If you have a hardware security key with TOTP support (such as a YubiKey with [Yubico Authenticator](https://yubico.com/products/yubico-authenticator)), we recommend that you store your "shared secrets" on the hardware. YubiKey等硬件正是为了使 "共享密钥 "难以提取和复制而开发的。 YubiKey也没有连接到互联网,这与带有TOTP应用程序的手机不同。
Yubico has a dedicated [Credential Provider](https://learn.microsoft.com/windows/win32/secauthn/credential-providers-in-windows) that adds Challenge-Response authentication for the username + password login flow for local Windows accounts. If you have a YubiKey with Challenge-Response authentication support, take a look at the [Yubico Login for Windows Configuration Guide](https://support.yubico.com/hc/articles/360013708460-Yubico-Login-for-Windows-Configuration-Guide), which will allow you to set up MFA on your Windows computer.
Yubico have a guide [Using Your YubiKey as a Smart Card in macOS](https://support.yubico.com/hc/articles/360016649059) which can help you set up your YubiKey on macOS.
Linux上的 `pam_u2f` 模块可以在大多数流行的Linux发行版上为登录提供双因素认证。 如果你有一个支持U2F的硬件安全密钥,你可以为你的登录设置MFA认证。 Yubico has a guide [Ubuntu Linux Login Guide - U2F](https://support.yubico.com/hc/articles/360016649099-Ubuntu-Linux-Login-Guide-U2F) which should work on any distribution. 然而,软件包管理器的命令--如 `apt-get`--和软件包名称可能不同。 本指南 **不** 适用于Qubes OS。
Qubes OS支持使用YubiKeys进行质询-响应身份验证。 If you have a YubiKey with Challenge-Response authentication support, take a look at the Qubes OS [YubiKey documentation](https://qubes-os.org/doc/yubikey) if you want to set up MFA on Qubes OS.
SSH MFA也可以使用TOTP进行设置。 DigitalOcean has provided a tutorial [How To Set Up Multi-Factor Authentication for SSH on Ubuntu 20.04](https://digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-multi-factor-authentication-for-ssh-on-ubuntu-20-04). 无论哪个发行版,大多数东西都应该是一样的,但是软件包管理器命令--例如 `apt-get`--和软件包名称可能不同。
KeePass和KeePassXC数据库可以使用质询响应或HOTP作为第二因素身份验证进行保护。 Yubico has provided a document for KeePass [Using Your YubiKey with KeePass](https://support.yubico.com/hc/articles/360013779759-Using-Your-YubiKey-with-KeePass) and there is also one on the [KeePassXC](https://keepassxc.org/docs/#faq-yubikey-2fa) website.