description: These email providers offer a great place to store your emails securely, and many offer interoperable OpenPGP encryption with other providers.
다음 제공 업체는 Open PGP 암호화/복호화 및 Web Key Directory(WKD) 표준을 기본적으로 지원하므로, 제공 업체를 가리지 않고 E2EE 이메일 이용이 가능합니다. 예를 들어, Proton Mail 사용자는 Mailbox.org 사용자에게 E2EE 메시지를 보내거나, OpenPGP 지원 인터넷 서비스에서 OpenPGP로 암호화된 알림을 받을 수 있습니다.
또한, OpenPGP는 순방향 비밀성을 지원하지 않습니다. 따라서 본인 혹은 수신자의 개인 키가 유출될 경우, 해당 키로 암호화된 이전 메시지가 전부 노출됩니다. [개인 키를 어떻게 보호해야 하나요?](basics/email-security.md#how-do-i-protect-my-private-keys)
무료 계정은 본문 텍스트 검색이 불가능하고 [Proton Mail Bridge](https://proton.me/mail/bridge)(Thunderbird 등 [권장 데스크톱 이메일 클라이언트](email-clients.md)를 사용하려면 필수적인 기능)를 사용할 수 없습니다. 유료 계정에는 Proton Mail Bridge, 추가 저장 공간, 사용자 지정 도메인 지원 등의 기능이 제공됩니다. Proton Mail 앱 [감사 증명서](https://proton.me/blog/security-audit-all-proton-apps)는 2021년 11월 9일에 [Securitum](https://research.securitum.com)에서 발급하였습니다.
Proton Mail에는 내부 충돌 보고서가 존재하며, 이는 제3자와 공유되지 **않습니다**. 충돌 보고서는 비활성화 가능합니다: **Settings** > **Go to Settings** > **Account** > **Security and privacy** > **Send crash reports**.
Proton Mail 유료 이용자는 서비스에서 자신의 도메인을 사용하거나 [Catch-all](https://proton.me/support/catch-all) 주소를 사용할 수 있습니다. 도메인을 자신이 직접 구매하지 않더라도, Proton Mail이 지원하는 [보조 주소](https://proton.me/support/creating-aliases)를 유용하게 사용할 수 있습니다.
Proton Mail은 TOTP [이중 인증](https://proton.me/support/two-factor-authentication-2fa), FIDO2/U2F 표준 [하드웨어 보안 키](https://proton.me/support/2fa-security-key)를 지원합니다. 하드웨어 보안 키를 사용하려면 먼저 TOTP 이중 인증을 설정해야 합니다.
Proton Mail has [zero-access encryption](https://proton.me/blog/zero-access-encryption) at rest for your emails and [calendars](https://proton.me/news/protoncalendar-security-model). Data secured with zero-access encryption is only accessible by you.
Certain information stored in [Proton Contacts](https://proton.me/support/proton-contacts), such as display names and email addresses, are not secured with zero-access encryption. Contact fields that support zero-access encryption, such as phone numbers, are indicated with a padlock icon.
Proton Mail has [integrated OpenPGP encryption](https://proton.me/support/how-to-use-pgp) in their webmail. Emails to other Proton Mail accounts are encrypted automatically, and encryption to non-Proton Mail addresses with an OpenPGP key can be enabled easily in your account settings. They also allow you to [encrypt messages to non-Proton Mail addresses](https://proton.me/support/password-protected-emails) without the need for them to sign up for a Proton Mail account or use software like OpenPGP.
Proton Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people who don't use Proton Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Proton Mail accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE.
If you have a paid account and your [bill is unpaid](https://proton.me/support/delinquency) after 14 days, you won't be able to access your data. After 30 days, your account will become delinquent and won't receive incoming mail. You will continue to be billed during this period.
**Mailbox.org**는 100% 친환경 에너지로 작동되는 안전하고, 광고가 없는 비공개 중점 이메일 서비스입니다. 2014년부터 운영되었습니다. Mailbox.org 본사는 독일 베를린에 위치하고 있습니다. 계정은 2GB 저장 공간으로 시작하며, 필요에 따라 업그레이드 가능합니다.
Mailbox.org는 자신의 도메인을 사용할 수 있으며, [Catch-all](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Using+catch-all+alias+with+own+domain) 주소를 지원합니다. 도메인을 자신이 직접 구매하지 않더라도, Mailbox.org가 지원하는 [보조 주소](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/BMBOKBEN/What+is+an+alias+and+how+do+I+use+it)를 유용하게 사용할 수 있습니다.
Mailbox.org는 BitPay 결제 처리업체가 독일에서 운영을 중단함에 따라 어떠한 암호화폐도 받지 않습니다. 단, 몇 가지 독일 전용 결제 수단(paydirekt, Sofortüberweisung)을 비롯해 현금 우편, 은행 계좌 현금 입금, 은행 송금, 신용 카드, PayPal을 지원합니다.
Mailbox.org는 웹메일에 한해 [이중 인증](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/How+to+use+two-factor+authentication+-+2FA)을 지원합니다. TOTP 혹은 ([YubiCloud](https://www.yubico.com/products/services-software/yubicloud)를 통한) [YubiKey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YubiKey)를 사용할 수 있습니다. [WebAuthn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn) 등의 웹 표준은 아직 지원되지 않습니다.
Mailbox.org allows for encryption of incoming mail using their [encrypted mailbox](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/The+Encrypted+Mailbox). New messages that you receive will then be immediately encrypted with your public key.
However, [Open-Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), the software platform used by Mailbox.org, [does not support](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/BMBOKBEN/Encryption+of+calendar+and+address+book) the encryption of your address book and calendar. A [standalone option](calendar.md) may be more appropriate for that information.
Mailbox.org has [integrated encryption](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Send+encrypted+e-mails+with+Guard) in their webmail, which simplifies sending messages to people with public OpenPGP keys. They also allow [remote recipients to decrypt an email](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/My+recipient+does+not+use+PGP) on Mailbox.org's servers. This feature is useful when the remote recipient does not have OpenPGP and cannot decrypt a copy of the email in their own mailbox.
Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD). This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily, for cross-provider E2EE.
Your account will be set to a restricted user account when your contract ends, after [30 days it will be irrevocably deleted](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/payment-article/what-happens-at-the-end-of-my-contract).
You can access your Mailbox.org account via IMAP/SMTP using their [.onion service](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/The+Tor+exit+node+of+mailbox.org). However, their webmail interface cannot be accessed via their .onion service and you may experience TLS certificate errors.
All accounts come with limited cloud storage that [can be encrypted](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Encrypt+files+on+your+Drive). Mailbox.org also offers the alias [@secure.mailbox.org](https://kb.mailbox.org/display/MBOKBEN/Ensuring+E-Mails+are+Sent+Securely), which enforces the TLS encryption on the connection between mail servers, otherwise the message will not be sent at all. Mailbox.org also supports [Exchange ActiveSync](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_ActiveSync) in addition to standard access protocols like IMAP and POP3.
Mailbox.org has a digital legacy feature for all plans. You can choose whether you want any of your data to be passed to heirs providing that they apply and provide your testament. Alternatively, you can nominate a person by name and address.
## More Providers
These providers store your emails with zero-knowledge encryption, making them great options for keeping your stored emails secure. However, they don't support interoperable encryption standards for E2EE communications between providers.
**StartMail**은 표준 OpenPGP 암호화를 사용하여 보안 및 프라이버시에 중점을 둔 이메일 서비스입니다. StartMail은 2014년부터 운영되었으며 본사는 네덜란드 제이스트 Boulevard 11에 위치하고 있습니다. 계정은 10GB부터 시작합니다. 30일 체험 기간을 제공합니다.
개인 계정은 [사용자 지정](https://support.startmail.com/hc/en-us/articles/360007297457-Aliases) 별칭을 사용할 수 있습니다. [사용자 지정 도메인](https://support.startmail.com/hc/en-us/articles/4403911432209-Setup-a-custom-domain)도 사용 가능합니다.
StartMail은 Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Paypal 결제를 지원합니다. [비트코인](advanced/payments.md#other-coins-bitcoin-ethereum-etc)(개인 계정 한정)이나 1년 이상 지난 계정의 SPEA 자동 이체 등 [추가 결제 옵션](https://support.startmail.com/hc/en-us/articles/360006620637-Payment-methods) 또한 지원합니다.
StartMail은 [웹메일에 한해](https://support.startmail.com/hc/en-us/articles/360006682158-Two-factor-authentication-2FA) TOTP 이중 인증을 지원합니다. U2F 보안 키 인증은 허용하지 않습니다.
StartMail has [zero access encryption at rest](https://www.startmail.com/en/whitepaper/#_Toc458527835), using their "user vault" system. When you log in, the vault is opened, and the email is then moved to the vault out of the queue where it is decrypted by the corresponding private key.
StartMail supports importing [contacts](https://support.startmail.com/hc/en-us/articles/360006495557-Import-contacts) however, they are only accessible in the webmail and not through protocols such as [CalDAV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CalDAV). Contacts are also not stored using zero knowledge encryption.
StartMail has [integrated encryption](https://support.startmail.com/hc/en-us/sections/360001889078-Encryption) in their webmail, which simplifies sending encrypted messages with public OpenPGP keys. However, they do not support the Web Key Directory standard, making the discovery of a Startmail mailbox's public key more challenging for other email providers or clients.
On account expiration, StartMail will permanently delete your account after [6 months in 3 phases](https://support.startmail.com/hc/en-us/articles/360006794398-Account-expiration).
Tutanota는 [IMAP 프로토콜](https://tutanota.com/faq/#imap)이나 외부 [이메일 클라이언트](email-clients.md)를 지원하지 않으며, Tutanota 앱에 [외부 이메일 계정](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/issues/544#issuecomment-670473647)을 추가하는 것도 불가능합니다. [이메일 가져오기](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/issues/630)나 [하위 폴더](https://github.com/tutao/tutanota/issues/927)는 현재 지원되지 않지만, [개선 예정입니다](https://tutanota.com/blog/posts/kickoff-import). 이메일은 [개별적으로 혹은 폴더별로 일괄 선택](https://tutanota.com/howto#generalMail)하여 내보낼 수 있으나, 폴더가 많은 경우 불편할 수 있습니다.
Tutanota 유료 계정은 최대 5개의 [별칭](https://tutanota.com/faq#alias) 및 사용자 지정 [도메인](https://tutanota.com/faq#custom-domain)을 사용할 수 있습니다. Tutanota는 [보조 주소(Plus 주소)](https://tutanota.com/faq#plus)를 허용하지 않지만, 사용자 지정 도메인 [Catch-all](https://tutanota.com/howto#settings-global) 기능은 지원합니다.
Tutanota는 신용카드, Paypal만 직접 결제할 수 있으나, Tutanota와 Proxystore의 [파트너십](https://tutanota.com/faq/#cryptocurrency)을 이용해 [암호화폐](cryptocurrency.md)로 기프트카드 구입이 가능합니다.
Tutanota has [zero access encryption at rest](https://tutanota.com/faq#what-encrypted) for your emails, [address book contacts](https://tutanota.com/faq#encrypted-address-book), and [calendars](https://tutanota.com/faq#calendar). This means the messages and other data stored in your account are only readable by you.
Tutanota는 [OpenPGP를 사용하지 않습니다](https://www.tutanota.com/faq/#pgp). Tutanota 계정이 Tutanota 외의 이메일 계정으로부터 암호화된 이메일을 받는 것은 [임시 Tutanota 메일함](https://www.tutanota.com/howto/#encrypted-email-external)을 통해 전송된 경우에만 가능합니다.
Tutanota will [delete inactive free accounts](https://tutanota.com/faq#inactive-accounts) after six months. You can reuse a deactivated free account if you pay.
An email aliasing service allows you to easily generate a new email address for every website you register for. The email aliases you generate are then forwarded to an email address of your choosing, hiding both your "main" email address and the identity of your email provider. True email aliasing is better than plus addressing commonly used and supported by many providers, which allows you to create aliases like yourname+[anythinghere]@example.com, because websites, advertisers, and tracking networks can trivially remove anything after the + sign to know your true email address.
Email aliasing can act as a safeguard in case your email provider ever ceases operation. In that scenario, you can easily re-route your aliases to a new email address. In turn, however, you are placing trust in the aliasing service to continue functioning.
Using a dedicated email aliasing service also has a number of benefits over a catch-all alias on a custom domain:
- Aliases can be turned on and off individually when you need them, preventing websites from emailing you randomly.
- Replies are sent from the alias address, shielding your real email address.
They also have a number of benefits over "temporary email" services:
- Aliases are permanent and can be turned on again if you need to receive something like a password reset.
- Emails are sent to your trusted mailbox rather than stored by the alias provider.
- Temporary email services typically have public mailboxes which can be accessed by anyone who knows the address, aliases are private to you.
Our email aliasing recommendations are providers that allow you to create aliases on domains they control, as well as your own custom domain(s) for a modest yearly fee. They can also be self-hosted if you want maximum control. However, using a custom domain can have privacy-related drawbacks: If you are the only person using your custom domain, your actions can be easily tracked across websites simply by looking at the domain name in the email address and ignoring everything before the at (@) sign.
Using an aliasing service requires trusting both your email provider and your aliasing provider with your unencrypted messages. Some providers mitigate this slightly with automatic PGP encryption, which reduces the number of parties you need to trust from two to one by encrypting incoming emails before they are delivered to your final mailbox provider.
The number of shared aliases (which end in a shared domain like @anonaddy.me) that you can create is limited to 20 on AnonAddy's free plan and 50 on their $12/year plan. You can create unlimited standard aliases (which end in a domain like @[username].anonaddy.com or a custom domain on paid plans), however, as previously mentioned, this can be detrimental to privacy because people can trivially tie your standard aliases together based on the domain name alone. Unlimited shared aliases are available for $36/year.
**SimpleLogin** is a free service which provides email aliases on a variety of shared domain names, and optionally provides paid features like unlimited aliases and custom domains.
SimpleLogin was [acquired by Proton AG](https://proton.me/news/proton-and-simplelogin-join-forces) as of April 8, 2022. If you use Proton Mail for your primary mailbox, SimpleLogin is a great choice. As both products are now owned by the same company you now only have to trust a single entity. We also expect that SimpleLogin will be more tightly integrated with Proton's offerings in the future. SimpleLogin continues to support forwarding to any email provider of your choosing. Securitum [audited](https://simplelogin.io/blog/security-audit/) SimpleLogin in early 2022 and all issues [were addressed](https://simplelogin.io/audit2022/web.pdf).
You can link your SimpleLogin account in the settings with your Proton account. If you have the Proton Unlimited, Business, or Visionary Plan, you will have SimpleLogin Premium for free.
Notable free features:
- [x] 10 Shared Aliases
- [x] Unlimited Replies
- [x] 1 Recipient Mailbox
## Self-Hosting Email
Advanced system administrators may consider setting up their own email server. Mail servers require attention and continuous maintenance in order to keep things secure and mail delivery reliable.
**Mailcow** is a more advanced mail server perfect for those with a bit more Linux experience. It has everything you need in a Docker container: A mail server with DKIM support, antivirus and spam monitoring, webmail and ActiveSync with SOGo, and web-based administration with 2FA support.
**Mail-in-a-Box** is an automated setup script for deploying a mail server on Ubuntu. Its goal is to make it easier for people to set up their own mail server.
For a more manual approach we've picked out these two articles:
- [Setting up a mail server with OpenSMTPD, Dovecot and Rspamd](https://poolp.org/posts/2019-09-14/setting-up-a-mail-server-with-opensmtpd-dovecot-and-rspamd/) (2019)
- [How To Run Your Own Mail Server](https://www.c0ffee.net/blog/mail-server-guide/) (August 2017)
**Privacy Guides는 권장 목록의 어떠한 제공 업체와도 제휴를 맺지 않았습니다.** 객관적인 권장 목록을 제공하기 위해, [일반적인 평가 기준](about/criteria.md)에 더해 명확한 요구 사항을 정립하였습니다. 이메일 제공 업체 평가 기준에는 업계 모범 사례, 최신 기술 사용 여부 등이 포함됩니다. 특정 이메일 제공 업체를 선택해 사용하기 전에, 이러한 요구 사항들을 숙지하고 여러분 스스로 조사하는 과정을 거쳐 적절한 선택을 하시기 바랍니다.
- Encrypts email account data at rest with zero-access encryption.
- Export capability as [Mbox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbox) or individual .eml with [RFC5322](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc5322/) standard.
- Allow users to use their own [domain name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name). Custom domain names are important to users because it allows them to maintain their agency from the service, should it turn bad or be acquired by another company which doesn't prioritize privacy.
- Operates on owned infrastructure, i.e. not built upon third-party email service providers.
- Integrated webmail E2EE/PGP encryption provided as a convenience.
- Support for [WKD](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) to allow improved discovery of public OpenPGP keys via HTTP. GnuPG users can get a key by typing: `gpg --locate-key example_user@example.com`
- Support for a temporary mailbox for external users. This is useful when you want to send an encrypted email, without sending an actual copy to your recipient. These emails usually have a limited lifespan and then are automatically deleted. They also don't require the recipient to configure any cryptography like OpenPGP.
- Availability of the email provider's services via an [onion service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.onion).
- Catch-all or alias functionality for those who own their own domains.
- Use of standard email access protocols such as IMAP, SMTP or [JMAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON_Meta_Application_Protocol). Standard access protocols ensure customers can easily download all of their email, should they want to switch to another provider.
- Protect sender's IP address. Filter it from showing in the `Received` header field.
- Don't require personally identifiable information (PII) besides a username and a password.
- Privacy policy that meets the requirements defined by the GDPR
- Must not be hosted in the US due to [ECPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Privacy_Act#Criticism) which has [yet to be reformed](https://epic.org/ecpa/).
- Zero access encryption, builds on encryption at rest. The provider does not have the decryption keys to the data they hold. This prevents a rogue employee leaking data they have access to or remote adversary from releasing data they have stolen by gaining unauthorized access to the server.
- No TLS errors or vulnerabilities when being profiled by tools such as [Hardenize](https://www.hardenize.com/), [testssl.sh](https://testssl.sh/), or [Qualys SSL Labs](https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest); this includes certificate related errors and weak DH parameters, such as those that led to [Logjam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logjam_(computer_security)).
- A server suite preference (optional on TLSv1.3) for strong cipher suites which support forward secrecy and authenticated encryption.
- A valid [MTA-STS](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8461) and [TLS-RPT](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8460) policy.
- Valid [DANE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS-based_Authentication_of_Named_Entities) records.
- Valid [SPF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sender_Policy_Framework) and [DKIM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DomainKeys_Identified_Mail) records.
- Have a proper [DMARC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMARC) record and policy or use [ARC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticated_Received_Chain) for authentication. If DMARC authentication is being used, the policy must be set to `reject` or `quarantine`.
- A server suite preference of TLS 1.2 or later and a plan for [RFC8996](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc8996/).
- [SMTPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTPS) submission, assuming SMTP is used.
- Website security standards such as:
- [HTTP Strict Transport Security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security)
- [Subresource Integrity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subresource_Integrity) if loading things from external domains.
- Must support viewing of [Message headers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email#Message_header), as it is a crucial forensic feature to determine if an email is a phishing attempt.
- Support for hardware authentication, i.e. U2F and [WebAuthn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn). U2F and WebAuthn are more secure as they use a private key stored on a client-side hardware device to authenticate people, as opposed to a shared secret that is stored on the web server and on the client side when using TOTP. Furthermore, U2F and WebAuthn are more resistant to phishing as their authentication response is based on the authenticated [domain name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name).
- [DNS Certification Authority Authorization (CAA) Resource Record](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6844) in addition to DANE support.
- Implementation of [Authenticated Received Chain (ARC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticated_Received_Chain), this is useful for people who post to mailing lists [RFC8617](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8617).
- Bug-bounty programs and/or a coordinated vulnerability-disclosure process.
You wouldn't trust your finances to someone with a fake identity, so why trust them with your email? We require our recommended providers to be public about their ownership or leadership. We also would like to see frequent transparency reports, especially in regard to how government requests are handled.
- Must self-host analytics (no Google Analytics, Adobe Analytics, etc.). The provider's site must also comply with [DNT (Do Not Track)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Not_Track) for those who wish to opt-out.
Must not have any marketing which is irresponsible:
- Claims of "unbreakable encryption." Encryption should be used with the intention that it may not be secret in the future when the technology exists to crack it.
- Making guarantees of protecting anonymity 100%. When someone makes a claim that something is 100% it means there is no certainty for failure. We know people can quite easily deanonymize themselves in a number of ways, e.g.:
