3
+
+Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of these features, they should be disabled.
+
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet*
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Solana wallet*
 - Set *Method to resolve IPFS resources* to **Disabled**
 
-##### System
+#### Extensions
+
+- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you don't use
+
+#### System
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 

i18n/cs/os/ios-overview.md

@@ -227,4 +227,4 @@ Apple always makes beta versions of iOS available early for those that wish to h
 
 ### Before First Unlock
 
-If your threat model includes forensic tools and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.
+If your threat model includes forensic tools, and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.

i18n/cs/os/windows/index.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This section is a work in progress, because it takes considerably more time and
 
 ## Privacy Notes
 
-Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
+Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
 
 With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as:
 

i18n/de/basics/common-threats.md

@@ -189,4 +189,4 @@ You must always consider the risks of trying to bypass censorship, the potential
 [^2]: United States Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board: [*Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf)
 [^3]: Wikipedia: [*Surveillance capitalism*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
 [^4]: "[Enumerating badness](https://ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb)" (or, "listing all the bad things that we know about"), as many content blockers and antivirus programs do, fails to adequately protect you from new and unknown threats because they have not yet been added to the filter list. You should also employ other mitigation techniques.
-[^5]: Vereinte Nationen: [*Allgemeine Erklärung der Menschenrechte*](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).
+[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

i18n/de/basics/hardware.md

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+---
+title: Choosing Your Hardware
+icon: material/chip
+description: Software isn't all that matters; learn about the hardware tools you use every day to protect your privacy.
+---
+
+When it comes to discussions about privacy, hardware is often not thought about as much as what software we use. Your hardware should be considered the foundation on which you build the rest of your privacy setup.
+
+## Picking a Computer
+
+The internals of your devices process and store all of your digital data. It is important that all devices are supported by the manufacturer and developers by continuing to receive security updates.
+
+### Hardware Security Programs
+
+Some devices will have a "hardware security program", which is a collaboration between vendors on best practices and recommendations when designing hardware, for example:
+
+- [Windows Secured-core PCs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-highly-secure-11) meet a higher security criteria specified by Microsoft. These protections aren't only applicable to Windows users; Users of other operating systems can still take advantage of features like [DMA protection](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt) and the ability to completely distrust Microsoft certificates.
+- [Android Ready SE](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) is a collaboration between vendors to ensure their devices follow [best practices](https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/hardware) and include tamper resistant hardware backed storage for things like encryption keys.
+- macOS running on an Apple SoC takes advantage of [hardware security](../os/macos-overview.md#hardware-security) which may not be available with third party operating systems.
+- [ChromeOS security](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper) is at its best when running on a Chromebook as it is able to make use of available hardware features such as the [hardware root-of-trust](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper/#hardware-root-of-trust-and-verified-boot).
+
+Even if you don't use these operating systems, participation in these programs may indicate that the manufacturer is following best practices when it comes to hardware security and updates.
+
+### Preinstalled OS
+
+New computers nearly always come with Windows preinstalled, unless you buy a Mac or a specialty Linux machine. It's usually a good idea to wipe the drive and install a fresh copy of your operating system of choice, even if that means just reinstalling Windows from scratch. Due to agreements between hardware vendors and shady software vendors, the default Windows install often comes preloaded with bloatware, [adware](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/technology/lenovo-gets-a-slap-on-the-wrist-for-superfish-adware-scandal), or even [malware](https://zdnet.com/article/dell-poweredge-motherboards-ship-with-malware).
+
+### Firmware Updates
+
+Hardware often has security issues that are discovered and patched through firmware updates for your hardware.
+
+Almost every component of your computer requires firmware to operate, from your motherboard to your storage devices. It is ideal for all the components of your device to be fully supported. Apple devices, Chromebooks, most Android phones, and Microsoft Surface devices will handle firmware updates for you as long as the device is supported.
+
+If you build your own PC, you may need to manually update your motherboard's firmware by downloading it from your OEM's website. If you use Linux, consider using the built-in [`fwupd`](https://fwupd.org) tool that will let you check for and apply any firmware updates available for your motherboard.
+
+### TPM/Secure Cryptoprocessor
+
+Most computers and phones come equipped with a TPM (or a similar secure cryptoprocessor) which safely stores your encryption keys and handles other security-related functions. If you're currently using a machine that doesn't have one of these, you might benefit from purchasing a newer computer that has this feature. Some desktop and server motherboards have a "TPM header" which can accept a small accessory board containing the TPM.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+Virtual TPMs are susceptible to side-channel attacks and external TPMs, as a result of being separate from the CPU on the motherboard, are vulnerable to [sniffing](https://pulsesecurity.co.nz/articles/TPM-sniffing) when an attacker has access to the hardware. The solution to this problem is to include the secure processor inside the CPU itself, which is the case for Apple's chips and Microsoft's [Pluton](https://microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/11/17/meet-the-microsoft-pluton-processor-the-security-chip-designed-for-the-future-of-windows-pcs).
+
+</div>
+
+### Biometrics
+
+Many devices come equipped with a fingerprint reader or face recognition capabilities. These can be very convenient, but they aren't perfect and sometimes fail. Most devices will fall back to a PIN or password when this happens, meaning that the security of your devices is still only as good as your password.
+
+Biometrics can prevent someone from watching you type in your password, so if shoulder-surfing is part of your threat model then biometrics are a good option.
+
+Most implementations of face authentication require you to be looking at your phone and also only work from a relatively close distance, so you don't need to worry too much about someone pointing your phone at your face to unlock it without your consent. You can still disable biometrics when your phone is locked if you want. On iOS, you can hold the side button and a volume button for 3 seconds to disable Face ID on models that support it. On Android, hold the power button and press Lockdown on the menu.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warnung</p>
+
+Some devices do not have the proper hardware for secure face authentication. There's two main types of face authentication: 2D and 3D. 3D face authentication makes use of a dot projector that lets the device create a 3D depth map of your face. Make sure that your device has this capability.
+
+</div>
+
+Android defines three [security classes](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/biometric/measure#biometric-classes) for biometrics; you should check that your device is Class 3 before enabling biometrics.
+
+### Device Encryption
+
+If your device is [encrypted](../encryption.md), your data is most secure when your device is completely powered off (as opposed to merely asleep), i.e. before you've entered your encryption key or lock screen password for the first time. On phones, this state of higher security is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and "After First Unlock" (AFU) once you enter the correct password after a reboot/power-on. AFU is considerably less secure against digital forensics toolkits and other exploits, compared to BFU. Therefore, if you are concerned about an attacker with physical access to your device, you should turn it off fully whenever you aren't using it.
+
+This may be impractical, so consider whether it's worth it, but in either case even AFU mode is effective against most threats, given you are using a strong encryption key.
+
+## External Hardware
+
+Some threats can't be protected against by your internal components alone. Many of these options are highly situational; please evaluate if they are really necessary for your threat model.
+
+### Hardware Security Keys
+
+Hardware keys are devices that use strong cryptography to authenticate you to a device or account. The idea is that because they can not be copied, you can use them to secure accounts in such a way that they can only be accessed with physical possession of the key, eliminating many remote attacks.
+
+[Recommended Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../security-keys.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Learn More about Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys){ .md-button }
+
+### Camera/Microphone
+
+If you don't want to trust your OS's permission controls to prevent the camera from activating in the first place, you can buy camera blockers that physically prevent light from reaching the camera. You could also buy a device that doesn't have a built-in camera and use an external camera that you can unplug whenever you're done using it. Some devices come with built-in camera blockers or hardware switches that physically disconnect the camera from power.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warnung</p>
+
+You should only buy covers that fit your laptop and won't cause damage when you close the lid. Covering the camera will interfere with automatic brightness and face authentication features.
+
+</div>
+
+For microphone access, in most cases you will need to trust your OS's built-in permission controls. Alternatively, buy a device that doesn't have a built-in microphone and use an external microphone that you can unplug when you're done using it. Some devices, like a [MacBook or an iPad](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/hardware-microphone-disconnect-secbbd20b00b/web), feature a hardware disconnect for the microphone when you close the lid.
+
+Many computers have a BIOS option to disable the camera and microphone. When disabled there, the hardware won't even appear as a device on a booted system.
+
+### Privacy Screens
+
+Privacy screens are a film you can put over your normal screen so that the screen is only visible from a certain angle. These are good if your threat model includes others peeking at your screen, but it is not foolproof as anyone could just move to a different viewing angle and see what's on your screen.
+
+### Dead Man's Switches
+
+A dead man's switch stops a piece of machinery from operating without the presence of a human operator. These were originally designed as a safety measure, but the same concept can be applied to an electronic device to lock it when you're not present.
+
+Some laptops are able to [detect](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/managing-presence-sensing-settings-in-windows-11-82285c93-440c-4e15-9081-c9e38c1290bb) when you're present and can lock automatically when you aren't sitting in front of the screen. You should check the settings in your OS to see if your computer supports this feature.
+
+You can also get cables, like [Buskill](https://buskill.in), that will lock or wipe your computer when the cable is disconnected.
+
+### Anti-Interdiction/Evil Maid Attack
+
+The best way to prevent a targeted attack against you before a device is in your possession is to purchase a device in a physical store, rather than ordering it to your address.
+
+Make sure your device supports secure boot/verified boot, and you have it enabled. Try to avoid leaving your device unattended whenever possible.
+
+## Secure your Network
+
+### Compartmentalization
+
+Many solutions exist that allow you to separate what you're doing on a computer, such as virtual machines and sandboxing. However, the best compartmentalization is physical separation. This is useful especially for situations where certain software requires you to bypass security features in your OS, such as with anti-cheat software bundled with many games.
+
+For gaming, it may be useful to designate one machine as your "gaming" machine and only use it for that one task. Keep it on a separate VLAN. This may require the use of a managed switch and a router that supports segregated networks.
+
+Most consumer routers allow you to do this by enabling a separate "guest" network that can't talk to your main network. All untrusted devices can go here, including IoT devices like your smart fridge, thermostat, TV, etc.
+
+### Minimalism
+
+As the saying goes, "less is more". The fewer devices you have connected to your network, the less potential attack surface you'll have and the less work it will be to make sure they all stay up-to-date.
+
+You may find it useful to go around your home and make a list of every connected device you have to help you keep track.
+
+### Routers
+
+Your router handles all your network traffic and acts as your first line of defense between you and the open internet.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+A lot of routers come with storage to put your files on so you can access them from any computer on your network. We recommend you don't use networking devices for things other than networking. In the event your router was compromised, your files would also be compromised.
+
+</div>
+
+The most important thing to think about with routers is keeping them up-to-date. Many modern routers will automatically install updates, but many others won't. You should check on your router's settings page for this option. That page can usually be accessed by typing `192.168.1.1` or `192.168.0.1` into the URL bar of any browser assuming you're on the same network. You can also check in the network settings of your OS for "router" or "gateway".
+
+If your router does not support automatic updates, you will need to go to the manufacturer's site to download the updates and apply them manually.
+
+Many consumer-grade routers aren't supported for very long. If your router isn't supported by the manufacturer anymore, you can check if it's supported by [FOSS firmware](../router.md). You can also buy routers that come with FOSS firmware installed by default; these tend to be supported longer than most routers.
+
+Some ISPs provide a combined router/modem. It can be beneficial for security to purchase a separate router and set your ISP router/modem into modem-only mode. This way, even when your ISP-provided router is no longer getting updates, you can still get security updates and patches. It also means any problems that affect your modem won't affect your router and vice versa.

i18n/de/desktop-browsers.md

@@ -265,9 +265,7 @@ Brave fügt dem Dateinamen bei Downloads von der Brave-Website einen "[Herkunfts
 
 Diese Optionen sind unter :material-menu: → **Einstellungen** zu finden.
 
-#### Settings
-
-##### Schutz
+#### Schutz
 
 Brave enthält einige Anti-Fingerabdruck-Maßnahmen in der [Schutz](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields)-Funktion. Wir empfehlen, diese Optionen [global](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings) für alle Seiten zu konfigurieren.
 
@@ -275,7 +273,6 @@ Die Schutz-Möglichkeiten können je nach Bedarf für jede Website heruntergestu
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 - [x] Select **Aggressive** under *Trackers & ads blocking*
 
 <details class="warning" markdown>
@@ -288,6 +285,7 @@ Brave ermöglicht die Auswahl zusätzlicher Inhaltsfilter auf der internen Seite
 - [x] Select **Strict** under *Upgrade connections to HTTPS*
 - [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
 - [x] Check **Block fingerprinting**
+- [x] Select **Block third-party cookies**
 - [x] Check **Forget me when I close this site** (2)
 - [ ] Uncheck all social media components
 
@@ -296,42 +294,54 @@ Brave ermöglicht die Auswahl zusätzlicher Inhaltsfilter auf der internen Seite
 1. Diese Option bietet ähnliche Funktionen wie die erweiterten [Blockierungsmodi](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode) von uBlock Origin.
 2. Wenn du auf einer bestimmten Website, die du häufig besuchst, eingeloggt bleiben möchtest, kannst du Ausnahmen für die einzelnen Websites festlegen, indem du auf das Schildsymbol in der Adressleiste klickst.
 
-##### Privacy and security
+#### Privacy and security
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Aktiviere **Nicht-proxisiertes UDP deaktivieren** unter [WebRTC-IP-Nutzungsrichtlinien](https://support.brave.com/hc/en-us/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings-#webrtc)
-- [ ] Deaktiviere **Nutzen Sie Google-Services für Push-Benachrichtigungen**
-- [ ] Deaktiviere **Erlaubt Produktanalyse, die den Datenschutz respektiert (P3A)**
-- [ ] Deaktiviere **Ping der täglichen Nutzung automatisch an Brave senden**
-- [ ] Deaktiviere **Automatisch Diagnoseberichte senden**
-- [ ] Deaktiviere **Privates Fenster mit Tor** (1)
+- [x] Select **Don't allow sites to use the V8 optimizer** under *Security* → *Manage V8 security* (1)
+- [x] Select **Automatically remove permissions from unused sites** under *Sites and Shields Settings*
+- [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
+- [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect AMP pages**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect tracking URLs**
+- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 
 </div>
 
-1. Brave ist **nicht** so resistent gegen Fingerabdrücke wie der Tor-Browser. Außerdem nutzen viel weniger Leute Brave zusammen mit Tor, du wirst also auffallen. Wenn [starke Anonymität erforderlich ist](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity), verwende den [Tor-Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
+1. Disabling the V8 optimizer reduces your attack surface by disabling [*some*](https://grapheneos.social/@GrapheneOS/112708049232710156) parts of JavaScript Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.
 
 <div class="admonition tip" markdown>
 <p class="admonition-title">Browserdaten beim Schließen löschen</p>
 
-- [x] In the *Sites and Shields Settings* menu, under Content, after clicking on the *On-device site data* menu, select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows**.
+- [x] Select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows** under *Sites and Shields Settings* → *Content* → *Additional content settings* → *On-device site data*.
 
 If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
 
 </div>
 
-##### Extensions
+##### Tor windows
 
-- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you do not use
+[**Private Window with Tor**](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) allows you to route your traffic through the Tor network in Private Windows and access .onion services, which may be useful in some cases. However, Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. If your threat model requires strong anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
 
-##### Web3
+##### Data Collection
 
-Die Web3-Funktionen von Brave können deinen Browser-Fingerabdruck und deine Angriffsfläche potenziell vergrößern. Wenn du keine der Funktionen verwendest, sollten sie deaktiviert werden.
+- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
 
-- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet* and *Default Solana wallet*
+#### Web3
+
+Die Web3-Funktionen von Brave können deinen Browser-Fingerabdruck und deine Angriffsfläche potenziell vergrößern. Unless you use any of these features, they should be disabled.
+
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet*
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Solana wallet*
 - Set *Method to resolve IPFS resources* to **Disabled**
 
-##### System
+#### Extensions
+
+- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you don't use
+
+#### System
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 

i18n/de/os/ios-overview.md

@@ -227,4 +227,4 @@ Apple always makes beta versions of iOS available early for those that wish to h
 
 ### Before First Unlock
 
-If your threat model includes forensic tools and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.
+If your threat model includes forensic tools, and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.

i18n/de/os/windows/index.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This section is a work in progress, because it takes considerably more time and
 
 ## Privacy Notes
 
-Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
+Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
 
 With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as:
 

i18n/el/basics/common-threats.md

@@ -189,4 +189,4 @@ You must always consider the risks of trying to bypass censorship, the potential
 [^2]: United States Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board: [*Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf)
 [^3]: Wikipedia: [*Surveillance capitalism*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
 [^4]: "[Enumerating badness](https://ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb)" (or, "listing all the bad things that we know about"), as many content blockers and antivirus programs do, fails to adequately protect you from new and unknown threats because they have not yet been added to the filter list. You should also employ other mitigation techniques.
-[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).
+[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

i18n/el/basics/hardware.md

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+---
+title: Choosing Your Hardware
+icon: material/chip
+description: Software isn't all that matters; learn about the hardware tools you use every day to protect your privacy.
+---
+
+When it comes to discussions about privacy, hardware is often not thought about as much as what software we use. Your hardware should be considered the foundation on which you build the rest of your privacy setup.
+
+## Picking a Computer
+
+The internals of your devices process and store all of your digital data. It is important that all devices are supported by the manufacturer and developers by continuing to receive security updates.
+
+### Hardware Security Programs
+
+Some devices will have a "hardware security program", which is a collaboration between vendors on best practices and recommendations when designing hardware, for example:
+
+- [Windows Secured-core PCs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-highly-secure-11) meet a higher security criteria specified by Microsoft. These protections aren't only applicable to Windows users; Users of other operating systems can still take advantage of features like [DMA protection](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt) and the ability to completely distrust Microsoft certificates.
+- [Android Ready SE](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) is a collaboration between vendors to ensure their devices follow [best practices](https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/hardware) and include tamper resistant hardware backed storage for things like encryption keys.
+- macOS running on an Apple SoC takes advantage of [hardware security](../os/macos-overview.md#hardware-security) which may not be available with third party operating systems.
+- [ChromeOS security](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper) is at its best when running on a Chromebook as it is able to make use of available hardware features such as the [hardware root-of-trust](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper/#hardware-root-of-trust-and-verified-boot).
+
+Even if you don't use these operating systems, participation in these programs may indicate that the manufacturer is following best practices when it comes to hardware security and updates.
+
+### Preinstalled OS
+
+New computers nearly always come with Windows preinstalled, unless you buy a Mac or a specialty Linux machine. It's usually a good idea to wipe the drive and install a fresh copy of your operating system of choice, even if that means just reinstalling Windows from scratch. Due to agreements between hardware vendors and shady software vendors, the default Windows install often comes preloaded with bloatware, [adware](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/technology/lenovo-gets-a-slap-on-the-wrist-for-superfish-adware-scandal), or even [malware](https://zdnet.com/article/dell-poweredge-motherboards-ship-with-malware).
+
+### Firmware Updates
+
+Hardware often has security issues that are discovered and patched through firmware updates for your hardware.
+
+Almost every component of your computer requires firmware to operate, from your motherboard to your storage devices. It is ideal for all the components of your device to be fully supported. Apple devices, Chromebooks, most Android phones, and Microsoft Surface devices will handle firmware updates for you as long as the device is supported.
+
+If you build your own PC, you may need to manually update your motherboard's firmware by downloading it from your OEM's website. If you use Linux, consider using the built-in [`fwupd`](https://fwupd.org) tool that will let you check for and apply any firmware updates available for your motherboard.
+
+### TPM/Secure Cryptoprocessor
+
+Most computers and phones come equipped with a TPM (or a similar secure cryptoprocessor) which safely stores your encryption keys and handles other security-related functions. If you're currently using a machine that doesn't have one of these, you might benefit from purchasing a newer computer that has this feature. Some desktop and server motherboards have a "TPM header" which can accept a small accessory board containing the TPM.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Σημείωση</p>
+
+Virtual TPMs are susceptible to side-channel attacks and external TPMs, as a result of being separate from the CPU on the motherboard, are vulnerable to [sniffing](https://pulsesecurity.co.nz/articles/TPM-sniffing) when an attacker has access to the hardware. The solution to this problem is to include the secure processor inside the CPU itself, which is the case for Apple's chips and Microsoft's [Pluton](https://microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/11/17/meet-the-microsoft-pluton-processor-the-security-chip-designed-for-the-future-of-windows-pcs).
+
+</div>
+
+### Biometrics
+
+Many devices come equipped with a fingerprint reader or face recognition capabilities. These can be very convenient, but they aren't perfect and sometimes fail. Most devices will fall back to a PIN or password when this happens, meaning that the security of your devices is still only as good as your password.
+
+Biometrics can prevent someone from watching you type in your password, so if shoulder-surfing is part of your threat model then biometrics are a good option.
+
+Most implementations of face authentication require you to be looking at your phone and also only work from a relatively close distance, so you don't need to worry too much about someone pointing your phone at your face to unlock it without your consent. You can still disable biometrics when your phone is locked if you want. On iOS, you can hold the side button and a volume button for 3 seconds to disable Face ID on models that support it. On Android, hold the power button and press Lockdown on the menu.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+Some devices do not have the proper hardware for secure face authentication. There's two main types of face authentication: 2D and 3D. 3D face authentication makes use of a dot projector that lets the device create a 3D depth map of your face. Make sure that your device has this capability.
+
+</div>
+
+Android defines three [security classes](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/biometric/measure#biometric-classes) for biometrics; you should check that your device is Class 3 before enabling biometrics.
+
+### Device Encryption
+
+If your device is [encrypted](../encryption.md), your data is most secure when your device is completely powered off (as opposed to merely asleep), i.e. before you've entered your encryption key or lock screen password for the first time. On phones, this state of higher security is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and "After First Unlock" (AFU) once you enter the correct password after a reboot/power-on. AFU is considerably less secure against digital forensics toolkits and other exploits, compared to BFU. Therefore, if you are concerned about an attacker with physical access to your device, you should turn it off fully whenever you aren't using it.
+
+This may be impractical, so consider whether it's worth it, but in either case even AFU mode is effective against most threats, given you are using a strong encryption key.
+
+## External Hardware
+
+Some threats can't be protected against by your internal components alone. Many of these options are highly situational; please evaluate if they are really necessary for your threat model.
+
+### Hardware Security Keys
+
+Hardware keys are devices that use strong cryptography to authenticate you to a device or account. The idea is that because they can not be copied, you can use them to secure accounts in such a way that they can only be accessed with physical possession of the key, eliminating many remote attacks.
+
+[Recommended Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../security-keys.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Learn More about Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys){ .md-button }
+
+### Camera/Microphone
+
+If you don't want to trust your OS's permission controls to prevent the camera from activating in the first place, you can buy camera blockers that physically prevent light from reaching the camera. You could also buy a device that doesn't have a built-in camera and use an external camera that you can unplug whenever you're done using it. Some devices come with built-in camera blockers or hardware switches that physically disconnect the camera from power.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+You should only buy covers that fit your laptop and won't cause damage when you close the lid. Covering the camera will interfere with automatic brightness and face authentication features.
+
+</div>
+
+For microphone access, in most cases you will need to trust your OS's built-in permission controls. Alternatively, buy a device that doesn't have a built-in microphone and use an external microphone that you can unplug when you're done using it. Some devices, like a [MacBook or an iPad](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/hardware-microphone-disconnect-secbbd20b00b/web), feature a hardware disconnect for the microphone when you close the lid.
+
+Many computers have a BIOS option to disable the camera and microphone. When disabled there, the hardware won't even appear as a device on a booted system.
+
+### Privacy Screens
+
+Privacy screens are a film you can put over your normal screen so that the screen is only visible from a certain angle. These are good if your threat model includes others peeking at your screen, but it is not foolproof as anyone could just move to a different viewing angle and see what's on your screen.
+
+### Dead Man's Switches
+
+A dead man's switch stops a piece of machinery from operating without the presence of a human operator. These were originally designed as a safety measure, but the same concept can be applied to an electronic device to lock it when you're not present.
+
+Some laptops are able to [detect](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/managing-presence-sensing-settings-in-windows-11-82285c93-440c-4e15-9081-c9e38c1290bb) when you're present and can lock automatically when you aren't sitting in front of the screen. You should check the settings in your OS to see if your computer supports this feature.
+
+You can also get cables, like [Buskill](https://buskill.in), that will lock or wipe your computer when the cable is disconnected.
+
+### Anti-Interdiction/Evil Maid Attack
+
+The best way to prevent a targeted attack against you before a device is in your possession is to purchase a device in a physical store, rather than ordering it to your address.
+
+Make sure your device supports secure boot/verified boot, and you have it enabled. Try to avoid leaving your device unattended whenever possible.
+
+## Secure your Network
+
+### Compartmentalization
+
+Many solutions exist that allow you to separate what you're doing on a computer, such as virtual machines and sandboxing. However, the best compartmentalization is physical separation. This is useful especially for situations where certain software requires you to bypass security features in your OS, such as with anti-cheat software bundled with many games.
+
+For gaming, it may be useful to designate one machine as your "gaming" machine and only use it for that one task. Keep it on a separate VLAN. This may require the use of a managed switch and a router that supports segregated networks.
+
+Most consumer routers allow you to do this by enabling a separate "guest" network that can't talk to your main network. All untrusted devices can go here, including IoT devices like your smart fridge, thermostat, TV, etc.
+
+### Minimalism
+
+As the saying goes, "less is more". The fewer devices you have connected to your network, the less potential attack surface you'll have and the less work it will be to make sure they all stay up-to-date.
+
+You may find it useful to go around your home and make a list of every connected device you have to help you keep track.
+
+### Routers
+
+Your router handles all your network traffic and acts as your first line of defense between you and the open internet.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Σημείωση</p>
+
+A lot of routers come with storage to put your files on so you can access them from any computer on your network. We recommend you don't use networking devices for things other than networking. In the event your router was compromised, your files would also be compromised.
+
+</div>
+
+The most important thing to think about with routers is keeping them up-to-date. Many modern routers will automatically install updates, but many others won't. You should check on your router's settings page for this option. That page can usually be accessed by typing `192.168.1.1` or `192.168.0.1` into the URL bar of any browser assuming you're on the same network. You can also check in the network settings of your OS for "router" or "gateway".
+
+If your router does not support automatic updates, you will need to go to the manufacturer's site to download the updates and apply them manually.
+
+Many consumer-grade routers aren't supported for very long. If your router isn't supported by the manufacturer anymore, you can check if it's supported by [FOSS firmware](../router.md). You can also buy routers that come with FOSS firmware installed by default; these tend to be supported longer than most routers.
+
+Some ISPs provide a combined router/modem. It can be beneficial for security to purchase a separate router and set your ISP router/modem into modem-only mode. This way, even when your ISP-provided router is no longer getting updates, you can still get security updates and patches. It also means any problems that affect your modem won't affect your router and vice versa.

i18n/el/desktop-browsers.md

@@ -265,9 +265,7 @@ Brave adds a "[referral code](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/Brave%
 
 These options can be found in :material-menu: → **Settings**.
 
-#### Settings
-
-##### Shields
+#### Shields
 
 Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields) feature. We suggest configuring these options [globally](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings) across all pages that you visit.
 
@@ -275,7 +273,6 @@ Shields' options can be downgraded on a per-site basis as needed, but by default
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 - [x] Select **Aggressive** under *Trackers & ads blocking*
 
 <details class="warning" markdown>
@@ -288,6 +285,7 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 - [x] Select **Strict** under *Upgrade connections to HTTPS*
 - [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
 - [x] Check **Block fingerprinting**
+- [x] Select **Block third-party cookies**
 - [x] Check **Forget me when I close this site** (2)
 - [ ] Uncheck all social media components
 
@@ -296,42 +294,54 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode).
 2. If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis by clicking on the Shield icon in the address bar.
 
-##### Privacy and security
+#### Privacy and security
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
+- [x] Select **Don't allow sites to use the V8 optimizer** under *Security* → *Manage V8 security* (1)
+- [x] Select **Automatically remove permissions from unused sites** under *Sites and Shields Settings*
 - [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
 - [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Private window with Tor** (1)
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect AMP pages**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect tracking URLs**
+- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 
 </div>
 
-1. Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. Where [strong anonymity is required](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
+1. Disabling the V8 optimizer reduces your attack surface by disabling [*some*](https://grapheneos.social/@GrapheneOS/112708049232710156) parts of JavaScript Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.
 
 <div class="admonition tip" markdown>
 <p class="admonition-title">Sanitizing on close</p>
 
-- [x] In the *Sites and Shields Settings* menu, under Content, after clicking on the *On-device site data* menu, select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows**.
+- [x] Select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows** under *Sites and Shields Settings* → *Content* → *Additional content settings* → *On-device site data*.
 
 If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
 
 </div>
 
-##### Extensions
+##### Tor windows
 
-- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you do not use
+[**Private Window with Tor**](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) allows you to route your traffic through the Tor network in Private Windows and access .onion services, which may be useful in some cases. However, Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. If your threat model requires strong anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
 
-##### Web3
+##### Data Collection
 
-Τα χαρακτηριστικά Web3 του Brave μπορούν δυνητικά να αυξήσουν το δακτυλικό αποτύπωμα του προγράμματος περιήγησης και την επιφάνεια επιθέσεων. Αν δεν χρησιμοποιείτε καμία από τις λειτουργίες, θα πρέπει να τις απενεργοποιήσετε.
+- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
 
-- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet* and *Default Solana wallet*
+#### Web3
+
+Τα χαρακτηριστικά Web3 του Brave μπορούν δυνητικά να αυξήσουν το δακτυλικό αποτύπωμα του προγράμματος περιήγησης και την επιφάνεια επιθέσεων. Unless you use any of these features, they should be disabled.
+
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet*
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Solana wallet*
 - Set *Method to resolve IPFS resources* to **Disabled**
 
-##### System
+#### Extensions
+
+- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you don't use
+
+#### System
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 

i18n/el/os/ios-overview.md

@@ -227,4 +227,4 @@ Apple always makes beta versions of iOS available early for those that wish to h
 
 ### Before First Unlock
 
-If your threat model includes forensic tools and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.
+If your threat model includes forensic tools, and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.

i18n/el/os/windows/index.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This section is a work in progress, because it takes considerably more time and
 
 ## Privacy Notes
 
-Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
+Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
 
 With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as:
 

i18n/eo/basics/common-threats.md

@@ -189,4 +189,4 @@ You must always consider the risks of trying to bypass censorship, the potential
 [^2]: United States Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board: [*Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf)
 [^3]: Wikipedia: [*Surveillance capitalism*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
 [^4]: "[Enumerating badness](https://ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb)" (or, "listing all the bad things that we know about"), as many content blockers and antivirus programs do, fails to adequately protect you from new and unknown threats because they have not yet been added to the filter list. You should also employ other mitigation techniques.
-[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).
+[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

i18n/eo/basics/hardware.md

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+---
+title: Choosing Your Hardware
+icon: material/chip
+description: Software isn't all that matters; learn about the hardware tools you use every day to protect your privacy.
+---
+
+When it comes to discussions about privacy, hardware is often not thought about as much as what software we use. Your hardware should be considered the foundation on which you build the rest of your privacy setup.
+
+## Picking a Computer
+
+The internals of your devices process and store all of your digital data. It is important that all devices are supported by the manufacturer and developers by continuing to receive security updates.
+
+### Hardware Security Programs
+
+Some devices will have a "hardware security program", which is a collaboration between vendors on best practices and recommendations when designing hardware, for example:
+
+- [Windows Secured-core PCs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-highly-secure-11) meet a higher security criteria specified by Microsoft. These protections aren't only applicable to Windows users; Users of other operating systems can still take advantage of features like [DMA protection](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt) and the ability to completely distrust Microsoft certificates.
+- [Android Ready SE](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) is a collaboration between vendors to ensure their devices follow [best practices](https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/hardware) and include tamper resistant hardware backed storage for things like encryption keys.
+- macOS running on an Apple SoC takes advantage of [hardware security](../os/macos-overview.md#hardware-security) which may not be available with third party operating systems.
+- [ChromeOS security](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper) is at its best when running on a Chromebook as it is able to make use of available hardware features such as the [hardware root-of-trust](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper/#hardware-root-of-trust-and-verified-boot).
+
+Even if you don't use these operating systems, participation in these programs may indicate that the manufacturer is following best practices when it comes to hardware security and updates.
+
+### Preinstalled OS
+
+New computers nearly always come with Windows preinstalled, unless you buy a Mac or a specialty Linux machine. It's usually a good idea to wipe the drive and install a fresh copy of your operating system of choice, even if that means just reinstalling Windows from scratch. Due to agreements between hardware vendors and shady software vendors, the default Windows install often comes preloaded with bloatware, [adware](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/technology/lenovo-gets-a-slap-on-the-wrist-for-superfish-adware-scandal), or even [malware](https://zdnet.com/article/dell-poweredge-motherboards-ship-with-malware).
+
+### Firmware Updates
+
+Hardware often has security issues that are discovered and patched through firmware updates for your hardware.
+
+Almost every component of your computer requires firmware to operate, from your motherboard to your storage devices. It is ideal for all the components of your device to be fully supported. Apple devices, Chromebooks, most Android phones, and Microsoft Surface devices will handle firmware updates for you as long as the device is supported.
+
+If you build your own PC, you may need to manually update your motherboard's firmware by downloading it from your OEM's website. If you use Linux, consider using the built-in [`fwupd`](https://fwupd.org) tool that will let you check for and apply any firmware updates available for your motherboard.
+
+### TPM/Secure Cryptoprocessor
+
+Most computers and phones come equipped with a TPM (or a similar secure cryptoprocessor) which safely stores your encryption keys and handles other security-related functions. If you're currently using a machine that doesn't have one of these, you might benefit from purchasing a newer computer that has this feature. Some desktop and server motherboards have a "TPM header" which can accept a small accessory board containing the TPM.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+Virtual TPMs are susceptible to side-channel attacks and external TPMs, as a result of being separate from the CPU on the motherboard, are vulnerable to [sniffing](https://pulsesecurity.co.nz/articles/TPM-sniffing) when an attacker has access to the hardware. The solution to this problem is to include the secure processor inside the CPU itself, which is the case for Apple's chips and Microsoft's [Pluton](https://microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/11/17/meet-the-microsoft-pluton-processor-the-security-chip-designed-for-the-future-of-windows-pcs).
+
+</div>
+
+### Biometrics
+
+Many devices come equipped with a fingerprint reader or face recognition capabilities. These can be very convenient, but they aren't perfect and sometimes fail. Most devices will fall back to a PIN or password when this happens, meaning that the security of your devices is still only as good as your password.
+
+Biometrics can prevent someone from watching you type in your password, so if shoulder-surfing is part of your threat model then biometrics are a good option.
+
+Most implementations of face authentication require you to be looking at your phone and also only work from a relatively close distance, so you don't need to worry too much about someone pointing your phone at your face to unlock it without your consent. You can still disable biometrics when your phone is locked if you want. On iOS, you can hold the side button and a volume button for 3 seconds to disable Face ID on models that support it. On Android, hold the power button and press Lockdown on the menu.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+Some devices do not have the proper hardware for secure face authentication. There's two main types of face authentication: 2D and 3D. 3D face authentication makes use of a dot projector that lets the device create a 3D depth map of your face. Make sure that your device has this capability.
+
+</div>
+
+Android defines three [security classes](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/biometric/measure#biometric-classes) for biometrics; you should check that your device is Class 3 before enabling biometrics.
+
+### Device Encryption
+
+If your device is [encrypted](../encryption.md), your data is most secure when your device is completely powered off (as opposed to merely asleep), i.e. before you've entered your encryption key or lock screen password for the first time. On phones, this state of higher security is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and "After First Unlock" (AFU) once you enter the correct password after a reboot/power-on. AFU is considerably less secure against digital forensics toolkits and other exploits, compared to BFU. Therefore, if you are concerned about an attacker with physical access to your device, you should turn it off fully whenever you aren't using it.
+
+This may be impractical, so consider whether it's worth it, but in either case even AFU mode is effective against most threats, given you are using a strong encryption key.
+
+## External Hardware
+
+Some threats can't be protected against by your internal components alone. Many of these options are highly situational; please evaluate if they are really necessary for your threat model.
+
+### Hardware Security Keys
+
+Hardware keys are devices that use strong cryptography to authenticate you to a device or account. The idea is that because they can not be copied, you can use them to secure accounts in such a way that they can only be accessed with physical possession of the key, eliminating many remote attacks.
+
+[Recommended Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../security-keys.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Learn More about Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys){ .md-button }
+
+### Camera/Microphone
+
+If you don't want to trust your OS's permission controls to prevent the camera from activating in the first place, you can buy camera blockers that physically prevent light from reaching the camera. You could also buy a device that doesn't have a built-in camera and use an external camera that you can unplug whenever you're done using it. Some devices come with built-in camera blockers or hardware switches that physically disconnect the camera from power.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+You should only buy covers that fit your laptop and won't cause damage when you close the lid. Covering the camera will interfere with automatic brightness and face authentication features.
+
+</div>
+
+For microphone access, in most cases you will need to trust your OS's built-in permission controls. Alternatively, buy a device that doesn't have a built-in microphone and use an external microphone that you can unplug when you're done using it. Some devices, like a [MacBook or an iPad](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/hardware-microphone-disconnect-secbbd20b00b/web), feature a hardware disconnect for the microphone when you close the lid.
+
+Many computers have a BIOS option to disable the camera and microphone. When disabled there, the hardware won't even appear as a device on a booted system.
+
+### Privacy Screens
+
+Privacy screens are a film you can put over your normal screen so that the screen is only visible from a certain angle. These are good if your threat model includes others peeking at your screen, but it is not foolproof as anyone could just move to a different viewing angle and see what's on your screen.
+
+### Dead Man's Switches
+
+A dead man's switch stops a piece of machinery from operating without the presence of a human operator. These were originally designed as a safety measure, but the same concept can be applied to an electronic device to lock it when you're not present.
+
+Some laptops are able to [detect](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/managing-presence-sensing-settings-in-windows-11-82285c93-440c-4e15-9081-c9e38c1290bb) when you're present and can lock automatically when you aren't sitting in front of the screen. You should check the settings in your OS to see if your computer supports this feature.
+
+You can also get cables, like [Buskill](https://buskill.in), that will lock or wipe your computer when the cable is disconnected.
+
+### Anti-Interdiction/Evil Maid Attack
+
+The best way to prevent a targeted attack against you before a device is in your possession is to purchase a device in a physical store, rather than ordering it to your address.
+
+Make sure your device supports secure boot/verified boot, and you have it enabled. Try to avoid leaving your device unattended whenever possible.
+
+## Secure your Network
+
+### Compartmentalization
+
+Many solutions exist that allow you to separate what you're doing on a computer, such as virtual machines and sandboxing. However, the best compartmentalization is physical separation. This is useful especially for situations where certain software requires you to bypass security features in your OS, such as with anti-cheat software bundled with many games.
+
+For gaming, it may be useful to designate one machine as your "gaming" machine and only use it for that one task. Keep it on a separate VLAN. This may require the use of a managed switch and a router that supports segregated networks.
+
+Most consumer routers allow you to do this by enabling a separate "guest" network that can't talk to your main network. All untrusted devices can go here, including IoT devices like your smart fridge, thermostat, TV, etc.
+
+### Minimalism
+
+As the saying goes, "less is more". The fewer devices you have connected to your network, the less potential attack surface you'll have and the less work it will be to make sure they all stay up-to-date.
+
+You may find it useful to go around your home and make a list of every connected device you have to help you keep track.
+
+### Routers
+
+Your router handles all your network traffic and acts as your first line of defense between you and the open internet.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+A lot of routers come with storage to put your files on so you can access them from any computer on your network. We recommend you don't use networking devices for things other than networking. In the event your router was compromised, your files would also be compromised.
+
+</div>
+
+The most important thing to think about with routers is keeping them up-to-date. Many modern routers will automatically install updates, but many others won't. You should check on your router's settings page for this option. That page can usually be accessed by typing `192.168.1.1` or `192.168.0.1` into the URL bar of any browser assuming you're on the same network. You can also check in the network settings of your OS for "router" or "gateway".
+
+If your router does not support automatic updates, you will need to go to the manufacturer's site to download the updates and apply them manually.
+
+Many consumer-grade routers aren't supported for very long. If your router isn't supported by the manufacturer anymore, you can check if it's supported by [FOSS firmware](../router.md). You can also buy routers that come with FOSS firmware installed by default; these tend to be supported longer than most routers.
+
+Some ISPs provide a combined router/modem. It can be beneficial for security to purchase a separate router and set your ISP router/modem into modem-only mode. This way, even when your ISP-provided router is no longer getting updates, you can still get security updates and patches. It also means any problems that affect your modem won't affect your router and vice versa.

i18n/eo/desktop-browsers.md

@@ -265,9 +265,7 @@ Brave adds a "[referral code](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/Brave%
 
 These options can be found in :material-menu: → **Settings**.
 
-#### Settings
-
-##### Shields
+#### Shields
 
 Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields) feature. We suggest configuring these options [globally](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings) across all pages that you visit.
 
@@ -275,7 +273,6 @@ Shields' options can be downgraded on a per-site basis as needed, but by default
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 - [x] Select **Aggressive** under *Trackers & ads blocking*
 
 <details class="warning" markdown>
@@ -288,6 +285,7 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 - [x] Select **Strict** under *Upgrade connections to HTTPS*
 - [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
 - [x] Check **Block fingerprinting**
+- [x] Select **Block third-party cookies**
 - [x] Check **Forget me when I close this site** (2)
 - [ ] Uncheck all social media components
 
@@ -296,42 +294,54 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode).
 2. If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis by clicking on the Shield icon in the address bar.
 
-##### Privacy and security
+#### Privacy and security
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
+- [x] Select **Don't allow sites to use the V8 optimizer** under *Security* → *Manage V8 security* (1)
+- [x] Select **Automatically remove permissions from unused sites** under *Sites and Shields Settings*
 - [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
 - [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Private window with Tor** (1)
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect AMP pages**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect tracking URLs**
+- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 
 </div>
 
-1. Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. Where [strong anonymity is required](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
+1. Disabling the V8 optimizer reduces your attack surface by disabling [*some*](https://grapheneos.social/@GrapheneOS/112708049232710156) parts of JavaScript Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.
 
 <div class="admonition tip" markdown>
 <p class="admonition-title">Sanitizing on close</p>
 
-- [x] In the *Sites and Shields Settings* menu, under Content, after clicking on the *On-device site data* menu, select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows**.
+- [x] Select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows** under *Sites and Shields Settings* → *Content* → *Additional content settings* → *On-device site data*.
 
 If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
 
 </div>
 
-##### Extensions
+##### Tor windows
 
-- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you do not use
+[**Private Window with Tor**](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) allows you to route your traffic through the Tor network in Private Windows and access .onion services, which may be useful in some cases. However, Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. If your threat model requires strong anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
 
-##### Web3
+##### Data Collection
 
-Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of features, they should be disabled.
+- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
 
-- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet* and *Default Solana wallet*
+#### Web3
+
+Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of these features, they should be disabled.
+
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet*
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Solana wallet*
 - Set *Method to resolve IPFS resources* to **Disabled**
 
-##### System
+#### Extensions
+
+- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you don't use
+
+#### System
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 

i18n/eo/os/ios-overview.md

@@ -227,4 +227,4 @@ Apple always makes beta versions of iOS available early for those that wish to h
 
 ### Before First Unlock
 
-If your threat model includes forensic tools and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.
+If your threat model includes forensic tools, and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.

i18n/eo/os/windows/index.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This section is a work in progress, because it takes considerably more time and
 
 ## Privacy Notes
 
-Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
+Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
 
 With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as:
 

i18n/es/basics/common-threats.md

@@ -189,4 +189,4 @@ Siempre debes tener en cuenta los riesgos de intentar saltarse la censura, las p
 [^2]: Junta de Supervisión de la Privacidad y las Libertades Civiles de los Estados Unidos: [*Informe sobre el Programa de Registros Telefónicos llevado a cabo bajo la Sección 215*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf)
 [^3]: Wikipedia: [*Capitalismo de vigilancia*](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismo_de_vigilancia)
 [^4]: "[Enumerar lo malo](https://ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb)" (o, "enumerar todas las cosas malas que conocemos"), como hacen muchos bloqueadores de contenidos y programas antivirus, no consigue protegerle adecuadamente de amenazas nuevas y desconocidas porque aún no se han añadido a la lista de filtros. También deberías emplear otras técnicas de mitigación.
-[^5]: Naciones Unidas: [*La Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos*](https://www.un.org/es/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).
+[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

i18n/es/basics/hardware.md

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+---
+title: Choosing Your Hardware
+icon: material/chip
+description: Software isn't all that matters; learn about the hardware tools you use every day to protect your privacy.
+---
+
+When it comes to discussions about privacy, hardware is often not thought about as much as what software we use. Your hardware should be considered the foundation on which you build the rest of your privacy setup.
+
+## Picking a Computer
+
+The internals of your devices process and store all of your digital data. It is important that all devices are supported by the manufacturer and developers by continuing to receive security updates.
+
+### Hardware Security Programs
+
+Some devices will have a "hardware security program", which is a collaboration between vendors on best practices and recommendations when designing hardware, for example:
+
+- [Windows Secured-core PCs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-highly-secure-11) meet a higher security criteria specified by Microsoft. These protections aren't only applicable to Windows users; Users of other operating systems can still take advantage of features like [DMA protection](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt) and the ability to completely distrust Microsoft certificates.
+- [Android Ready SE](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) is a collaboration between vendors to ensure their devices follow [best practices](https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/hardware) and include tamper resistant hardware backed storage for things like encryption keys.
+- macOS running on an Apple SoC takes advantage of [hardware security](../os/macos-overview.md#hardware-security) which may not be available with third party operating systems.
+- [ChromeOS security](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper) is at its best when running on a Chromebook as it is able to make use of available hardware features such as the [hardware root-of-trust](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper/#hardware-root-of-trust-and-verified-boot).
+
+Even if you don't use these operating systems, participation in these programs may indicate that the manufacturer is following best practices when it comes to hardware security and updates.
+
+### Preinstalled OS
+
+New computers nearly always come with Windows preinstalled, unless you buy a Mac or a specialty Linux machine. It's usually a good idea to wipe the drive and install a fresh copy of your operating system of choice, even if that means just reinstalling Windows from scratch. Due to agreements between hardware vendors and shady software vendors, the default Windows install often comes preloaded with bloatware, [adware](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/technology/lenovo-gets-a-slap-on-the-wrist-for-superfish-adware-scandal), or even [malware](https://zdnet.com/article/dell-poweredge-motherboards-ship-with-malware).
+
+### Actualizaciones de firmware
+
+Hardware often has security issues that are discovered and patched through firmware updates for your hardware.
+
+Almost every component of your computer requires firmware to operate, from your motherboard to your storage devices. It is ideal for all the components of your device to be fully supported. Apple devices, Chromebooks, most Android phones, and Microsoft Surface devices will handle firmware updates for you as long as the device is supported.
+
+If you build your own PC, you may need to manually update your motherboard's firmware by downloading it from your OEM's website. If you use Linux, consider using the built-in [`fwupd`](https://fwupd.org) tool that will let you check for and apply any firmware updates available for your motherboard.
+
+### TPM/Secure Cryptoprocessor
+
+Most computers and phones come equipped with a TPM (or a similar secure cryptoprocessor) which safely stores your encryption keys and handles other security-related functions. If you're currently using a machine that doesn't have one of these, you might benefit from purchasing a newer computer that has this feature. Some desktop and server motherboards have a "TPM header" which can accept a small accessory board containing the TPM.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Nota</p>
+
+Virtual TPMs are susceptible to side-channel attacks and external TPMs, as a result of being separate from the CPU on the motherboard, are vulnerable to [sniffing](https://pulsesecurity.co.nz/articles/TPM-sniffing) when an attacker has access to the hardware. The solution to this problem is to include the secure processor inside the CPU itself, which is the case for Apple's chips and Microsoft's [Pluton](https://microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/11/17/meet-the-microsoft-pluton-processor-the-security-chip-designed-for-the-future-of-windows-pcs).
+
+</div>
+
+### Biometrics
+
+Many devices come equipped with a fingerprint reader or face recognition capabilities. These can be very convenient, but they aren't perfect and sometimes fail. Most devices will fall back to a PIN or password when this happens, meaning that the security of your devices is still only as good as your password.
+
+Biometrics can prevent someone from watching you type in your password, so if shoulder-surfing is part of your threat model then biometrics are a good option.
+
+Most implementations of face authentication require you to be looking at your phone and also only work from a relatively close distance, so you don't need to worry too much about someone pointing your phone at your face to unlock it without your consent. You can still disable biometrics when your phone is locked if you want. On iOS, you can hold the side button and a volume button for 3 seconds to disable Face ID on models that support it. On Android, hold the power button and press Lockdown on the menu.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Advertencia</p>
+
+Some devices do not have the proper hardware for secure face authentication. There's two main types of face authentication: 2D and 3D. 3D face authentication makes use of a dot projector that lets the device create a 3D depth map of your face. Make sure that your device has this capability.
+
+</div>
+
+Android defines three [security classes](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/biometric/measure#biometric-classes) for biometrics; you should check that your device is Class 3 before enabling biometrics.
+
+### Device Encryption
+
+If your device is [encrypted](../encryption.md), your data is most secure when your device is completely powered off (as opposed to merely asleep), i.e. before you've entered your encryption key or lock screen password for the first time. On phones, this state of higher security is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and "After First Unlock" (AFU) once you enter the correct password after a reboot/power-on. AFU is considerably less secure against digital forensics toolkits and other exploits, compared to BFU. Therefore, if you are concerned about an attacker with physical access to your device, you should turn it off fully whenever you aren't using it.
+
+This may be impractical, so consider whether it's worth it, but in either case even AFU mode is effective against most threats, given you are using a strong encryption key.
+
+## External Hardware
+
+Some threats can't be protected against by your internal components alone. Many of these options are highly situational; please evaluate if they are really necessary for your threat model.
+
+### Llaves de Seguridad
+
+Hardware keys are devices that use strong cryptography to authenticate you to a device or account. The idea is that because they can not be copied, you can use them to secure accounts in such a way that they can only be accessed with physical possession of the key, eliminating many remote attacks.
+
+[Recommended Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../security-keys.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Learn More about Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys){ .md-button }
+
+### Camera/Microphone
+
+If you don't want to trust your OS's permission controls to prevent the camera from activating in the first place, you can buy camera blockers that physically prevent light from reaching the camera. You could also buy a device that doesn't have a built-in camera and use an external camera that you can unplug whenever you're done using it. Some devices come with built-in camera blockers or hardware switches that physically disconnect the camera from power.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Advertencia</p>
+
+You should only buy covers that fit your laptop and won't cause damage when you close the lid. Covering the camera will interfere with automatic brightness and face authentication features.
+
+</div>
+
+For microphone access, in most cases you will need to trust your OS's built-in permission controls. Alternatively, buy a device that doesn't have a built-in microphone and use an external microphone that you can unplug when you're done using it. Some devices, like a [MacBook or an iPad](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/hardware-microphone-disconnect-secbbd20b00b/web), feature a hardware disconnect for the microphone when you close the lid.
+
+Many computers have a BIOS option to disable the camera and microphone. When disabled there, the hardware won't even appear as a device on a booted system.
+
+### Privacy Screens
+
+Privacy screens are a film you can put over your normal screen so that the screen is only visible from a certain angle. These are good if your threat model includes others peeking at your screen, but it is not foolproof as anyone could just move to a different viewing angle and see what's on your screen.
+
+### Dead Man's Switches
+
+A dead man's switch stops a piece of machinery from operating without the presence of a human operator. These were originally designed as a safety measure, but the same concept can be applied to an electronic device to lock it when you're not present.
+
+Some laptops are able to [detect](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/managing-presence-sensing-settings-in-windows-11-82285c93-440c-4e15-9081-c9e38c1290bb) when you're present and can lock automatically when you aren't sitting in front of the screen. You should check the settings in your OS to see if your computer supports this feature.
+
+You can also get cables, like [Buskill](https://buskill.in), that will lock or wipe your computer when the cable is disconnected.
+
+### Anti-Interdiction/Evil Maid Attack
+
+The best way to prevent a targeted attack against you before a device is in your possession is to purchase a device in a physical store, rather than ordering it to your address.
+
+Make sure your device supports secure boot/verified boot, and you have it enabled. Try to avoid leaving your device unattended whenever possible.
+
+## Secure your Network
+
+### Compartmentalization
+
+Many solutions exist that allow you to separate what you're doing on a computer, such as virtual machines and sandboxing. However, the best compartmentalization is physical separation. This is useful especially for situations where certain software requires you to bypass security features in your OS, such as with anti-cheat software bundled with many games.
+
+For gaming, it may be useful to designate one machine as your "gaming" machine and only use it for that one task. Keep it on a separate VLAN. This may require the use of a managed switch and a router that supports segregated networks.
+
+Most consumer routers allow you to do this by enabling a separate "guest" network that can't talk to your main network. All untrusted devices can go here, including IoT devices like your smart fridge, thermostat, TV, etc.
+
+### Minimalism
+
+As the saying goes, "less is more". The fewer devices you have connected to your network, the less potential attack surface you'll have and the less work it will be to make sure they all stay up-to-date.
+
+You may find it useful to go around your home and make a list of every connected device you have to help you keep track.
+
+### Routers
+
+Your router handles all your network traffic and acts as your first line of defense between you and the open internet.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Nota</p>
+
+A lot of routers come with storage to put your files on so you can access them from any computer on your network. We recommend you don't use networking devices for things other than networking. In the event your router was compromised, your files would also be compromised.
+
+</div>
+
+The most important thing to think about with routers is keeping them up-to-date. Many modern routers will automatically install updates, but many others won't. You should check on your router's settings page for this option. That page can usually be accessed by typing `192.168.1.1` or `192.168.0.1` into the URL bar of any browser assuming you're on the same network. You can also check in the network settings of your OS for "router" or "gateway".
+
+If your router does not support automatic updates, you will need to go to the manufacturer's site to download the updates and apply them manually.
+
+Many consumer-grade routers aren't supported for very long. If your router isn't supported by the manufacturer anymore, you can check if it's supported by [FOSS firmware](../router.md). You can also buy routers that come with FOSS firmware installed by default; these tend to be supported longer than most routers.
+
+Some ISPs provide a combined router/modem. It can be beneficial for security to purchase a separate router and set your ISP router/modem into modem-only mode. This way, even when your ISP-provided router is no longer getting updates, you can still get security updates and patches. It also means any problems that affect your modem won't affect your router and vice versa.

i18n/es/desktop-browsers.md

@@ -265,9 +265,7 @@ Brave añade un "[código de referido](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wi
 
 Estas opciones se encuentran en :material-menu: → **Configuración**.
 
-#### Settings
-
-##### Escudos
+#### Escudos
 
 Brave incluye algunas medidas antihuellas en su función [Escudos](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields). Te sugerimos configurar estas opciones [globalmente](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings) en todas las páginas que visites.
 
@@ -275,7 +273,6 @@ Las opciones de los escudos pueden reducirse según las necesidades de cada siti
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 - [x] Select **Aggressive** under *Trackers & ads blocking*
 
 <details class="warning" markdown>
@@ -288,6 +285,7 @@ Brave te permite seleccionar filtros de contenido adicionales dentro de la pági
 - [x] Select **Strict** under *Upgrade connections to HTTPS*
 - [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
 - [x] Check **Block fingerprinting**
+- [x] Select **Block third-party cookies**
 - [x] Check **Forget me when I close this site** (2)
 - [ ] Uncheck all social media components
 
@@ -296,42 +294,54 @@ Brave te permite seleccionar filtros de contenido adicionales dentro de la pági
 1. Esta opción proporciona una funcionalidad similar a los [modos de bloqueo](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode) avanzados de uBlock Origin.
 2. Si deseas permanecer conectado a un sitio concreto que visitas a menudo, puedes establecer excepciones por sitio haciendo clic en el icono del Escudo de la barra de direcciones.
 
-##### Privacy and security
+#### Privacy and security
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Selecciona **Desactivar el UDP sin proxy** en [Política de gestión de IP de WebRTC](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
-- [ ] Desmarca **Utiliza los servicios de Google para la mensajería push**
-- [ ] Desmarca **Permitir estadísticas del producto con preservación de la privacidad (P3A)**
-- [ ] Desmarca **Enviar automáticamente el ping de uso diario a Brave**
-- [ ] Desmarca **Enviar informes de diagnóstico automáticamente**
-- [ ] Desmarca **Ventana privada con Tor** (1)
+- [x] Select **Don't allow sites to use the V8 optimizer** under *Security* → *Manage V8 security* (1)
+- [x] Select **Automatically remove permissions from unused sites** under *Sites and Shields Settings*
+- [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
+- [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect AMP pages**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect tracking URLs**
+- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 
 </div>
 
-1. Brave **no** es tan resistente a las huellas digitales como Tor Browser y mucha menos gente usa Brave con Tor, así que destacarás. Cuando se [requiera un fuerte anonimato](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity), utiliza el [Navegador Tor](tor.md#tor-browser).
+1. Disabling the V8 optimizer reduces your attack surface by disabling [*some*](https://grapheneos.social/@GrapheneOS/112708049232710156) parts of JavaScript Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.
 
 <div class="admonition tip" markdown>
 <p class="admonition-title">Desinfectar al cerrar</p>
 
-- [x] In the *Sites and Shields Settings* menu, under Content, after clicking on the *On-device site data* menu, select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows**.
+- [x] Select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows** under *Sites and Shields Settings* → *Content* → *Additional content settings* → *On-device site data*.
 
 If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
 
 </div>
 
-##### Extensions
+##### Tor windows
 
-- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you do not use
+[**Private Window with Tor**](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) allows you to route your traffic through the Tor network in Private Windows and access .onion services, which may be useful in some cases. However, Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. If your threat model requires strong anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
 
-##### Web3
+##### Data Collection
 
-Las funciones Web3 de Brave pueden aumentar potencialmente la huella digital de tu navegador y la superficie de ataque. A menos que utilices alguna de las funciones, deberían estar desactivadas.
+- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
 
-- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet* and *Default Solana wallet*
+#### Web3
+
+Las funciones Web3 de Brave pueden aumentar potencialmente la huella digital de tu navegador y la superficie de ataque. Unless you use any of these features, they should be disabled.
+
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet*
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Solana wallet*
 - Set *Method to resolve IPFS resources* to **Disabled**
 
-##### System
+#### Extensions
+
+- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you don't use
+
+#### System
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 

i18n/es/os/ios-overview.md

@@ -227,4 +227,4 @@ Apple siempre pone las versiones beta de iOS a disposición de quienes deseen ay
 
 ### Antes del Primer Desbloqueo
 
-Si tu modelo de amenazas incluye herramientas forenses y quieres minimizar la posibilidad de que se utilicen exploits para acceder a tu teléfono, debes reiniciar el dispositivo con frecuencia. El estado *después de* un reinicio pero *antes de* desbloquear tu dispositivo se conoce como "Antes del Primer Desbloqueo" (BFU), y cuando tu dispositivo está en ese estado hace que sea [significativamente más difícil](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) para las herramientas forenses explotar vulnerabilidades para acceder a tus datos. Este estado BFU te permite recibir notificaciones de llamadas, mensajes de texto y alarmas, pero la mayoría de los datos de tu dispositivo siguen estando encriptados y son inaccesibles. Esto puede ser poco práctico, así que considera si estas soluciones tienen sentido para tu situación.
+If your threat model includes forensic tools, and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. El estado *después de* un reinicio pero *antes de* desbloquear tu dispositivo se conoce como "Antes del Primer Desbloqueo" (BFU), y cuando tu dispositivo está en ese estado hace que sea [significativamente más difícil](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) para las herramientas forenses explotar vulnerabilidades para acceder a tus datos. Este estado BFU te permite recibir notificaciones de llamadas, mensajes de texto y alarmas, pero la mayoría de los datos de tu dispositivo siguen estando encriptados y son inaccesibles. Esto puede ser poco práctico, así que considera si estas soluciones tienen sentido para tu situación.

i18n/es/os/windows/index.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This section is a work in progress, because it takes considerably more time and
 
 ## Notas de Privacidad
 
-Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
+Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
 
 With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as:
 

i18n/fa/basics/common-threats.md

@@ -189,4 +189,4 @@ You must always consider the risks of trying to bypass censorship, the potential
 [^2]: United States Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board: [*Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf)
 [^3]: Wikipedia: [*Surveillance capitalism*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
 [^4]: "[Enumerating badness](https://ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb)" (or, "listing all the bad things that we know about"), as many content blockers and antivirus programs do, fails to adequately protect you from new and unknown threats because they have not yet been added to the filter list. You should also employ other mitigation techniques.
-[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).
+[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

i18n/fa/basics/hardware.md

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+---
+title: Choosing Your Hardware
+icon: material/chip
+description: Software isn't all that matters; learn about the hardware tools you use every day to protect your privacy.
+---
+
+When it comes to discussions about privacy, hardware is often not thought about as much as what software we use. Your hardware should be considered the foundation on which you build the rest of your privacy setup.
+
+## Picking a Computer
+
+The internals of your devices process and store all of your digital data. It is important that all devices are supported by the manufacturer and developers by continuing to receive security updates.
+
+### Hardware Security Programs
+
+Some devices will have a "hardware security program", which is a collaboration between vendors on best practices and recommendations when designing hardware, for example:
+
+- [Windows Secured-core PCs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-highly-secure-11) meet a higher security criteria specified by Microsoft. These protections aren't only applicable to Windows users; Users of other operating systems can still take advantage of features like [DMA protection](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt) and the ability to completely distrust Microsoft certificates.
+- [Android Ready SE](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) is a collaboration between vendors to ensure their devices follow [best practices](https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/hardware) and include tamper resistant hardware backed storage for things like encryption keys.
+- macOS running on an Apple SoC takes advantage of [hardware security](../os/macos-overview.md#hardware-security) which may not be available with third party operating systems.
+- [ChromeOS security](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper) is at its best when running on a Chromebook as it is able to make use of available hardware features such as the [hardware root-of-trust](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper/#hardware-root-of-trust-and-verified-boot).
+
+Even if you don't use these operating systems, participation in these programs may indicate that the manufacturer is following best practices when it comes to hardware security and updates.
+
+### Preinstalled OS
+
+New computers nearly always come with Windows preinstalled, unless you buy a Mac or a specialty Linux machine. It's usually a good idea to wipe the drive and install a fresh copy of your operating system of choice, even if that means just reinstalling Windows from scratch. Due to agreements between hardware vendors and shady software vendors, the default Windows install often comes preloaded with bloatware, [adware](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/technology/lenovo-gets-a-slap-on-the-wrist-for-superfish-adware-scandal), or even [malware](https://zdnet.com/article/dell-poweredge-motherboards-ship-with-malware).
+
+### Firmware Updates
+
+Hardware often has security issues that are discovered and patched through firmware updates for your hardware.
+
+Almost every component of your computer requires firmware to operate, from your motherboard to your storage devices. It is ideal for all the components of your device to be fully supported. Apple devices, Chromebooks, most Android phones, and Microsoft Surface devices will handle firmware updates for you as long as the device is supported.
+
+If you build your own PC, you may need to manually update your motherboard's firmware by downloading it from your OEM's website. If you use Linux, consider using the built-in [`fwupd`](https://fwupd.org) tool that will let you check for and apply any firmware updates available for your motherboard.
+
+### TPM/Secure Cryptoprocessor
+
+Most computers and phones come equipped with a TPM (or a similar secure cryptoprocessor) which safely stores your encryption keys and handles other security-related functions. If you're currently using a machine that doesn't have one of these, you might benefit from purchasing a newer computer that has this feature. Some desktop and server motherboards have a "TPM header" which can accept a small accessory board containing the TPM.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+Virtual TPMs are susceptible to side-channel attacks and external TPMs, as a result of being separate from the CPU on the motherboard, are vulnerable to [sniffing](https://pulsesecurity.co.nz/articles/TPM-sniffing) when an attacker has access to the hardware. The solution to this problem is to include the secure processor inside the CPU itself, which is the case for Apple's chips and Microsoft's [Pluton](https://microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/11/17/meet-the-microsoft-pluton-processor-the-security-chip-designed-for-the-future-of-windows-pcs).
+
+</div>
+
+### Biometrics
+
+Many devices come equipped with a fingerprint reader or face recognition capabilities. These can be very convenient, but they aren't perfect and sometimes fail. Most devices will fall back to a PIN or password when this happens, meaning that the security of your devices is still only as good as your password.
+
+Biometrics can prevent someone from watching you type in your password, so if shoulder-surfing is part of your threat model then biometrics are a good option.
+
+Most implementations of face authentication require you to be looking at your phone and also only work from a relatively close distance, so you don't need to worry too much about someone pointing your phone at your face to unlock it without your consent. You can still disable biometrics when your phone is locked if you want. On iOS, you can hold the side button and a volume button for 3 seconds to disable Face ID on models that support it. On Android, hold the power button and press Lockdown on the menu.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+Some devices do not have the proper hardware for secure face authentication. There's two main types of face authentication: 2D and 3D. 3D face authentication makes use of a dot projector that lets the device create a 3D depth map of your face. Make sure that your device has this capability.
+
+</div>
+
+Android defines three [security classes](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/biometric/measure#biometric-classes) for biometrics; you should check that your device is Class 3 before enabling biometrics.
+
+### Device Encryption
+
+If your device is [encrypted](../encryption.md), your data is most secure when your device is completely powered off (as opposed to merely asleep), i.e. before you've entered your encryption key or lock screen password for the first time. On phones, this state of higher security is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and "After First Unlock" (AFU) once you enter the correct password after a reboot/power-on. AFU is considerably less secure against digital forensics toolkits and other exploits, compared to BFU. Therefore, if you are concerned about an attacker with physical access to your device, you should turn it off fully whenever you aren't using it.
+
+This may be impractical, so consider whether it's worth it, but in either case even AFU mode is effective against most threats, given you are using a strong encryption key.
+
+## External Hardware
+
+Some threats can't be protected against by your internal components alone. Many of these options are highly situational; please evaluate if they are really necessary for your threat model.
+
+### Hardware Security Keys
+
+Hardware keys are devices that use strong cryptography to authenticate you to a device or account. The idea is that because they can not be copied, you can use them to secure accounts in such a way that they can only be accessed with physical possession of the key, eliminating many remote attacks.
+
+[Recommended Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../security-keys.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Learn More about Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys){ .md-button }
+
+### Camera/Microphone
+
+If you don't want to trust your OS's permission controls to prevent the camera from activating in the first place, you can buy camera blockers that physically prevent light from reaching the camera. You could also buy a device that doesn't have a built-in camera and use an external camera that you can unplug whenever you're done using it. Some devices come with built-in camera blockers or hardware switches that physically disconnect the camera from power.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+You should only buy covers that fit your laptop and won't cause damage when you close the lid. Covering the camera will interfere with automatic brightness and face authentication features.
+
+</div>
+
+For microphone access, in most cases you will need to trust your OS's built-in permission controls. Alternatively, buy a device that doesn't have a built-in microphone and use an external microphone that you can unplug when you're done using it. Some devices, like a [MacBook or an iPad](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/hardware-microphone-disconnect-secbbd20b00b/web), feature a hardware disconnect for the microphone when you close the lid.
+
+Many computers have a BIOS option to disable the camera and microphone. When disabled there, the hardware won't even appear as a device on a booted system.
+
+### Privacy Screens
+
+Privacy screens are a film you can put over your normal screen so that the screen is only visible from a certain angle. These are good if your threat model includes others peeking at your screen, but it is not foolproof as anyone could just move to a different viewing angle and see what's on your screen.
+
+### Dead Man's Switches
+
+A dead man's switch stops a piece of machinery from operating without the presence of a human operator. These were originally designed as a safety measure, but the same concept can be applied to an electronic device to lock it when you're not present.
+
+Some laptops are able to [detect](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/managing-presence-sensing-settings-in-windows-11-82285c93-440c-4e15-9081-c9e38c1290bb) when you're present and can lock automatically when you aren't sitting in front of the screen. You should check the settings in your OS to see if your computer supports this feature.
+
+You can also get cables, like [Buskill](https://buskill.in), that will lock or wipe your computer when the cable is disconnected.
+
+### Anti-Interdiction/Evil Maid Attack
+
+The best way to prevent a targeted attack against you before a device is in your possession is to purchase a device in a physical store, rather than ordering it to your address.
+
+Make sure your device supports secure boot/verified boot, and you have it enabled. Try to avoid leaving your device unattended whenever possible.
+
+## Secure your Network
+
+### Compartmentalization
+
+Many solutions exist that allow you to separate what you're doing on a computer, such as virtual machines and sandboxing. However, the best compartmentalization is physical separation. This is useful especially for situations where certain software requires you to bypass security features in your OS, such as with anti-cheat software bundled with many games.
+
+For gaming, it may be useful to designate one machine as your "gaming" machine and only use it for that one task. Keep it on a separate VLAN. This may require the use of a managed switch and a router that supports segregated networks.
+
+Most consumer routers allow you to do this by enabling a separate "guest" network that can't talk to your main network. All untrusted devices can go here, including IoT devices like your smart fridge, thermostat, TV, etc.
+
+### Minimalism
+
+As the saying goes, "less is more". The fewer devices you have connected to your network, the less potential attack surface you'll have and the less work it will be to make sure they all stay up-to-date.
+
+You may find it useful to go around your home and make a list of every connected device you have to help you keep track.
+
+### Routers
+
+Your router handles all your network traffic and acts as your first line of defense between you and the open internet.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+A lot of routers come with storage to put your files on so you can access them from any computer on your network. We recommend you don't use networking devices for things other than networking. In the event your router was compromised, your files would also be compromised.
+
+</div>
+
+The most important thing to think about with routers is keeping them up-to-date. Many modern routers will automatically install updates, but many others won't. You should check on your router's settings page for this option. That page can usually be accessed by typing `192.168.1.1` or `192.168.0.1` into the URL bar of any browser assuming you're on the same network. You can also check in the network settings of your OS for "router" or "gateway".
+
+If your router does not support automatic updates, you will need to go to the manufacturer's site to download the updates and apply them manually.
+
+Many consumer-grade routers aren't supported for very long. If your router isn't supported by the manufacturer anymore, you can check if it's supported by [FOSS firmware](../router.md). You can also buy routers that come with FOSS firmware installed by default; these tend to be supported longer than most routers.
+
+Some ISPs provide a combined router/modem. It can be beneficial for security to purchase a separate router and set your ISP router/modem into modem-only mode. This way, even when your ISP-provided router is no longer getting updates, you can still get security updates and patches. It also means any problems that affect your modem won't affect your router and vice versa.

i18n/fa/desktop-browsers.md

@@ -265,9 +265,7 @@ Brave adds a "[referral code](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/Brave%
 
 These options can be found in :material-menu: → **Settings**.
 
-#### Settings
-
-##### Shields
+#### Shields
 
 Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields) feature. We suggest configuring these options [globally](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings) across all pages that you visit.
 
@@ -275,7 +273,6 @@ Shields' options can be downgraded on a per-site basis as needed, but by default
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 - [x] Select **Aggressive** under *Trackers & ads blocking*
 
 <details class="warning" markdown>
@@ -288,6 +285,7 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 - [x] Select **Strict** under *Upgrade connections to HTTPS*
 - [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
 - [x] Check **Block fingerprinting**
+- [x] Select **Block third-party cookies**
 - [x] Check **Forget me when I close this site** (2)
 - [ ] Uncheck all social media components
 
@@ -296,42 +294,54 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode).
 2. If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis by clicking on the Shield icon in the address bar.
 
-##### Privacy and security
+#### Privacy and security
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
+- [x] Select **Don't allow sites to use the V8 optimizer** under *Security* → *Manage V8 security* (1)
+- [x] Select **Automatically remove permissions from unused sites** under *Sites and Shields Settings*
 - [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
 - [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Private window with Tor** (1)
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect AMP pages**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect tracking URLs**
+- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 
 </div>
 
-1. Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. Where [strong anonymity is required](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
+1. Disabling the V8 optimizer reduces your attack surface by disabling [*some*](https://grapheneos.social/@GrapheneOS/112708049232710156) parts of JavaScript Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.
 
 <div class="admonition tip" markdown>
 <p class="admonition-title">Sanitizing on close</p>
 
-- [x] In the *Sites and Shields Settings* menu, under Content, after clicking on the *On-device site data* menu, select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows**.
+- [x] Select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows** under *Sites and Shields Settings* → *Content* → *Additional content settings* → *On-device site data*.
 
 If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
 
 </div>
 
-##### Extensions
+##### Tor windows
 
-- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you do not use
+[**Private Window with Tor**](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) allows you to route your traffic through the Tor network in Private Windows and access .onion services, which may be useful in some cases. However, Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. If your threat model requires strong anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
 
-##### Web3
+##### Data Collection
 
-Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of features, they should be disabled.
+- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
 
-- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet* and *Default Solana wallet*
+#### Web3
+
+Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of these features, they should be disabled.
+
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet*
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Solana wallet*
 - Set *Method to resolve IPFS resources* to **Disabled**
 
-##### System
+#### Extensions
+
+- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you don't use
+
+#### System
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 

i18n/fa/os/ios-overview.md

@@ -227,4 +227,4 @@ Apple always makes beta versions of iOS available early for those that wish to h
 
 ### Before First Unlock
 
-If your threat model includes forensic tools and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.
+If your threat model includes forensic tools, and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.

i18n/fa/os/windows/index.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This section is a work in progress, because it takes considerably more time and
 
 ## Privacy Notes
 
-Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
+Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
 
 With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as:
 

i18n/fr/basics/common-threats.md

@@ -189,4 +189,4 @@ Vous devez toujours tenir compte des risques encourus en essayant de contourner
 [^2]: Conseil de surveillance de la vie privée et des libertés civiles des États-Unis : [*Rapport sur le programme d'enregistrements téléphoniques mené en vertu de la section 215*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf)
 [^3]: Wikipédia : [*Capitalisme de surveillance*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
 [^4]: "[Énumérer la méchanceté](https://ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb)" (ou "énumérer toutes les mauvaises choses que nous connaissons") comme le font de nombreux bloqueurs de contenu et programmes antivirus, ne permet pas de vous protéger correctement contre les menaces nouvelles et inconnues, car elles n'ont pas encore été ajoutées à la liste des filtres. Vous devriez également utiliser d'autres techniques d'atténuation.
-[^5]: Nations Unies : [*Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme*](https://www.un.org/fr/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).
+[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

i18n/fr/basics/hardware.md

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+---
+title: Choosing Your Hardware
+icon: material/chip
+description: Software isn't all that matters; learn about the hardware tools you use every day to protect your privacy.
+---
+
+When it comes to discussions about privacy, hardware is often not thought about as much as what software we use. Your hardware should be considered the foundation on which you build the rest of your privacy setup.
+
+## Picking a Computer
+
+The internals of your devices process and store all of your digital data. It is important that all devices are supported by the manufacturer and developers by continuing to receive security updates.
+
+### Hardware Security Programs
+
+Some devices will have a "hardware security program", which is a collaboration between vendors on best practices and recommendations when designing hardware, for example:
+
+- [Windows Secured-core PCs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-highly-secure-11) meet a higher security criteria specified by Microsoft. These protections aren't only applicable to Windows users; Users of other operating systems can still take advantage of features like [DMA protection](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt) and the ability to completely distrust Microsoft certificates.
+- [Android Ready SE](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) is a collaboration between vendors to ensure their devices follow [best practices](https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/hardware) and include tamper resistant hardware backed storage for things like encryption keys.
+- macOS running on an Apple SoC takes advantage of [hardware security](../os/macos-overview.md#hardware-security) which may not be available with third party operating systems.
+- [ChromeOS security](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper) is at its best when running on a Chromebook as it is able to make use of available hardware features such as the [hardware root-of-trust](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper/#hardware-root-of-trust-and-verified-boot).
+
+Even if you don't use these operating systems, participation in these programs may indicate that the manufacturer is following best practices when it comes to hardware security and updates.
+
+### Preinstalled OS
+
+New computers nearly always come with Windows preinstalled, unless you buy a Mac or a specialty Linux machine. It's usually a good idea to wipe the drive and install a fresh copy of your operating system of choice, even if that means just reinstalling Windows from scratch. Due to agreements between hardware vendors and shady software vendors, the default Windows install often comes preloaded with bloatware, [adware](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/technology/lenovo-gets-a-slap-on-the-wrist-for-superfish-adware-scandal), or even [malware](https://zdnet.com/article/dell-poweredge-motherboards-ship-with-malware).
+
+### Mises à jour du micrologiciel
+
+Hardware often has security issues that are discovered and patched through firmware updates for your hardware.
+
+Almost every component of your computer requires firmware to operate, from your motherboard to your storage devices. It is ideal for all the components of your device to be fully supported. Apple devices, Chromebooks, most Android phones, and Microsoft Surface devices will handle firmware updates for you as long as the device is supported.
+
+If you build your own PC, you may need to manually update your motherboard's firmware by downloading it from your OEM's website. If you use Linux, consider using the built-in [`fwupd`](https://fwupd.org) tool that will let you check for and apply any firmware updates available for your motherboard.
+
+### TPM/Secure Cryptoprocessor
+
+Most computers and phones come equipped with a TPM (or a similar secure cryptoprocessor) which safely stores your encryption keys and handles other security-related functions. If you're currently using a machine that doesn't have one of these, you might benefit from purchasing a newer computer that has this feature. Some desktop and server motherboards have a "TPM header" which can accept a small accessory board containing the TPM.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+Virtual TPMs are susceptible to side-channel attacks and external TPMs, as a result of being separate from the CPU on the motherboard, are vulnerable to [sniffing](https://pulsesecurity.co.nz/articles/TPM-sniffing) when an attacker has access to the hardware. The solution to this problem is to include the secure processor inside the CPU itself, which is the case for Apple's chips and Microsoft's [Pluton](https://microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/11/17/meet-the-microsoft-pluton-processor-the-security-chip-designed-for-the-future-of-windows-pcs).
+
+</div>
+
+### Biometrics
+
+Many devices come equipped with a fingerprint reader or face recognition capabilities. These can be very convenient, but they aren't perfect and sometimes fail. Most devices will fall back to a PIN or password when this happens, meaning that the security of your devices is still only as good as your password.
+
+Biometrics can prevent someone from watching you type in your password, so if shoulder-surfing is part of your threat model then biometrics are a good option.
+
+Most implementations of face authentication require you to be looking at your phone and also only work from a relatively close distance, so you don't need to worry too much about someone pointing your phone at your face to unlock it without your consent. You can still disable biometrics when your phone is locked if you want. On iOS, you can hold the side button and a volume button for 3 seconds to disable Face ID on models that support it. On Android, hold the power button and press Lockdown on the menu.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Avertissement</p>
+
+Some devices do not have the proper hardware for secure face authentication. There's two main types of face authentication: 2D and 3D. 3D face authentication makes use of a dot projector that lets the device create a 3D depth map of your face. Make sure that your device has this capability.
+
+</div>
+
+Android defines three [security classes](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/biometric/measure#biometric-classes) for biometrics; you should check that your device is Class 3 before enabling biometrics.
+
+### Device Encryption
+
+If your device is [encrypted](../encryption.md), your data is most secure when your device is completely powered off (as opposed to merely asleep), i.e. before you've entered your encryption key or lock screen password for the first time. On phones, this state of higher security is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and "After First Unlock" (AFU) once you enter the correct password after a reboot/power-on. AFU is considerably less secure against digital forensics toolkits and other exploits, compared to BFU. Therefore, if you are concerned about an attacker with physical access to your device, you should turn it off fully whenever you aren't using it.
+
+This may be impractical, so consider whether it's worth it, but in either case even AFU mode is effective against most threats, given you are using a strong encryption key.
+
+## External Hardware
+
+Some threats can't be protected against by your internal components alone. Many of these options are highly situational; please evaluate if they are really necessary for your threat model.
+
+### Clés de sécurité matérielles
+
+Hardware keys are devices that use strong cryptography to authenticate you to a device or account. The idea is that because they can not be copied, you can use them to secure accounts in such a way that they can only be accessed with physical possession of the key, eliminating many remote attacks.
+
+[Recommended Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../security-keys.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Learn More about Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys){ .md-button }
+
+### Camera/Microphone
+
+If you don't want to trust your OS's permission controls to prevent the camera from activating in the first place, you can buy camera blockers that physically prevent light from reaching the camera. You could also buy a device that doesn't have a built-in camera and use an external camera that you can unplug whenever you're done using it. Some devices come with built-in camera blockers or hardware switches that physically disconnect the camera from power.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Avertissement</p>
+
+You should only buy covers that fit your laptop and won't cause damage when you close the lid. Covering the camera will interfere with automatic brightness and face authentication features.
+
+</div>
+
+For microphone access, in most cases you will need to trust your OS's built-in permission controls. Alternatively, buy a device that doesn't have a built-in microphone and use an external microphone that you can unplug when you're done using it. Some devices, like a [MacBook or an iPad](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/hardware-microphone-disconnect-secbbd20b00b/web), feature a hardware disconnect for the microphone when you close the lid.
+
+Many computers have a BIOS option to disable the camera and microphone. When disabled there, the hardware won't even appear as a device on a booted system.
+
+### Privacy Screens
+
+Privacy screens are a film you can put over your normal screen so that the screen is only visible from a certain angle. These are good if your threat model includes others peeking at your screen, but it is not foolproof as anyone could just move to a different viewing angle and see what's on your screen.
+
+### Dead Man's Switches
+
+A dead man's switch stops a piece of machinery from operating without the presence of a human operator. These were originally designed as a safety measure, but the same concept can be applied to an electronic device to lock it when you're not present.
+
+Some laptops are able to [detect](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/managing-presence-sensing-settings-in-windows-11-82285c93-440c-4e15-9081-c9e38c1290bb) when you're present and can lock automatically when you aren't sitting in front of the screen. You should check the settings in your OS to see if your computer supports this feature.
+
+You can also get cables, like [Buskill](https://buskill.in), that will lock or wipe your computer when the cable is disconnected.
+
+### Anti-Interdiction/Evil Maid Attack
+
+The best way to prevent a targeted attack against you before a device is in your possession is to purchase a device in a physical store, rather than ordering it to your address.
+
+Make sure your device supports secure boot/verified boot, and you have it enabled. Try to avoid leaving your device unattended whenever possible.
+
+## Secure your Network
+
+### Compartmentalization
+
+Many solutions exist that allow you to separate what you're doing on a computer, such as virtual machines and sandboxing. However, the best compartmentalization is physical separation. This is useful especially for situations where certain software requires you to bypass security features in your OS, such as with anti-cheat software bundled with many games.
+
+For gaming, it may be useful to designate one machine as your "gaming" machine and only use it for that one task. Keep it on a separate VLAN. This may require the use of a managed switch and a router that supports segregated networks.
+
+Most consumer routers allow you to do this by enabling a separate "guest" network that can't talk to your main network. All untrusted devices can go here, including IoT devices like your smart fridge, thermostat, TV, etc.
+
+### Minimalism
+
+As the saying goes, "less is more". The fewer devices you have connected to your network, the less potential attack surface you'll have and the less work it will be to make sure they all stay up-to-date.
+
+You may find it useful to go around your home and make a list of every connected device you have to help you keep track.
+
+### Routers
+
+Your router handles all your network traffic and acts as your first line of defense between you and the open internet.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+A lot of routers come with storage to put your files on so you can access them from any computer on your network. We recommend you don't use networking devices for things other than networking. In the event your router was compromised, your files would also be compromised.
+
+</div>
+
+The most important thing to think about with routers is keeping them up-to-date. Many modern routers will automatically install updates, but many others won't. You should check on your router's settings page for this option. That page can usually be accessed by typing `192.168.1.1` or `192.168.0.1` into the URL bar of any browser assuming you're on the same network. You can also check in the network settings of your OS for "router" or "gateway".
+
+If your router does not support automatic updates, you will need to go to the manufacturer's site to download the updates and apply them manually.
+
+Many consumer-grade routers aren't supported for very long. If your router isn't supported by the manufacturer anymore, you can check if it's supported by [FOSS firmware](../router.md). You can also buy routers that come with FOSS firmware installed by default; these tend to be supported longer than most routers.
+
+Some ISPs provide a combined router/modem. It can be beneficial for security to purchase a separate router and set your ISP router/modem into modem-only mode. This way, even when your ISP-provided router is no longer getting updates, you can still get security updates and patches. It also means any problems that affect your modem won't affect your router and vice versa.

i18n/fr/desktop-browsers.md

@@ -265,9 +265,7 @@ Brave ajoute un "[code d'affiliation](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wik
 
 Ces options se trouvent dans :material-menu: → **Paramètres**.
 
-#### Settings
-
-##### Shields
+#### Shields
 
 Brave inclut des mesures anti-empreintes digitales dans sa fonction [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields). Nous vous conseillons de configurer ces options de [manière globale](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings) sur toutes les pages que vous visitez.
 
@@ -275,7 +273,6 @@ Les options "Boucliers" peuvent être réduites par site selon les besoins, mais
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 - [x] Select **Aggressive** under *Trackers & ads blocking*
 
 <details class="warning" markdown>
@@ -288,6 +285,7 @@ Brave vous permet de sélectionner des filtres de contenu supplémentaires dans
 - [x] Select **Strict** under *Upgrade connections to HTTPS*
 - [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
 - [x] Check **Block fingerprinting**
+- [x] Select **Block third-party cookies**
 - [x] Check **Forget me when I close this site** (2)
 - [ ] Uncheck all social media components
 
@@ -296,42 +294,54 @@ Brave vous permet de sélectionner des filtres de contenu supplémentaires dans
 1. Cette option offre des fonctionnalités similaires aux [modes de blocage](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode) avancés de uBlock Origin.
 2. Si vous souhaitez rester connecté à un site particulier que vous visitez souvent, vous pouvez définir des exceptions pour chaque site en cliquant sur l'icône Bouclier dans la barre d'adresse.
 
-##### Privacy and security
+#### Privacy and security
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Sélectionnez **Désactiver l'UDP pas en proxy** sous [Politique de gestion des adresses IP WebRTC](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
-- [ ] Décochez **Utiliser les services Google de messagerie push**
-- [ ] Décochez **Autoriser l'analyse de produits respectueuse de la vie privée (P3A)**
-- [ ] Décochez **Envoyer automatiquement un signal d'utilisation quotidienne à Brave**
-- [ ] Décochez **Envoyer automatiquement les rapports de diagnostic**
-- [ ] Décochez **Fenêtre privée avec Tor** (1)
+- [x] Select **Don't allow sites to use the V8 optimizer** under *Security* → *Manage V8 security* (1)
+- [x] Select **Automatically remove permissions from unused sites** under *Sites and Shields Settings*
+- [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
+- [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect AMP pages**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect tracking URLs**
+- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 
 </div>
 
-1. Brave **n'est pas** aussi résistant à la prise d'empreinte numérique que le navigateur Tor et beaucoup moins de personnes utilisent Brave avec Tor, vous sortirez donc du lot. Lorsqu'un [fort anonymat est requis](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity), utilisez le [navigateur Tor](tor.md#tor-browser).
+1. Disabling the V8 optimizer reduces your attack surface by disabling [*some*](https://grapheneos.social/@GrapheneOS/112708049232710156) parts of JavaScript Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.
 
 <div class="admonition tip" markdown>
 <p class="admonition-title">Suppression à la fermeture</p>
 
-- [x] In the *Sites and Shields Settings* menu, under Content, after clicking on the *On-device site data* menu, select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows**.
+- [x] Select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows** under *Sites and Shields Settings* → *Content* → *Additional content settings* → *On-device site data*.
 
 If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
 
 </div>
 
-##### Extensions
+##### Tor windows
 
-- [ ] Décochez toutes les extensions intégrées que vous n'utilisez pas
+[**Private Window with Tor**](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) allows you to route your traffic through the Tor network in Private Windows and access .onion services, which may be useful in some cases. However, Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. If your threat model requires strong anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
 
-##### Web3
+##### Data Collection
 
-Les fonctionnalités Web3 de Brave peuvent potentiellement ajouter à l'empreinte numérique de votre navigateur et à la surface d'attaque. À moins que vous n'utilisiez l'une ou l'autre de ces fonctions, elles devraient être désactivées.
+- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
 
-- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet* and *Default Solana wallet*
+#### Web3
+
+Les fonctionnalités Web3 de Brave peuvent potentiellement ajouter à l'empreinte numérique de votre navigateur et à la surface d'attaque. Unless you use any of these features, they should be disabled.
+
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet*
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Solana wallet*
 - Définir *Méthode de résolution des ressources IPFS* sur **Désactivé**
 
-##### System
+#### Extensions
+
+- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you don't use
+
+#### System
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 

i18n/fr/os/ios-overview.md

@@ -227,4 +227,4 @@ Apple met toujours des versions bêta d'iOS à la disposition de ceux qui souhai
 
 ### Avant le premier déverrouillage
 
-Si votre modèle de menace comprend des outils d'investigation et que vous souhaitez minimiser les risques d'utilisation d'exploits pour accéder à votre téléphone, vous devriez redémarrer votre appareil fréquemment. L'état *après* un redémarrage mais *avant* le déverrouillage de votre appareil est appelé "Before First Unlock" (BFU), et lorsque votre appareil est dans cet état, il est [nettement plus difficile](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) pour les outils de criminalistique d'exploiter des vulnérabilités pour accéder à vos données. Cet état BFU vous permet de recevoir des notifications pour les appels, les textes et les alarmes, mais la plupart des données de votre appareil sont toujours chiffrées et inaccessibles. Cela peut s'avérer peu pratique, il convient donc de se demander si ces compromis sont judicieux dans votre situation.
+If your threat model includes forensic tools, and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. L'état *après* un redémarrage mais *avant* le déverrouillage de votre appareil est appelé "Before First Unlock" (BFU), et lorsque votre appareil est dans cet état, il est [nettement plus difficile](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) pour les outils de criminalistique d'exploiter des vulnérabilités pour accéder à vos données. Cet état BFU vous permet de recevoir des notifications pour les appels, les textes et les alarmes, mais la plupart des données de votre appareil sont toujours chiffrées et inaccessibles. Cela peut s'avérer peu pratique, il convient donc de se demander si ces compromis sont judicieux dans votre situation.

i18n/fr/os/windows/index.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This section is a work in progress, because it takes considerably more time and
 
 ## Remarques concernant la vie privée
 
-Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
+Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
 
 With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as:
 

i18n/he/basics/common-threats.md

@@ -189,4 +189,4 @@ If you're concerned about mass surveillance programs, you can use strategies lik
 [^2]: מועצת הפיקוח על הפרטיות וחירויות האזרח של ארצות הברית: [*דיווח על תוכנית רישומי הטלפון שנערכה לפי סעיף 215*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf)
 [^3]: ויקיפדיה: [*מעקב קפיטליזם*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
 [^4]: "[Enumerating badness](https://ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb)" (or, "listing all the bad things that we know about"), as many content blockers and antivirus programs do, fails to adequately protect you from new and unknown threats because they have not yet been added to the filter list. אתה צריך גם להשתמש בטכניקות הפחתה אחרות.
-[^5]: האומות המאוחדות: [*הכרזה אוניברסלית על זכויות אדם*](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).
+[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

i18n/he/basics/hardware.md

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+---
+title: Choosing Your Hardware
+icon: material/chip
+description: Software isn't all that matters; learn about the hardware tools you use every day to protect your privacy.
+---
+
+When it comes to discussions about privacy, hardware is often not thought about as much as what software we use. Your hardware should be considered the foundation on which you build the rest of your privacy setup.
+
+## Picking a Computer
+
+The internals of your devices process and store all of your digital data. It is important that all devices are supported by the manufacturer and developers by continuing to receive security updates.
+
+### Hardware Security Programs
+
+Some devices will have a "hardware security program", which is a collaboration between vendors on best practices and recommendations when designing hardware, for example:
+
+- [Windows Secured-core PCs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-highly-secure-11) meet a higher security criteria specified by Microsoft. These protections aren't only applicable to Windows users; Users of other operating systems can still take advantage of features like [DMA protection](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt) and the ability to completely distrust Microsoft certificates.
+- [Android Ready SE](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) is a collaboration between vendors to ensure their devices follow [best practices](https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/hardware) and include tamper resistant hardware backed storage for things like encryption keys.
+- macOS running on an Apple SoC takes advantage of [hardware security](../os/macos-overview.md#hardware-security) which may not be available with third party operating systems.
+- [ChromeOS security](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper) is at its best when running on a Chromebook as it is able to make use of available hardware features such as the [hardware root-of-trust](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper/#hardware-root-of-trust-and-verified-boot).
+
+Even if you don't use these operating systems, participation in these programs may indicate that the manufacturer is following best practices when it comes to hardware security and updates.
+
+### Preinstalled OS
+
+New computers nearly always come with Windows preinstalled, unless you buy a Mac or a specialty Linux machine. It's usually a good idea to wipe the drive and install a fresh copy of your operating system of choice, even if that means just reinstalling Windows from scratch. Due to agreements between hardware vendors and shady software vendors, the default Windows install often comes preloaded with bloatware, [adware](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/technology/lenovo-gets-a-slap-on-the-wrist-for-superfish-adware-scandal), or even [malware](https://zdnet.com/article/dell-poweredge-motherboards-ship-with-malware).
+
+### עדכוני קושחה
+
+Hardware often has security issues that are discovered and patched through firmware updates for your hardware.
+
+Almost every component of your computer requires firmware to operate, from your motherboard to your storage devices. It is ideal for all the components of your device to be fully supported. Apple devices, Chromebooks, most Android phones, and Microsoft Surface devices will handle firmware updates for you as long as the device is supported.
+
+If you build your own PC, you may need to manually update your motherboard's firmware by downloading it from your OEM's website. If you use Linux, consider using the built-in [`fwupd`](https://fwupd.org) tool that will let you check for and apply any firmware updates available for your motherboard.
+
+### TPM/Secure Cryptoprocessor
+
+Most computers and phones come equipped with a TPM (or a similar secure cryptoprocessor) which safely stores your encryption keys and handles other security-related functions. If you're currently using a machine that doesn't have one of these, you might benefit from purchasing a newer computer that has this feature. Some desktop and server motherboards have a "TPM header" which can accept a small accessory board containing the TPM.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+Virtual TPMs are susceptible to side-channel attacks and external TPMs, as a result of being separate from the CPU on the motherboard, are vulnerable to [sniffing](https://pulsesecurity.co.nz/articles/TPM-sniffing) when an attacker has access to the hardware. The solution to this problem is to include the secure processor inside the CPU itself, which is the case for Apple's chips and Microsoft's [Pluton](https://microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/11/17/meet-the-microsoft-pluton-processor-the-security-chip-designed-for-the-future-of-windows-pcs).
+
+</div>
+
+### Biometrics
+
+Many devices come equipped with a fingerprint reader or face recognition capabilities. These can be very convenient, but they aren't perfect and sometimes fail. Most devices will fall back to a PIN or password when this happens, meaning that the security of your devices is still only as good as your password.
+
+Biometrics can prevent someone from watching you type in your password, so if shoulder-surfing is part of your threat model then biometrics are a good option.
+
+Most implementations of face authentication require you to be looking at your phone and also only work from a relatively close distance, so you don't need to worry too much about someone pointing your phone at your face to unlock it without your consent. You can still disable biometrics when your phone is locked if you want. On iOS, you can hold the side button and a volume button for 3 seconds to disable Face ID on models that support it. On Android, hold the power button and press Lockdown on the menu.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+Some devices do not have the proper hardware for secure face authentication. There's two main types of face authentication: 2D and 3D. 3D face authentication makes use of a dot projector that lets the device create a 3D depth map of your face. Make sure that your device has this capability.
+
+</div>
+
+Android defines three [security classes](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/biometric/measure#biometric-classes) for biometrics; you should check that your device is Class 3 before enabling biometrics.
+
+### Device Encryption
+
+If your device is [encrypted](../encryption.md), your data is most secure when your device is completely powered off (as opposed to merely asleep), i.e. before you've entered your encryption key or lock screen password for the first time. On phones, this state of higher security is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and "After First Unlock" (AFU) once you enter the correct password after a reboot/power-on. AFU is considerably less secure against digital forensics toolkits and other exploits, compared to BFU. Therefore, if you are concerned about an attacker with physical access to your device, you should turn it off fully whenever you aren't using it.
+
+This may be impractical, so consider whether it's worth it, but in either case even AFU mode is effective against most threats, given you are using a strong encryption key.
+
+## External Hardware
+
+Some threats can't be protected against by your internal components alone. Many of these options are highly situational; please evaluate if they are really necessary for your threat model.
+
+### מפתחות אבטחה של חומרה
+
+Hardware keys are devices that use strong cryptography to authenticate you to a device or account. The idea is that because they can not be copied, you can use them to secure accounts in such a way that they can only be accessed with physical possession of the key, eliminating many remote attacks.
+
+[Recommended Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../security-keys.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Learn More about Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys){ .md-button }
+
+### Camera/Microphone
+
+If you don't want to trust your OS's permission controls to prevent the camera from activating in the first place, you can buy camera blockers that physically prevent light from reaching the camera. You could also buy a device that doesn't have a built-in camera and use an external camera that you can unplug whenever you're done using it. Some devices come with built-in camera blockers or hardware switches that physically disconnect the camera from power.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+You should only buy covers that fit your laptop and won't cause damage when you close the lid. Covering the camera will interfere with automatic brightness and face authentication features.
+
+</div>
+
+For microphone access, in most cases you will need to trust your OS's built-in permission controls. Alternatively, buy a device that doesn't have a built-in microphone and use an external microphone that you can unplug when you're done using it. Some devices, like a [MacBook or an iPad](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/hardware-microphone-disconnect-secbbd20b00b/web), feature a hardware disconnect for the microphone when you close the lid.
+
+Many computers have a BIOS option to disable the camera and microphone. When disabled there, the hardware won't even appear as a device on a booted system.
+
+### Privacy Screens
+
+Privacy screens are a film you can put over your normal screen so that the screen is only visible from a certain angle. These are good if your threat model includes others peeking at your screen, but it is not foolproof as anyone could just move to a different viewing angle and see what's on your screen.
+
+### Dead Man's Switches
+
+A dead man's switch stops a piece of machinery from operating without the presence of a human operator. These were originally designed as a safety measure, but the same concept can be applied to an electronic device to lock it when you're not present.
+
+Some laptops are able to [detect](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/managing-presence-sensing-settings-in-windows-11-82285c93-440c-4e15-9081-c9e38c1290bb) when you're present and can lock automatically when you aren't sitting in front of the screen. You should check the settings in your OS to see if your computer supports this feature.
+
+You can also get cables, like [Buskill](https://buskill.in), that will lock or wipe your computer when the cable is disconnected.
+
+### Anti-Interdiction/Evil Maid Attack
+
+The best way to prevent a targeted attack against you before a device is in your possession is to purchase a device in a physical store, rather than ordering it to your address.
+
+Make sure your device supports secure boot/verified boot, and you have it enabled. Try to avoid leaving your device unattended whenever possible.
+
+## Secure your Network
+
+### Compartmentalization
+
+Many solutions exist that allow you to separate what you're doing on a computer, such as virtual machines and sandboxing. However, the best compartmentalization is physical separation. This is useful especially for situations where certain software requires you to bypass security features in your OS, such as with anti-cheat software bundled with many games.
+
+For gaming, it may be useful to designate one machine as your "gaming" machine and only use it for that one task. Keep it on a separate VLAN. This may require the use of a managed switch and a router that supports segregated networks.
+
+Most consumer routers allow you to do this by enabling a separate "guest" network that can't talk to your main network. All untrusted devices can go here, including IoT devices like your smart fridge, thermostat, TV, etc.
+
+### Minimalism
+
+As the saying goes, "less is more". The fewer devices you have connected to your network, the less potential attack surface you'll have and the less work it will be to make sure they all stay up-to-date.
+
+You may find it useful to go around your home and make a list of every connected device you have to help you keep track.
+
+### Routers
+
+Your router handles all your network traffic and acts as your first line of defense between you and the open internet.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+A lot of routers come with storage to put your files on so you can access them from any computer on your network. We recommend you don't use networking devices for things other than networking. In the event your router was compromised, your files would also be compromised.
+
+</div>
+
+The most important thing to think about with routers is keeping them up-to-date. Many modern routers will automatically install updates, but many others won't. You should check on your router's settings page for this option. That page can usually be accessed by typing `192.168.1.1` or `192.168.0.1` into the URL bar of any browser assuming you're on the same network. You can also check in the network settings of your OS for "router" or "gateway".
+
+If your router does not support automatic updates, you will need to go to the manufacturer's site to download the updates and apply them manually.
+
+Many consumer-grade routers aren't supported for very long. If your router isn't supported by the manufacturer anymore, you can check if it's supported by [FOSS firmware](../router.md). You can also buy routers that come with FOSS firmware installed by default; these tend to be supported longer than most routers.
+
+Some ISPs provide a combined router/modem. It can be beneficial for security to purchase a separate router and set your ISP router/modem into modem-only mode. This way, even when your ISP-provided router is no longer getting updates, you can still get security updates and patches. It also means any problems that affect your modem won't affect your router and vice versa.

i18n/he/desktop-browsers.md

@@ -265,9 +265,7 @@ Brave מוסיף "[קוד הפניה](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wik
 
 ניתן למצוא אפשרויות אלה ב - :material-menu: ← **הגדרות**.
 
-#### Settings
-
-##### Shields
+#### Shields
 
 Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields) feature. We suggest configuring these options [globally](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings) across all pages that you visit.
 
@@ -275,7 +273,6 @@ Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://suppor
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 - [x] Select **Aggressive** under *Trackers & ads blocking*
 
 <details class="warning" markdown>
@@ -288,6 +285,7 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 - [x] Select **Strict** under *Upgrade connections to HTTPS*
 - [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
 - [x] Check **Block fingerprinting**
+- [x] Select **Block third-party cookies**
 - [x] Check **Forget me when I close this site** (2)
 - [ ] Uncheck all social media components
 
@@ -296,42 +294,54 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode).
 2. If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis by clicking on the Shield icon in the address bar.
 
-##### Privacy and security
+#### Privacy and security
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
+- [x] Select **Don't allow sites to use the V8 optimizer** under *Security* → *Manage V8 security* (1)
+- [x] Select **Automatically remove permissions from unused sites** under *Sites and Shields Settings*
 - [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
 - [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Private window with Tor** (1)
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect AMP pages**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect tracking URLs**
+- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 
 </div>
 
-1. Brave הוא **לא** עמיד בפני טביעת אצבע כמו דפדפן Tor והרבה פחות אנשים משתמשים אמיץ עם Tor, כך תוכל להתבלט. Where [strong anonymity is required](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
+1. Disabling the V8 optimizer reduces your attack surface by disabling [*some*](https://grapheneos.social/@GrapheneOS/112708049232710156) parts of JavaScript Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.
 
 <div class="admonition tip" markdown>
 <p class="admonition-title">Sanitizing on close</p>
 
-- [x] In the *Sites and Shields Settings* menu, under Content, after clicking on the *On-device site data* menu, select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows**.
+- [x] Select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows** under *Sites and Shields Settings* → *Content* → *Additional content settings* → *On-device site data*.
 
 If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
 
 </div>
 
-##### Extensions
+##### Tor windows
 
-- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you do not use
+[**Private Window with Tor**](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) allows you to route your traffic through the Tor network in Private Windows and access .onion services, which may be useful in some cases. However, Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. If your threat model requires strong anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
 
-##### Web3
+##### Data Collection
 
-תכונות ה-Web3 של Brave עשויות להוסיף לטביעת האצבע של הדפדפן ולשטח ההתקפה שלך. אלא אם אתה משתמש באחת מהתכונות, יש להשבית אותן.
+- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
 
-- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet* and *Default Solana wallet*
+#### Web3
+
+תכונות ה-Web3 של Brave עשויות להוסיף לטביעת האצבע של הדפדפן ולשטח ההתקפה שלך. Unless you use any of these features, they should be disabled.
+
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet*
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Solana wallet*
 - Set *Method to resolve IPFS resources* to **Disabled**
 
-##### System
+#### Extensions
+
+- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you don't use
+
+#### System
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 

i18n/he/os/ios-overview.md

@@ -227,4 +227,4 @@ This is disabled by default and cannot be changed for users under 18.
 
 ### לפני הפתיחה הראשונה
 
-אם מודל האיום שלך כולל כלים פורנזיים ואתה רוצה למזער את הסיכוי של ניצול שימוש כדי לגשת לטלפון שלך, עליך להפעיל מחדש את המכשיר לעתים קרובות. המצב *אחרי* אתחול מחדש אך *לפני* ביטול נעילת המכשיר שלך מכונה "לפני ביטול נעילה ראשון" (BFU), וכאשר המכשיר שלך נמצא במצב זה, זה מקשה [באופן משמעותי](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) עבור כלים משפטיים לנצל נקודות תורפה כדי לגשת לנתונים שלך. מצב BFU זה מאפשר לך לקבל התראות על שיחות, הודעות טקסט והתראות, אך רוב הנתונים במכשיר שלך עדיין מוצפנים ואינם נגישים. זה יכול להיות לא מעשי, אז שקול אם הפשרות האלה הגיוניות למצב שלך.
+If your threat model includes forensic tools, and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. המצב *אחרי* אתחול מחדש אך *לפני* ביטול נעילת המכשיר שלך מכונה "לפני ביטול נעילה ראשון" (BFU), וכאשר המכשיר שלך נמצא במצב זה, זה מקשה [באופן משמעותי](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) עבור כלים משפטיים לנצל נקודות תורפה כדי לגשת לנתונים שלך. מצב BFU זה מאפשר לך לקבל התראות על שיחות, הודעות טקסט והתראות, אך רוב הנתונים במכשיר שלך עדיין מוצפנים ואינם נגישים. זה יכול להיות לא מעשי, אז שקול אם הפשרות האלה הגיוניות למצב שלך.

i18n/he/os/windows/index.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This section is a work in progress, because it takes considerably more time and
 
 ## הערות פרטיות
 
-Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
+Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
 
 With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as:
 

i18n/hi/basics/common-threats.md

@@ -189,4 +189,4 @@ You must always consider the risks of trying to bypass censorship, the potential
 [^2]: United States Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board: [*Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf)
 [^3]: Wikipedia: [*Surveillance capitalism*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
 [^4]: "[Enumerating badness](https://ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb)" (or, "listing all the bad things that we know about"), as many content blockers and antivirus programs do, fails to adequately protect you from new and unknown threats because they have not yet been added to the filter list. You should also employ other mitigation techniques.
-[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).
+[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

i18n/hi/basics/hardware.md

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+---
+title: Choosing Your Hardware
+icon: material/chip
+description: Software isn't all that matters; learn about the hardware tools you use every day to protect your privacy.
+---
+
+When it comes to discussions about privacy, hardware is often not thought about as much as what software we use. Your hardware should be considered the foundation on which you build the rest of your privacy setup.
+
+## Picking a Computer
+
+The internals of your devices process and store all of your digital data. It is important that all devices are supported by the manufacturer and developers by continuing to receive security updates.
+
+### Hardware Security Programs
+
+Some devices will have a "hardware security program", which is a collaboration between vendors on best practices and recommendations when designing hardware, for example:
+
+- [Windows Secured-core PCs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-highly-secure-11) meet a higher security criteria specified by Microsoft. These protections aren't only applicable to Windows users; Users of other operating systems can still take advantage of features like [DMA protection](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt) and the ability to completely distrust Microsoft certificates.
+- [Android Ready SE](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) is a collaboration between vendors to ensure their devices follow [best practices](https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/hardware) and include tamper resistant hardware backed storage for things like encryption keys.
+- macOS running on an Apple SoC takes advantage of [hardware security](../os/macos-overview.md#hardware-security) which may not be available with third party operating systems.
+- [ChromeOS security](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper) is at its best when running on a Chromebook as it is able to make use of available hardware features such as the [hardware root-of-trust](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper/#hardware-root-of-trust-and-verified-boot).
+
+Even if you don't use these operating systems, participation in these programs may indicate that the manufacturer is following best practices when it comes to hardware security and updates.
+
+### Preinstalled OS
+
+New computers nearly always come with Windows preinstalled, unless you buy a Mac or a specialty Linux machine. It's usually a good idea to wipe the drive and install a fresh copy of your operating system of choice, even if that means just reinstalling Windows from scratch. Due to agreements between hardware vendors and shady software vendors, the default Windows install often comes preloaded with bloatware, [adware](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/technology/lenovo-gets-a-slap-on-the-wrist-for-superfish-adware-scandal), or even [malware](https://zdnet.com/article/dell-poweredge-motherboards-ship-with-malware).
+
+### Firmware Updates
+
+Hardware often has security issues that are discovered and patched through firmware updates for your hardware.
+
+Almost every component of your computer requires firmware to operate, from your motherboard to your storage devices. It is ideal for all the components of your device to be fully supported. Apple devices, Chromebooks, most Android phones, and Microsoft Surface devices will handle firmware updates for you as long as the device is supported.
+
+If you build your own PC, you may need to manually update your motherboard's firmware by downloading it from your OEM's website. If you use Linux, consider using the built-in [`fwupd`](https://fwupd.org) tool that will let you check for and apply any firmware updates available for your motherboard.
+
+### TPM/Secure Cryptoprocessor
+
+Most computers and phones come equipped with a TPM (or a similar secure cryptoprocessor) which safely stores your encryption keys and handles other security-related functions. If you're currently using a machine that doesn't have one of these, you might benefit from purchasing a newer computer that has this feature. Some desktop and server motherboards have a "TPM header" which can accept a small accessory board containing the TPM.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+Virtual TPMs are susceptible to side-channel attacks and external TPMs, as a result of being separate from the CPU on the motherboard, are vulnerable to [sniffing](https://pulsesecurity.co.nz/articles/TPM-sniffing) when an attacker has access to the hardware. The solution to this problem is to include the secure processor inside the CPU itself, which is the case for Apple's chips and Microsoft's [Pluton](https://microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/11/17/meet-the-microsoft-pluton-processor-the-security-chip-designed-for-the-future-of-windows-pcs).
+
+</div>
+
+### Biometrics
+
+Many devices come equipped with a fingerprint reader or face recognition capabilities. These can be very convenient, but they aren't perfect and sometimes fail. Most devices will fall back to a PIN or password when this happens, meaning that the security of your devices is still only as good as your password.
+
+Biometrics can prevent someone from watching you type in your password, so if shoulder-surfing is part of your threat model then biometrics are a good option.
+
+Most implementations of face authentication require you to be looking at your phone and also only work from a relatively close distance, so you don't need to worry too much about someone pointing your phone at your face to unlock it without your consent. You can still disable biometrics when your phone is locked if you want. On iOS, you can hold the side button and a volume button for 3 seconds to disable Face ID on models that support it. On Android, hold the power button and press Lockdown on the menu.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+Some devices do not have the proper hardware for secure face authentication. There's two main types of face authentication: 2D and 3D. 3D face authentication makes use of a dot projector that lets the device create a 3D depth map of your face. Make sure that your device has this capability.
+
+</div>
+
+Android defines three [security classes](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/biometric/measure#biometric-classes) for biometrics; you should check that your device is Class 3 before enabling biometrics.
+
+### Device Encryption
+
+If your device is [encrypted](../encryption.md), your data is most secure when your device is completely powered off (as opposed to merely asleep), i.e. before you've entered your encryption key or lock screen password for the first time. On phones, this state of higher security is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and "After First Unlock" (AFU) once you enter the correct password after a reboot/power-on. AFU is considerably less secure against digital forensics toolkits and other exploits, compared to BFU. Therefore, if you are concerned about an attacker with physical access to your device, you should turn it off fully whenever you aren't using it.
+
+This may be impractical, so consider whether it's worth it, but in either case even AFU mode is effective against most threats, given you are using a strong encryption key.
+
+## External Hardware
+
+Some threats can't be protected against by your internal components alone. Many of these options are highly situational; please evaluate if they are really necessary for your threat model.
+
+### Hardware Security Keys
+
+Hardware keys are devices that use strong cryptography to authenticate you to a device or account. The idea is that because they can not be copied, you can use them to secure accounts in such a way that they can only be accessed with physical possession of the key, eliminating many remote attacks.
+
+[Recommended Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../security-keys.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Learn More about Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys){ .md-button }
+
+### Camera/Microphone
+
+If you don't want to trust your OS's permission controls to prevent the camera from activating in the first place, you can buy camera blockers that physically prevent light from reaching the camera. You could also buy a device that doesn't have a built-in camera and use an external camera that you can unplug whenever you're done using it. Some devices come with built-in camera blockers or hardware switches that physically disconnect the camera from power.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+You should only buy covers that fit your laptop and won't cause damage when you close the lid. Covering the camera will interfere with automatic brightness and face authentication features.
+
+</div>
+
+For microphone access, in most cases you will need to trust your OS's built-in permission controls. Alternatively, buy a device that doesn't have a built-in microphone and use an external microphone that you can unplug when you're done using it. Some devices, like a [MacBook or an iPad](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/hardware-microphone-disconnect-secbbd20b00b/web), feature a hardware disconnect for the microphone when you close the lid.
+
+Many computers have a BIOS option to disable the camera and microphone. When disabled there, the hardware won't even appear as a device on a booted system.
+
+### Privacy Screens
+
+Privacy screens are a film you can put over your normal screen so that the screen is only visible from a certain angle. These are good if your threat model includes others peeking at your screen, but it is not foolproof as anyone could just move to a different viewing angle and see what's on your screen.
+
+### Dead Man's Switches
+
+A dead man's switch stops a piece of machinery from operating without the presence of a human operator. These were originally designed as a safety measure, but the same concept can be applied to an electronic device to lock it when you're not present.
+
+Some laptops are able to [detect](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/managing-presence-sensing-settings-in-windows-11-82285c93-440c-4e15-9081-c9e38c1290bb) when you're present and can lock automatically when you aren't sitting in front of the screen. You should check the settings in your OS to see if your computer supports this feature.
+
+You can also get cables, like [Buskill](https://buskill.in), that will lock or wipe your computer when the cable is disconnected.
+
+### Anti-Interdiction/Evil Maid Attack
+
+The best way to prevent a targeted attack against you before a device is in your possession is to purchase a device in a physical store, rather than ordering it to your address.
+
+Make sure your device supports secure boot/verified boot, and you have it enabled. Try to avoid leaving your device unattended whenever possible.
+
+## Secure your Network
+
+### Compartmentalization
+
+Many solutions exist that allow you to separate what you're doing on a computer, such as virtual machines and sandboxing. However, the best compartmentalization is physical separation. This is useful especially for situations where certain software requires you to bypass security features in your OS, such as with anti-cheat software bundled with many games.
+
+For gaming, it may be useful to designate one machine as your "gaming" machine and only use it for that one task. Keep it on a separate VLAN. This may require the use of a managed switch and a router that supports segregated networks.
+
+Most consumer routers allow you to do this by enabling a separate "guest" network that can't talk to your main network. All untrusted devices can go here, including IoT devices like your smart fridge, thermostat, TV, etc.
+
+### Minimalism
+
+As the saying goes, "less is more". The fewer devices you have connected to your network, the less potential attack surface you'll have and the less work it will be to make sure they all stay up-to-date.
+
+You may find it useful to go around your home and make a list of every connected device you have to help you keep track.
+
+### Routers
+
+Your router handles all your network traffic and acts as your first line of defense between you and the open internet.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+A lot of routers come with storage to put your files on so you can access them from any computer on your network. We recommend you don't use networking devices for things other than networking. In the event your router was compromised, your files would also be compromised.
+
+</div>
+
+The most important thing to think about with routers is keeping them up-to-date. Many modern routers will automatically install updates, but many others won't. You should check on your router's settings page for this option. That page can usually be accessed by typing `192.168.1.1` or `192.168.0.1` into the URL bar of any browser assuming you're on the same network. You can also check in the network settings of your OS for "router" or "gateway".
+
+If your router does not support automatic updates, you will need to go to the manufacturer's site to download the updates and apply them manually.
+
+Many consumer-grade routers aren't supported for very long. If your router isn't supported by the manufacturer anymore, you can check if it's supported by [FOSS firmware](../router.md). You can also buy routers that come with FOSS firmware installed by default; these tend to be supported longer than most routers.
+
+Some ISPs provide a combined router/modem. It can be beneficial for security to purchase a separate router and set your ISP router/modem into modem-only mode. This way, even when your ISP-provided router is no longer getting updates, you can still get security updates and patches. It also means any problems that affect your modem won't affect your router and vice versa.

i18n/hi/desktop-browsers.md

@@ -265,9 +265,7 @@ Brave adds a "[referral code](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/Brave%
 
 These options can be found in :material-menu: → **Settings**.
 
-#### Settings
-
-##### Shields
+#### Shields
 
 Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields) feature. We suggest configuring these options [globally](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings) across all pages that you visit.
 
@@ -275,7 +273,6 @@ Shields' options can be downgraded on a per-site basis as needed, but by default
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 - [x] Select **Aggressive** under *Trackers & ads blocking*
 
 <details class="warning" markdown>
@@ -288,6 +285,7 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 - [x] Select **Strict** under *Upgrade connections to HTTPS*
 - [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
 - [x] Check **Block fingerprinting**
+- [x] Select **Block third-party cookies**
 - [x] Check **Forget me when I close this site** (2)
 - [ ] Uncheck all social media components
 
@@ -296,42 +294,54 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode).
 2. If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis by clicking on the Shield icon in the address bar.
 
-##### Privacy and security
+#### Privacy and security
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
+- [x] Select **Don't allow sites to use the V8 optimizer** under *Security* → *Manage V8 security* (1)
+- [x] Select **Automatically remove permissions from unused sites** under *Sites and Shields Settings*
 - [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
 - [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Private window with Tor** (1)
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect AMP pages**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect tracking URLs**
+- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 
 </div>
 
-1. Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. Where [strong anonymity is required](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
+1. Disabling the V8 optimizer reduces your attack surface by disabling [*some*](https://grapheneos.social/@GrapheneOS/112708049232710156) parts of JavaScript Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.
 
 <div class="admonition tip" markdown>
 <p class="admonition-title">Sanitizing on close</p>
 
-- [x] In the *Sites and Shields Settings* menu, under Content, after clicking on the *On-device site data* menu, select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows**.
+- [x] Select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows** under *Sites and Shields Settings* → *Content* → *Additional content settings* → *On-device site data*.
 
 If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
 
 </div>
 
-##### Extensions
+##### Tor windows
 
-- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you do not use
+[**Private Window with Tor**](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) allows you to route your traffic through the Tor network in Private Windows and access .onion services, which may be useful in some cases. However, Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. If your threat model requires strong anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
 
-##### Web3
+##### Data Collection
 
-Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of features, they should be disabled.
+- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
 
-- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet* and *Default Solana wallet*
+#### Web3
+
+Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of these features, they should be disabled.
+
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet*
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Solana wallet*
 - Set *Method to resolve IPFS resources* to **Disabled**
 
-##### System
+#### Extensions
+
+- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you don't use
+
+#### System
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 

i18n/hi/os/ios-overview.md

@@ -227,4 +227,4 @@ Apple always makes beta versions of iOS available early for those that wish to h
 
 ### Before First Unlock
 
-If your threat model includes forensic tools and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.
+If your threat model includes forensic tools, and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.

i18n/hi/os/windows/index.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This section is a work in progress, because it takes considerably more time and
 
 ## Privacy Notes
 
-Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
+Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
 
 With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as:
 

i18n/hu/basics/common-threats.md

@@ -189,4 +189,4 @@ You must always consider the risks of trying to bypass censorship, the potential
 [^2]: United States Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board: [*Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf)
 [^3]: Wikipedia: [*Surveillance capitalism*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
 [^4]: "[Enumerating badness](https://ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb)" (or, "listing all the bad things that we know about"), as many content blockers and antivirus programs do, fails to adequately protect you from new and unknown threats because they have not yet been added to the filter list. You should also employ other mitigation techniques.
-[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).
+[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

i18n/hu/basics/hardware.md

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+---
+title: Choosing Your Hardware
+icon: material/chip
+description: Software isn't all that matters; learn about the hardware tools you use every day to protect your privacy.
+---
+
+When it comes to discussions about privacy, hardware is often not thought about as much as what software we use. Your hardware should be considered the foundation on which you build the rest of your privacy setup.
+
+## Picking a Computer
+
+The internals of your devices process and store all of your digital data. It is important that all devices are supported by the manufacturer and developers by continuing to receive security updates.
+
+### Hardware Security Programs
+
+Some devices will have a "hardware security program", which is a collaboration between vendors on best practices and recommendations when designing hardware, for example:
+
+- [Windows Secured-core PCs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-highly-secure-11) meet a higher security criteria specified by Microsoft. These protections aren't only applicable to Windows users; Users of other operating systems can still take advantage of features like [DMA protection](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt) and the ability to completely distrust Microsoft certificates.
+- [Android Ready SE](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) is a collaboration between vendors to ensure their devices follow [best practices](https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/hardware) and include tamper resistant hardware backed storage for things like encryption keys.
+- macOS running on an Apple SoC takes advantage of [hardware security](../os/macos-overview.md#hardware-security) which may not be available with third party operating systems.
+- [ChromeOS security](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper) is at its best when running on a Chromebook as it is able to make use of available hardware features such as the [hardware root-of-trust](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper/#hardware-root-of-trust-and-verified-boot).
+
+Even if you don't use these operating systems, participation in these programs may indicate that the manufacturer is following best practices when it comes to hardware security and updates.
+
+### Preinstalled OS
+
+New computers nearly always come with Windows preinstalled, unless you buy a Mac or a specialty Linux machine. It's usually a good idea to wipe the drive and install a fresh copy of your operating system of choice, even if that means just reinstalling Windows from scratch. Due to agreements between hardware vendors and shady software vendors, the default Windows install often comes preloaded with bloatware, [adware](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/technology/lenovo-gets-a-slap-on-the-wrist-for-superfish-adware-scandal), or even [malware](https://zdnet.com/article/dell-poweredge-motherboards-ship-with-malware).
+
+### Firmware-frissítések
+
+Hardware often has security issues that are discovered and patched through firmware updates for your hardware.
+
+Almost every component of your computer requires firmware to operate, from your motherboard to your storage devices. It is ideal for all the components of your device to be fully supported. Apple devices, Chromebooks, most Android phones, and Microsoft Surface devices will handle firmware updates for you as long as the device is supported.
+
+If you build your own PC, you may need to manually update your motherboard's firmware by downloading it from your OEM's website. If you use Linux, consider using the built-in [`fwupd`](https://fwupd.org) tool that will let you check for and apply any firmware updates available for your motherboard.
+
+### TPM/Secure Cryptoprocessor
+
+Most computers and phones come equipped with a TPM (or a similar secure cryptoprocessor) which safely stores your encryption keys and handles other security-related functions. If you're currently using a machine that doesn't have one of these, you might benefit from purchasing a newer computer that has this feature. Some desktop and server motherboards have a "TPM header" which can accept a small accessory board containing the TPM.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+Virtual TPMs are susceptible to side-channel attacks and external TPMs, as a result of being separate from the CPU on the motherboard, are vulnerable to [sniffing](https://pulsesecurity.co.nz/articles/TPM-sniffing) when an attacker has access to the hardware. The solution to this problem is to include the secure processor inside the CPU itself, which is the case for Apple's chips and Microsoft's [Pluton](https://microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/11/17/meet-the-microsoft-pluton-processor-the-security-chip-designed-for-the-future-of-windows-pcs).
+
+</div>
+
+### Biometrics
+
+Many devices come equipped with a fingerprint reader or face recognition capabilities. These can be very convenient, but they aren't perfect and sometimes fail. Most devices will fall back to a PIN or password when this happens, meaning that the security of your devices is still only as good as your password.
+
+Biometrics can prevent someone from watching you type in your password, so if shoulder-surfing is part of your threat model then biometrics are a good option.
+
+Most implementations of face authentication require you to be looking at your phone and also only work from a relatively close distance, so you don't need to worry too much about someone pointing your phone at your face to unlock it without your consent. You can still disable biometrics when your phone is locked if you want. On iOS, you can hold the side button and a volume button for 3 seconds to disable Face ID on models that support it. On Android, hold the power button and press Lockdown on the menu.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Figyelmeztetés</p>
+
+Some devices do not have the proper hardware for secure face authentication. There's two main types of face authentication: 2D and 3D. 3D face authentication makes use of a dot projector that lets the device create a 3D depth map of your face. Make sure that your device has this capability.
+
+</div>
+
+Android defines three [security classes](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/biometric/measure#biometric-classes) for biometrics; you should check that your device is Class 3 before enabling biometrics.
+
+### Device Encryption
+
+If your device is [encrypted](../encryption.md), your data is most secure when your device is completely powered off (as opposed to merely asleep), i.e. before you've entered your encryption key or lock screen password for the first time. On phones, this state of higher security is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and "After First Unlock" (AFU) once you enter the correct password after a reboot/power-on. AFU is considerably less secure against digital forensics toolkits and other exploits, compared to BFU. Therefore, if you are concerned about an attacker with physical access to your device, you should turn it off fully whenever you aren't using it.
+
+This may be impractical, so consider whether it's worth it, but in either case even AFU mode is effective against most threats, given you are using a strong encryption key.
+
+## External Hardware
+
+Some threats can't be protected against by your internal components alone. Many of these options are highly situational; please evaluate if they are really necessary for your threat model.
+
+### Hardware Security Keys
+
+Hardware keys are devices that use strong cryptography to authenticate you to a device or account. The idea is that because they can not be copied, you can use them to secure accounts in such a way that they can only be accessed with physical possession of the key, eliminating many remote attacks.
+
+[Recommended Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../security-keys.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Learn More about Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys){ .md-button }
+
+### Camera/Microphone
+
+If you don't want to trust your OS's permission controls to prevent the camera from activating in the first place, you can buy camera blockers that physically prevent light from reaching the camera. You could also buy a device that doesn't have a built-in camera and use an external camera that you can unplug whenever you're done using it. Some devices come with built-in camera blockers or hardware switches that physically disconnect the camera from power.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Figyelmeztetés</p>
+
+You should only buy covers that fit your laptop and won't cause damage when you close the lid. Covering the camera will interfere with automatic brightness and face authentication features.
+
+</div>
+
+For microphone access, in most cases you will need to trust your OS's built-in permission controls. Alternatively, buy a device that doesn't have a built-in microphone and use an external microphone that you can unplug when you're done using it. Some devices, like a [MacBook or an iPad](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/hardware-microphone-disconnect-secbbd20b00b/web), feature a hardware disconnect for the microphone when you close the lid.
+
+Many computers have a BIOS option to disable the camera and microphone. When disabled there, the hardware won't even appear as a device on a booted system.
+
+### Privacy Screens
+
+Privacy screens are a film you can put over your normal screen so that the screen is only visible from a certain angle. These are good if your threat model includes others peeking at your screen, but it is not foolproof as anyone could just move to a different viewing angle and see what's on your screen.
+
+### Dead Man's Switches
+
+A dead man's switch stops a piece of machinery from operating without the presence of a human operator. These were originally designed as a safety measure, but the same concept can be applied to an electronic device to lock it when you're not present.
+
+Some laptops are able to [detect](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/managing-presence-sensing-settings-in-windows-11-82285c93-440c-4e15-9081-c9e38c1290bb) when you're present and can lock automatically when you aren't sitting in front of the screen. You should check the settings in your OS to see if your computer supports this feature.
+
+You can also get cables, like [Buskill](https://buskill.in), that will lock or wipe your computer when the cable is disconnected.
+
+### Anti-Interdiction/Evil Maid Attack
+
+The best way to prevent a targeted attack against you before a device is in your possession is to purchase a device in a physical store, rather than ordering it to your address.
+
+Make sure your device supports secure boot/verified boot, and you have it enabled. Try to avoid leaving your device unattended whenever possible.
+
+## Secure your Network
+
+### Compartmentalization
+
+Many solutions exist that allow you to separate what you're doing on a computer, such as virtual machines and sandboxing. However, the best compartmentalization is physical separation. This is useful especially for situations where certain software requires you to bypass security features in your OS, such as with anti-cheat software bundled with many games.
+
+For gaming, it may be useful to designate one machine as your "gaming" machine and only use it for that one task. Keep it on a separate VLAN. This may require the use of a managed switch and a router that supports segregated networks.
+
+Most consumer routers allow you to do this by enabling a separate "guest" network that can't talk to your main network. All untrusted devices can go here, including IoT devices like your smart fridge, thermostat, TV, etc.
+
+### Minimalism
+
+As the saying goes, "less is more". The fewer devices you have connected to your network, the less potential attack surface you'll have and the less work it will be to make sure they all stay up-to-date.
+
+You may find it useful to go around your home and make a list of every connected device you have to help you keep track.
+
+### Routers
+
+Your router handles all your network traffic and acts as your first line of defense between you and the open internet.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+A lot of routers come with storage to put your files on so you can access them from any computer on your network. We recommend you don't use networking devices for things other than networking. In the event your router was compromised, your files would also be compromised.
+
+</div>
+
+The most important thing to think about with routers is keeping them up-to-date. Many modern routers will automatically install updates, but many others won't. You should check on your router's settings page for this option. That page can usually be accessed by typing `192.168.1.1` or `192.168.0.1` into the URL bar of any browser assuming you're on the same network. You can also check in the network settings of your OS for "router" or "gateway".
+
+If your router does not support automatic updates, you will need to go to the manufacturer's site to download the updates and apply them manually.
+
+Many consumer-grade routers aren't supported for very long. If your router isn't supported by the manufacturer anymore, you can check if it's supported by [FOSS firmware](../router.md). You can also buy routers that come with FOSS firmware installed by default; these tend to be supported longer than most routers.
+
+Some ISPs provide a combined router/modem. It can be beneficial for security to purchase a separate router and set your ISP router/modem into modem-only mode. This way, even when your ISP-provided router is no longer getting updates, you can still get security updates and patches. It also means any problems that affect your modem won't affect your router and vice versa.

i18n/hu/desktop-browsers.md

@@ -266,9 +266,7 @@ Brave adds a "[referral code](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/Brave%
 
 These options can be found in :material-menu: → **Settings**.
 
-#### Settings
-
-##### Shields
+#### Shields
 
 Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields) feature. We suggest configuring these options [globally](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings) across all pages that you visit.
 
@@ -276,7 +274,6 @@ Shields' options can be downgraded on a per-site basis as needed, but by default
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 - [x] Select **Aggressive** under *Trackers & ads blocking*
 
 <details class="warning" markdown>
@@ -289,6 +286,7 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 - [x] Select **Strict** under *Upgrade connections to HTTPS*
 - [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
 - [x] Check **Block fingerprinting**
+- [x] Select **Block third-party cookies**
 - [x] Check **Forget me when I close this site** (2)
 - [ ] Uncheck all social media components
 
@@ -297,42 +295,54 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode).
 2. If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis by clicking on the Shield icon in the address bar.
 
-##### Privacy and security
+#### Privacy and security
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
+- [x] Select **Don't allow sites to use the V8 optimizer** under *Security* → *Manage V8 security* (1)
+- [x] Select **Automatically remove permissions from unused sites** under *Sites and Shields Settings*
 - [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
 - [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Private window with Tor** (1)
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect AMP pages**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect tracking URLs**
+- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 
 </div>
 
-1. Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. Where [strong anonymity is required](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
+1. Disabling the V8 optimizer reduces your attack surface by disabling [*some*](https://grapheneos.social/@GrapheneOS/112708049232710156) parts of JavaScript Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.
 
 <div class="admonition tip" markdown>
 <p class="admonition-title">Sanitizing on close</p>
 
-- [x] In the *Sites and Shields Settings* menu, under Content, after clicking on the *On-device site data* menu, select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows**.
+- [x] Select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows** under *Sites and Shields Settings* → *Content* → *Additional content settings* → *On-device site data*.
 
 If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
 
 </div>
 
-##### Extensions
+##### Tor windows
 
-- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you do not use
+[**Private Window with Tor**](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) allows you to route your traffic through the Tor network in Private Windows and access .onion services, which may be useful in some cases. However, Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. If your threat model requires strong anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
 
-##### Web3
+##### Data Collection
 
-Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of features, they should be disabled.
+- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
 
-- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet* and *Default Solana wallet*
+#### Web3
+
+Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of these features, they should be disabled.
+
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet*
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Solana wallet*
 - Set *Method to resolve IPFS resources* to **Disabled**
 
-##### System
+#### Extensions
+
+- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you don't use
+
+#### System
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 

i18n/hu/os/ios-overview.md

@@ -227,4 +227,4 @@ Apple always makes beta versions of iOS available early for those that wish to h
 
 ### Az első feloldás előtt
 
-If your threat model includes forensic tools and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.
+If your threat model includes forensic tools, and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.

i18n/hu/os/windows/index.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This section is a work in progress, because it takes considerably more time and
 
 ## Privacy Notes
 
-Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
+Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
 
 With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as:
 

i18n/id/basics/common-threats.md

@@ -189,4 +189,4 @@ Anda harus selalu mempertimbangkan risiko mencoba menerobos sensor, konsekuensi
 [^2]: Badan Pengawasan Privasi dan Kebebasan Sipil Amerika Serikat: [*Laporan tentang Program Rekaman Telepon yang Dilakukan berdasarkan Pasal 215*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf)
 [^3]: Wikipedia: [*Kapitalisme pengawasan*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
 [^4]: "[Enumerating badness](https://ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb)" (or, "listing all the bad things that we know about"), as many content blockers and antivirus programs do, fails to adequately protect you from new and unknown threats because they have not yet been added to the filter list. Anda juga harus menggunakan teknik mitigasi lainnya.
-[^5]: Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa: [*Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia*](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).
+[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

i18n/id/basics/hardware.md

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+---
+title: Choosing Your Hardware
+icon: material/chip
+description: Software isn't all that matters; learn about the hardware tools you use every day to protect your privacy.
+---
+
+When it comes to discussions about privacy, hardware is often not thought about as much as what software we use. Your hardware should be considered the foundation on which you build the rest of your privacy setup.
+
+## Picking a Computer
+
+The internals of your devices process and store all of your digital data. It is important that all devices are supported by the manufacturer and developers by continuing to receive security updates.
+
+### Hardware Security Programs
+
+Some devices will have a "hardware security program", which is a collaboration between vendors on best practices and recommendations when designing hardware, for example:
+
+- [Windows Secured-core PCs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-highly-secure-11) meet a higher security criteria specified by Microsoft. These protections aren't only applicable to Windows users; Users of other operating systems can still take advantage of features like [DMA protection](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt) and the ability to completely distrust Microsoft certificates.
+- [Android Ready SE](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) is a collaboration between vendors to ensure their devices follow [best practices](https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/hardware) and include tamper resistant hardware backed storage for things like encryption keys.
+- macOS running on an Apple SoC takes advantage of [hardware security](../os/macos-overview.md#hardware-security) which may not be available with third party operating systems.
+- [ChromeOS security](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper) is at its best when running on a Chromebook as it is able to make use of available hardware features such as the [hardware root-of-trust](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper/#hardware-root-of-trust-and-verified-boot).
+
+Even if you don't use these operating systems, participation in these programs may indicate that the manufacturer is following best practices when it comes to hardware security and updates.
+
+### Preinstalled OS
+
+New computers nearly always come with Windows preinstalled, unless you buy a Mac or a specialty Linux machine. It's usually a good idea to wipe the drive and install a fresh copy of your operating system of choice, even if that means just reinstalling Windows from scratch. Due to agreements between hardware vendors and shady software vendors, the default Windows install often comes preloaded with bloatware, [adware](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/technology/lenovo-gets-a-slap-on-the-wrist-for-superfish-adware-scandal), or even [malware](https://zdnet.com/article/dell-poweredge-motherboards-ship-with-malware).
+
+### Pembaruan Firmware
+
+Hardware often has security issues that are discovered and patched through firmware updates for your hardware.
+
+Almost every component of your computer requires firmware to operate, from your motherboard to your storage devices. It is ideal for all the components of your device to be fully supported. Apple devices, Chromebooks, most Android phones, and Microsoft Surface devices will handle firmware updates for you as long as the device is supported.
+
+If you build your own PC, you may need to manually update your motherboard's firmware by downloading it from your OEM's website. If you use Linux, consider using the built-in [`fwupd`](https://fwupd.org) tool that will let you check for and apply any firmware updates available for your motherboard.
+
+### TPM/Secure Cryptoprocessor
+
+Most computers and phones come equipped with a TPM (or a similar secure cryptoprocessor) which safely stores your encryption keys and handles other security-related functions. If you're currently using a machine that doesn't have one of these, you might benefit from purchasing a newer computer that has this feature. Some desktop and server motherboards have a "TPM header" which can accept a small accessory board containing the TPM.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+Virtual TPMs are susceptible to side-channel attacks and external TPMs, as a result of being separate from the CPU on the motherboard, are vulnerable to [sniffing](https://pulsesecurity.co.nz/articles/TPM-sniffing) when an attacker has access to the hardware. The solution to this problem is to include the secure processor inside the CPU itself, which is the case for Apple's chips and Microsoft's [Pluton](https://microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/11/17/meet-the-microsoft-pluton-processor-the-security-chip-designed-for-the-future-of-windows-pcs).
+
+</div>
+
+### Biometrics
+
+Many devices come equipped with a fingerprint reader or face recognition capabilities. These can be very convenient, but they aren't perfect and sometimes fail. Most devices will fall back to a PIN or password when this happens, meaning that the security of your devices is still only as good as your password.
+
+Biometrics can prevent someone from watching you type in your password, so if shoulder-surfing is part of your threat model then biometrics are a good option.
+
+Most implementations of face authentication require you to be looking at your phone and also only work from a relatively close distance, so you don't need to worry too much about someone pointing your phone at your face to unlock it without your consent. You can still disable biometrics when your phone is locked if you want. On iOS, you can hold the side button and a volume button for 3 seconds to disable Face ID on models that support it. On Android, hold the power button and press Lockdown on the menu.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+Some devices do not have the proper hardware for secure face authentication. There's two main types of face authentication: 2D and 3D. 3D face authentication makes use of a dot projector that lets the device create a 3D depth map of your face. Make sure that your device has this capability.
+
+</div>
+
+Android defines three [security classes](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/biometric/measure#biometric-classes) for biometrics; you should check that your device is Class 3 before enabling biometrics.
+
+### Device Encryption
+
+If your device is [encrypted](../encryption.md), your data is most secure when your device is completely powered off (as opposed to merely asleep), i.e. before you've entered your encryption key or lock screen password for the first time. On phones, this state of higher security is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and "After First Unlock" (AFU) once you enter the correct password after a reboot/power-on. AFU is considerably less secure against digital forensics toolkits and other exploits, compared to BFU. Therefore, if you are concerned about an attacker with physical access to your device, you should turn it off fully whenever you aren't using it.
+
+This may be impractical, so consider whether it's worth it, but in either case even AFU mode is effective against most threats, given you are using a strong encryption key.
+
+## External Hardware
+
+Some threats can't be protected against by your internal components alone. Many of these options are highly situational; please evaluate if they are really necessary for your threat model.
+
+### Hardware Security Keys
+
+Hardware keys are devices that use strong cryptography to authenticate you to a device or account. The idea is that because they can not be copied, you can use them to secure accounts in such a way that they can only be accessed with physical possession of the key, eliminating many remote attacks.
+
+[Recommended Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../security-keys.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Learn More about Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys){ .md-button }
+
+### Camera/Microphone
+
+If you don't want to trust your OS's permission controls to prevent the camera from activating in the first place, you can buy camera blockers that physically prevent light from reaching the camera. You could also buy a device that doesn't have a built-in camera and use an external camera that you can unplug whenever you're done using it. Some devices come with built-in camera blockers or hardware switches that physically disconnect the camera from power.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+You should only buy covers that fit your laptop and won't cause damage when you close the lid. Covering the camera will interfere with automatic brightness and face authentication features.
+
+</div>
+
+For microphone access, in most cases you will need to trust your OS's built-in permission controls. Alternatively, buy a device that doesn't have a built-in microphone and use an external microphone that you can unplug when you're done using it. Some devices, like a [MacBook or an iPad](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/hardware-microphone-disconnect-secbbd20b00b/web), feature a hardware disconnect for the microphone when you close the lid.
+
+Many computers have a BIOS option to disable the camera and microphone. When disabled there, the hardware won't even appear as a device on a booted system.
+
+### Privacy Screens
+
+Privacy screens are a film you can put over your normal screen so that the screen is only visible from a certain angle. These are good if your threat model includes others peeking at your screen, but it is not foolproof as anyone could just move to a different viewing angle and see what's on your screen.
+
+### Dead Man's Switches
+
+A dead man's switch stops a piece of machinery from operating without the presence of a human operator. These were originally designed as a safety measure, but the same concept can be applied to an electronic device to lock it when you're not present.
+
+Some laptops are able to [detect](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/managing-presence-sensing-settings-in-windows-11-82285c93-440c-4e15-9081-c9e38c1290bb) when you're present and can lock automatically when you aren't sitting in front of the screen. You should check the settings in your OS to see if your computer supports this feature.
+
+You can also get cables, like [Buskill](https://buskill.in), that will lock or wipe your computer when the cable is disconnected.
+
+### Anti-Interdiction/Evil Maid Attack
+
+The best way to prevent a targeted attack against you before a device is in your possession is to purchase a device in a physical store, rather than ordering it to your address.
+
+Make sure your device supports secure boot/verified boot, and you have it enabled. Try to avoid leaving your device unattended whenever possible.
+
+## Secure your Network
+
+### Compartmentalization
+
+Many solutions exist that allow you to separate what you're doing on a computer, such as virtual machines and sandboxing. However, the best compartmentalization is physical separation. This is useful especially for situations where certain software requires you to bypass security features in your OS, such as with anti-cheat software bundled with many games.
+
+For gaming, it may be useful to designate one machine as your "gaming" machine and only use it for that one task. Keep it on a separate VLAN. This may require the use of a managed switch and a router that supports segregated networks.
+
+Most consumer routers allow you to do this by enabling a separate "guest" network that can't talk to your main network. All untrusted devices can go here, including IoT devices like your smart fridge, thermostat, TV, etc.
+
+### Minimalism
+
+As the saying goes, "less is more". The fewer devices you have connected to your network, the less potential attack surface you'll have and the less work it will be to make sure they all stay up-to-date.
+
+You may find it useful to go around your home and make a list of every connected device you have to help you keep track.
+
+### Routers
+
+Your router handles all your network traffic and acts as your first line of defense between you and the open internet.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+A lot of routers come with storage to put your files on so you can access them from any computer on your network. We recommend you don't use networking devices for things other than networking. In the event your router was compromised, your files would also be compromised.
+
+</div>
+
+The most important thing to think about with routers is keeping them up-to-date. Many modern routers will automatically install updates, but many others won't. You should check on your router's settings page for this option. That page can usually be accessed by typing `192.168.1.1` or `192.168.0.1` into the URL bar of any browser assuming you're on the same network. You can also check in the network settings of your OS for "router" or "gateway".
+
+If your router does not support automatic updates, you will need to go to the manufacturer's site to download the updates and apply them manually.
+
+Many consumer-grade routers aren't supported for very long. If your router isn't supported by the manufacturer anymore, you can check if it's supported by [FOSS firmware](../router.md). You can also buy routers that come with FOSS firmware installed by default; these tend to be supported longer than most routers.
+
+Some ISPs provide a combined router/modem. It can be beneficial for security to purchase a separate router and set your ISP router/modem into modem-only mode. This way, even when your ISP-provided router is no longer getting updates, you can still get security updates and patches. It also means any problems that affect your modem won't affect your router and vice versa.

i18n/id/desktop-browsers.md

@@ -265,9 +265,7 @@ Brave menambahkan "[kode rujukan](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/Br
 
 These options can be found in :material-menu: → **Settings**.
 
-#### Settings
-
-##### Perisai
+#### Perisai
 
 Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields) feature. We suggest configuring these options [globally](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings) across all pages that you visit.
 
@@ -275,7 +273,6 @@ Shields' options can be downgraded on a per-site basis as needed, but by default
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 - [x] Select **Aggressive** under *Trackers & ads blocking*
 
 <details class="warning" markdown>
@@ -288,6 +285,7 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 - [x] Select **Strict** under *Upgrade connections to HTTPS*
 - [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
 - [x] Check **Block fingerprinting**
+- [x] Select **Block third-party cookies**
 - [x] Check **Forget me when I close this site** (2)
 - [ ] Uncheck all social media components
 
@@ -296,42 +294,54 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode).
 2. If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis by clicking on the Shield icon in the address bar.
 
-##### Privacy and security
+#### Privacy and security
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
+- [x] Select **Don't allow sites to use the V8 optimizer** under *Security* → *Manage V8 security* (1)
+- [x] Select **Automatically remove permissions from unused sites** under *Sites and Shields Settings*
 - [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
 - [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Private window with Tor** (1)
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect AMP pages**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect tracking URLs**
+- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 
 </div>
 
-1. Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. Where [strong anonymity is required](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
+1. Disabling the V8 optimizer reduces your attack surface by disabling [*some*](https://grapheneos.social/@GrapheneOS/112708049232710156) parts of JavaScript Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.
 
 <div class="admonition tip" markdown>
 <p class="admonition-title">Sanitizing on close</p>
 
-- [x] In the *Sites and Shields Settings* menu, under Content, after clicking on the *On-device site data* menu, select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows**.
+- [x] Select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows** under *Sites and Shields Settings* → *Content* → *Additional content settings* → *On-device site data*.
 
 If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
 
 </div>
 
-##### Extensions
+##### Tor windows
 
-- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you do not use
+[**Private Window with Tor**](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) allows you to route your traffic through the Tor network in Private Windows and access .onion services, which may be useful in some cases. However, Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. If your threat model requires strong anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
 
-##### Web3
+##### Data Collection
 
-Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of features, they should be disabled.
+- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
 
-- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet* and *Default Solana wallet*
+#### Web3
+
+Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of these features, they should be disabled.
+
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet*
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Solana wallet*
 - Set *Method to resolve IPFS resources* to **Disabled**
 
-##### System
+#### Extensions
+
+- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you don't use
+
+#### System
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 

i18n/id/os/ios-overview.md

@@ -227,4 +227,4 @@ Apple always makes beta versions of iOS available early for those that wish to h
 
 ### Before First Unlock
 
-If your threat model includes forensic tools and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.
+If your threat model includes forensic tools, and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.

i18n/id/os/windows/index.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This section is a work in progress, because it takes considerably more time and
 
 ## Privacy Notes
 
-Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
+Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
 
 With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as:
 

i18n/it/basics/common-threats.md

@@ -189,4 +189,4 @@ Devi sempre considerare i rischi di provare a eludere la censura, le potenziali
 [^2]: Comitato di Supervisione delle Libertà Civili e della Privacy degli Stati Uniti: [*Rapporto sul Programma dei registri telefonici condotto ai sensi della Sezione 215*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf)
 [^3]: Wikipedia: [*Capitalismo di sorveglianza*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
 [^4]: "[Enumerating badness](https://ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb)" (o, "elencare tutte le cose cattive che conosciamo"), come molti blocker di contenuti e programmi antivirus fanno, non riesce a proteggerti adeguatamente da minacce nuove e sconosciute perché non sono ancora state aggiunte alla lista dei filtri. Inoltre, dovresti utilizzare altre tecniche di mitigazione.
-[^5]: Nazioni Unite: [*Dichiarazione Universale dei Diritti dell'Uomo*](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).
+[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

i18n/it/basics/hardware.md

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+---
+title: Choosing Your Hardware
+icon: material/chip
+description: Software isn't all that matters; learn about the hardware tools you use every day to protect your privacy.
+---
+
+When it comes to discussions about privacy, hardware is often not thought about as much as what software we use. Your hardware should be considered the foundation on which you build the rest of your privacy setup.
+
+## Picking a Computer
+
+The internals of your devices process and store all of your digital data. It is important that all devices are supported by the manufacturer and developers by continuing to receive security updates.
+
+### Hardware Security Programs
+
+Some devices will have a "hardware security program", which is a collaboration between vendors on best practices and recommendations when designing hardware, for example:
+
+- [Windows Secured-core PCs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-highly-secure-11) meet a higher security criteria specified by Microsoft. These protections aren't only applicable to Windows users; Users of other operating systems can still take advantage of features like [DMA protection](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt) and the ability to completely distrust Microsoft certificates.
+- [Android Ready SE](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) is a collaboration between vendors to ensure their devices follow [best practices](https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/hardware) and include tamper resistant hardware backed storage for things like encryption keys.
+- macOS running on an Apple SoC takes advantage of [hardware security](../os/macos-overview.md#hardware-security) which may not be available with third party operating systems.
+- [ChromeOS security](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper) is at its best when running on a Chromebook as it is able to make use of available hardware features such as the [hardware root-of-trust](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper/#hardware-root-of-trust-and-verified-boot).
+
+Even if you don't use these operating systems, participation in these programs may indicate that the manufacturer is following best practices when it comes to hardware security and updates.
+
+### Preinstalled OS
+
+New computers nearly always come with Windows preinstalled, unless you buy a Mac or a specialty Linux machine. It's usually a good idea to wipe the drive and install a fresh copy of your operating system of choice, even if that means just reinstalling Windows from scratch. Due to agreements between hardware vendors and shady software vendors, the default Windows install often comes preloaded with bloatware, [adware](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/technology/lenovo-gets-a-slap-on-the-wrist-for-superfish-adware-scandal), or even [malware](https://zdnet.com/article/dell-poweredge-motherboards-ship-with-malware).
+
+### Aggiornamenti del firmware
+
+Hardware often has security issues that are discovered and patched through firmware updates for your hardware.
+
+Almost every component of your computer requires firmware to operate, from your motherboard to your storage devices. It is ideal for all the components of your device to be fully supported. Apple devices, Chromebooks, most Android phones, and Microsoft Surface devices will handle firmware updates for you as long as the device is supported.
+
+If you build your own PC, you may need to manually update your motherboard's firmware by downloading it from your OEM's website. If you use Linux, consider using the built-in [`fwupd`](https://fwupd.org) tool that will let you check for and apply any firmware updates available for your motherboard.
+
+### TPM/Secure Cryptoprocessor
+
+Most computers and phones come equipped with a TPM (or a similar secure cryptoprocessor) which safely stores your encryption keys and handles other security-related functions. If you're currently using a machine that doesn't have one of these, you might benefit from purchasing a newer computer that has this feature. Some desktop and server motherboards have a "TPM header" which can accept a small accessory board containing the TPM.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Nota</p>
+
+Virtual TPMs are susceptible to side-channel attacks and external TPMs, as a result of being separate from the CPU on the motherboard, are vulnerable to [sniffing](https://pulsesecurity.co.nz/articles/TPM-sniffing) when an attacker has access to the hardware. The solution to this problem is to include the secure processor inside the CPU itself, which is the case for Apple's chips and Microsoft's [Pluton](https://microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/11/17/meet-the-microsoft-pluton-processor-the-security-chip-designed-for-the-future-of-windows-pcs).
+
+</div>
+
+### Biometrics
+
+Many devices come equipped with a fingerprint reader or face recognition capabilities. These can be very convenient, but they aren't perfect and sometimes fail. Most devices will fall back to a PIN or password when this happens, meaning that the security of your devices is still only as good as your password.
+
+Biometrics can prevent someone from watching you type in your password, so if shoulder-surfing is part of your threat model then biometrics are a good option.
+
+Most implementations of face authentication require you to be looking at your phone and also only work from a relatively close distance, so you don't need to worry too much about someone pointing your phone at your face to unlock it without your consent. You can still disable biometrics when your phone is locked if you want. On iOS, you can hold the side button and a volume button for 3 seconds to disable Face ID on models that support it. On Android, hold the power button and press Lockdown on the menu.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Avviso</p>
+
+Some devices do not have the proper hardware for secure face authentication. There's two main types of face authentication: 2D and 3D. 3D face authentication makes use of a dot projector that lets the device create a 3D depth map of your face. Make sure that your device has this capability.
+
+</div>
+
+Android defines three [security classes](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/biometric/measure#biometric-classes) for biometrics; you should check that your device is Class 3 before enabling biometrics.
+
+### Device Encryption
+
+If your device is [encrypted](../encryption.md), your data is most secure when your device is completely powered off (as opposed to merely asleep), i.e. before you've entered your encryption key or lock screen password for the first time. On phones, this state of higher security is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and "After First Unlock" (AFU) once you enter the correct password after a reboot/power-on. AFU is considerably less secure against digital forensics toolkits and other exploits, compared to BFU. Therefore, if you are concerned about an attacker with physical access to your device, you should turn it off fully whenever you aren't using it.
+
+This may be impractical, so consider whether it's worth it, but in either case even AFU mode is effective against most threats, given you are using a strong encryption key.
+
+## External Hardware
+
+Some threats can't be protected against by your internal components alone. Many of these options are highly situational; please evaluate if they are really necessary for your threat model.
+
+### Chiavi di Sicurezza Hardware
+
+Hardware keys are devices that use strong cryptography to authenticate you to a device or account. The idea is that because they can not be copied, you can use them to secure accounts in such a way that they can only be accessed with physical possession of the key, eliminating many remote attacks.
+
+[Recommended Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../security-keys.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Learn More about Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys){ .md-button }
+
+### Camera/Microphone
+
+If you don't want to trust your OS's permission controls to prevent the camera from activating in the first place, you can buy camera blockers that physically prevent light from reaching the camera. You could also buy a device that doesn't have a built-in camera and use an external camera that you can unplug whenever you're done using it. Some devices come with built-in camera blockers or hardware switches that physically disconnect the camera from power.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Avviso</p>
+
+You should only buy covers that fit your laptop and won't cause damage when you close the lid. Covering the camera will interfere with automatic brightness and face authentication features.
+
+</div>
+
+For microphone access, in most cases you will need to trust your OS's built-in permission controls. Alternatively, buy a device that doesn't have a built-in microphone and use an external microphone that you can unplug when you're done using it. Some devices, like a [MacBook or an iPad](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/hardware-microphone-disconnect-secbbd20b00b/web), feature a hardware disconnect for the microphone when you close the lid.
+
+Many computers have a BIOS option to disable the camera and microphone. When disabled there, the hardware won't even appear as a device on a booted system.
+
+### Privacy Screens
+
+Privacy screens are a film you can put over your normal screen so that the screen is only visible from a certain angle. These are good if your threat model includes others peeking at your screen, but it is not foolproof as anyone could just move to a different viewing angle and see what's on your screen.
+
+### Dead Man's Switches
+
+A dead man's switch stops a piece of machinery from operating without the presence of a human operator. These were originally designed as a safety measure, but the same concept can be applied to an electronic device to lock it when you're not present.
+
+Some laptops are able to [detect](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/managing-presence-sensing-settings-in-windows-11-82285c93-440c-4e15-9081-c9e38c1290bb) when you're present and can lock automatically when you aren't sitting in front of the screen. You should check the settings in your OS to see if your computer supports this feature.
+
+You can also get cables, like [Buskill](https://buskill.in), that will lock or wipe your computer when the cable is disconnected.
+
+### Anti-Interdiction/Evil Maid Attack
+
+The best way to prevent a targeted attack against you before a device is in your possession is to purchase a device in a physical store, rather than ordering it to your address.
+
+Make sure your device supports secure boot/verified boot, and you have it enabled. Try to avoid leaving your device unattended whenever possible.
+
+## Secure your Network
+
+### Compartmentalization
+
+Many solutions exist that allow you to separate what you're doing on a computer, such as virtual machines and sandboxing. However, the best compartmentalization is physical separation. This is useful especially for situations where certain software requires you to bypass security features in your OS, such as with anti-cheat software bundled with many games.
+
+For gaming, it may be useful to designate one machine as your "gaming" machine and only use it for that one task. Keep it on a separate VLAN. This may require the use of a managed switch and a router that supports segregated networks.
+
+Most consumer routers allow you to do this by enabling a separate "guest" network that can't talk to your main network. All untrusted devices can go here, including IoT devices like your smart fridge, thermostat, TV, etc.
+
+### Minimalism
+
+As the saying goes, "less is more". The fewer devices you have connected to your network, the less potential attack surface you'll have and the less work it will be to make sure they all stay up-to-date.
+
+You may find it useful to go around your home and make a list of every connected device you have to help you keep track.
+
+### Routers
+
+Your router handles all your network traffic and acts as your first line of defense between you and the open internet.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Nota</p>
+
+A lot of routers come with storage to put your files on so you can access them from any computer on your network. We recommend you don't use networking devices for things other than networking. In the event your router was compromised, your files would also be compromised.
+
+</div>
+
+The most important thing to think about with routers is keeping them up-to-date. Many modern routers will automatically install updates, but many others won't. You should check on your router's settings page for this option. That page can usually be accessed by typing `192.168.1.1` or `192.168.0.1` into the URL bar of any browser assuming you're on the same network. You can also check in the network settings of your OS for "router" or "gateway".
+
+If your router does not support automatic updates, you will need to go to the manufacturer's site to download the updates and apply them manually.
+
+Many consumer-grade routers aren't supported for very long. If your router isn't supported by the manufacturer anymore, you can check if it's supported by [FOSS firmware](../router.md). You can also buy routers that come with FOSS firmware installed by default; these tend to be supported longer than most routers.
+
+Some ISPs provide a combined router/modem. It can be beneficial for security to purchase a separate router and set your ISP router/modem into modem-only mode. This way, even when your ISP-provided router is no longer getting updates, you can still get security updates and patches. It also means any problems that affect your modem won't affect your router and vice versa.

i18n/it/desktop-browsers.md

@@ -265,9 +265,7 @@ Brave aggiunge un "[codice di riferimento](https://github.com/brave/brave-browse
 
 Queste opzioni si possono trovare in :material-menu: → **Impostazioni**.
 
-#### Settings
-
-##### Shields
+#### Shields
 
 Brave include delle misure anti-impronta digitale nella sua funzionalità, [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields). Suggeriamo di configurare queste opzioni [globalmente](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings) tra tutte le pagine che visiti.
 
@@ -275,7 +273,6 @@ Le opzioni di Protezioni sono regolabili per ogni sito ma consigliamo di imposta
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 - [x] Select **Aggressive** under *Trackers & ads blocking*
 
 <details class="warning" markdown>
@@ -288,6 +285,7 @@ Brave consente di selezionare filtri aggiuntivi per i contenuti nella pagina int
 - [x] Select **Strict** under *Upgrade connections to HTTPS*
 - [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
 - [x] Check **Block fingerprinting**
+- [x] Select **Block third-party cookies**
 - [x] Check **Forget me when I close this site** (2)
 - [ ] Uncheck all social media components
 
@@ -296,42 +294,54 @@ Brave consente di selezionare filtri aggiuntivi per i contenuti nella pagina int
 1. Questa opzione offre una funzionalità simile alle [modalità di blocco](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode) avanzate di uBlock Origin.
 2. Se desideri mantenere l'accesso in un particolare sito che visiti spesso, puoi selezionare le eccezioni per ogni sito cliccando sull'icona dello scudo sulla barra degli indirizzi.
 
-##### Privacy and security
+#### Privacy and security
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Seleziona **Disabilita UDP senza proxy** sotto [Gestione politica IP WebRTC](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
-- [ ] Rimuovi la spunta da **Utilizza i servizi Google per la messaggistica push**
-- [ ] Rimuovi la spunta da **Acconsenti all'analisi dei prodotti di tutela della privacy (P3A)**
-- [ ] Rimuovi la spunta da **Invia automaticamente un ping di utilizzo giornaliero a Brave**
-- [ ] Rimuovi la spunta da **Invia automaticamente i rapporti di diagnostica**
-- [ ] Rimuovi la spunta da **Finestra in Incognito con Tor** (1)
+- [x] Select **Don't allow sites to use the V8 optimizer** under *Security* → *Manage V8 security* (1)
+- [x] Select **Automatically remove permissions from unused sites** under *Sites and Shields Settings*
+- [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
+- [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect AMP pages**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect tracking URLs**
+- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 
 </div>
 
-1. Brave **non è** resistente al fingerprinting come il Tor Browser e molte meno persone utilizzano Brave con Tor, facendoti quindi distinguere. Dove [è richiesto un forte anonimato](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) utilizzare [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
+1. Disabling the V8 optimizer reduces your attack surface by disabling [*some*](https://grapheneos.social/@GrapheneOS/112708049232710156) parts of JavaScript Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.
 
 <div class="admonition tip" markdown>
 <p class="admonition-title">Sanitizzazione alla chiusura</p>
 
-- [x] In the *Sites and Shields Settings* menu, under Content, after clicking on the *On-device site data* menu, select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows**.
+- [x] Select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows** under *Sites and Shields Settings* → *Content* → *Additional content settings* → *On-device site data*.
 
 If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
 
 </div>
 
-##### Extensions
+##### Tor windows
 
-- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you do not use
+[**Private Window with Tor**](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) allows you to route your traffic through the Tor network in Private Windows and access .onion services, which may be useful in some cases. However, Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. If your threat model requires strong anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
 
-##### Web3
+##### Data Collection
 
-Le funzionalità Web3 di Brave possono potenzialmente aumentare il fingerprint del browser e la superficie di attacco. Disattiva le funzioni, a meno che tu non le utilizzi.
+- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
 
-- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet* and *Default Solana wallet*
+#### Web3
+
+Le funzionalità Web3 di Brave possono potenzialmente aumentare il fingerprint del browser e la superficie di attacco. Unless you use any of these features, they should be disabled.
+
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet*
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Solana wallet*
 - Set *Method to resolve IPFS resources* to **Disabled**
 
-##### System
+#### Extensions
+
+- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you don't use
+
+#### System
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 

i18n/it/os/ios-overview.md

@@ -227,4 +227,4 @@ Apple rende sempre disponibili per versioni beta di iOS in anticipo, per coloro
 
 ### Prima del Primo Sblocco
 
-Se il tuo modello di minaccia include strumenti forensi e desideri minimizzare le probabilità di exploit utilizzati per accedere al tuo telefono, dovresti riavviare frequentemente il tuo dispositivo. Lo stato *successivo* a un riavvio, ma *antecedente* allo sblocco del tuo dispositivo è noto come "Prima del Primo Sblocco" (BFU) e, quando il tuo dispositivo è in tale stato, rende [significativamente più difficile](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary), per gli strumenti forensi, di sfruttare vulnerabilità per accedere ai tuoi dati. Questo stato BFU ti consente di ricevere notifiche per le chiamate, i messaggi e le sveglie, ma gran parte dei dati sul tuo dispositivo sono ancora crittografati e inaccessibili. Ciò può essere poco pratico, quindi, considera se tali compromessi hanno senso per la tua situazione.
+If your threat model includes forensic tools, and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. Lo stato *successivo* a un riavvio, ma *antecedente* allo sblocco del tuo dispositivo è noto come "Prima del Primo Sblocco" (BFU) e, quando il tuo dispositivo è in tale stato, rende [significativamente più difficile](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary), per gli strumenti forensi, di sfruttare vulnerabilità per accedere ai tuoi dati. Questo stato BFU ti consente di ricevere notifiche per le chiamate, i messaggi e le sveglie, ma gran parte dei dati sul tuo dispositivo sono ancora crittografati e inaccessibili. Ciò può essere poco pratico, quindi, considera se tali compromessi hanno senso per la tua situazione.

i18n/it/os/windows/index.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This section is a work in progress, because it takes considerably more time and
 
 ## Note sulla Privacy
 
-Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
+Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
 
 With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as:
 

i18n/ja/basics/common-threats.md

@@ -189,4 +189,4 @@ You must always consider the risks of trying to bypass censorship, the potential
 [^2]: United States Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board: [*Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf)
 [^3]: Wikipedia: [*Surveillance capitalism*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
 [^4]: "[Enumerating badness](https://ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb)" (or, "listing all the bad things that we know about"), as many content blockers and antivirus programs do, fails to adequately protect you from new and unknown threats because they have not yet been added to the filter list. You should also employ other mitigation techniques.
-[^5]: 国連：[*世界人権宣言*](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights)
+[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

i18n/ja/basics/hardware.md

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+---
+title: Choosing Your Hardware
+icon: material/chip
+description: Software isn't all that matters; learn about the hardware tools you use every day to protect your privacy.
+---
+
+When it comes to discussions about privacy, hardware is often not thought about as much as what software we use. Your hardware should be considered the foundation on which you build the rest of your privacy setup.
+
+## Picking a Computer
+
+The internals of your devices process and store all of your digital data. It is important that all devices are supported by the manufacturer and developers by continuing to receive security updates.
+
+### Hardware Security Programs
+
+Some devices will have a "hardware security program", which is a collaboration between vendors on best practices and recommendations when designing hardware, for example:
+
+- [Windows Secured-core PCs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-highly-secure-11) meet a higher security criteria specified by Microsoft. These protections aren't only applicable to Windows users; Users of other operating systems can still take advantage of features like [DMA protection](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt) and the ability to completely distrust Microsoft certificates.
+- [Android Ready SE](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) is a collaboration between vendors to ensure their devices follow [best practices](https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/hardware) and include tamper resistant hardware backed storage for things like encryption keys.
+- macOS running on an Apple SoC takes advantage of [hardware security](../os/macos-overview.md#hardware-security) which may not be available with third party operating systems.
+- [ChromeOS security](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper) is at its best when running on a Chromebook as it is able to make use of available hardware features such as the [hardware root-of-trust](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper/#hardware-root-of-trust-and-verified-boot).
+
+Even if you don't use these operating systems, participation in these programs may indicate that the manufacturer is following best practices when it comes to hardware security and updates.
+
+### Preinstalled OS
+
+New computers nearly always come with Windows preinstalled, unless you buy a Mac or a specialty Linux machine. It's usually a good idea to wipe the drive and install a fresh copy of your operating system of choice, even if that means just reinstalling Windows from scratch. Due to agreements between hardware vendors and shady software vendors, the default Windows install often comes preloaded with bloatware, [adware](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/technology/lenovo-gets-a-slap-on-the-wrist-for-superfish-adware-scandal), or even [malware](https://zdnet.com/article/dell-poweredge-motherboards-ship-with-malware).
+
+### ファームウェアの更新
+
+Hardware often has security issues that are discovered and patched through firmware updates for your hardware.
+
+Almost every component of your computer requires firmware to operate, from your motherboard to your storage devices. It is ideal for all the components of your device to be fully supported. Apple devices, Chromebooks, most Android phones, and Microsoft Surface devices will handle firmware updates for you as long as the device is supported.
+
+If you build your own PC, you may need to manually update your motherboard's firmware by downloading it from your OEM's website. If you use Linux, consider using the built-in [`fwupd`](https://fwupd.org) tool that will let you check for and apply any firmware updates available for your motherboard.
+
+### TPM/Secure Cryptoprocessor
+
+Most computers and phones come equipped with a TPM (or a similar secure cryptoprocessor) which safely stores your encryption keys and handles other security-related functions. If you're currently using a machine that doesn't have one of these, you might benefit from purchasing a newer computer that has this feature. Some desktop and server motherboards have a "TPM header" which can accept a small accessory board containing the TPM.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+Virtual TPMs are susceptible to side-channel attacks and external TPMs, as a result of being separate from the CPU on the motherboard, are vulnerable to [sniffing](https://pulsesecurity.co.nz/articles/TPM-sniffing) when an attacker has access to the hardware. The solution to this problem is to include the secure processor inside the CPU itself, which is the case for Apple's chips and Microsoft's [Pluton](https://microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/11/17/meet-the-microsoft-pluton-processor-the-security-chip-designed-for-the-future-of-windows-pcs).
+
+</div>
+
+### Biometrics
+
+Many devices come equipped with a fingerprint reader or face recognition capabilities. These can be very convenient, but they aren't perfect and sometimes fail. Most devices will fall back to a PIN or password when this happens, meaning that the security of your devices is still only as good as your password.
+
+Biometrics can prevent someone from watching you type in your password, so if shoulder-surfing is part of your threat model then biometrics are a good option.
+
+Most implementations of face authentication require you to be looking at your phone and also only work from a relatively close distance, so you don't need to worry too much about someone pointing your phone at your face to unlock it without your consent. You can still disable biometrics when your phone is locked if you want. On iOS, you can hold the side button and a volume button for 3 seconds to disable Face ID on models that support it. On Android, hold the power button and press Lockdown on the menu.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+Some devices do not have the proper hardware for secure face authentication. There's two main types of face authentication: 2D and 3D. 3D face authentication makes use of a dot projector that lets the device create a 3D depth map of your face. Make sure that your device has this capability.
+
+</div>
+
+Android defines three [security classes](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/biometric/measure#biometric-classes) for biometrics; you should check that your device is Class 3 before enabling biometrics.
+
+### Device Encryption
+
+If your device is [encrypted](../encryption.md), your data is most secure when your device is completely powered off (as opposed to merely asleep), i.e. before you've entered your encryption key or lock screen password for the first time. On phones, this state of higher security is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and "After First Unlock" (AFU) once you enter the correct password after a reboot/power-on. AFU is considerably less secure against digital forensics toolkits and other exploits, compared to BFU. Therefore, if you are concerned about an attacker with physical access to your device, you should turn it off fully whenever you aren't using it.
+
+This may be impractical, so consider whether it's worth it, but in either case even AFU mode is effective against most threats, given you are using a strong encryption key.
+
+## External Hardware
+
+Some threats can't be protected against by your internal components alone. Many of these options are highly situational; please evaluate if they are really necessary for your threat model.
+
+### ハードウェアセキュリティ
+
+Hardware keys are devices that use strong cryptography to authenticate you to a device or account. The idea is that because they can not be copied, you can use them to secure accounts in such a way that they can only be accessed with physical possession of the key, eliminating many remote attacks.
+
+[Recommended Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../security-keys.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Learn More about Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys){ .md-button }
+
+### Camera/Microphone
+
+If you don't want to trust your OS's permission controls to prevent the camera from activating in the first place, you can buy camera blockers that physically prevent light from reaching the camera. You could also buy a device that doesn't have a built-in camera and use an external camera that you can unplug whenever you're done using it. Some devices come with built-in camera blockers or hardware switches that physically disconnect the camera from power.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+You should only buy covers that fit your laptop and won't cause damage when you close the lid. Covering the camera will interfere with automatic brightness and face authentication features.
+
+</div>
+
+For microphone access, in most cases you will need to trust your OS's built-in permission controls. Alternatively, buy a device that doesn't have a built-in microphone and use an external microphone that you can unplug when you're done using it. Some devices, like a [MacBook or an iPad](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/hardware-microphone-disconnect-secbbd20b00b/web), feature a hardware disconnect for the microphone when you close the lid.
+
+Many computers have a BIOS option to disable the camera and microphone. When disabled there, the hardware won't even appear as a device on a booted system.
+
+### Privacy Screens
+
+Privacy screens are a film you can put over your normal screen so that the screen is only visible from a certain angle. These are good if your threat model includes others peeking at your screen, but it is not foolproof as anyone could just move to a different viewing angle and see what's on your screen.
+
+### Dead Man's Switches
+
+A dead man's switch stops a piece of machinery from operating without the presence of a human operator. These were originally designed as a safety measure, but the same concept can be applied to an electronic device to lock it when you're not present.
+
+Some laptops are able to [detect](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/managing-presence-sensing-settings-in-windows-11-82285c93-440c-4e15-9081-c9e38c1290bb) when you're present and can lock automatically when you aren't sitting in front of the screen. You should check the settings in your OS to see if your computer supports this feature.
+
+You can also get cables, like [Buskill](https://buskill.in), that will lock or wipe your computer when the cable is disconnected.
+
+### Anti-Interdiction/Evil Maid Attack
+
+The best way to prevent a targeted attack against you before a device is in your possession is to purchase a device in a physical store, rather than ordering it to your address.
+
+Make sure your device supports secure boot/verified boot, and you have it enabled. Try to avoid leaving your device unattended whenever possible.
+
+## Secure your Network
+
+### Compartmentalization
+
+Many solutions exist that allow you to separate what you're doing on a computer, such as virtual machines and sandboxing. However, the best compartmentalization is physical separation. This is useful especially for situations where certain software requires you to bypass security features in your OS, such as with anti-cheat software bundled with many games.
+
+For gaming, it may be useful to designate one machine as your "gaming" machine and only use it for that one task. Keep it on a separate VLAN. This may require the use of a managed switch and a router that supports segregated networks.
+
+Most consumer routers allow you to do this by enabling a separate "guest" network that can't talk to your main network. All untrusted devices can go here, including IoT devices like your smart fridge, thermostat, TV, etc.
+
+### Minimalism
+
+As the saying goes, "less is more". The fewer devices you have connected to your network, the less potential attack surface you'll have and the less work it will be to make sure they all stay up-to-date.
+
+You may find it useful to go around your home and make a list of every connected device you have to help you keep track.
+
+### Routers
+
+Your router handles all your network traffic and acts as your first line of defense between you and the open internet.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+A lot of routers come with storage to put your files on so you can access them from any computer on your network. We recommend you don't use networking devices for things other than networking. In the event your router was compromised, your files would also be compromised.
+
+</div>
+
+The most important thing to think about with routers is keeping them up-to-date. Many modern routers will automatically install updates, but many others won't. You should check on your router's settings page for this option. That page can usually be accessed by typing `192.168.1.1` or `192.168.0.1` into the URL bar of any browser assuming you're on the same network. You can also check in the network settings of your OS for "router" or "gateway".
+
+If your router does not support automatic updates, you will need to go to the manufacturer's site to download the updates and apply them manually.
+
+Many consumer-grade routers aren't supported for very long. If your router isn't supported by the manufacturer anymore, you can check if it's supported by [FOSS firmware](../router.md). You can also buy routers that come with FOSS firmware installed by default; these tend to be supported longer than most routers.
+
+Some ISPs provide a combined router/modem. It can be beneficial for security to purchase a separate router and set your ISP router/modem into modem-only mode. This way, even when your ISP-provided router is no longer getting updates, you can still get security updates and patches. It also means any problems that affect your modem won't affect your router and vice versa.

i18n/ja/desktop-browsers.md

@@ -265,9 +265,7 @@ Brave adds a "[referral code](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/Brave%
 
 これらのオプションは :material-menu: → **設定**にあります。
 
-#### Settings
-
-##### シールド
+#### シールド
 
 Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields) feature. We suggest configuring these options [globally](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings) across all pages that you visit.
 
@@ -275,7 +273,6 @@ Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://suppor
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 - [x] Select **Aggressive** under *Trackers & ads blocking*
 
 <details class="warning" markdown>
@@ -288,6 +285,7 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 - [x] Select **Strict** under *Upgrade connections to HTTPS*
 - [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
 - [x] Check **Block fingerprinting**
+- [x] Select **Block third-party cookies**
 - [x] Check **Forget me when I close this site** (2)
 - [ ] Uncheck all social media components
 
@@ -296,42 +294,54 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode).
 2. If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis by clicking on the Shield icon in the address bar.
 
-##### Privacy and security
+#### Privacy and security
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
+- [x] Select **Don't allow sites to use the V8 optimizer** under *Security* → *Manage V8 security* (1)
+- [x] Select **Automatically remove permissions from unused sites** under *Sites and Shields Settings*
 - [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
 - [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Private window with Tor** (1)
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect AMP pages**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect tracking URLs**
+- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 
 </div>
 
-1. BraveはTor Browserほどフィンガープリントに対して強く**なく**、BraveでTorを使う人はずっと少ないため目立ってしまうでしょう。 Where [strong anonymity is required](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
+1. Disabling the V8 optimizer reduces your attack surface by disabling [*some*](https://grapheneos.social/@GrapheneOS/112708049232710156) parts of JavaScript Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.
 
 <div class="admonition tip" markdown>
 <p class="admonition-title">Sanitizing on close</p>
 
-- [x] In the *Sites and Shields Settings* menu, under Content, after clicking on the *On-device site data* menu, select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows**.
+- [x] Select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows** under *Sites and Shields Settings* → *Content* → *Additional content settings* → *On-device site data*.
 
 If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
 
 </div>
 
-##### Extensions
+##### Tor windows
 
-- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you do not use
+[**Private Window with Tor**](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) allows you to route your traffic through the Tor network in Private Windows and access .onion services, which may be useful in some cases. However, Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. If your threat model requires strong anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
 
-##### Web3
+##### Data Collection
 
-BraveのWeb3機能はブラウザのフィンガープリントなど攻撃面を潜在的に増やす可能性があります。 どの機能も使用しないなら、無効にしておくべきです。
+- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
 
-- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet* and *Default Solana wallet*
+#### Web3
+
+BraveのWeb3機能はブラウザのフィンガープリントなど攻撃面を潜在的に増やす可能性があります。 Unless you use any of these features, they should be disabled.
+
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet*
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Solana wallet*
 - Set *Method to resolve IPFS resources* to **Disabled**
 
-##### System
+#### Extensions
+
+- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you don't use
+
+#### System
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 

i18n/ja/os/ios-overview.md

@@ -227,4 +227,4 @@ Apple always makes beta versions of iOS available early for those that wish to h
 
 ### Before First Unlock
 
-If your threat model includes forensic tools and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.
+If your threat model includes forensic tools, and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.

i18n/ja/os/windows/index.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This section is a work in progress, because it takes considerably more time and
 
 ## プライバシーに関する注意事項
 
-Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
+Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
 
 With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as:
 

i18n/ko/basics/common-threats.md

@@ -189,4 +189,4 @@ Twitter, Facebook 같은 플랫폼이 대중의 요구, 시장의 압력, 정부
 [^2]: 미국 프라이버시 및 시민 자유 감독 위원회: [*215조항에 따라 수행된 전화 통화 기록 프로그램에 대한 보고서*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf)
 [^3]: Wikipedia: [*Surveillance capitalism*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
 [^4]: "[Enumerating badness](https://ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb)" (or, "listing all the bad things that we know about"), as many content blockers and antivirus programs do, fails to adequately protect you from new and unknown threats because they have not yet been added to the filter list. 다른 완화 기술도 추가로 사용해야 합니다.
-[^5]: UN: [*세계 인권 선언*](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights)
+[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

i18n/ko/basics/hardware.md

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+---
+title: Choosing Your Hardware
+icon: material/chip
+description: Software isn't all that matters; learn about the hardware tools you use every day to protect your privacy.
+---
+
+When it comes to discussions about privacy, hardware is often not thought about as much as what software we use. Your hardware should be considered the foundation on which you build the rest of your privacy setup.
+
+## Picking a Computer
+
+The internals of your devices process and store all of your digital data. It is important that all devices are supported by the manufacturer and developers by continuing to receive security updates.
+
+### Hardware Security Programs
+
+Some devices will have a "hardware security program", which is a collaboration between vendors on best practices and recommendations when designing hardware, for example:
+
+- [Windows Secured-core PCs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-highly-secure-11) meet a higher security criteria specified by Microsoft. These protections aren't only applicable to Windows users; Users of other operating systems can still take advantage of features like [DMA protection](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt) and the ability to completely distrust Microsoft certificates.
+- [Android Ready SE](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) is a collaboration between vendors to ensure their devices follow [best practices](https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/hardware) and include tamper resistant hardware backed storage for things like encryption keys.
+- macOS running on an Apple SoC takes advantage of [hardware security](../os/macos-overview.md#hardware-security) which may not be available with third party operating systems.
+- [ChromeOS security](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper) is at its best when running on a Chromebook as it is able to make use of available hardware features such as the [hardware root-of-trust](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper/#hardware-root-of-trust-and-verified-boot).
+
+Even if you don't use these operating systems, participation in these programs may indicate that the manufacturer is following best practices when it comes to hardware security and updates.
+
+### Preinstalled OS
+
+New computers nearly always come with Windows preinstalled, unless you buy a Mac or a specialty Linux machine. It's usually a good idea to wipe the drive and install a fresh copy of your operating system of choice, even if that means just reinstalling Windows from scratch. Due to agreements between hardware vendors and shady software vendors, the default Windows install often comes preloaded with bloatware, [adware](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/technology/lenovo-gets-a-slap-on-the-wrist-for-superfish-adware-scandal), or even [malware](https://zdnet.com/article/dell-poweredge-motherboards-ship-with-malware).
+
+### 펌웨어 업데이트
+
+Hardware often has security issues that are discovered and patched through firmware updates for your hardware.
+
+Almost every component of your computer requires firmware to operate, from your motherboard to your storage devices. It is ideal for all the components of your device to be fully supported. Apple devices, Chromebooks, most Android phones, and Microsoft Surface devices will handle firmware updates for you as long as the device is supported.
+
+If you build your own PC, you may need to manually update your motherboard's firmware by downloading it from your OEM's website. If you use Linux, consider using the built-in [`fwupd`](https://fwupd.org) tool that will let you check for and apply any firmware updates available for your motherboard.
+
+### TPM/Secure Cryptoprocessor
+
+Most computers and phones come equipped with a TPM (or a similar secure cryptoprocessor) which safely stores your encryption keys and handles other security-related functions. If you're currently using a machine that doesn't have one of these, you might benefit from purchasing a newer computer that has this feature. Some desktop and server motherboards have a "TPM header" which can accept a small accessory board containing the TPM.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+Virtual TPMs are susceptible to side-channel attacks and external TPMs, as a result of being separate from the CPU on the motherboard, are vulnerable to [sniffing](https://pulsesecurity.co.nz/articles/TPM-sniffing) when an attacker has access to the hardware. The solution to this problem is to include the secure processor inside the CPU itself, which is the case for Apple's chips and Microsoft's [Pluton](https://microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/11/17/meet-the-microsoft-pluton-processor-the-security-chip-designed-for-the-future-of-windows-pcs).
+
+</div>
+
+### Biometrics
+
+Many devices come equipped with a fingerprint reader or face recognition capabilities. These can be very convenient, but they aren't perfect and sometimes fail. Most devices will fall back to a PIN or password when this happens, meaning that the security of your devices is still only as good as your password.
+
+Biometrics can prevent someone from watching you type in your password, so if shoulder-surfing is part of your threat model then biometrics are a good option.
+
+Most implementations of face authentication require you to be looking at your phone and also only work from a relatively close distance, so you don't need to worry too much about someone pointing your phone at your face to unlock it without your consent. You can still disable biometrics when your phone is locked if you want. On iOS, you can hold the side button and a volume button for 3 seconds to disable Face ID on models that support it. On Android, hold the power button and press Lockdown on the menu.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+Some devices do not have the proper hardware for secure face authentication. There's two main types of face authentication: 2D and 3D. 3D face authentication makes use of a dot projector that lets the device create a 3D depth map of your face. Make sure that your device has this capability.
+
+</div>
+
+Android defines three [security classes](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/biometric/measure#biometric-classes) for biometrics; you should check that your device is Class 3 before enabling biometrics.
+
+### Device Encryption
+
+If your device is [encrypted](../encryption.md), your data is most secure when your device is completely powered off (as opposed to merely asleep), i.e. before you've entered your encryption key or lock screen password for the first time. On phones, this state of higher security is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and "After First Unlock" (AFU) once you enter the correct password after a reboot/power-on. AFU is considerably less secure against digital forensics toolkits and other exploits, compared to BFU. Therefore, if you are concerned about an attacker with physical access to your device, you should turn it off fully whenever you aren't using it.
+
+This may be impractical, so consider whether it's worth it, but in either case even AFU mode is effective against most threats, given you are using a strong encryption key.
+
+## External Hardware
+
+Some threats can't be protected against by your internal components alone. Many of these options are highly situational; please evaluate if they are really necessary for your threat model.
+
+### 하드웨어 보안 키
+
+Hardware keys are devices that use strong cryptography to authenticate you to a device or account. The idea is that because they can not be copied, you can use them to secure accounts in such a way that they can only be accessed with physical possession of the key, eliminating many remote attacks.
+
+[Recommended Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../security-keys.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Learn More about Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys){ .md-button }
+
+### Camera/Microphone
+
+If you don't want to trust your OS's permission controls to prevent the camera from activating in the first place, you can buy camera blockers that physically prevent light from reaching the camera. You could also buy a device that doesn't have a built-in camera and use an external camera that you can unplug whenever you're done using it. Some devices come with built-in camera blockers or hardware switches that physically disconnect the camera from power.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+You should only buy covers that fit your laptop and won't cause damage when you close the lid. Covering the camera will interfere with automatic brightness and face authentication features.
+
+</div>
+
+For microphone access, in most cases you will need to trust your OS's built-in permission controls. Alternatively, buy a device that doesn't have a built-in microphone and use an external microphone that you can unplug when you're done using it. Some devices, like a [MacBook or an iPad](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/hardware-microphone-disconnect-secbbd20b00b/web), feature a hardware disconnect for the microphone when you close the lid.
+
+Many computers have a BIOS option to disable the camera and microphone. When disabled there, the hardware won't even appear as a device on a booted system.
+
+### Privacy Screens
+
+Privacy screens are a film you can put over your normal screen so that the screen is only visible from a certain angle. These are good if your threat model includes others peeking at your screen, but it is not foolproof as anyone could just move to a different viewing angle and see what's on your screen.
+
+### Dead Man's Switches
+
+A dead man's switch stops a piece of machinery from operating without the presence of a human operator. These were originally designed as a safety measure, but the same concept can be applied to an electronic device to lock it when you're not present.
+
+Some laptops are able to [detect](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/managing-presence-sensing-settings-in-windows-11-82285c93-440c-4e15-9081-c9e38c1290bb) when you're present and can lock automatically when you aren't sitting in front of the screen. You should check the settings in your OS to see if your computer supports this feature.
+
+You can also get cables, like [Buskill](https://buskill.in), that will lock or wipe your computer when the cable is disconnected.
+
+### Anti-Interdiction/Evil Maid Attack
+
+The best way to prevent a targeted attack against you before a device is in your possession is to purchase a device in a physical store, rather than ordering it to your address.
+
+Make sure your device supports secure boot/verified boot, and you have it enabled. Try to avoid leaving your device unattended whenever possible.
+
+## Secure your Network
+
+### Compartmentalization
+
+Many solutions exist that allow you to separate what you're doing on a computer, such as virtual machines and sandboxing. However, the best compartmentalization is physical separation. This is useful especially for situations where certain software requires you to bypass security features in your OS, such as with anti-cheat software bundled with many games.
+
+For gaming, it may be useful to designate one machine as your "gaming" machine and only use it for that one task. Keep it on a separate VLAN. This may require the use of a managed switch and a router that supports segregated networks.
+
+Most consumer routers allow you to do this by enabling a separate "guest" network that can't talk to your main network. All untrusted devices can go here, including IoT devices like your smart fridge, thermostat, TV, etc.
+
+### Minimalism
+
+As the saying goes, "less is more". The fewer devices you have connected to your network, the less potential attack surface you'll have and the less work it will be to make sure they all stay up-to-date.
+
+You may find it useful to go around your home and make a list of every connected device you have to help you keep track.
+
+### Routers
+
+Your router handles all your network traffic and acts as your first line of defense between you and the open internet.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+A lot of routers come with storage to put your files on so you can access them from any computer on your network. We recommend you don't use networking devices for things other than networking. In the event your router was compromised, your files would also be compromised.
+
+</div>
+
+The most important thing to think about with routers is keeping them up-to-date. Many modern routers will automatically install updates, but many others won't. You should check on your router's settings page for this option. That page can usually be accessed by typing `192.168.1.1` or `192.168.0.1` into the URL bar of any browser assuming you're on the same network. You can also check in the network settings of your OS for "router" or "gateway".
+
+If your router does not support automatic updates, you will need to go to the manufacturer's site to download the updates and apply them manually.
+
+Many consumer-grade routers aren't supported for very long. If your router isn't supported by the manufacturer anymore, you can check if it's supported by [FOSS firmware](../router.md). You can also buy routers that come with FOSS firmware installed by default; these tend to be supported longer than most routers.
+
+Some ISPs provide a combined router/modem. It can be beneficial for security to purchase a separate router and set your ISP router/modem into modem-only mode. This way, even when your ISP-provided router is no longer getting updates, you can still get security updates and patches. It also means any problems that affect your modem won't affect your router and vice versa.

i18n/ko/desktop-browsers.md

@@ -265,9 +265,7 @@ Brave adds a "[referral code](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/Brave%
 
 이러한 옵션은 :material-menu: → **설정**에서 확인할 수 있습니다.
 
-#### Settings
-
-##### Shields
+#### Shields
 
 Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields) feature. We suggest configuring these options [globally](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings) across all pages that you visit.
 
@@ -275,7 +273,6 @@ Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://suppor
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 - [x] Select **Aggressive** under *Trackers & ads blocking*
 
 <details class="warning" markdown>
@@ -288,6 +285,7 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 - [x] Select **Strict** under *Upgrade connections to HTTPS*
 - [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
 - [x] Check **Block fingerprinting**
+- [x] Select **Block third-party cookies**
 - [x] Check **Forget me when I close this site** (2)
 - [ ] Uncheck all social media components
 
@@ -296,42 +294,54 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode).
 2. If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis by clicking on the Shield icon in the address bar.
 
-##### Privacy and security
+#### Privacy and security
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
+- [x] Select **Don't allow sites to use the V8 optimizer** under *Security* → *Manage V8 security* (1)
+- [x] Select **Automatically remove permissions from unused sites** under *Sites and Shields Settings*
 - [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
 - [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Private window with Tor** (1)
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect AMP pages**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect tracking URLs**
+- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 
 </div>
 
-1. Brave 브라우저의 핑거프린팅 방지 기능은 Tor 브라우저만큼 강력하지 **않습니다**. 또한 Brave에서 Tor를 사용하는 사람은 훨씬 적기 때문에, 더욱 눈에 띄게 됩니다. Where [strong anonymity is required](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
+1. Disabling the V8 optimizer reduces your attack surface by disabling [*some*](https://grapheneos.social/@GrapheneOS/112708049232710156) parts of JavaScript Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.
 
 <div class="admonition tip" markdown>
 <p class="admonition-title">Sanitizing on close</p>
 
-- [x] In the *Sites and Shields Settings* menu, under Content, after clicking on the *On-device site data* menu, select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows**.
+- [x] Select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows** under *Sites and Shields Settings* → *Content* → *Additional content settings* → *On-device site data*.
 
 If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
 
 </div>
 
-##### Extensions
+##### Tor windows
 
-- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you do not use
+[**Private Window with Tor**](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) allows you to route your traffic through the Tor network in Private Windows and access .onion services, which may be useful in some cases. However, Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. If your threat model requires strong anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
 
-##### Web3
+##### Data Collection
 
-Brave의 Web3 기능은 잠재적으로 브라우저의 핑거프린트와 공격 표면을 증가시킬 수 있습니다. 여러분이 해당 기능을 사용하지 않는다면 비활성화해야 합니다.
+- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
 
-- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet* and *Default Solana wallet*
+#### Web3
+
+Brave의 Web3 기능은 잠재적으로 브라우저의 핑거프린트와 공격 표면을 증가시킬 수 있습니다. Unless you use any of these features, they should be disabled.
+
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet*
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Solana wallet*
 - Set *Method to resolve IPFS resources* to **Disabled**
 
-##### System
+#### Extensions
+
+- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you don't use
+
+#### System
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 

i18n/ko/os/ios-overview.md

@@ -227,4 +227,4 @@ Apple always makes beta versions of iOS available early for those that wish to h
 
 ### Before First Unlock
 
-If your threat model includes forensic tools and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.
+If your threat model includes forensic tools, and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.

i18n/ko/os/windows/index.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This section is a work in progress, because it takes considerably more time and
 
 ## Privacy Notes
 
-Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
+Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
 
 With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as:
 

i18n/ku-IQ/basics/common-threats.md

@@ -189,4 +189,4 @@ You must always consider the risks of trying to bypass censorship, the potential
 [^2]: United States Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board: [*Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf)
 [^3]: Wikipedia: [*Surveillance capitalism*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
 [^4]: "[Enumerating badness](https://ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb)" (or, "listing all the bad things that we know about"), as many content blockers and antivirus programs do, fails to adequately protect you from new and unknown threats because they have not yet been added to the filter list. You should also employ other mitigation techniques.
-[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).
+[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

i18n/ku-IQ/basics/hardware.md

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+---
+title: Choosing Your Hardware
+icon: material/chip
+description: Software isn't all that matters; learn about the hardware tools you use every day to protect your privacy.
+---
+
+When it comes to discussions about privacy, hardware is often not thought about as much as what software we use. Your hardware should be considered the foundation on which you build the rest of your privacy setup.
+
+## Picking a Computer
+
+The internals of your devices process and store all of your digital data. It is important that all devices are supported by the manufacturer and developers by continuing to receive security updates.
+
+### Hardware Security Programs
+
+Some devices will have a "hardware security program", which is a collaboration between vendors on best practices and recommendations when designing hardware, for example:
+
+- [Windows Secured-core PCs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-highly-secure-11) meet a higher security criteria specified by Microsoft. These protections aren't only applicable to Windows users; Users of other operating systems can still take advantage of features like [DMA protection](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt) and the ability to completely distrust Microsoft certificates.
+- [Android Ready SE](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) is a collaboration between vendors to ensure their devices follow [best practices](https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/hardware) and include tamper resistant hardware backed storage for things like encryption keys.
+- macOS running on an Apple SoC takes advantage of [hardware security](../os/macos-overview.md#hardware-security) which may not be available with third party operating systems.
+- [ChromeOS security](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper) is at its best when running on a Chromebook as it is able to make use of available hardware features such as the [hardware root-of-trust](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper/#hardware-root-of-trust-and-verified-boot).
+
+Even if you don't use these operating systems, participation in these programs may indicate that the manufacturer is following best practices when it comes to hardware security and updates.
+
+### Preinstalled OS
+
+New computers nearly always come with Windows preinstalled, unless you buy a Mac or a specialty Linux machine. It's usually a good idea to wipe the drive and install a fresh copy of your operating system of choice, even if that means just reinstalling Windows from scratch. Due to agreements between hardware vendors and shady software vendors, the default Windows install often comes preloaded with bloatware, [adware](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/technology/lenovo-gets-a-slap-on-the-wrist-for-superfish-adware-scandal), or even [malware](https://zdnet.com/article/dell-poweredge-motherboards-ship-with-malware).
+
+### Firmware Updates
+
+Hardware often has security issues that are discovered and patched through firmware updates for your hardware.
+
+Almost every component of your computer requires firmware to operate, from your motherboard to your storage devices. It is ideal for all the components of your device to be fully supported. Apple devices, Chromebooks, most Android phones, and Microsoft Surface devices will handle firmware updates for you as long as the device is supported.
+
+If you build your own PC, you may need to manually update your motherboard's firmware by downloading it from your OEM's website. If you use Linux, consider using the built-in [`fwupd`](https://fwupd.org) tool that will let you check for and apply any firmware updates available for your motherboard.
+
+### TPM/Secure Cryptoprocessor
+
+Most computers and phones come equipped with a TPM (or a similar secure cryptoprocessor) which safely stores your encryption keys and handles other security-related functions. If you're currently using a machine that doesn't have one of these, you might benefit from purchasing a newer computer that has this feature. Some desktop and server motherboards have a "TPM header" which can accept a small accessory board containing the TPM.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+Virtual TPMs are susceptible to side-channel attacks and external TPMs, as a result of being separate from the CPU on the motherboard, are vulnerable to [sniffing](https://pulsesecurity.co.nz/articles/TPM-sniffing) when an attacker has access to the hardware. The solution to this problem is to include the secure processor inside the CPU itself, which is the case for Apple's chips and Microsoft's [Pluton](https://microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/11/17/meet-the-microsoft-pluton-processor-the-security-chip-designed-for-the-future-of-windows-pcs).
+
+</div>
+
+### Biometrics
+
+Many devices come equipped with a fingerprint reader or face recognition capabilities. These can be very convenient, but they aren't perfect and sometimes fail. Most devices will fall back to a PIN or password when this happens, meaning that the security of your devices is still only as good as your password.
+
+Biometrics can prevent someone from watching you type in your password, so if shoulder-surfing is part of your threat model then biometrics are a good option.
+
+Most implementations of face authentication require you to be looking at your phone and also only work from a relatively close distance, so you don't need to worry too much about someone pointing your phone at your face to unlock it without your consent. You can still disable biometrics when your phone is locked if you want. On iOS, you can hold the side button and a volume button for 3 seconds to disable Face ID on models that support it. On Android, hold the power button and press Lockdown on the menu.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+Some devices do not have the proper hardware for secure face authentication. There's two main types of face authentication: 2D and 3D. 3D face authentication makes use of a dot projector that lets the device create a 3D depth map of your face. Make sure that your device has this capability.
+
+</div>
+
+Android defines three [security classes](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/biometric/measure#biometric-classes) for biometrics; you should check that your device is Class 3 before enabling biometrics.
+
+### Device Encryption
+
+If your device is [encrypted](../encryption.md), your data is most secure when your device is completely powered off (as opposed to merely asleep), i.e. before you've entered your encryption key or lock screen password for the first time. On phones, this state of higher security is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and "After First Unlock" (AFU) once you enter the correct password after a reboot/power-on. AFU is considerably less secure against digital forensics toolkits and other exploits, compared to BFU. Therefore, if you are concerned about an attacker with physical access to your device, you should turn it off fully whenever you aren't using it.
+
+This may be impractical, so consider whether it's worth it, but in either case even AFU mode is effective against most threats, given you are using a strong encryption key.
+
+## External Hardware
+
+Some threats can't be protected against by your internal components alone. Many of these options are highly situational; please evaluate if they are really necessary for your threat model.
+
+### Hardware Security Keys
+
+Hardware keys are devices that use strong cryptography to authenticate you to a device or account. The idea is that because they can not be copied, you can use them to secure accounts in such a way that they can only be accessed with physical possession of the key, eliminating many remote attacks.
+
+[Recommended Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../security-keys.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Learn More about Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys){ .md-button }
+
+### Camera/Microphone
+
+If you don't want to trust your OS's permission controls to prevent the camera from activating in the first place, you can buy camera blockers that physically prevent light from reaching the camera. You could also buy a device that doesn't have a built-in camera and use an external camera that you can unplug whenever you're done using it. Some devices come with built-in camera blockers or hardware switches that physically disconnect the camera from power.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+You should only buy covers that fit your laptop and won't cause damage when you close the lid. Covering the camera will interfere with automatic brightness and face authentication features.
+
+</div>
+
+For microphone access, in most cases you will need to trust your OS's built-in permission controls. Alternatively, buy a device that doesn't have a built-in microphone and use an external microphone that you can unplug when you're done using it. Some devices, like a [MacBook or an iPad](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/hardware-microphone-disconnect-secbbd20b00b/web), feature a hardware disconnect for the microphone when you close the lid.
+
+Many computers have a BIOS option to disable the camera and microphone. When disabled there, the hardware won't even appear as a device on a booted system.
+
+### Privacy Screens
+
+Privacy screens are a film you can put over your normal screen so that the screen is only visible from a certain angle. These are good if your threat model includes others peeking at your screen, but it is not foolproof as anyone could just move to a different viewing angle and see what's on your screen.
+
+### Dead Man's Switches
+
+A dead man's switch stops a piece of machinery from operating without the presence of a human operator. These were originally designed as a safety measure, but the same concept can be applied to an electronic device to lock it when you're not present.
+
+Some laptops are able to [detect](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/managing-presence-sensing-settings-in-windows-11-82285c93-440c-4e15-9081-c9e38c1290bb) when you're present and can lock automatically when you aren't sitting in front of the screen. You should check the settings in your OS to see if your computer supports this feature.
+
+You can also get cables, like [Buskill](https://buskill.in), that will lock or wipe your computer when the cable is disconnected.
+
+### Anti-Interdiction/Evil Maid Attack
+
+The best way to prevent a targeted attack against you before a device is in your possession is to purchase a device in a physical store, rather than ordering it to your address.
+
+Make sure your device supports secure boot/verified boot, and you have it enabled. Try to avoid leaving your device unattended whenever possible.
+
+## Secure your Network
+
+### Compartmentalization
+
+Many solutions exist that allow you to separate what you're doing on a computer, such as virtual machines and sandboxing. However, the best compartmentalization is physical separation. This is useful especially for situations where certain software requires you to bypass security features in your OS, such as with anti-cheat software bundled with many games.
+
+For gaming, it may be useful to designate one machine as your "gaming" machine and only use it for that one task. Keep it on a separate VLAN. This may require the use of a managed switch and a router that supports segregated networks.
+
+Most consumer routers allow you to do this by enabling a separate "guest" network that can't talk to your main network. All untrusted devices can go here, including IoT devices like your smart fridge, thermostat, TV, etc.
+
+### Minimalism
+
+As the saying goes, "less is more". The fewer devices you have connected to your network, the less potential attack surface you'll have and the less work it will be to make sure they all stay up-to-date.
+
+You may find it useful to go around your home and make a list of every connected device you have to help you keep track.
+
+### Routers
+
+Your router handles all your network traffic and acts as your first line of defense between you and the open internet.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+A lot of routers come with storage to put your files on so you can access them from any computer on your network. We recommend you don't use networking devices for things other than networking. In the event your router was compromised, your files would also be compromised.
+
+</div>
+
+The most important thing to think about with routers is keeping them up-to-date. Many modern routers will automatically install updates, but many others won't. You should check on your router's settings page for this option. That page can usually be accessed by typing `192.168.1.1` or `192.168.0.1` into the URL bar of any browser assuming you're on the same network. You can also check in the network settings of your OS for "router" or "gateway".
+
+If your router does not support automatic updates, you will need to go to the manufacturer's site to download the updates and apply them manually.
+
+Many consumer-grade routers aren't supported for very long. If your router isn't supported by the manufacturer anymore, you can check if it's supported by [FOSS firmware](../router.md). You can also buy routers that come with FOSS firmware installed by default; these tend to be supported longer than most routers.
+
+Some ISPs provide a combined router/modem. It can be beneficial for security to purchase a separate router and set your ISP router/modem into modem-only mode. This way, even when your ISP-provided router is no longer getting updates, you can still get security updates and patches. It also means any problems that affect your modem won't affect your router and vice versa.

i18n/ku-IQ/desktop-browsers.md

@@ -265,9 +265,7 @@ Brave adds a "[referral code](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/Brave%
 
 These options can be found in :material-menu: → **Settings**.
 
-#### Settings
-
-##### Shields
+#### Shields
 
 Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields) feature. We suggest configuring these options [globally](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings) across all pages that you visit.
 
@@ -275,7 +273,6 @@ Shields' options can be downgraded on a per-site basis as needed, but by default
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 - [x] Select **Aggressive** under *Trackers & ads blocking*
 
 <details class="warning" markdown>
@@ -288,6 +285,7 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 - [x] Select **Strict** under *Upgrade connections to HTTPS*
 - [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
 - [x] Check **Block fingerprinting**
+- [x] Select **Block third-party cookies**
 - [x] Check **Forget me when I close this site** (2)
 - [ ] Uncheck all social media components
 
@@ -296,42 +294,54 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode).
 2. If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis by clicking on the Shield icon in the address bar.
 
-##### Privacy and security
+#### Privacy and security
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
+- [x] Select **Don't allow sites to use the V8 optimizer** under *Security* → *Manage V8 security* (1)
+- [x] Select **Automatically remove permissions from unused sites** under *Sites and Shields Settings*
 - [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
 - [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Private window with Tor** (1)
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect AMP pages**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect tracking URLs**
+- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 
 </div>
 
-1. Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. Where [strong anonymity is required](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
+1. Disabling the V8 optimizer reduces your attack surface by disabling [*some*](https://grapheneos.social/@GrapheneOS/112708049232710156) parts of JavaScript Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.
 
 <div class="admonition tip" markdown>
 <p class="admonition-title">Sanitizing on close</p>
 
-- [x] In the *Sites and Shields Settings* menu, under Content, after clicking on the *On-device site data* menu, select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows**.
+- [x] Select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows** under *Sites and Shields Settings* → *Content* → *Additional content settings* → *On-device site data*.
 
 If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
 
 </div>
 
-##### Extensions
+##### Tor windows
 
-- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you do not use
+[**Private Window with Tor**](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) allows you to route your traffic through the Tor network in Private Windows and access .onion services, which may be useful in some cases. However, Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. If your threat model requires strong anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
 
-##### Web3
+##### Data Collection
 
-Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of features, they should be disabled.
+- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
 
-- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet* and *Default Solana wallet*
+#### Web3
+
+Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of these features, they should be disabled.
+
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet*
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Solana wallet*
 - Set *Method to resolve IPFS resources* to **Disabled**
 
-##### System
+#### Extensions
+
+- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you don't use
+
+#### System
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 

i18n/ku-IQ/os/ios-overview.md

@@ -227,4 +227,4 @@ Apple always makes beta versions of iOS available early for those that wish to h
 
 ### Before First Unlock
 
-If your threat model includes forensic tools and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.
+If your threat model includes forensic tools, and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.

i18n/ku-IQ/os/windows/index.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This section is a work in progress, because it takes considerably more time and
 
 ## Privacy Notes
 
-Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
+Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
 
 With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as:
 

i18n/nl/basics/common-threats.md

@@ -189,4 +189,4 @@ Je moet altijd rekening houden met de risico 's van het proberen om censuur te o
 [^2]: Wikipedia: [Surveillance kapitalisme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
 [^3]: Wikipedia: [*Surveillancekapitalisme*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
 [^4]: "[Enumerating badness](https://ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb)" (or, "listing all the bad things that we know about"), as many content blockers and antivirus programs do, fails to adequately protect you from new and unknown threats because they have not yet been added to the filter list. Je moet ook andere mitigatietechnieken gebruiken.
-[^5]: Verenigde Naties: [*Universele Verklaring van de Rechten van de Mens*](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).
+[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

i18n/nl/basics/hardware.md

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+---
+title: Choosing Your Hardware
+icon: material/chip
+description: Software isn't all that matters; learn about the hardware tools you use every day to protect your privacy.
+---
+
+When it comes to discussions about privacy, hardware is often not thought about as much as what software we use. Your hardware should be considered the foundation on which you build the rest of your privacy setup.
+
+## Picking a Computer
+
+The internals of your devices process and store all of your digital data. It is important that all devices are supported by the manufacturer and developers by continuing to receive security updates.
+
+### Hardware Security Programs
+
+Some devices will have a "hardware security program", which is a collaboration between vendors on best practices and recommendations when designing hardware, for example:
+
+- [Windows Secured-core PCs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-highly-secure-11) meet a higher security criteria specified by Microsoft. These protections aren't only applicable to Windows users; Users of other operating systems can still take advantage of features like [DMA protection](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt) and the ability to completely distrust Microsoft certificates.
+- [Android Ready SE](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) is a collaboration between vendors to ensure their devices follow [best practices](https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/hardware) and include tamper resistant hardware backed storage for things like encryption keys.
+- macOS running on an Apple SoC takes advantage of [hardware security](../os/macos-overview.md#hardware-security) which may not be available with third party operating systems.
+- [ChromeOS security](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper) is at its best when running on a Chromebook as it is able to make use of available hardware features such as the [hardware root-of-trust](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper/#hardware-root-of-trust-and-verified-boot).
+
+Even if you don't use these operating systems, participation in these programs may indicate that the manufacturer is following best practices when it comes to hardware security and updates.
+
+### Preinstalled OS
+
+New computers nearly always come with Windows preinstalled, unless you buy a Mac or a specialty Linux machine. It's usually a good idea to wipe the drive and install a fresh copy of your operating system of choice, even if that means just reinstalling Windows from scratch. Due to agreements between hardware vendors and shady software vendors, the default Windows install often comes preloaded with bloatware, [adware](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/technology/lenovo-gets-a-slap-on-the-wrist-for-superfish-adware-scandal), or even [malware](https://zdnet.com/article/dell-poweredge-motherboards-ship-with-malware).
+
+### Firmware-updates
+
+Hardware often has security issues that are discovered and patched through firmware updates for your hardware.
+
+Almost every component of your computer requires firmware to operate, from your motherboard to your storage devices. It is ideal for all the components of your device to be fully supported. Apple devices, Chromebooks, most Android phones, and Microsoft Surface devices will handle firmware updates for you as long as the device is supported.
+
+If you build your own PC, you may need to manually update your motherboard's firmware by downloading it from your OEM's website. If you use Linux, consider using the built-in [`fwupd`](https://fwupd.org) tool that will let you check for and apply any firmware updates available for your motherboard.
+
+### TPM/Secure Cryptoprocessor
+
+Most computers and phones come equipped with a TPM (or a similar secure cryptoprocessor) which safely stores your encryption keys and handles other security-related functions. If you're currently using a machine that doesn't have one of these, you might benefit from purchasing a newer computer that has this feature. Some desktop and server motherboards have a "TPM header" which can accept a small accessory board containing the TPM.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+Virtual TPMs are susceptible to side-channel attacks and external TPMs, as a result of being separate from the CPU on the motherboard, are vulnerable to [sniffing](https://pulsesecurity.co.nz/articles/TPM-sniffing) when an attacker has access to the hardware. The solution to this problem is to include the secure processor inside the CPU itself, which is the case for Apple's chips and Microsoft's [Pluton](https://microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/11/17/meet-the-microsoft-pluton-processor-the-security-chip-designed-for-the-future-of-windows-pcs).
+
+</div>
+
+### Biometrics
+
+Many devices come equipped with a fingerprint reader or face recognition capabilities. These can be very convenient, but they aren't perfect and sometimes fail. Most devices will fall back to a PIN or password when this happens, meaning that the security of your devices is still only as good as your password.
+
+Biometrics can prevent someone from watching you type in your password, so if shoulder-surfing is part of your threat model then biometrics are a good option.
+
+Most implementations of face authentication require you to be looking at your phone and also only work from a relatively close distance, so you don't need to worry too much about someone pointing your phone at your face to unlock it without your consent. You can still disable biometrics when your phone is locked if you want. On iOS, you can hold the side button and a volume button for 3 seconds to disable Face ID on models that support it. On Android, hold the power button and press Lockdown on the menu.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+Some devices do not have the proper hardware for secure face authentication. There's two main types of face authentication: 2D and 3D. 3D face authentication makes use of a dot projector that lets the device create a 3D depth map of your face. Make sure that your device has this capability.
+
+</div>
+
+Android defines three [security classes](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/biometric/measure#biometric-classes) for biometrics; you should check that your device is Class 3 before enabling biometrics.
+
+### Device Encryption
+
+If your device is [encrypted](../encryption.md), your data is most secure when your device is completely powered off (as opposed to merely asleep), i.e. before you've entered your encryption key or lock screen password for the first time. On phones, this state of higher security is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and "After First Unlock" (AFU) once you enter the correct password after a reboot/power-on. AFU is considerably less secure against digital forensics toolkits and other exploits, compared to BFU. Therefore, if you are concerned about an attacker with physical access to your device, you should turn it off fully whenever you aren't using it.
+
+This may be impractical, so consider whether it's worth it, but in either case even AFU mode is effective against most threats, given you are using a strong encryption key.
+
+## External Hardware
+
+Some threats can't be protected against by your internal components alone. Many of these options are highly situational; please evaluate if they are really necessary for your threat model.
+
+### Hardware Veiligheidssleutels
+
+Hardware keys are devices that use strong cryptography to authenticate you to a device or account. The idea is that because they can not be copied, you can use them to secure accounts in such a way that they can only be accessed with physical possession of the key, eliminating many remote attacks.
+
+[Recommended Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../security-keys.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Learn More about Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys){ .md-button }
+
+### Camera/Microphone
+
+If you don't want to trust your OS's permission controls to prevent the camera from activating in the first place, you can buy camera blockers that physically prevent light from reaching the camera. You could also buy a device that doesn't have a built-in camera and use an external camera that you can unplug whenever you're done using it. Some devices come with built-in camera blockers or hardware switches that physically disconnect the camera from power.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+You should only buy covers that fit your laptop and won't cause damage when you close the lid. Covering the camera will interfere with automatic brightness and face authentication features.
+
+</div>
+
+For microphone access, in most cases you will need to trust your OS's built-in permission controls. Alternatively, buy a device that doesn't have a built-in microphone and use an external microphone that you can unplug when you're done using it. Some devices, like a [MacBook or an iPad](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/hardware-microphone-disconnect-secbbd20b00b/web), feature a hardware disconnect for the microphone when you close the lid.
+
+Many computers have a BIOS option to disable the camera and microphone. When disabled there, the hardware won't even appear as a device on a booted system.
+
+### Privacy Screens
+
+Privacy screens are a film you can put over your normal screen so that the screen is only visible from a certain angle. These are good if your threat model includes others peeking at your screen, but it is not foolproof as anyone could just move to a different viewing angle and see what's on your screen.
+
+### Dead Man's Switches
+
+A dead man's switch stops a piece of machinery from operating without the presence of a human operator. These were originally designed as a safety measure, but the same concept can be applied to an electronic device to lock it when you're not present.
+
+Some laptops are able to [detect](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/managing-presence-sensing-settings-in-windows-11-82285c93-440c-4e15-9081-c9e38c1290bb) when you're present and can lock automatically when you aren't sitting in front of the screen. You should check the settings in your OS to see if your computer supports this feature.
+
+You can also get cables, like [Buskill](https://buskill.in), that will lock or wipe your computer when the cable is disconnected.
+
+### Anti-Interdiction/Evil Maid Attack
+
+The best way to prevent a targeted attack against you before a device is in your possession is to purchase a device in a physical store, rather than ordering it to your address.
+
+Make sure your device supports secure boot/verified boot, and you have it enabled. Try to avoid leaving your device unattended whenever possible.
+
+## Secure your Network
+
+### Compartmentalization
+
+Many solutions exist that allow you to separate what you're doing on a computer, such as virtual machines and sandboxing. However, the best compartmentalization is physical separation. This is useful especially for situations where certain software requires you to bypass security features in your OS, such as with anti-cheat software bundled with many games.
+
+For gaming, it may be useful to designate one machine as your "gaming" machine and only use it for that one task. Keep it on a separate VLAN. This may require the use of a managed switch and a router that supports segregated networks.
+
+Most consumer routers allow you to do this by enabling a separate "guest" network that can't talk to your main network. All untrusted devices can go here, including IoT devices like your smart fridge, thermostat, TV, etc.
+
+### Minimalism
+
+As the saying goes, "less is more". The fewer devices you have connected to your network, the less potential attack surface you'll have and the less work it will be to make sure they all stay up-to-date.
+
+You may find it useful to go around your home and make a list of every connected device you have to help you keep track.
+
+### Routers
+
+Your router handles all your network traffic and acts as your first line of defense between you and the open internet.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+A lot of routers come with storage to put your files on so you can access them from any computer on your network. We recommend you don't use networking devices for things other than networking. In the event your router was compromised, your files would also be compromised.
+
+</div>
+
+The most important thing to think about with routers is keeping them up-to-date. Many modern routers will automatically install updates, but many others won't. You should check on your router's settings page for this option. That page can usually be accessed by typing `192.168.1.1` or `192.168.0.1` into the URL bar of any browser assuming you're on the same network. You can also check in the network settings of your OS for "router" or "gateway".
+
+If your router does not support automatic updates, you will need to go to the manufacturer's site to download the updates and apply them manually.
+
+Many consumer-grade routers aren't supported for very long. If your router isn't supported by the manufacturer anymore, you can check if it's supported by [FOSS firmware](../router.md). You can also buy routers that come with FOSS firmware installed by default; these tend to be supported longer than most routers.
+
+Some ISPs provide a combined router/modem. It can be beneficial for security to purchase a separate router and set your ISP router/modem into modem-only mode. This way, even when your ISP-provided router is no longer getting updates, you can still get security updates and patches. It also means any problems that affect your modem won't affect your router and vice versa.

i18n/nl/desktop-browsers.md

@@ -258,9 +258,7 @@ Brave voegt een "[referral code](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/Bra
 
 Deze opties zijn te vinden in :material-menu: → **Instellingen**.
 
-#### Settings
-
-##### Schilden
+#### Schilden
 
 Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields) feature. We suggest configuring these options [globally](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings) across all pages that you visit.
 
@@ -268,7 +266,6 @@ De opties van Shields kunnen naar behoefte per site worden gedowngrade, maar sta
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 - [x] Select **Aggressive** under *Trackers & ads blocking*
 
 <details class="warning" markdown>
@@ -281,6 +278,7 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 - [x] Select **Strict** under *Upgrade connections to HTTPS*
 - [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
 - [x] Check **Block fingerprinting**
+- [x] Select **Block third-party cookies**
 - [x] Check **Forget me when I close this site** (2)
 - [ ] Uncheck all social media components
 
@@ -289,42 +287,54 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode).
 2. If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis by clicking on the Shield icon in the address bar.
 
-##### Privacy and security
+#### Privacy and security
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
+- [x] Select **Don't allow sites to use the V8 optimizer** under *Security* → *Manage V8 security* (1)
+- [x] Select **Automatically remove permissions from unused sites** under *Sites and Shields Settings*
 - [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
 - [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Private window with Tor** (1)
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect AMP pages**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect tracking URLs**
+- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 
 </div>
 
-1. Brave is **niet** zo resistent tegen vingerafdrukken als de Tor Browser en veel minder mensen gebruiken Brave met Tor, dus zal je opvallen. Where [strong anonymity is required](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
+1. Disabling the V8 optimizer reduces your attack surface by disabling [*some*](https://grapheneos.social/@GrapheneOS/112708049232710156) parts of JavaScript Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.
 
 <div class="admonition tip" markdown>
 <p class="admonition-title">Sanitizing on close</p>
 
-- [x] In the *Sites and Shields Settings* menu, under Content, after clicking on the *On-device site data* menu, select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows**.
+- [x] Select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows** under *Sites and Shields Settings* → *Content* → *Additional content settings* → *On-device site data*.
 
 If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
 
 </div>
 
-##### Extensions
+##### Tor windows
 
-- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you do not use
+[**Private Window with Tor**](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) allows you to route your traffic through the Tor network in Private Windows and access .onion services, which may be useful in some cases. However, Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. If your threat model requires strong anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
 
-##### Web3
+##### Data Collection
 
-De Web3-functies van Brave kunnen de vingerafdruk van jouw browser en het aanvalsoppervlak vergroten. Tenzij je een van de functies gebruikt, moeten ze worden uitgeschakeld.
+- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
 
-- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet* and *Default Solana wallet*
+#### Web3
+
+De Web3-functies van Brave kunnen de vingerafdruk van jouw browser en het aanvalsoppervlak vergroten. Unless you use any of these features, they should be disabled.
+
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet*
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Solana wallet*
 - Set *Method to resolve IPFS resources* to **Disabled**
 
-##### System
+#### Extensions
+
+- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you don't use
+
+#### System
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 

i18n/nl/os/ios-overview.md

@@ -227,4 +227,4 @@ Apple always makes beta versions of iOS available early for those that wish to h
 
 ### Before First Unlock
 
-If your threat model includes forensic tools and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.
+If your threat model includes forensic tools, and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.

i18n/nl/os/windows/index.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This section is a work in progress, because it takes considerably more time and
 
 ## Privacy Opmerkingen
 
-Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
+Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
 
 With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as:
 

i18n/pl/basics/common-threats.md

@@ -189,4 +189,4 @@ You must always consider the risks of trying to bypass censorship, the potential
 [^2]: United States Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board: [*Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215*](https://documents.pclob.gov/prod/Documents/OversightReport/ec542143-1079-424a-84b3-acc354698560/215-Report_on_the_Telephone_Records_Program.pdf)
 [^3]: Wikipedia: [*Surveillance capitalism*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism)
 [^4]: "[Enumerating badness](https://ranum.com/security/computer_security/editorials/dumb)" (or, "listing all the bad things that we know about"), as many content blockers and antivirus programs do, fails to adequately protect you from new and unknown threats because they have not yet been added to the filter list. You should also employ other mitigation techniques.
-[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).
+[^5]: United Nations: [*Universal Declaration of Human Rights*](https://un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights).

i18n/pl/basics/hardware.md

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+---
+title: Choosing Your Hardware
+icon: material/chip
+description: Software isn't all that matters; learn about the hardware tools you use every day to protect your privacy.
+---
+
+When it comes to discussions about privacy, hardware is often not thought about as much as what software we use. Your hardware should be considered the foundation on which you build the rest of your privacy setup.
+
+## Picking a Computer
+
+The internals of your devices process and store all of your digital data. It is important that all devices are supported by the manufacturer and developers by continuing to receive security updates.
+
+### Hardware Security Programs
+
+Some devices will have a "hardware security program", which is a collaboration between vendors on best practices and recommendations when designing hardware, for example:
+
+- [Windows Secured-core PCs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-highly-secure-11) meet a higher security criteria specified by Microsoft. These protections aren't only applicable to Windows users; Users of other operating systems can still take advantage of features like [DMA protection](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/information-protection/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt) and the ability to completely distrust Microsoft certificates.
+- [Android Ready SE](https://developers.google.com/android/security/android-ready-se) is a collaboration between vendors to ensure their devices follow [best practices](https://source.android.com/docs/security/best-practices/hardware) and include tamper resistant hardware backed storage for things like encryption keys.
+- macOS running on an Apple SoC takes advantage of [hardware security](../os/macos-overview.md#hardware-security) which may not be available with third party operating systems.
+- [ChromeOS security](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper) is at its best when running on a Chromebook as it is able to make use of available hardware features such as the [hardware root-of-trust](https://chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-library/reference/security/security-whitepaper/#hardware-root-of-trust-and-verified-boot).
+
+Even if you don't use these operating systems, participation in these programs may indicate that the manufacturer is following best practices when it comes to hardware security and updates.
+
+### Preinstalled OS
+
+New computers nearly always come with Windows preinstalled, unless you buy a Mac or a specialty Linux machine. It's usually a good idea to wipe the drive and install a fresh copy of your operating system of choice, even if that means just reinstalling Windows from scratch. Due to agreements between hardware vendors and shady software vendors, the default Windows install often comes preloaded with bloatware, [adware](https://bleepingcomputer.com/news/technology/lenovo-gets-a-slap-on-the-wrist-for-superfish-adware-scandal), or even [malware](https://zdnet.com/article/dell-poweredge-motherboards-ship-with-malware).
+
+### Aktualizacje oprogramowania
+
+Hardware often has security issues that are discovered and patched through firmware updates for your hardware.
+
+Almost every component of your computer requires firmware to operate, from your motherboard to your storage devices. It is ideal for all the components of your device to be fully supported. Apple devices, Chromebooks, most Android phones, and Microsoft Surface devices will handle firmware updates for you as long as the device is supported.
+
+If you build your own PC, you may need to manually update your motherboard's firmware by downloading it from your OEM's website. If you use Linux, consider using the built-in [`fwupd`](https://fwupd.org) tool that will let you check for and apply any firmware updates available for your motherboard.
+
+### TPM/Secure Cryptoprocessor
+
+Most computers and phones come equipped with a TPM (or a similar secure cryptoprocessor) which safely stores your encryption keys and handles other security-related functions. If you're currently using a machine that doesn't have one of these, you might benefit from purchasing a newer computer that has this feature. Some desktop and server motherboards have a "TPM header" which can accept a small accessory board containing the TPM.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+Virtual TPMs are susceptible to side-channel attacks and external TPMs, as a result of being separate from the CPU on the motherboard, are vulnerable to [sniffing](https://pulsesecurity.co.nz/articles/TPM-sniffing) when an attacker has access to the hardware. The solution to this problem is to include the secure processor inside the CPU itself, which is the case for Apple's chips and Microsoft's [Pluton](https://microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/11/17/meet-the-microsoft-pluton-processor-the-security-chip-designed-for-the-future-of-windows-pcs).
+
+</div>
+
+### Biometrics
+
+Many devices come equipped with a fingerprint reader or face recognition capabilities. These can be very convenient, but they aren't perfect and sometimes fail. Most devices will fall back to a PIN or password when this happens, meaning that the security of your devices is still only as good as your password.
+
+Biometrics can prevent someone from watching you type in your password, so if shoulder-surfing is part of your threat model then biometrics are a good option.
+
+Most implementations of face authentication require you to be looking at your phone and also only work from a relatively close distance, so you don't need to worry too much about someone pointing your phone at your face to unlock it without your consent. You can still disable biometrics when your phone is locked if you want. On iOS, you can hold the side button and a volume button for 3 seconds to disable Face ID on models that support it. On Android, hold the power button and press Lockdown on the menu.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+Some devices do not have the proper hardware for secure face authentication. There's two main types of face authentication: 2D and 3D. 3D face authentication makes use of a dot projector that lets the device create a 3D depth map of your face. Make sure that your device has this capability.
+
+</div>
+
+Android defines three [security classes](https://source.android.com/docs/security/features/biometric/measure#biometric-classes) for biometrics; you should check that your device is Class 3 before enabling biometrics.
+
+### Device Encryption
+
+If your device is [encrypted](../encryption.md), your data is most secure when your device is completely powered off (as opposed to merely asleep), i.e. before you've entered your encryption key or lock screen password for the first time. On phones, this state of higher security is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and "After First Unlock" (AFU) once you enter the correct password after a reboot/power-on. AFU is considerably less secure against digital forensics toolkits and other exploits, compared to BFU. Therefore, if you are concerned about an attacker with physical access to your device, you should turn it off fully whenever you aren't using it.
+
+This may be impractical, so consider whether it's worth it, but in either case even AFU mode is effective against most threats, given you are using a strong encryption key.
+
+## External Hardware
+
+Some threats can't be protected against by your internal components alone. Many of these options are highly situational; please evaluate if they are really necessary for your threat model.
+
+### Hardware Security Keys
+
+Hardware keys are devices that use strong cryptography to authenticate you to a device or account. The idea is that because they can not be copied, you can use them to secure accounts in such a way that they can only be accessed with physical possession of the key, eliminating many remote attacks.
+
+[Recommended Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../security-keys.md){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Learn More about Hardware Keys :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](multi-factor-authentication.md#hardware-security-keys){ .md-button }
+
+### Camera/Microphone
+
+If you don't want to trust your OS's permission controls to prevent the camera from activating in the first place, you can buy camera blockers that physically prevent light from reaching the camera. You could also buy a device that doesn't have a built-in camera and use an external camera that you can unplug whenever you're done using it. Some devices come with built-in camera blockers or hardware switches that physically disconnect the camera from power.
+
+<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
+
+You should only buy covers that fit your laptop and won't cause damage when you close the lid. Covering the camera will interfere with automatic brightness and face authentication features.
+
+</div>
+
+For microphone access, in most cases you will need to trust your OS's built-in permission controls. Alternatively, buy a device that doesn't have a built-in microphone and use an external microphone that you can unplug when you're done using it. Some devices, like a [MacBook or an iPad](https://support.apple.com/guide/security/hardware-microphone-disconnect-secbbd20b00b/web), feature a hardware disconnect for the microphone when you close the lid.
+
+Many computers have a BIOS option to disable the camera and microphone. When disabled there, the hardware won't even appear as a device on a booted system.
+
+### Privacy Screens
+
+Privacy screens are a film you can put over your normal screen so that the screen is only visible from a certain angle. These are good if your threat model includes others peeking at your screen, but it is not foolproof as anyone could just move to a different viewing angle and see what's on your screen.
+
+### Dead Man's Switches
+
+A dead man's switch stops a piece of machinery from operating without the presence of a human operator. These were originally designed as a safety measure, but the same concept can be applied to an electronic device to lock it when you're not present.
+
+Some laptops are able to [detect](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/managing-presence-sensing-settings-in-windows-11-82285c93-440c-4e15-9081-c9e38c1290bb) when you're present and can lock automatically when you aren't sitting in front of the screen. You should check the settings in your OS to see if your computer supports this feature.
+
+You can also get cables, like [Buskill](https://buskill.in), that will lock or wipe your computer when the cable is disconnected.
+
+### Anti-Interdiction/Evil Maid Attack
+
+The best way to prevent a targeted attack against you before a device is in your possession is to purchase a device in a physical store, rather than ordering it to your address.
+
+Make sure your device supports secure boot/verified boot, and you have it enabled. Try to avoid leaving your device unattended whenever possible.
+
+## Secure your Network
+
+### Compartmentalization
+
+Many solutions exist that allow you to separate what you're doing on a computer, such as virtual machines and sandboxing. However, the best compartmentalization is physical separation. This is useful especially for situations where certain software requires you to bypass security features in your OS, such as with anti-cheat software bundled with many games.
+
+For gaming, it may be useful to designate one machine as your "gaming" machine and only use it for that one task. Keep it on a separate VLAN. This may require the use of a managed switch and a router that supports segregated networks.
+
+Most consumer routers allow you to do this by enabling a separate "guest" network that can't talk to your main network. All untrusted devices can go here, including IoT devices like your smart fridge, thermostat, TV, etc.
+
+### Minimalism
+
+As the saying goes, "less is more". The fewer devices you have connected to your network, the less potential attack surface you'll have and the less work it will be to make sure they all stay up-to-date.
+
+You may find it useful to go around your home and make a list of every connected device you have to help you keep track.
+
+### Routers
+
+Your router handles all your network traffic and acts as your first line of defense between you and the open internet.
+
+<div class="admonition Note" markdown>
+<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
+
+A lot of routers come with storage to put your files on so you can access them from any computer on your network. We recommend you don't use networking devices for things other than networking. In the event your router was compromised, your files would also be compromised.
+
+</div>
+
+The most important thing to think about with routers is keeping them up-to-date. Many modern routers will automatically install updates, but many others won't. You should check on your router's settings page for this option. That page can usually be accessed by typing `192.168.1.1` or `192.168.0.1` into the URL bar of any browser assuming you're on the same network. You can also check in the network settings of your OS for "router" or "gateway".
+
+If your router does not support automatic updates, you will need to go to the manufacturer's site to download the updates and apply them manually.
+
+Many consumer-grade routers aren't supported for very long. If your router isn't supported by the manufacturer anymore, you can check if it's supported by [FOSS firmware](../router.md). You can also buy routers that come with FOSS firmware installed by default; these tend to be supported longer than most routers.
+
+Some ISPs provide a combined router/modem. It can be beneficial for security to purchase a separate router and set your ISP router/modem into modem-only mode. This way, even when your ISP-provided router is no longer getting updates, you can still get security updates and patches. It also means any problems that affect your modem won't affect your router and vice versa.

i18n/pl/desktop-browsers.md

@@ -265,9 +265,7 @@ Brave adds a "[referral code](https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/wiki/Brave%
 
 These options can be found in :material-menu: → **Settings**.
 
-#### Settings
-
-##### Shields
+#### Shields
 
 Brave includes some anti-fingerprinting measures in its [Shields](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360022973471-What-is-Shields) feature. We suggest configuring these options [globally](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360023646212-How-do-I-configure-global-and-site-specific-Shields-settings) across all pages that you visit.
 
@@ -275,7 +273,6 @@ Shields' options can be downgraded on a per-site basis as needed, but by default
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
-- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 - [x] Select **Aggressive** under *Trackers & ads blocking*
 
 <details class="warning" markdown>
@@ -288,6 +285,7 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 - [x] Select **Strict** under *Upgrade connections to HTTPS*
 - [x] (Optional) Select **Block Scripts** (1)
 - [x] Check **Block fingerprinting**
+- [x] Select **Block third-party cookies**
 - [x] Check **Forget me when I close this site** (2)
 - [ ] Uncheck all social media components
 
@@ -296,42 +294,54 @@ Brave allows you to select additional content filters within the internal `brave
 1. This option provides functionality similar to uBlock Origin's advanced [blocking modes](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Blocking-mode).
 2. If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis by clicking on the Shield icon in the address bar.
 
-##### Privacy and security
+#### Privacy and security
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 
+- [x] Select **Don't allow sites to use the V8 optimizer** under *Security* → *Manage V8 security* (1)
+- [x] Select **Automatically remove permissions from unused sites** under *Sites and Shields Settings*
 - [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [WebRTC IP Handling Policy](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
 - [ ] Uncheck **Use Google services for push messaging**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
-- [ ] Uncheck **Private window with Tor** (1)
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect AMP pages**
+- [x] Select **Auto-redirect tracking URLs**
+- [x] Select **Prevent sites from fingerprinting me based on my language preferences**
 
 </div>
 
-1. Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. Where [strong anonymity is required](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
+1. Disabling the V8 optimizer reduces your attack surface by disabling [*some*](https://grapheneos.social/@GrapheneOS/112708049232710156) parts of JavaScript Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation.
 
 <div class="admonition tip" markdown>
 <p class="admonition-title">Sanitizing on close</p>
 
-- [x] In the *Sites and Shields Settings* menu, under Content, after clicking on the *On-device site data* menu, select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows**.
+- [x] Select **Delete data sites have saved to your device when you close all windows** under *Sites and Shields Settings* → *Content* → *Additional content settings* → *On-device site data*.
 
 If you wish to stay logged in to a particular site you visit often, you can set exceptions on a per-site basis under the *Customized behaviors* section.
 
 </div>
 
-##### Extensions
+##### Tor windows
 
-- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you do not use
+[**Private Window with Tor**](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360018121491-What-is-a-Private-Window-with-Tor-Connectivity) allows you to route your traffic through the Tor network in Private Windows and access .onion services, which may be useful in some cases. However, Brave is **not** as resistant to fingerprinting as the Tor Browser and far fewer people use Brave with Tor, so you will stand out. If your threat model requires strong anonymity, use the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser).
 
-##### Web3
+##### Data Collection
 
-Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of features, they should be disabled.
+- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send daily usage ping to Brave**
+- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
 
-- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet* and *Default Solana wallet*
+#### Web3
+
+Brave's Web3 features can potentially add to your browser fingerprint and attack surface. Unless you use any of these features, they should be disabled.
+
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Ethereum wallet*
+- Select **Extensions (no fallback)** under *Default Solana wallet*
 - Set *Method to resolve IPFS resources* to **Disabled**
 
-##### System
+#### Extensions
+
+- [ ] Uncheck all built-in extensions you don't use
+
+#### System
 
 <div class="annotate" markdown>
 

i18n/pl/os/ios-overview.md

@@ -227,4 +227,4 @@ Apple always makes beta versions of iOS available early for those that wish to h
 
 ### Before First Unlock
 
-If your threat model includes forensic tools and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.
+If your threat model includes forensic tools, and you want to minimize the chance of exploits being used to access your phone, you should restart your device frequently. The state *after* a reboot but *before* unlocking your device is referred to as "Before First Unlock" (BFU), and when your device is in that state it makes it [significantly more difficult](https://belkasoft.com/checkm8_glossary) for forensic tools to exploit vulnerabilities to access your data. This BFU state allows you to receive notifications for calls, texts, and alarms, but most of the data on your device is still encrypted and inaccessible. This can be impractical, so consider whether these trade-offs make sense for your situation.

i18n/pl/os/windows/index.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This section is a work in progress, because it takes considerably more time and
 
 ## Privacy Notes
 
-Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
+Microsoft Windows, particularly those versions aimed at consumers like the **Home** version often don't prioritize privacy friendly features by [default](https://theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/31/windows-10-microsoft-faces-criticism-over-privacy-default-settings). As a result we often see more [data collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft#Telemetry_and_data_collection) than necessary, without any real warnings that this is the default behavior. In an attempt to compete with Google in the advertising space, [Cortana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana_\(virtual_assistant\)) has included unique identifiers such as an "advertising ID" in order to correlate usage and assist advertisers in targeted advertising.  At launch, telemetry could not be disabled in non-enterprise editions of Windows 10. It still cannot be disabled, but Microsoft added the ability to [reduce](https://www.extremetech.com/computing/243079-upcoming-windows-update-reduces-spying-microsoft-still-mum-data-collects) the data that is sent to them.
 
 With Windows 11 there are a number of restrictions or defaults such as: